What are the monomers or building blocks of carbohydrates? Provide an example. Monosaccharides ex: glucose, fructose, maltose)

What makes the cell membrane? The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

What is the barrel shaped organelles that organise microtubules in a miotic spindle during cellular division? The centrioles

What is the plasma membrane made of? A lipid bilayer

Name three components of cytoskeleton. Microfilaments,intermediate filaments,microtubules.

What is surrounded by a double layer of membranes with pores? the nucleus

In the cell, what breaks down fatty acids? Peroxiosomes

On you or another person (except your neighboor in the bus), point to where the following are: Right iliac region, brachial, patellar, sacrum, tarsal. ...

True or False, the heart is lateral to the arm? False. He his medial to the arm.

What separates the thoracic cavity to the abdominal cavity? The diaphragm

To expose the lung for a transplent operation, the surgeon would have to cut through what cavity? The pleural cavity

Name two things that are distal to the ankle The tarsal,metatarsal

Name an organ from the following cavities: dorsal,pelvic,thoracic Spinal cord,bladder,lungs

If someone were standing straight under a guillotine and it were to fall straight on them, that would cut them into what type of plane frontal

Name five of the body areas (using the latin terms) in each the appendicular and axial regions. Appendicular: Antebrachial,antecubital,brachial,femoral,popliteal Axal: cervical,gluteal,lumbar,thoracic,inguinal

True or False. The wrist is proximal to the hand. True

T or F. The trachea is posterior to the spine. False

T or F. The brain is inferior to the spinal cord False

Name two structures that are in the following cavities: Thoracic pleural, Mediastinum, Abdominal, Pelvic Thoracic pleural: lungs,bronchioles Mediastinum: Esophagus,trachea Abdominal: gall bladder.ureter Pelvic: uterus, urethra

A person in university decides he wants to study the functions of the body and how various part work. What science is this person studying? Physiology

Name the six levels of organization of living things from smallest to largest. Chemical level,cellular level,organ level,systemic level, organism level.

What are the four organic compounds? Protein,Carbohydrates,Nucleic acid,Lipids

Steroids come from what organic compound and give example of type of steroid. They are lipids. e.g. hormones or cholesterol

Is sucrose a polysaccharide or a monosaccharide? Sike! They are a disaccharide

Name two polysaccharides that are used for energy storage and where they can be found in. Starch can be found in plants and glycogen can be found in animals and humans

Name 1 part of three that nucleotides are made of. 5 carbon sugars,phosphate groups,nitrogen base

Give two examples of protein Hemoglobin,enzymes

Name the three particles found inside an atom and describe the electrical charge of each. electrons(-),protons(+),neutrons

When the atom donates an electron and the other accepts it what type of bond is this? an ionic bond

What % of water is in the human body? 60-80%

Name 11 organ systems N: Nervous D: Digestive I: Integumentary-Immune R: Reproductive C: Cardiovascular U: Urinary E: Endocrine M: Muscular R: Respiratory S: Skeletal

Describe the process of hemostasis. Fast response localized and controlled involving vascular spasm,platelet plug formation,and coagulation

Give example of a negative and positive feedback loop. Negative: Body temperature,blood pressure,etc. Positive: hormonal cycles

Name the five properties that make water important to life. 1. High heat capacity 2. High heat of vapourization 3. Solubillity-Polarity 4. Reactivity 5. Cushioning

How many carbons are in a chain of lipids? 14-17

What's RNA? RiboNucleic Acid, is the transmission of info, can be from the nucleus into the cytoplasm in cells or in nerves.

How many different types of Amino acid are there? 20

Name 2 protein functions and give an example Catalysis: making and breaking things into monomers Regulation: hormones

Name four organelles with a membrane inside an animal cell Mitochondria,nucleus,Rough ER, lysosomes

Name the four kinds of body membranes and where you can find them. Mucous membrane-respiratory tract or digestive tract Serous membrane-lines internal ventral body cavities and covers their organs. Cutaneous membrane-That'S the skin. Synovial membrane-lines the cavities of synovial joints.

What's the difference between cytosol and cytoplasm? Cytosol is the grey stuff that surround organelles and cytoplasm is in the cytosol and the organelles inside of the plasma membrane.

Name the three types of endocytosis and give a brief description of it. Phagocytosis-cell eating,the plasma membrane creates a dent in itself to receive the solid that it wasn't to ingest. Pinocytosis- cell drinking, cell creates a dent in the PM where it wants to ingest a liquid or a solid in a liquid. Receptor Mediated ENdocytosis-the PM have little seats for a specific type of molecule they want to ingest.

