monocytes and macrophages

Monocytes and Macrophages

Michael Fishbein. Role of macrophages in diagnostic interpretation of endomyocardial biopsies.

Tim Johnson. Is transglutaminase the switch between inflammation and scarring in chronic allogaft nephropathy.

David Kluth. Transfected macrophages in renal inflammation.

Alex Magil. Monocyte/macrophages in renal inflammation.

Jeremy Hughes. Resolution of injury, apoptosis and macrophages.

Macrophage Localisation

From Gordon 2002

Differential Macrophage Activation

Inflammatory Enzymes

IFN-

Reparative IGF-1 Apoptotic cells

Histotoxic NO generation ADCC etc

TNF

TGF

Macrophages in Inflammation

Programmed NO generation

Non-programmed NO generation

Classical activation

Innate activation

TNF INF

TGF

IL-10

IL-13

IgGC3b

LPSMCP-1

RANTESIL-12

How do macrophages integrate conflicting signals ?

0

10

20

30

+4h 0h -4h

IL-4

IL-6

IL-10

TGF-BETA

CONTROL

TGF

IFNTNF

TNF

-60

-40

-20

0

20

40

60change %

Macrophage Programming

NO generation

Apoptotic cell uptakeMacrophages activated by certain cytokines are refractory to other activating cytokines

IFN

TNF

Monocytes and Macrophages







Distinguishing between acute rejection and Quilty lesions in cardiac allograft biopsies.

• Quilty lesions contain B cells and T cells but very few macrophages.• Many macrophages in acute rejection.


Use of macrophage infiltration in diagnosis of humoral rejection.

• Glomerular and tubulo-interstitial macrophages associated with C4d deposition.

• Presence of macrophages associated with poor outcomes


• Discussed the role of macrophages in disposal of dead and dying cells.

• Macrophages the key cell in disposal of both necrotic and apoptotic cells

• Described the multiple receptors responsible for uptake of apoptotic cells, including the phosphydyl seriene receptor.

• Uptake of apoptotic cells induces an anti-inflammatory phenotype in macrophages (and so does ligation of PSR)

• Overwhelming the normal mechanisms of disposal results in inflammation.


Discussed the various functional types of macrophages and showed that anti-inflammatory macrophages can have profound effects in vivo.

• Described the well recognised “phenotypes” - activated, innate activated, alternatively activated, type 2 regulatory, and anti-inflammatory.

• Showed that thransfected macrophages expressing either IL-4 or IL-10 but not TGF reduce acute experimental glomerular injury.

• These macrophages localise only to the kidney in which they are injected but inflammation reduced in both kidneys.

• Introduction of macrophages with blocked NFB are also anti-

inflammatory, but only in the kidney into which the cells were injected

Localisation of cytokine expressing macrophages

1106 PKH26 labelled transfected macrophages injected into left renal artery

Recombinant Adenoviruses Ad-IL-10 Ad-IL-4 Ad-TGF


Discussed the various functional types of macrophages and showed that anti-inflammatory macrophages can have profound effects in vivo.

• Described the well recognised “phenotypes” - activated, innate activated, alternatively activated, type 2 regulatory, and anti-inflammatory.

• Showed that thransfected macrophages expressing either IL-4 or IL-10 but not TGF reduce acute experimental glomerular injury.

• These macrophages localise only to the kidney in which they are injected but inflammation reduced in both kidneys.

• Introduction of macrophages with blocked NFB are also anti-

inflammatory, but only in the kidney into which the cells were injected


Discussed the role of tissue transglutaminases in cell death and in matrix accumulation.

•Demonstrated all models of chronic renal scarring are associated with increased expression of tissue transglutaminases.

•Expression associated with increased cross linking of collagen and with increased TGF expression.

•Tubular cells were the source of tTGs in models of scarring in native kidneys but interstitial (macrophages) in chronic scarring in allografts.

Conclusions

Macrophages are numerous in all forms renal injury.

Macrophages have numerous different functions that may be injurious or reparative.

Key issues for the future to devise a more complete understanding of the range of macrophage activities, how to identify macrophage “phenotypes” in vivo and how to manipulate macrophage function as therapy.

monocytes and macrophages

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