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Monitoring the Erosion Status of Oceanic Beaches
in the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area:
Establishment Report
Rolan Eberhard, Chris Sharples, Nick Bowden & Michael Comfort
August 2015
Department of Primary
Industries, Parks, Water
& Environment
Natural & Cultural
Heritage Division,
Geoconservation Section
Nature Conservation
Report Series 15/3
Monitoring the Erosion Status of Oceanic Beaches in the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area:
Establishment Report
Rolan Eberhard, Chris Sharples, Nick Bowden & Michael Comfort August 2015
Natural and Cultural Heritage Division Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water & Environment
Hobart
i
Recommended citation: Eberhard, R. Sharples, C. Bowden, N. & Comfort, M. (2015).
Monitoring the Erosion Status of Oceanic Beaches in the Tasmania Wilderness World
Heritage Area: Establishment Report. Nature Conservation Report Series 15/3. Natural &
Cultural Heritage Division, Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water & Environment,
Hobart.
ISSN: 1441-0680 (book)
ISSN: 1838-7403 (web)
Copyright 2015 Crown in the right of State of Tasmania
Apart from fair dealing for the purposes of private study, research, criticism or review, as
permitted under the Copyright Act, no part may be reproduced by any means without
permission from the Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment.
Published by the Natural & Cultural Heritage Division, Department of Primary Industries,
Parks, Water & Environment.
GPO Box 44 Hobart, 7001.
Mapping datum: Geocentric Datum of Australia 1994 (GDA94) and Australian Height
Datum (Tasmania). Map grids and coordinates cited in the text refer to the Universal
Transverse Mercator Grid, Zone 55, Map Grid of Australia, 1994 (MGA94).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors wish to acknowledge and thank the following agencies and individuals for their
support: Tasmanian Parks & Wildlife Service, Aboriginal Heritage Tasmania, Rob Walch
(Walch Optics Pty Ltd), University of Tasmania (Spatial Science, Antarctic Climate &
Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre), Bronwyn Tilyard (Natural & Cultural Heritage
Division, DPIPWE), Malcolm Crawford (Land Information Services Division, DPIPWE),
Ralph Bottrill (Mineral Resources Tasmania), Dave Paton and Dave Pullinger (both
Helicopter Resources Pty Ltd). Furthermore, we would like to record our appreciation of
Emma Lee, who collaborated with us in the field as an Aboriginal Tasmanian and member of
the National Parks & Wildlife Advisory Committee.
All photos by Rolan Eberhard except where noted otherwise in the captions.
Cover photo: Aerial view of a large sandblow at Towterer Beach, Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area. This beach faces northwest and is exposed to prevailing onshore winds. An active sandblow has breached the dune backing the beach and extends over 0.5 km beyond it into vegetated transgressive dunes.
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CONTENTS
SUMMARY ....................................................................................................................................... 3
ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................................................... 4
1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 5
1.1. Background ................................................................................................................................................ 5 1.2. Project objectives and scope ................................................................................................................... 7 1.3. Respecting indigenous culture ................................................................................................................ 8
2. METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................................... 9
2.1. Overview .................................................................................................................................................... 9 2.2. Shoreline profiles.....................................................................................................................................10 2.3. Shoreline stability status .........................................................................................................................16 2.4. Vertical aerial imagery.............................................................................................................................19 2.5. Oblique aerial imagery ............................................................................................................................19 2.6. Ground-based imagery ...........................................................................................................................20 2.7. Sand mineralogy and granulometry ......................................................................................................23 2.8. Archiving of data .....................................................................................................................................23
3. STUDY SITES ........................................................................................................................ 24
3.1. Mulcahy Bay .............................................................................................................................................24 3.2. Wreck Bay ................................................................................................................................................28 3.3. Stephens Bay ............................................................................................................................................31 3.4. Window Pane Bay ...................................................................................................................................35 3.5. Cox Bight ..................................................................................................................................................40 3.6. Prion Beach ..............................................................................................................................................43
4. DISCUSSION ......................................................................................................................... 46
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................... 47
APPENDIX 1: State permanent marks ........................................................................................... 50
APPENDIX 2: Shoreline profiles .................................................................................................... 57
Mulcahy Bay ........................................................................................................................................................57 Wreck Bay ...........................................................................................................................................................61 Stephens Bay .......................................................................................................................................................65 Window Pane Bay ..............................................................................................................................................70 Cox Bight ............................................................................................................................................................73 Prion Beach .........................................................................................................................................................77
APPENDIX 3: Sand mineralogy and particle size analysis ............................................................ 84
APPENDIX 4: Metadata ................................................................................................................. 97
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SUMMARY
This report documents an approach to monitoring the erosion status of selected beaches within
the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area (TWWHA). A key element of the approach
is the establishment of shoreline profile transects at a sample of major oceanic beaches. The
methodology follows that of the Tasmanian Shoreline Monitoring and Archiving Project
(TASMARC), which monitors other Tasmanian beaches but hitherto without representation
of sites between Ocean Beach on the mid-west coast and Recherche Bay on the lower south-
east coast. This coastal reach is largely within the TWWHA and is one of the most exposed
and least disturbed by recent human activity in the Australian region.
Shoreline profiles have been surveyed across a total of 24 transects at six beaches, namely
Mulcahy Bay, Wreck Bay, Stephens Bay, Window Pane Bay, Cox Bight and Prion Beach.
Transects extend to sea level from marked points 50-100 m inland. The surveys are referenced
to geodetic marks (State Permanent Marks) established for this project. Additionally, a
qualitative classification of the erosion status of the seaward faces of the backing dunes was
developed and applied at each site. The resultant shoreline stability status maps complement
the shoreline profiles in characterising the geomorphic condition of the beach systems.
The initial survey results initiate a potential time series of data which can be used to quantify
rates and scales of change in sandy coastal landforms. This will assist in assessing and
responding to the effects of climate change and sea level rise on the coastal systems within the
TWWHA. Aerial and ground based digital images have been collected, augmenting the
shoreline profile and stability status datasets as a record of shoreline condition.
Annual sampling of shoreline profiles and stability status is suggested as a reasonable
minimum for an initial period. The survey marks used are potentially long lasting and create
opportunities for longer-term monitoring, potentially in conjunction with high resolution
aerial imagery and other techniques.
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ABBREVIATIONS
AHD Australian Height Datum
AUSPOS Geoscience Australia Online GPS Processing Service
BP Before Present (1/1/1950 by convention)
CSIRO Commonwealth Scientific Industrial Research Organisation
DPIPWE Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water & Environment
GDA94 Geodetic Datum of Australia 1994
GNSS Global Navigation Satellite System
GPS Global Positioning System
GSD Ground Sample Distance
IMU Inertia Measurement Unit
IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
LIDAR Light Detection and Ranging
LOI Loss on Ignition
MGA94 Map Grid of Australia 1994
MRT Mineral Resources Tasmania
RBB Rhythmic Bar and Beach
RTK Real Time Kinematic
SfM Structure from Motion
SPM State Permanent Mark
TASI Tasmanian Aboriginal Sites Index
TASMARC Tasmanian Shoreline Monitoring and Archiving Project
TBR Transverse Bar and Rip
TWWHA Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area
XRD X-ray Diffraction
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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background
It has been established that relative sea level on the Tasmanian coast has risen at a rate of
about 0.8-1.5 mm/year since the 19th
century (Hunter et al. 2003, Hunter 2008). This is
commensurate with rate estimates from elsewhere in the Australian region and globally
(Church et al. 2006, Church et al. 2013). The rate of rise has increased during the latter part of
the 20th
century and is projected to increase further during the 21st century. Projections
reported in the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
(IPCC) imply that that global mean sea level may be 0.4-0.8 m higher by 2100 (Church et al.
2013).
Sea level rise implies a spatial shift in the location of the shoreline on the majority of coastal
reaches. There are two reasons for this. Firstly, low lying coastal areas will be flooded as the
sea moves to a higher level. Secondly, wave action will cause erosion, compounding the
direct effect of sea level rise by causing shoreline retreat. The scale of shoreline recession
under these conditions is potentially up to an order of a magnitude greater than the rise in sea
level (Bruun 1962, Zhang et al. 2004). The actual geomorphic response on a given coastal
reach will be influenced by many local factors – these will determine whether the net
trajectory is one of recession, accretion or statis.
The Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area (TWWHA) coastline is a contiguous
oceanic reach totalling 755 km, from Elliot Bay on the west coast to Recherche Bay on the
lower south-east (Figure 1). The coastline is both visually spectacular and host to some of the
key natural and cultural values of the property. It has been described as the ‘the most
extensive temperate-zone coast of its type [globally] displaying ongoing rocky and sandy
coastal geomorphic forms and processes unmodified by [post industrial] human activities…’
(Sharples 2003). Moreover, the south-western coast of Tasmania is exposed to the most
energetic and stormy swell wave climate of any Australian coast because it is Australia’s
southernmost open coast and most directly exposed to large swells generated by extra-tropical
storms in the Southern Ocean (Hemer et al. 2008).
Coastal erosion linked to sea level rise has been identified as a significant threat to the
geodiversity, flora, fauna and cultural values of the TWWHA (Prince 1992, Rudman et al.
2008, Brown 2010, Sharples 2011, Mallick 2013). Approximately 16% of the TWWHA coast
is formed in unconsolidated sandy sediments which are vulnerable to the effects of sea level
rise (and potentially other processes associated with climate change). Most sandy beaches on
the south-west coast currently exhibit actively-eroding dune fronts and have done so for at
least the last few decades (Baynes 1990, Cullen 1998). The very high wave energy to which
this coast is exposed raises the possibility that the persistent erosion already evident may be
an early response to recent sea-level rise, which to date is less clearly expressed on many
lower-energy swell-exposed coasts. Moreover, the fact that other anthropogenic disturbances
are largely absent from the TWWHA coast means that its response to sea level rise and
climatic changes may be easier to identify and study, due to the lack of anthropogenic ’noise’
in the coastal response signal. Hence, gaining a better understanding of the causes and
ongoing trends of erosion of Tasmania’s south-west beaches may prove an important
contribution to understanding the response of shorelines to sea level rise globally.
The work described in this report establishes a system for collecting quantitative data on the
erosion status of selected beaches within the TWWHA. It is envisaged that this will create a
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context for establishing their trajectories of erosion and/or sedimentation, over timescales of
years to decades. The information obtained will support a variety of objectives, especially
those related to tracking and responding to the effects of sea level rise and climate change on
the environment.
The project supports priorities identified in the TWWHA Research and Monitoring Priorities
2013-2018 document (DPIPWE, 2013; see Table 1). It complements biodiversity monitoring
projects under the same strategy and gives partial effect to the recommendations of earlier
reports emphasising the need for better data on coastal sand dynamics within the TWWHA
(Baynes 1990, Cullen 1998, Sharples 2003, Horton et al. 2008, Sharples 2011).
TWWHA RESEARCH & MONITORING PRIORITIES 2013-2018
Theme 1: IDENTIFICATION Objective 1: Undertake systematic identification and assessment of biodiversity and geodiversity conservation values in the TWWHA
Actions Duration Priority
1.1 Systematically identify, assess and document geodiversity and geoconservation values in the TWWHA, prioritising outstanding universal values and those values most at risk of impacts from current and potential threats).
Long term High
Theme 2: MONITORING and REPORTING Objective 2: Review existing monitoring programs and establish integrated baseline environmental monitoring programs to report on the status and trends of natural values and threats
Actions Duration Priority
2.1 Develop and implement a system of monitoring and reporting that integrates data from flora, fauna and earth sciences to inform management of the state and trends of TWWHA natural values and ecosystems.
Long term High
2.2 World Heritage Ecosystem Baseline Studies (WHEBS): establish integrated long term monitoring of TWWHA natural values and processes focusing on research that informs management and improves understanding of ecosystem processes
Long term High
2.3 Continue to identify and review knowledge gaps to ensure adequate monitoring of priority TWWHA natural values and threats.
Long term Medium
2.4 Characterise the current condition and monitor geodiversity values on a thematic basis (e.g. karst, coastal, fluvial, glacial).
Long term Medium
Theme 3: CONSERVATION, PROTECTION and REHABILITATION – identify and investigate impacts on TWWHA natural values and processes, and where possible develop methods to mitigate impacts Objective 5: Investigate and where possible implement options to build resilience of natural values to climate change.
5.1 Increase understanding of geodiversity elements, taxa, taxonomic groups and ecosystems that are under immediate threat from climate change.
Long term Medium
5.2 Develop quantitative methods to assess the response of geodiversity to climate change and apply these to values at risk. Conduct targeted research to document geodiversity values likely to be destroyed or modified through climate change.
Long term High
Table 1: TWWHA Research and Monitoring Priorities 2013-2018 relevant to this project (DPIPWE 2013).
Monitoring the Erosion Status of Oceanic Beaches in the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area __________________________________________________________________________________________
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Figure 1: South-west Tasmania, indicating the principal beaches and selected other features mentioned in the text.
1.2. Project objectives and scope
The objective for this project in 2014-2015 was to establish a baseline for monitoring
changes in the morphology of a representative selection of oceanic beaches and associated
dunes in the TWWHA. The data collected will contribute to a dataset covering a broader
sample of Tasmanian beaches being compiled by the Tasmanian Shoreline Mapping and
Archiving project (TASMARC). Analysis will be undertaken in collaboration with research
currently underway at the University of Tasmania.
Six TWWHA beaches were selected for detailed monitoring, representing two beaches each
from the following coastal reaches: Elliot Bay to Port Davey, Port Davey to Southwest Cape,
Southwest Cape to Southeast Cape. The beaches are listed at Table 2; their locations are
shown at Figure 1.
The selection samples some of the principal beaches of the TWWHA, which contains 149
beaches according to the survey of the beaches of Tasmania by Short (2006). It provides a
geographic spread of sites with representation of outstanding features such as the Prion Beach
sandspit. Vulnerability to erosional recession is considered high in all cases, based on
mapping of indicative coastal vulnerability to climate change and sea level rise by Sharples
(2006). Sharples classifies these shorelines in his category of ‘potentially susceptible to
erosion and significant recession due to sea level rise’.
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Location Reference no. (Short 2006) Length (km)
Mulcahy Bay T691 1.8
Wreck Bay T686-687 1.7
Stephens Bay T626 2.4
Window Pane Bay T616 1.5
Cox Bight T602-603 3.6
Prion Beach T578 5.0 Table 2: Beaches selected for shoreline monitoring. Length is the combined length of component beach segments, as listed by Short (2006).
1.3. Respecting indigenous culture
The TWWHA coastline is rich in the physical evidence of traditional indigenous culture. This
is especially clear where dune deflation has exposed former campsites and associated
middens. The middens typically comprise dense accumulations of shell, bone and worked
stone, in some cases occupying many hundreds of square metres. Thus, the physical content
of cultural presence is integral to the fabric of the coastal landforms being monitored. The
coastline also contains rock art sites, occupation shelters, hut depressions, burial sites, ochre
sources and stone quarries. It is anticipated that the monitoring results will assist in assessing
the effects of coastal erosion on the cultural values.
The following practical measures were applied to minimize the risk of disturbing the physical
evidence of indigenous culture encountered during field work. Firstly, prior to
commencement, candidate beaches were referred to Aboriginal Heritage Tasmania, which
reviewed them with reference to the Tasmanian Aboriginal Sites Index (TASI). TASI sites
were avoided in selecting the position of monitoring transects. Secondly, prior to placing
survey marks, surface duff was scraped off and the ground surface inspected for evidence of
midden materials. Midden material was observed at several sites not listed on the TASI;
however, no such sites were found on the survey transects.
In addition to the above, advice on cultural issues in the field was provided by Emma Lee, a
member of the Tasmanian Aboriginal community and past member of the National Parks and
Wildlife Advisory Committee.
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2. METHODOLOGY
2.1. Overview
A variety of approaches have been applied in quantifying changes in shoreline morphology
over time. These include ‘traditional’ approaches, such as erosion pins, surveying slope
profiles and photogrammetry (Gouldie 1990). More recently, advances in digital technology
have increased the quality and range of remote sensing techniques, with higher resolution
aerial imagery and more reliable rectification of this via the satellite-based Global Positioning
System (GPS). Additionally, three dimensional terrain modelling using structure from motion
(SfM) and laser ranging (i.e. LIDAR) has been applied to characterizing landforms at a
variety of scales and assessing temporal change in form (Lucieer et al. 2014, Schubert et al.
2015). The feasibility of applying these methods is being investigated.
This study adopted a combination of methods for monitoring shorelines (Table 3). Firstly,
shoreline profiles were surveyed in accordance with the approach developed by TASMARC.
