monocolonial antibody. ib learning objective describe the production of monoclonal antibodies
TRANSCRIPT
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Monocolonial Antibody
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IB Learning Objective
• Describe the production of monoclonal antibodies.
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Monoclonal Antibody Definition
• Antibody produced by a single clone (type) of B lymphocytes
• It consists of a population of identical antibody molecules.
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Monoclonal Antibody Uses
• A monoclonal antibody has many uses in medicine because:– They are stable molecules– They can be used over a long period of time
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Monoclonal Antibodies Production
• They are made from genetic engineering using mouse cells.
• See page 357 in pink IB textbook
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Monoclonal Antibodies Production1. Antigens that correspond to desired antibody
are injected into an animal (usually a mouse)
2. B-cells are produce by the above animal and the antibodies produced by B-cells are removed.
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Monoclonal Antibodies Production
3. Tumour cells are obtained. These cells grow and divide endlessy.
4. B-Cells from above animals are fused with tumour cells, producing a cell called a hybridoma.
5. These hybridoma divide endlessly and produce a lot of the desire antibodies.
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Monoclonal Antibodies Production
6. The hybridoma cells are culture & the antibodies they produce are purified and extracted
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Monoclonial Antibodies Videos
• http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olc/dl/120110/micro43.swf
• http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/monoclonalantibodies.html
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IB Learning Objective
• Describe the use of monoclonal antibodies.
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Uses of Monoclonal AntibodiesDetermine/ diagnose pregnancy
– Pregnant women produce a urine with high concentration of human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG)
– Monoclonial antibodies that bond with HCG have been engineered to also carry color granules.
– Thus a change in color in a pregnancy test confirms pregnancy.
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Uses of Monoclonal AntibodiesTreatment of Disease
– Cancer cells carry specific tumour-associated antigens (TAA) on the cell (plasma) membrane
– Monoclonial antibodies to TAA have been produced….– These antibodies as carry drugs to kill the cancer cell
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Uses of monoclonal Antibodies
Treatment of Rabies using monoclonal antibodies:•Rabies infection can be quickly an effectively treated by the direct injection of antibodies •The antibodies are synthesis ed by monoclonal antibody technology •This is an effective treatment for a very serious infection
Other applications•Cancer Treatment •Transplant Tissue Typing •Purification of industrial products
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Monoclonal Antibodies Virtual Lab
• http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/immunology-virtual-lab
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Viruses & Vaccinations
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IB Assessment Statement
• Explain the principle of vaccination
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Vaccines
• A weakened (attenuated) pathogen is injected into the body to generate an immune response and produce memory B cells.
• Vaccines don’t prevent infections, but on subsequent exposure to the pathogen the secondary immune response is faster.
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Response of the Immune System to a Vaccine.
A .
C .
B .
D .
L ev e l o fan tib o d y
L ev e l o fan tib o d y
L ev e l o fan tib o d y
L ev e l o fan tib o d y
V I
V I
V I
V I
Tim e
T im e
T im e
T im e
V = Vacc in a tio n I = In fec tio n
V= Vaccination I=Infection • Sometimes two or more vaccinations are needed to stimulate the production of enough antibodies to fight off a disease.
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First Vaccination
A .
C .
B .
D .
L ev e l o fan tib o d y
L ev e l o fan tib o d y
L ev e l o fan tib o d y
L ev e l o fan tib o d y
V I
V I
V I
V I
Tim e
T im e
T im e
T im e
V = Vacc in a tio n I = In fec tio n
V= Vaccination I=Infection • The first vaccination causes little antibody production and the production of some memory cells.
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Second Vaccination
A .
C .
B .
D .
L ev e l o fan tib o d y
L ev e l o fan tib o d y
L ev e l o fan tib o d y
L ev e l o fan tib o d y
V I
V I
V I
V I
Tim e
T im e
T im e
T im e
V = Vacc in a tio n I = In fec tio n
V= Vaccination I=Infection • The second vaccination, called a booster shot causes a response from the memory cells & therefore a faster & greater production of antibodies.
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Vaccination Summary
• There are many diseases in which the primary infection stage can do considerable damage to the body. Some of these are serious enough to be fatal.
• Vaccination (immunisation) uses modified pathogens (Antigen) which have significantly reduced pathogenicity.
• The pathogen organism in some vaccines is dead and in others is weakened (attenuated).
• These vaccines carry the pathogen antigen (epitope) and therefore stimulate clonal selection and the development of immunological memory but without developing the disease symptoms or signs
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Viruses differ in shape and in ways of entering host cells.
• Viruses have a simple structure. – genetic material (RNA or DNA) – capsid, a protein shell – maybe a lipid envelope, a protective outer coat
capsid nucleic acid
lipidenvelope
surfaceproteins
capsid
nucleic acid
lipid envelope
Surface proteins capsidsurfaceproteins
nucleic acid
helical(rabies)
polyhedral(foot-and-mouth
disease)
enveloped(influenza)
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• .
colored SEM; magnifications:large photo 25,000; inset 38,000x
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• Bacteriophages infect bacteria.
capsid
DNA
tail sheath
tail fiber
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Relative Sizes
viruses50-200 nm
prokaryotics cells200-10,000 nm
eukaryotics cells10,000-100,000 nm
1 nanometer (nm) = one billionth of a meter
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IB Assessment Statement
• Discuss the benefits and dangers of vaccinations
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VIDEOS
Ted Talks on Vaccine
•https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=19KkFCQz8WQ
•https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nncPtxLCPrE