monomer is a small molecule polymer is a long chain of monomers the process by which monomers...
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Monomer is a small molecule
Polymer is a long chain of monomers
The process by which monomers combine is called polymerization
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Repeating units are a simplified method of drawing a polymer
Polymers consist of repeating molecular units which usually are joined by covalent bonds
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A pendant group on a polymer is a small group of atoms (even a small chain sometimes) that hangs off of the main chain (that is, the backbone of the polymer).
Here are some examples of pendant groups circled in red:
polypropylene polyvinylalcohol polystyrene
Here are some examples of pendant groups circled in red:
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Polymers can be classified into several ways:
• Based on Structure of Polymersi) Linear polymers (ii) Branched chain polymers (iii) Cross linked polymers
• Based on the Origin of the Polymeri) Natural polymers (ii) Semi-synthetic polymers (iii) Synthetic polymers
• Based on Types of Monomersi) Homopolymer (ii) Copolymer
• Based on Tacticity (Configuration)
i) Isotactic polymer (ii) Syndiotactic polymer (iii) Atactic polymer
• Based on Synthesis i) Addition polymers (ii) Condensation polymers
• Based on Thermal Processing Behaviour i) Thermoplastic Polymers (ii) Thermosetting Polymer
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Appearance of real linear polymer chains as recorded using an atomic force microscope on surface under liquid medium. Chain contour length for this polymer is ~204 nm; thickness is ~0.4 nm. (The contour length of a polymer chain is its length at maximum
physically possible extension).
Linear Polymers:
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Branched Polymer:
Linear Polymer:
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Cross-linked Polymer:Linear Polymer:
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Star Polymer:
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Dendrimers:
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Cellulose
Cellulose, a linear polymer of D-glucose units (two are shown) linked by
β(1→4)-glycosidic bonds.
Natural Polymers: Polymers in Plants
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Starch
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Natural Rubber
Natural rubber is a polymer of isoprene
Charles GOODYEAR discovered
vulcanization in 1839
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Protein
Natural Polymers: Polymers in Animals
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Functions of Proteins
• All enzymes are proteins.• Structural: e.g. collagen in teehth and bone; keratin in skin, hair
and nails.• Contractile proteins: actin and myosin in muscles allow
contraction and therefore movement.• Hormones: many hormones have a protein structure (e.g. insulin,
glucagon, growth hormone).• Transport: for example, haemoglobin facilitates the transport of
oxygen around the body• Defence: immunoglobulins (antibodies) protect the body against
foreign invaders; fibrinogen in the blood is vital for the clotting process.
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(polymer of the N-Acetylglucosamine units)
Chitin
the exoskeletons of crabs, lobsters and shrimps
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Cellulose nitrate
Semi-synthetic Polymers: Cellulose nitrate and cellulose acetate
Cellulose triacetate
obtained from natural polymers by subjecting them to some chemical processes
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Bakelite (1909)
1950s Black Bakelite Telephone
Blue Bakelite Handle
Synthetic Polymers
Bakelite Sockets & Switches
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Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) (1935)
PMMA sheet (organic glass) Plexiglass aquarium
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Polystyrene (1937)
rigid polystyrene case, weight 2.6 Kg
Styrofoam - a brand of polystyrene foam
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Nylon 6,6 (1938)
A 1949 advertisement in Life Magazine sings the praises of
nylon products.
Natural animal bristles were replaced by synthetic fibers, usually nylon, by DuPont
in 1938.
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Polyesters (1950)
Poly(ethylene terephthalate)-PET bottles
Recycled PET Fabric
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Polycarbonates (1957)
Lexan MR-10 windshields
GE Lexan® face shield