The TASMARC program is Statewide in scope and provides empirical verification of actual
changes in shoreline position and form. It has hitherto been confined mainly to sites on the
east, north and, to a lesser extent, west coast (one site). The inclusion of beaches on the south-
west coast through this project will increase the comprehensiveness of the TASMARC dataset
in capturing the diversity of Tasmanian beach systems and tracking changes in their
condition.
Secondly, the erosion status of beach-backing dunes was mapped using a qualitative
classification of morphological attributes relevant to erosion (shoreline stability status). This
approach samples entire shorelines in a format suitable for interpretation of broader changes
in shoreline condition over time. This data is augmented by a considerable number of digital
images collected at ground-based photo points and as low elevation oblique aerial images
during helicopter overflights.
In addition to the above datasets, high resolution vertical aerial images have been requested
through DPIPWE Land Information Services Division. This work was scheduled for summer
2014/2015 but was delayed by weather and the images are not available at the time of writing.
The requested imagery will extend the valuable time series of (analog) aerial imagery which
already covers south-west Tasmania. A combination of aerial imagery and shoreline profile
data has been applied in the most detailed studies to date of shoreline recession in Tasmania
(Sharples 2010, Sharples et al. 2012).
The field component of the project was completed over a seven day period from 30/11/2014
to 6/12/2014. A helicopter was used to transport personnel to the study sites from a base at
Melaleuca Inlet.
Map grids and coordinates cited in the text refer to the Universal Transverse Mercator Grid,
Zone 55, Map Grid of Australia, 1994 (MGA94), based on the Geocentric Datum of Australia
1994 (GDA94) and Australian Height Datum (Tasmania).
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Method Procedure Comments
Shoreline profile surveys
Differential GPS survey along transects from marked points inland to sea level
Established method with contextual data available from other Tasmanian sites (i.e. TASMARC); selectively samples shoreline form in spatially discrete units
Shoreline stability status mapping
Field mapping of morphological evidence of erosion/accretion of beach-backing dunes
Broadly characterizes the stability status of entire beaches through direct observation in the field; qualitative dataset
Vertical aerial imagery
Aerial imagery capture and post-processing contracted externally
Comprehensively samples entire shoreline reaches; global satellite positioning reduces reliance on manual geo-referencing and ortho-rectification of imagery
Oblique aerial imagery
Overlapping sequence of digital images of shoreline from low-flying helicopter
Qualitative visual record of entire shoreline reaches; quality of imagery variable; not geo-referenced
Ground-based imagery
Digital images with scale at selected points on shoreline (georeferenced by GPS)
Qualitative visual record of condition at selected points on shoreline; quality of imagery variable; potential for subjectivity in selection of photo points and interpretation of time series results; not a comprehensive record of shoreline condition
Table 3: Summary of methods adopted in this project for characterizing shoreline condition and monitoring erosion.
2.2. Shoreline profiles
The shoreline profile survey method broadly follows that devised by the TASMARC program
(Hunter et al. 2004, TASMARC 2012). This method characterizes shoreline morphology by
measuring changes in elevation at points along a defined transect, commencing at a mark
inland of the shoreline and extending from the mark to sea level via the most direct alignment
(i.e. perpendicular to the long axis of the beach). The transect survey is repeated over time,
capturing a time series of data which can be used to quantify rates and scales of change across
the sampled portion of shoreline.
The TASMARC program is concerned with shoreline position (nominally defined as the high
water mark) and form; the approach can also be used to assess changes to other elements of
coastal morphology (e.g. sandblows, erosion scarps, incipient foredunes) and beach surface
height and shape changes. Accordingly, transects established during this project were
commenced at points on the landward sides of the principal foredunes, capturing entire dune-
shoreline profiles. This objective was constrained in some cases by the density of vegetation
or lack of time. Transects varied in length from 48 to 217 m (mean = 120 m). Their vertical
extents varied between 4 to 52 m (mean = 20 m).
Survey transects were marked at their inland ends using two galvanized steel fencing posts
(1.6-1.8 m star pickets/droppers). The first post was driven to within a few centimetres of
ground level, or as deep as otherwise practicable. The head of this post marks the inland end
of the survey traverse. The second post was driven to approximately half height at a point 1.0
m north (magnetic) of the aforementioned mark and is intended to assist in locating that mark.
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Standard signs (100 x 120 mm) attached to the second post specify the transect reference
number and contact information (Plate 1)1.
At least three transects were established at each beach being monitored, one positioned
towards the centre of the beach with two further transects roughly halfway between this and
the respective ends of the beach. This general approach was modified as required to avoid
Aboriginal heritage and site-specific terrain features, such as watercourses (these may cause
beach and dune erosion independent of wave attack) and rock outcrops. Additional transects
were established at longer beaches, namely Stephens Bay (4 transects), Cox Bight (4
transects) and Prion Beach (7 transects)2. Survey transects are listed at Table 4.
Transect Location Date Easting Northing Height (m)
730/300 Wreck Bay 1/12/2014 401392.61 5217744.40 9.42
730/301 Wreck Bay 30/11/2014 401661.48 5217517.69 9.12
730/302 Wreck Bay 30/11/2014 402057.36 5216942.15 19.37
730/303 Mulcahy Bay 1/12/2014 396954.00 5225553.63 41.92
730/304 Mulcahy Bay 1/12/2014 396681.23 5225969.40 23.34
730/305 Mulcahy Bay 1/12/2014 396405.97 5226124.09 25.00
730/306 Stephens Bay 2/12/2014 417253.32 5194858.19 52.14
730/307 Stephens Bay 2/12/2014 416961.92 5195444.02 4.98
730/308 Stephens Bay 2/12/2014 416691.81 5195765.29 5.15
730/309 Stephens Bay 2/12/2014 416288.75 5196114.18 8.41
730/310 Window Pane Bay 3/12/2014 420758.11 5187775.27 38.36
730/311 Window Pane Bay 3/12/2014 421430.71 5187303.59 20.54
730/312 Window Pane Bay 3/12/2014 421523.68 5187150.96 18.76
730/313 Cox Bight 4/12/2014 438096.90 5184462.93 4.06
730/319 Cox Bight 4/12/2014 439254.35 5184582.11 3.97
730/320 Cox Bight 4/12/2014 439962.53 5184423.94 19.12
730/321 Cox Bight 4/12/2014 441076.26 5183768.26 5.18
730/314 Prion Beach 5/12/2014 463498.17 5180799.49 6.98
730/315 Prion Beach 5/12/2014 463969.41 5180608.43 12.79
730/316 Prion Beach 5/12/2014 464609.87 5180329.95 13.55
730/317 Prion Beach 6/12/2014 465142.94 5180082.36 21.58
730/318 Prion Beach 6/12/2014 465667.37 5179804.94 18.05
730/322 Prion Beach 6/12/2014 466239.62 5179493.69 19.75
730/323 Prion Beach 6/12/2014 466497.16 5179358.30 16.13 Table 4: Shoreline profile transects established during this project. Coordinates and heights refer to marks at the inland ends of transects (MGA94 Zone 55 map grid; GDA94 and AHD (Tas) datum).
1 One transect was not identified with a sign (transect 730/320 Prion Beach). 2 Six of the seven transects at Prion Beach are aligned with an earlier series of transects established by Cullen & Dell (2013). Some of their marks (numbered galvanized pegs) were re-located and surveyed.
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Plate 1: This image illustrates the form of mark at the inland end of the survey transects (in this example, transect 318, Prion Beach). The head of the steel post in the foreground marks the first point on the transect. The second post behind the first is intended to assist in locating the start of the transect and is not itself a survey point. In all cases the survey mark is located 1.0 m south (magnetic) of the second post.
In addition to survey transect marks, seven State Permanent Marks (SPM) were established
for geodetic control. The marks comprise numbered brass discs positioned on rocky outcrops
adjacent to the study beaches (Plate 2). The marks are listed at Table 5 and their locations
described and illustrated at Appendix 1. They are also listed in DPIPWE’s Survey Control
Marks Database (SurCom) (http://surcom.dpiw.tas.gov.au./surcom/jsp/index.jsp).
All survey marks and profile transects were measured using a pair of Leica System 1200 GPS
receivers in real time kinematic (RTK) mode. The position of the RTK base station was
determined using the Geoscience Australia AUSPOS GPS processing service
(http://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/positioning-navigation/geodesy/auspos). AUSPOS
calculates Australian Height Datum heights using an Australia wide gravimetric geoid model
AUSGEOID09. All surveying was undertaken by Nick Bowden (Antarctic Climate &
Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre, University of Tasmania), a qualified surveyor.