What do melanocytes do?

Produce melanin a pigment of the skin that can be brownish or black.

What is the difference between thin and thick skin? Thick skin have layers and it is on your palms,soles of your feet and fingertips. Thin skin if fouded everywhere else in the body and only has 4 layers.

Define tissues Are groups of cells that are similar in structure and perform a common related function.

Name the four types of tissue. Epithelial,Connective,Muscle,and Nervous

Give an example of where in the human body you would find columnar epithelium. Digestive tract

Name two types of muscle that are notvoluntary. cardiac muscle and smooth muscle

If a word ends in ''blast'', what's is it's function? It builds whatever its prefix is. e.g. osteoblasts build bone.

What are the two tyoes of sweat glands? Eccrine and Apocrine glands

Define a dynamic equilibrium. A dynamic equilibrium is when there is a constant coming snd going of particles through a substance where it tries to keep and equal balance of all molecules.

Give a hypothesis why cells are so small. Because it's easier to provide a small quantity to many cells than a large quantity of food to few cells.

Describe phospholipids and give an example of where they can be found. Phosphilipids are mainly found in the PM and are amphipatic,they are both hydropobic and hydrophilic. Like a jellyfish,the head is hydrophilic and loves water while the tenticles hates the water. Well, the PM is full of phopholipids.

Name the three different type of cell connections and describe them. Desmosomes: anchored by intermediate filaments and are found primarly in the skin Gap junctions: form gaps or tunnels where they can communicate together and can be found in the heart Tight jucntion: molecules cannot penetrate through the cracks of the cells and are in lining or digestive tract

What endocrine glands produce? hormones

What exocrine glands produce? substances that go outside of the body

What are the types of tissue that cover and line things? Simple squamous,Simple cuboidal,Simple Columnar,Pseudostratified columnar,Stratified cuboidal,Stratified transitional

Where is it possible to finnd Simple columnar tissue? goblet cells in respiratory tract or digestive tract

Where is it possible to find stratified transitional tissue in the body? Bladder

In the four different type of tissue, which is the most prominent and least prominent? Muscle is the most prominent,nervous is the leat.

What is responsible for fingerprints? Where is it located and what is it called? It's found in the reticular layer of the dermis and it's called friction ridges

Name the main component of the nails Root of the nail,nail matrix,lunule,cuticle,nail body,nail bed,free edge of nail

What kind of cuticle are find in humans and almost look like shingling? Petal like cuticles

Is the medulla present in all hairs? No the medulla may be present or not

Describe the difference between parietal and visceral. There's a covering around each organ.That covering has two side to it,the side touching the organ is the visceral side and the one outside is the parietal side.

What is the difference between an acute disease and chronic disease? Acute disease dosn't last as long as a chronic disease.

Name the four kingdoms of Eukarya and give an example of each Protista: malaria Plantae: trees Fungi: albicans Animalia: bees

What are the four most common elements of body matter? Oxygen,Carbon,Nitrogen,Hydrogen

Give two examples of structural multicellular exocrine glands and where you can find them. Simple tubular: intestine Compound tubular: small intestine

In order of quantity,going from largest amount to least, what is the order of leukocytes in the blood? Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas (Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Eosinophils, Basophils)

What's the hematocrit and how do you find it? The hematocrit is the % of RBCs. It is found by drawing blood from a vein putting it into a test tube and centrifuging it until the parts in the blood separate.

Name the formed elements in the blood. Platelets,the leukocytes, the buffy coat and the erythrocytes.

What is the function of blood? Transfer matter through the body.

What do RBC look like and give their general function.

They look like mini doughnuts with no hole and are filled with hemoglobin that helps oxygen and carbon dioxide stick to it to help the breathing of cells.

Each hemoglobin molecule can form bonds with how many oxygen molecules? Four because it has four protein chains that each have a heme group which can grab onto one oxygen molecule each.

What is erythropoesis? is the production of RBCs.

How erythropoeisis work? The kidneys filter the blood and notice that there are low levels of oxygen in the blood and release EPO and that stimulates the red bone marrow to produce erythrocytes.

How many days it takes to a red bne marrow to produce a RBC? 2 days before it goes in the blood stream.

What's the lifespan of a RBC? 105-120 days (or 4 months)

How are RBC disposed and what are the waste products? After their life cycle RBC are phagotized by macrophage ad their waste product are bilirubin amino acids and iron.

How do people get jaudice? by a deposit of bilirubin in the skin.