To obtain the maximum amount of data for AUSPOS the normal practice was to establish a
temporary base station on arrival at the study beaches (Plate 3). Geoscience Australia
recommends at least two hours of data for a reliable solution. Temporary base stations used
during this project were occupied for intervals ranging from 3-8 hours. Quality indicators in
the AUSPOS solution are an estimated positional uncertainty and the percentage of
Monitoring the Erosion Status of Oceanic Beaches in the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area __________________________________________________________________________________________
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ambiguities resolved per baseline. An average ambiguity resolution of 50% or better
indicates a reliable solution and was achieved in all cases (Table 6).
The State Permanent Marks, survey transect marks and profile points on transects were fixed
by radio-based RTK connection from the temporary base station to a rover unit. The RTK
rover antenna was mounted on a pole that could be extended to a height of 3.59 m. Reception
of satellite transmission was still problematic on a few occasions3. The antenna pole was
generally carried in a fully collapsed position and then extended to 2 m for normal
measurements or full height in areas of taller vegetation. Incorrect recording of the pole height
is therefore a possible source of error4.
It is anticipated the State Permanent Marks will be used as localisation points for future RTK
surveys, preventing the need for the long occupation times required for an AUSPOS position
fix. It is possible the survey transect marks could be used as localisation points to re-measure
the profiles using a theodolite; however, this would generally be difficult due to the density of
the vegetation preventing clear lines of sight.
The survey transect results are provided at Appendix 2.
Plate 2: Example of a State Permanent Mark installed during this project (SPM 11452, Mulcahy Bay).
3 See notes for transects 730/311 (Window Pane Bay) and 730/303 (Mulcahy Bay) at Appendix 3. 4 One apparently anomalous result was amended to correct for this possibility. See notes for transect 730/321 (Cox Bight) at Appendix 3.
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Mark Location Date Easting (m) Northing (m) Height (m)
SPM 11450 Wreck Bay 30/11/2014 401545.565 5217406.485 5.249
SPM 11451 Window Pane Bay
3/12/2014 420472.957 5187693.270 3.450
SPM 11452 Mulcahy Bay 1/12/2014 396727.031 5225068.539 2.767
SPM 11453 Stephens Bay 2/12/2014 416922.156 5194189.035 7.029
SPM 11454 Window Pane Bay
3/12/2014 421617.046 5186857.807 3.371
SPM 11455 Cox Bight 4/12/2014 438641.280 5184112.863 8.406
SPM 11456 Prion Beach 5/12/2014 462868.942 5180826.453 3.697 Table 5: State Permanent Marks established during this project (MGA94 Zone 55 map grid; GDA94 and AHD (Tas) datum).
Site AUSPOS
ID Occupation
time (hr:min)
Positional uncertainty (m) Ambiguity resolution Easting Northing Height
Mulcahy Bay
MULC 7:41 0.009 0.010 0.025 80.3%
Wreck Bay SPM1 5:15 0.009 0.010 0.027 73.8%
Stephens Bay
STEP 7:51 0.009 0.009 0.022 85.0%
Window Pane Bay
WIND 8:18 0.008 0.009 0.022 87.5%
Cox Bight COX1 2:57 0.010 0.013 0.023 89.1%
Cox Bight COX2 4:56 0.009 0.009 0.024 83.5%
Prion Beach PRI0 6:15 0.009 0.010 0.026 77.7%
Prion Beach 30PR 7:05 0.008 0.009 0.021 84.2% Table 6: Temporary base stations established during this project. The stations are unmarked, except at Wreck Bay where the temporary base station coincided with SPM 11450.
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Plate 3: GPS receiver in use as temporary base station (Window Pane Bay).
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2.3. Shoreline stability status
The condition of dune fronts is rarely uniform along the length of a beach. That is, sections of
the seawards face of the dunes may be eroding while other portions are stable or accumulating
sand. The net effect over time of these local tendencies will determine whether a sand barrier
is accreting, receding or in dynamic equilibrium (stable). Shoreline stability status mapping is
a tool for characterizing these local variations at the time of observation, providing context for
interpreting other datasets, such as aerial imagery and shoreline profiles.
The approach adopted is based on a scheme initially developed for sandy saltmarsh shores in
north-west Tasmania by Mount et al. (2010), and here simplified and extended to encompass
sandy shores and soft-rock (e.g. cohesive clay) shores. A qualitative classification of shoreline
stability status was developed following initial observations of the beaches in question.
Mapping involved traversing the beaches from end to end while noting changes in dune
morphology related to erosion and/or accretion on the seaward face. A handheld GPS and
printed air photos provided spatial control during the mapping exercise, the order of accuracy
of which is probably 10 m or better in most cases.
The shoreline stability status classification is set out at Table 7 (only sandy shores and
beaches are relevant to the present study). The field data is archived in shapefile format (see
Metadata Appendix 4).The format is suitable for inclusion in future versions of the Smartline
coastal geomorphic line map for Tasmania (Sharples et al. 2009).
The results of this work are mapped and summarized in the following section.
Shoreline stability status mapping was completed at Cox Bight and New Harbour during an
earlier reconnaissance study (Horton et al. 2008). The earlier study utilized a different
classification to that adopted in this study and the results are not directly comparable.
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Sandy saltmarsh shores (swell-sheltered)
Sandy shores and beaches (swell-exposed or swell-sheltered, non-saltmarsh)
‘Soft-rock’ incl. cohesive clay shores (swell-exposed or swell-sheltered)
Attribute Stability status Attribute Stability status Attribute Stability status
110 Actively eroding sandy saltmarsh shore
Actively eroding shores, continuous.
210 Actively eroding sandy shore
Fresh erosion scarp in foredune or backshore sands, minor or recent slumping of scarp, no incipient foredune.
310 Actively eroding soft-rock shore
Fresh erosion scarp with little or no slumping or rock-fall in front.
120 Dominantly eroding sandy saltmarsh shore
Dominantly actively eroding shores, with sub-ordinate intermittent stability or accretion.
220 Eroded sandy shore with little recovery
Prominent foredune or backshore sand erosion scarp, with significant slumping and/or deflation but only minor or no incipient foredune development.
320 Eroded soft-rock shore
Prominent erosion scarp with notable slumped or fallen material in front (may be some signs of recent erosion).
130 Intermittently eroding sandy saltmarsh shore
Intermittently eroding shores (some spatially or temporally intermittent accretion or stability, but accretion or stability not dominant).
230 Eroded sandy shore with significant recovery
Slumped and/or deflated foredune or backshore sand erosion scarp with notable incipient foredune development.
330 Inactive eroded soft-rock shore
Old rounded and/or slumped erosion scarp with slumped or fallen material in front (no signs of recent erosion).
140 Stable sandy saltmarsh shore
Stable shores (no clear indication of either accretion or erosion).
240 Stable sandy shore
Well-vegetated foredune or backshore sands with neither significant erosion scarp nor incipient foredune evident.
340 Stable soft-rock shore
Well-rounded or sloping shore profile with no clear indications of old erosion scarps visible.
150 Dominantly accreting sandy saltmarsh shore
Dominantly accreting shores with some intermittent or prior erosion evident.
250 Recovered eroded sandy shore
Significant incipient foredune development with older erosion scarp still partly visible.
N/A
160 Actively accreting sandy saltmarsh shore
Accreting shores, no visible evidence of prior erosion.
260 Actively accreting sandy shore
Well-developed incipient foredune fronting sandy backshore or established foredune with little or no visible sign of prior erosion.
N/A
Table 7: Classification of shoreline stability status. The classification is based on that applied by Mount et al. (2010) and here simplified and extended to encompass additional shoreline types in unconsolidated sediments. Only sandy shores and beaches are relevant to this study.
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2.4. Vertical aerial imagery
DPIPWE Land Information Services will coordinate capture of vertical aerial imagery of
TWWHA beaches as part of its annual aerial photo program. This work is contracted to an
external provider and was originally scheduled for completion in early 2015. However, the
beaches component was delayed and is now expected to be completed no earlier than late
2015. The request includes all the major oceanic beaches of the TWWHA, in addition to those
where TASMARC transects have been established. Rectified and geo-referenced 10 cm GSD
digital colour orthomosaics will be prepared.
Due to the remoteness of the area, aerial imagery of this type would normally not be subject
to ground control in favour of geo-referencing and ortho-rectification via air station
positioning (i.e. IMU and GNSS). The achievable accuracy by the latter method is in the order
of 3 m. The feasibility of establishing ground control points during future surveys will be
investigated. This has potential to improve the accuracy of the imagery to less than 0.5 m.
It is anticipated that the aerial imagery will provide an important visual record of shoreline
condition and a potentially powerful tool for interpreting shoreline behavior over time.
2.5. Oblique aerial imagery
Closely spaced sequences of overlapping oblique aerial images were obtained during
helicopter overflights of nine beaches (Table 9). This was done by flying length-wise along
the beaches about 50 m above the zone of the breakers. The camera was oriented towards the
shoreline and inclined at an angle appropriate to capturing the beach and dune front within the
image. An example is provided at Plate 4.
The images were collected with a digital SLR digital camera (Canon EOS 7D). Image
resolution was set to maximum in JPEG and raw image formats (file size approximately 17.9
megapixels)5. The camera drive mode was set to high speed continuous, capturing 2-3 images
per second. A full record of camera settings is embedded in the individual image files and can
be interrogated using readily available software (e.g. Google Picasa, Nikon NX2).
This dataset augments other imagery obtained during the project as a qualitative visual record
of shoreline condition. The oblique images are not georeferenced.
5 Some images in the Prion Beach and Cox Bight sequences are in JPEG format only.
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Plate 4: Example of a low level oblique aerial image (Window Pane Bay). Note the unstable condition of the seaward face of the dune, which comprises a 50 m high slope of loose sand littered with soil-vegetation rafts moving downslope. This south facing beach is somewhat protected from the dominant westerly winds by Flying Cloud Point and is probably responding to wave and/or sea level effects rather than wind effects; however, a small sandblow can be seen towards the left side of the image.
Site Date Number of images
Mulcahy Bay 1/12/2014 288
Wreck Bay 30/11/2014 305
Towterer Beach 30/11/2014 125
Stephens Bay 2/12/2014 236
Noyhener Beach 2/12/2014 76
Window Pane Bay 3/12/2014 74
Cox Bight 4/12/2014 476
Louisa Bay 5/12/2014 71
Turua Beach 5/12/2014 34
Prion Beach 5/12/2014 261 Table 9: Beaches sampled for low elevation oblique aerial image sequences.
2.6. Ground-based imagery
A considerable number of digital images were collected while surveying transects and at
various points nearby. These provide a visual record of beaches and dunes where the work
was undertaken. They may also assist in re-locating shoreline profile transects.
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The majority of the images were taken with a compact digital camera (Nikon model ‘Coolpix’
AW100) with integral GPS. The order of accuracy of the geoferencing is probably in the
order of 10 m or better. The images are 1.9 megapixel files in JPEG format. A record of
camera settings is embedded in the individual image files, which can be interrogated using
readily available software (e.g. Google Picasa, Nikon NX2).
This dataset includes standard images of the shore profile transects, in accordance with
TASMARC methodology. The images comprise at least three views at each transect:
1. view from beach to backing dune along transect;
2. view along beach/dune to left of transect; and
3. view along beach/dune to right of transect.
A 1 m scale pole was positioned towards the seaward base of the dune in the first image. A
representative set of images is illustrated at Plates 5-7.
Additional images of dunes were collected at points along the beaches selected for
monitoring. The majority of these are perpendicular views towards the dune from the beach
(with 1 m staff for scale).
Plate 5: Example of standard image for transect 730/318, Prion Beach (view from beach to dune at transect).
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Plate 6: Example of standard image for transect 730/318, Prion Beach (view along beach/dune to left of transect).
Plate 7: Example of standard image for transect 730/318, Prion Beach (view along beach/dune to right of transect).
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2.7. Sand mineralogy and granulometry
Grab samples of surficial sand were collected under permit from each surveyed beach. Nine
samples were analysed for mineralogy by X-ray diffraction and particle size by wet sieving.
The samples comprise beach sand (six samples) and dune sand (three samples). Beach sand
was collected at the top of the swash zone; dune sand was taken from loose material at the
crest of the first dune at the back of the beach (excluding incipient foredunes). The analysis
was undertaken by Mineral Resources Tasmania.
Analysis of the sand characterizes some of the primary features of sediment mobilized by
waves and wind across the monitoring sites, within an area where little data of this type have
hitherto been reported. The particle size and other granulometry parameters may be valuable
for characterizing wave energy and beach type, while mineralogy assists in understanding
sediment source. Analytical methods and results are presented at Appendix 3.
2.8. Archiving of data
Data collected during this project has been archived on a server (‘Barrow’) dedicated as a
repository for certain datasets managed by DPIPWE Natural Values Conservation Branch.
Metadata is provided at Appendix 4 and published on the NRM data library
(http://nrmdatalibrary.dpiw.tas.gov.au).
Additionally, the shoreline profile results are published on the TASMARC website
(http://www.tasmarc.info/).
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3. STUDY SITES
3.1. Mulcahy Bay
Mulcahy Bay beach is a high energy sandy beach directly exposed to the south-westerly
swells 26 km north of the entrance to Port Davey. Geomorphic aspects of the beach have
previously been described by Pemberton & Cullen (1999), Cullen (1998) and Short (2006).
Mulcahy Bay beach mostly faces southwest (aspect 220º True) and although strongly exposed
to the south-westerly swells is located within a deep rocky embayment 1.5 km wide bounded
by prominent rocky headlands. The beach is a Transverse Bar and Rip (TBR) to Rhythmic
Bar and Beach (RBB) morphodynamic type (Short 2006, p. 184) fronted by a 100 m wide surf
zone with several strong rips. The beach is immediately backed by 20 m to 25 m high dune
faces which are the eroded seawards edge of an extensive and now mostly vegetated
Holocene transgressive dune complex described by Cullen (1998, p. 72-73). See Figure 2.
Since Mulcahy Bay is relatively sheltered from the dominating north-westerly winds, the
vegetated transgressive dunes do not show the strong NW-SE dune ridge orientation found at
more exposed sites such as Stephens Bay, and for the same reason present day blowout
(deflation) erosion is relatively minor (albeit notable) compared to sites like Stephens Beach
(Cullen 1998, p. 72). The vegetated transgressive dune complex is itself partly backed by
deep bleached white sands that Cullen (1998, p. 72) interprets as possibly Pleistocene aeolian
sand sheets.
Although it is likely that currently active wind erosion (deflation) of the mostly bare seawards
dune faces behind much of the beach was initiated by wave erosion exposing bare dune faces,
there were no recently active wave-eroded scarps along the dune front at the time of
inspection (December 2014), apart from a large beach scarp close to the toe of the dune face
behind the central-northern part of the beach (Figure 2). The seawards dune face was however
mostly bare and small to moderate-size actively accumulating lobes of windblown sand
immediately in the lee of the dune crest indicate the faces are losing sand to landwards by
deflation (wind erosion), albeit at a limited rate compared to more wind-exposed sites such as
Stephens Beach. As at December 2014 the beach and dune face exhibited varying degrees of
recovery (Figure 2) with significant beach berm recovery, incipient dune accumulation and
revegetation of the dune face in some areas (Plate 8), and lesser berm recovery with no
incipient dune accumulation or vegetation recovery in other areas (Plate 9). Nonetheless
several palaeosols are exposed in the dune face, which suggest the dune face is in a state of
net progressive recession which may be more due to wave erosion than wind erosion given
the relatively minor erosional role currently being played by deflation at this beach.
Cullen (1998, p. 72) notes the palaeosols have A-C profiles typical of coastal dunes in the
region. Although no absolute dates are available for the palaeosols at Mulcahy Bay, Cullen
infers them to be similar to palaeosols at nearby Nye Bay, for which radiocarbon dating of
contained charcoal have indicated ages ranging from 700 years BP to less than 200 years BP,
with inferred dune ages of less than 1000 years being attributed to probable destruction of
earlier dunes prior to 1000 years BP (Pemberton & Cullen 1999).
Whereas the northern and southern ends of the beach are backed by dunes perched on partly
exposed bedrock surfaces above present sea-level (Plate 10) which consequently have little
potential for significant shoreline recession, the major central part of the beach is backed by
soft sandy sediments that probably extend below present sea-level for several hundred metres
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Figure 2: Coastal landforms at Mulcahy Bay, with stability (erosion) status of the seawards dune face as at December 2014 indicated (note that shoreline stability here refers primarily to shoreline response to wave erosion and recovery; some ongoing landwards wind deflation of the dune faces is present at this beach but is not implied by the Shoreline Stability Status mapping) . Coastal landform mapping is based on Cullen (1998), with additional geomorphic and erosion status mapping by C. Sharples. Permanent survey benchmark (SPM) and TASMARC survey profile locations and numbers are indicated. Co-ordinate system is Map Grid of Australia zone 55 (GDA1994 datum).