Is having polycythemia a good thing? Why or why not? It's a bad thing because it's usually a sign of cancer of the red bone marrow. It can cause hypertension coagulation problems,excessive distension of blodd vessels and hemorrhaging

Name one reason why someone could have polycythemia and not have any cancer When athletes train in high altitudes, their body gets use to the thin air and they produce more red blood cells than they would nees at sea level.

What are the signs and symptoms of anemia?

Fatigue,weakness,skin pallor,headache faintness

Name the different types anemia Aplastic,Pernicous,Folate,Hemorrhagic, Iron deficiency,Hemolytic

What's the condition when there are too many or too little WBC? Too many=leukocytosis Too little=leukopenia

Discuss the different types of leukocytes Granular and agranular. In the granulocytes the are Neutrophils,Eosinophils,and Basophils. In the agranulocyes there are Monocyes and Lymphocytes.

What's the function of platelets? They play a key role in hemostasis and blood coagulation and sealing off to prevent scabs.

How are platelets made? Hemocytoblasts break down into smaller and smaller pieces to become platelets.

Name the three plasma proteins and what they do. Albumin: maintains osmotic blood pressure Globulins: antibodies Clotting proteins: clotting factors

What are antigens? are glycoproteins on the outside of erythrocytes that tell the wbc that they're part of the body and not intruder, as like an ID tag.

Why is it dangerous to have blood transfusion from a different blood type? Because if you have the antibody againt that type of blood they will agglutinate those RBC and make blood clot. That can cause an embolism.

What's special to AB and O type blood? Type AB is the universal acceptor and type O is the universal donnor.

Are you born with antibodies? No they appear around 2 motnhs old.

How do antibodies fit with the antigens? The shape of the antigens fit with the antibodies so they stick together.

What's another name for epicardium? The visceral layer of the serous pericardium.

Which leukocytes are agranulocytes and granulocytes Neutrophils,Eosinophils and basophils are granulocytes. Monocytes and lymphocytes are agranulocytes.

How many oxygen molecules can one hemoglobin carry? 4

What is erythropoietin? The hormone released by the kidneys when the blood is low in oxygen.

What cells can a hemocytoblasts produce? Erythrocytes,leukocytes and platelets.

If you are deficient in folic acid, what is it called? Folate deficiency anemia

B+ blood can receive from who? B+,B-,O+,O-

What is thrombocytopenia? Reduced platelet count cause by destruction of red bone marrow

What are the three phase of coagulation? 1. Two pathways(intrinsic,extrinsic) 2. prothrombin-)thrombin 3. thrombin-)fibrinogen-)fibrin.

Name the steps of blood flow throught the different blood vessels. Heart-elastic-arteries-artetioles-metaarterioles-capillaries-veinules-veins-heart

What are the irregularities of the systemic circulation? The hepatic portal system, the vascular anastomoses and the arteriovenous anatomoses.

What are the layers of veins from exterior to interior? Tunica Externa, Tunica media, Tunica intima

What do you use if you want to visualize the arteries of the heart? An angiogram

What is the scientific name for the contraction and relaxation of the heart? Systole: contraction Diastole: relaxation

Name the two coverings of the heart Serous pericardium,fibrous pericardium

List the layers of the heart walls. -Epicardium -Myocardium -Endocardium

WHat is SIDS? Sudden Infant Death Syndrome which occurs when an infant suddenly dies without any concrete explanation

Name a way to prevent SIDS Penatal care

Name three signs & symptoms of an asthma attack Shortness of breath, difficulty talking, blue lips or fingernails

Name two treatments for asthma Rescue inhalers or long term routinely airway inflammation prevention

What is tuberculosis? Medical condition caused by myobacteria that can be dormant or active

Name three risk factors of TB HIV,malnourishment,smoking or alcohol

Signs ad Symptoms of tuberculosis are...?

Cough,excessive sweating,difficulty breathing,chest pain,fatigue,weight loss

Diagnostic for TB? Biopsy,bronchoscopy,ct scan,x ray, PPD test

What is an MI? a MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION OR HEART ATTACK

wHAT IS LEUKEMIA? Uncontrolled rapid cell division of leukocytes that crowd bone marrow and don't have enough room for the formation of other blood cells

Name the organs that are part of the upper respiratory system. Nose,palatine bones,nasal cavity,paranasal sinuses,pharynx,larynx

Name some organs that are part of the lower respiratory tract. Trachea,bronchi,bronchioles,alveoli.

Name one disease that can occur in the respiratory system Lung cancer

What is pneumonia? Common condition characterized by acute inflammation of the lungs caused by bacteria,viruses,and fungi.