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landwards, and hence have considerable potential for shoreline recession. Despite the current
lack of recently active wave erosion scarps at Mulcahy Bay, it is likely that wave erosion has
played a major role in the shoreline recession that has occurred to date (as indicated by
palaeosols exposures) although deflation by wind undoubtedly has played some role as well.
Ongoing beach-dune profile monitoring will provide important evidence as to the nature of
shoreline changes and rates of recession that are occurring at Mulcahy Bay.
Plate 8: Mulcahy Bay, partly recovered dune face near TASMARC profile 730/303, showing good beach berm recovery and notable incipient dune accumulation at the toe of the face, and advanced dune face revegetation reducing deflation of the face by wind. Photo by C. Sharples (2014).
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Plate 9: Mulcahy Bay, view of bare dune face just north of TASMARC profile 730/304, showing at least one prominent palaeosol horizon exposed in the poorly recovering seawards dune face. Although beach berm recovery is substantial, there is little incipient dune accumulation at the foot of the eroded face, which remains largely unvegetated and deflating. Photo by C. Sharples (2014).
Plate 10: View northwards from near the southern end of Mulcahy Bay beach, showing the dominantly unvegetated and deflating seawards faces of the transgressive dune complex backing the beach. Exposed quartzite bedrock in the foreground underlies the southern end of the dunes above present sea-level. Photo by C. Sharples (2014).
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3.2. Wreck Bay
Wreck Bay beach is a high energy swell-exposed sandy beach located on the far south-west
coast of Tasmania about 16 km northwest of Port Davey. Geomorphic aspects of the beach
have previously been investigated and described by Cullen (1998) and Short (2006).
Wreck Bay beach is a deeply-embayed beach about 1.5 km long facing southwest (aspect
200º True) between protruding rocky headlands in a dominantly rocky coast. The beach is
backed by dune sands over a bedrock base which probably mostly rises above present sea-
level from very close behind the present back of the beach. The beach has a 250 m wide
double bar surf zone characterised as a Transverse Bar and Rip (TBR) inner bar with a high
energy Rhythmic Bar and Beach (RBB) outer bar by Short (2006, p. 183). The intertidal
beach face is composed of fine to medium-grained sand with hard quartzite bedrock outcrops
sporadically protruding along the full length of the beach and at the base of the backing dune.
The north-western third of the beach is dominated by a near-continuous rocky shore platform
in the lower intertidal area, and a large rocky point near the middle of the beach divides it into
two main sub-compartments.
The beach is backed by vegetated dunes 5 – 20 m high which appear to mostly overlie
bedrock above present sea-level (inferred from the sporadic bedrock outcrops on the beach
face and at the base of the dune-front). The central rocky point is also capped by vegetated
windblown sand above storm wave swash levels, as is the rocky shore southwards of the
southern end of the beach. Apart from minor development of small incipient foredunes
(mainly in the more sheltered south-eastern parts of the bay: see Figure 3) and other poorly-
defined patchy remnants of beach-derived sands blown onto the front of older dunes, the
dunes are mostly not foredunes in the sense of Hesp (2002). Rather, they are mainly formerly
mobile transgressive and longitudinal dunes inferred to be of Late Holocene age by Cullen
1998 (p. 70). These are currently eroding and receding at their seawards (beach-facing)
margins, but are largely stable and vegetated in the back-dune areas. The dune ridges trend in
south-easterly directions but are much less extensive than at nearby Towterer Beach because
the south-westerly aspect of Wreck Bay reduces exposure to dominant north-westerly to
westerly winds. Cullen (1998, p. 70) noted the most extensive dunes occur behind the
southern end of the embayment where exposure to north-westerly winds is greatest, and
include cliff top dunes above rocky shores beyond the end of the beach (see Figure 3). Cullen
reported an auger hole 600 m inland of the southern end of the beach encountering the
shallow distal end of the windblown sands over river gravels.
During Nov-Dec 2014 the dune front was mostly an actively eroding or eroded scarp with
slumping but little recovery, and was in parts mostly bare of vegetation (see Plate 11). Small
fresh lobes of unvegetated windblown sand present immediately behind the crest some of the
dune-front scarps demonstrate those bare scarps are being actively deflated by onshore winds,
although the amounts of sand being blown landwards are currently too small to sustain bare
actively mobile sand lobes extending more than a few metres landwards of the dune crests.
Cullen (1998, p. 70) noted that active sand blows at Wreck Bay are small compared to other
embayments in the region and attributed this to the relatively sheltering from north-westerly
to westerly winds afforded by the southwest aspect of the embayment.
Stream discharges from Trepanner Creek in the south-east corner of the bay and from several
other creeks along the beach appear to have contributed significantly to beach and dune
erosion immediately adjacent to their mouths, however on field evidence it appears that the
greatest amount of shoreline recession to date has occurred at the northwest end of the south-
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Figure 3: Coastal landforms at Wreck Bay, with stability (erosion) status of the seawards dune face as at December 2014 indicated. Coastal landform polygon mapping is based on Cullen (1998), other shoreline landform and erosion status mapping by C. Sharples. Permanent survey benchmark (SPM) and TASMARC survey profile locations and numbers are indicated. Co-ordinate system is Map Grid of Australia zone 55 (GDA94 datum).
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eastern sub-compartment of the bay, and in the north-western sub-compartment, which are
most exposed to the south-westerly swells. In these areas up to three palaeosols are exposed
in the dune scarps, implying the current degree of landwards dune face recession is greater
than any since the formation of the oldest exposed palaeosols (this means that much of Wreck
Bay beach and dune front is currently in a state of progressive recession that has extended
further landwards than any seen since the now-exposed palaeosols formed).
Cullen (1998, p. 70-71) illustrates dune soil profiles from Wreck Bay, and notes the
palaeosols have A-C profiles typical of foredunes in the region. Although no absolute dates
are available for the palaeosols at Wreck Bay, Cullen infers them to be of equivalent ages to
palaeosols at nearby Nye Bay, for which radiocarbon dating of contained charcoal have
indicated ages ranging from 700 years BP to less than 200 years BP, with inferred dune ages
of less than 1000 years being attributed to probable destruction of earlier dunes prior to 1000
years BP (Pemberton & Cullen 1999).
Plate 11: Aerial view south-eastwards along Wreck Bay beach, showing the prevalence of rocky outcrops on the beach and bare eroded (and slumped) seawards dune faces. Photo by C. Sharples (2014).
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3.3. Stephens Bay
Stephens Bay beach is a high energy sandy beach directly exposed to the south-westerly
swells a few km south of the entrance to Port Davey. Geomorphic aspects of the beach have
previously been described by Baynes (1990), Cullen (1998) and Short (2006).
Stephens Bay beach mostly faces southwest (aspect 240º True) and although strongly exposed
to the south-westerly swells is located within a rocky embayment 2.3 km wide bounded by
prominent rocky headlands. The beach is Transverse Bar and Rip (TBR) to Rhythmic Bar and
Beach (RBB) morphodynamic type (Short 2006, p. 175) fronted by a 200 m wide surf zone
with several strong rips. The beach is backed by dunes ranging from about 6 m high behind
the north-western end of the beach up to about 50 m high behind its southern end. The dunes
are mostly an old (Late Pleistocene or Holocene) transgressive dune complex (not foredunes
in the sense of Hesp 2002) with dominantly WNW to ESE oriented ridges (Cullen 1998).
At the time of inspection (Dec. 2014) the seawards faces of the dunes were mostly bare of
living vegetation except behind the north-western end of the beach. However, fresh wave
erosion scarps were not apparent in the dune toes, and the bare dune faces were evidently
partly slumped. There was little evidence of the accumulation of new incipient dunes at the
toe of the bare dune faces, although considerable recovery of a sand berm at the back of the
beach abutting the dunes was apparent in parts of the beach. It is evident that the bare dune
faces are deflating behind most of the beach, with fresh lobes of windblown sand
accumulating in the lee of the seawards dune crest. Although the backshore parts of the dune
complex are mainly stable and vegetated behind the northern half of the beach, the degree of
dune face deflation and the extent of currently actively mobile transgressive dunes blowing
inland from the seawards dune faces in a south-easterly direction increases southwards along
the beach. Very extensive unvegetated and currently active transgressive dunes behind the
southern half of the beach extend well over a kilometre south-eastwards and extend through to
nearby Noyhener Beach (Figure 4) in part. At least one palaeosol is exposed in both the
deflating seawards faces of the dunes and in deflation hollows within the active backshore
transgressive dune complex (Plate 12). Behind the southern part of the beach the wind
erosion (deflation) has exposed extensive middens, as well as exposures of iron pans and peat
deposits at the base of the dunes which may represent earlier swamp deposits that were buried
beneath the transgressive dunes as they initially formed.
A low established (vegetated) foredune a few metres high and about 400 m long is present on
the seawards side of the high deflating transgressive dunes behind the southern part of the
beach (Figure 4, Plate 13). This feature exhibits a recently active wave erosion scarp on its
seawards side, which exposes anthropogenic debris (plastics, wooden planks) in the foredune,
indicating that the foredune is likely to be of recent (late Twentieth Century) origin. Further
north in the middle (most wave exposed?) part of the beach recent wave erosion has formed a
high beach scarp in the recovered beach berm, although this scarping has not extended to the
toe of the backing dune itself (Plate 14).
Although the presence of exposed palaeosols in the seawards dune faces behind most of
Stephens Bay beach implies that the dune faces are receding landwards, at the present time
this seems to be primarily the result of wind erosion (deflation) of the dune faces removing
sand landwards, rather than wave erosion removing sand offshore. Although it is likely that
wave erosion has at some time triggered onset of dune deflation by exposing the seawards
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Figure 4: Coastal landforms at Stephens Bay, with stability (erosion) status of the seawards dune face as at December 2014 indicated (note that shoreline stability here refers primarily to shoreline response to wave erosion and recovery; major ongoing landwards wind deflation of the dune faces is present at this beach but is not implied by the Shoreline Stability Status mapping). Coastal landform mapping is based on Cullen (1998), with additional geomorphic and erosion status mapping by C. Sharples. Permanent survey benchmark (SPM) and TASMARC survey profile locations and numbers are indicated. Co-ordinate system is Map Grid of Australia zone 55 (GDA1994 datum).
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faces of the dunes, there is currently a substantial beach berm in front of the dunes along
much of the beach and no evidence of wave erosion reaching the toe of the deflating dune
faces. The exception to this is the small eroding foredune in front of the deflating dunes in the
southern part of the beach, whose presence is itself indicative of a lack of wave erosion
having reached the deflating dunes behind it for some decades at least. Whether – or when –
wave erosion will cause significant shoreline recession at this beach is unclear, and ongoing
monitoring of beach-dune profiles at Stephens Bay will be important in understanding how
this beach is behaving and whether it is beginning to respond to sea-level rise.
Plate 12: A part of the high actively mobile transgressive dunes behind the southern end of Stephens Bay Beach, showing a palaeosol exposed in a deflation hollow on the dune crest. Photo by C. Sharples (2014).
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Plate 13: Northwards view along the recently wave-eroded foredune behind the southern part of Stephens Bay beach, showing strongly deflating high transgressive dunes behind. Photo by C. Sharples (2014).
Plate 14: View south from the middle part of Stephens Beach, showing a recent beach scarp cutting into the notably recovered beach berm. High deflating transgressive dunes fronted by the small vegetated foredune are visible in the distance towards the southern end of the beach. Photo by C. Sharples (2014).
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3.4. Window Pane Bay
Window Pane Bay beach is a high energy swell-exposed sandy beach directly facing the
south-westerly swells about 12 km north of South West Cape (Plate 15). Geomorphic aspects
of the beach have previously been described by Cullen (1998) and Short (2006).
Window Pane Bay beach mostly faces southwest (aspect 210º True) and although strongly
exposed to the south-westerly swells is located within a rocky embayment 1.7 km wide on a
long mostly rocky and cliffed coastal section. The north-western end of the beach is
somewhat sheltered behind the long rocky point of Flying Cloud Point which bounds the
western side of the embayment. The 1.5 km long fine to medium grained sand beach is a
Transverse Bar and Rip (TBR) to Rhythmic Bar and Beach (RBB) morphodynamic type
(Short 2006, p. 173) fronted by a 100 m wide surf zone with several rips. At its south-eastern
end the beach grades to a 600 m long boulder beach, whilst the more sheltered western end in
the lee of Flying Cloud Point is a 100 m long Reflective (R) morphodynamic beach type
which sometimes includes an ephemeral tombolo connecting it to an offshore rock (Short
2006, p. 173). Window Pane Creek discharges across the broad middle of the beach in a
meandering channel with a cobble bed load.
The north-western 700 m of the beach (west of the creek outlet) is backed by a very high
steep eroding and slumped dune face up to 50 m high (Plates 16-17). This does not appear to
be a foredune in the sense of Hesp (2002) but rather appears to be the wave-eroded distal
(downwind) end of a now-vegetated transgressive dune complex which Cullen (1998, p. 55)
has interpreted (on the basis of NW-SE aligned dune ridges) to have accumulated in Late
Pleistocene to Holocene times from sand blown south-eastwards from Island Bay into the
Window Pane Bay embayment (Figure 5). It is likely that most of this dune complex mantles
a bedrock surface above present sea-level. When inspected during December 2014 most of the
seawards (southerly-facing) dune face was bare slumping sand with rafts of organic soil and
vegetation sliding down from the crest of the dune, however the dune crest and back dune
area is well-vegetated and stable. No significant incipient dune accumulation was noted at the
dune scarp toe. No palaeosols were noted in the slumped dune face, however at one or two
locations a peat deposit with plant fragments is exposed at the base of the dune face. This
appears different to the slumped peaty dune soil rafts and may represent an older swamp
deposit underlying the dune sands. Some minor wind-driven deflation of the bare dune face is
occurring with small active lobes of wind-blown sand transgressing into vegetation for a few
metres on the lee (north) side of the dune crest, however there is also a large deflating gully at
the western end of this high dune where wind is transporting sand northwards up and behind
the dune-face for over 100 m.
Window Pane Creek emerges through a 200 m wide gap in the dunes onto the central part of
the beach, which is backed by a broad low valley interpreted by Cullen (1998, p. 54) as a
sediment infill basin (likely Holocene marine sediment infill) with some vegetated
transgressive dunes. In this area the soft sediment infill is likely to extend in depth to below
sea-level for some hundreds of metres inland of the beach. Relatively fresh scarps at the dune
toes on either side of the creek outlet are probably a result of fluvial (creek) erosion rather
than wave erosion, and are not indicated on the shoreline stability mapping provided on
Figure 5.
The south-eastern part of the beach is backed by a vegetated sandy (true) foredune rising 15 –
20 m above the back of the beach, which also backs most of the boulder-beach further south-
east of the sandy beach section (Plate 15). A wave erosion scarp with some slumping but little
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incipient dune recovery was present along the foredune toe behind this part of the beach at the
time of inspection, and was mostly only 2 – 3 m high but reached over 15 m high to the crest
of the dune around the TASMARC profile 730/311 location (see Figure 5). No evidence of
currently active dune front deflation in the form of windblown sand accumulations in the lee
of the dune crest was seen, nor were palaeosols exposed in the dune erosion scarp. The dune
erosion scarp continued south-eastwards behind the boulder beach to a little north of
TASMARC profile 730/312, beyond which the foredune front is mostly stable and fully
vegetated with no significant erosion scarp (see Figure 5). This foredune is in turn backed by
stable vegetated transgressive dunes extending inland for 1.5 km to the east and north-east,
and up to 250 m above sea-level. North-easterly trending dune ridges in this complex imply
sand transport and deposition by winds blowing from the south-west into Window Pane Bay,
in contrast to the north-westerly derivation inferred for the transgressive dunes backing the
northwest part of Window Pane Bay beach. The depth to bedrock beneath the foredune is
difficult to infer, however rising slopes close behind the dune and rocky reefs immediately
offshore from the boulder beach section suggest the underlying bedrock surface rises above
present sea-level beneath or close behind most of the foredune.
Whereas the slumping dune scarps at Window Pane Bay provide evidence of relatively recent
wave erosion, none exhibit freshly active basal wave scarps, but rather the scarp toes have
slumped since the most recent wave erosion events. On the other hand neither is any incipient
dune recovery evident at the toe of the slumped dune scarps (suggesting relatively recent toe
erosion). The lack of any exposed palaeosols means it is unclear whether the high dune
behind the north-west part of the beach is in a state of progressive recession although the size
and relatively recent activity of the scarp (indicated by the lack of incipient dune
accumulation) might be thought to imply this. On the other hand the mostly limited foredune
erosion behind the south-eastern part of the beach provide little evidence of any progressive
dune recession to date, although the higher slumping dune scarp at TASMARC profile
730/311 is suggestive of increased dune erosion activity. Ongoing dune profile monitoring
over some years will be necessary to understand how this beach and dune system is behaving.
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Figure 5: Coastal landforms at Window Pane Bay, with stability (erosion) status of the seawards dune face as at December 2014 indicated. Coastal landform mapping is based on Cullen (1998), with additional geomorphic and erosion status mapping by C. Sharples. Permanent survey benchmark (SPM) and TASMARC survey profile locations and numbers are indicated. Co-ordinate system is Map Grid of Australia zone 55 (GDA1994 datum).
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Plate 15: Window Pane Bay from the southeast, showing the sandy beach backed by high scarped dunes in the distance, and the boulder beach section backed by a sandy foredune and vegetated transgressive dunes in the foreground. Photo by C. Sharples Dec. 2014.
Plate 16: View looking northwards at the high slumping dune face backing the north-western end of Window Pane Bay beach. Much of the vegetation visible on the dune face is on rafts of peaty soil gradually sliding down the dune face. The well-vegetated area immediately behind the dune face is a transgressive dune complex of which the eroding face is probably the scarped distal end. Photo by C. Sharples Dec. 2014.
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Plate 17: View of scarped and slumped 50 m high dune face at the north-western end of Window Pane Bay close to TASMARC profile 730/310, showing rafts of soil and vegetation. The lack of either a recent wave scarp or of significant incipient dune growth at the toe of the slope is notable. Photo by C. Sharples Dec. 2014.
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3.5. Cox Bight
Cox Bight on the south-southwest coast of Tasmania contains three high-energy swell-
exposed sandy beach barriers separated by small rocky points. Geomorphic aspects of the
beaches have previously been described by Cullen (1998), Short (2006) and Horton et al.
(2008), with the latter also documenting an initial shoreline condition monitoring survey for
Cox Bight.
Cox Bight as a whole is a deep south-facing embayment between prominent rocky headlands
which ensure little or no longshore drift of sand into or out of the embayment. The sandy
beaches are located at the northern head of the embayment and are separated by Point Eric
and a smaller rocky point to its east (Figure 6). The 2.2 km long western beach faces south-
southeast (aspect 170º True) and is a Transverse Bar and Rip (TBR) to Rhythmic Bar and
Beach (RBB) morphodynamic type (Short 2006, p. 171) fronted by a 150-200 m wide surf
zone with several rips. The beach is dominantly fine-medium grained sand with a cobble berm
that is largest at the western end (Plate 18). The beach is backed by 2 prograded Holocene
cobble beach ridges mantled by aeolian foredune sands (Cullen 1998, p.41) and typically up
to 2-5 m high. The beach barrier is backed by an extensive plain of soft alluvial sediments
extending in depth to below present sea-level, and impounds two large backshore lagoons.
The middle beach extends 1.7 km eastwards from Point Eric and faces south-southwest
(aspect 195º T). This is a dominantly fine-medium grained sand beach which is a Transverse
Bar and Rip (TBR) morphodynamic type (Short 2006, p. 171) fronted by a 100 m wide surf
zone with several rips. The beach is backed by a foredune ranging from only 2-3 m high in the
west to 20-25 m high in the most exposed central part of the beach (Plate 19), which in turn is
backed by a soft sediment plain that probably extends in depth to below present sea-level for
several hundred metres inland. The easternmost beach is about 1.4 km long and faces
southwest (aspect 220º True). This is also a dominantly fine-medium grained sandy beach
which is a Transverse Bar and Rip (TBR) morphodynamic type (Short 2006a, p. 171) fronted
by a 100 m wide surf zone with several rips. The beach is backed by a foredune ranging 5 –
10 m high in its northern to middle parts, and up to 20 – 30 m high in its southern section
where the dune caps a bedrock slope rising above sea-level behind the beach. The northern to
middle part of the foredune is in turn backed by a soft sediment plain that probably extends in
depth to below present sea-level for several hundred metres inland, although the southern half
of the beach is immediately backed by a rising bedrock slope. No evidence of dune blowouts
or significant landwards transport of sand in wind-driven transgressive sand lobes or dunes
was seen at any of the three beaches.
At the time of inspection, most of the foredunes behind each of the three beaches showed
evidence of prior erosion scarps (except at the apparently more stable western end of the
western beach), however these exhibited greater or lesser degrees of recent recovery through
slumping and incipient dune accretion. The freshest erosion scarps seen during December
2014 were associated with creek outlets along the beaches, and were probably a response to
fluvial (creek discharge) erosion rather than to wave erosion. Considerable recovery following
erosion was evident in the middle of the middle beach (Plate 19). However it is noteworthy
that Cullen (1998, p. 41) reported extensive foredune scarping with exposure of one or two
dune palaeosols behind the two beaches east of Point Eric at the time of his inspection. These
palaeosols were mostly covered by slumping or incipient dune recovery during December
2014, however their exposure during 1998 (and perhaps at other subsequent times) do suggest
that despite a recent recovery phase the two eastern beaches may be in a state of progressive
albeit episodic recession. In contrast the western beach appears to have been more stable
although it is possible it has begun to recede at its eastern end. Ongoing beach profile
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Figure 6: Coastal landforms at Cox Bight, with stability (erosion) status of the seawards dune face as at December 2014 indicated. Coastal landform mapping is based on Cullen (1998), with additional geomorphic and erosion status mapping by C. Sharples. Permanent survey benchmark (SPM) and TASMARC survey profile locations and numbers are indicated. Co-ordinate system is Map Grid of Australia zone 55 (GDA1994 datum).
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monitoring over a period of some years will be necessary to determine whether the eastern
beaches (and possibly the eastern part of the western beach) have indeed commenced to
progressively recede or are still oscillating around an equilibrium position.
Plate 18: View typical of the western Cox Bight beach, showing a sandy beach with a substantial cobble berm backed by foredune sands over cobble beach ridges. Whereas erosion scarps are notable along much of west Cox Bight (see Figure 6), the cobble berms appear to quickly reform and partly protect the scarps after major storms. Photo by C. Sharples (2014).
Plate 19: A high foredune backing a section of the middle beach of Cox Bight, showing virtually full recovery of the seawards dune face by windblown sand accumulation following erosion. Only traces of the prior scarp are discernible in this recovered section, although vegetation is yet to re-establish on the dune face. Other parts of the two easternmost Cox Bight beaches still exhibit exposed foredune wave erosion scarps with minor or moderate recovery through slumping and incipient foredune accumulation. Photo by C. Sharples (2014).
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3.6. Prion Beach
Prion Beach is a high energy swell-exposed sandy beach located about half-way along the
south coast of Tasmania. Geomorphic aspects of the beach have previously been investigated
and described by Cullen (1998), Short (2006) and Cullen & Dell 2013).
Prion Beach lies within a broad embayment in a dominantly rocky and cliffed coast, and faces
south-southwest (aspect 205º True). The embayment is about 6 km wide and bounded by
large steep rocky headlands at Point Cecil and Menzies Bluff (Figure 7). The beach is backed
by a broad coastal barrier comprising dune and marine sands probably extending in depth to
below present sea-level, which bars the mouth of New River Lagoon. The beach itself is a
Transverse Bar and Rip (TBR) to Rhythmic Bar and Beach (RBB) morphodynamic type
(Short 2006, p. 167) fronted by a 300 m wide rip-dominated surf zone. The western four
kilometres of the beach is immediately backed by a large vegetated foredune ridge varying
from about 4 m to 25 m high (Plate 20), which in turn is backed by several shore-parallel
dunes then older (probably Holocene) prograded dunes with some dune lakes in swales
(Cullen & Dell 2013). However, the eastern two kilometres of the beach is a 200-300 m wide
beach spit without established dunes (Plate 21), which is episodically reworked as the outlet
channel of New River Lagoon migrates eastwards along the spit after occasional large storms
open an outlet channel at the east end of the barrier dunes. A Holocene foredune backs this
very mobile beach spit on the landwards side of the episodic outlet channel, and is in turn in
backed by older dunes which Cullen & Dell (2013) obtained Pleistocene dates for.
When Prion Beach and its backing dunes were inspected during December 2014, the seawards
face of the foredune along the western two-thirds of the beach exhibited a high erosion scarp,
reaching in parts to the crest of the dune, which exhibited some slumping and was also
fronted by a significant incipient dune indicating considerable beach and foredune recovery
since the erosion event responsible for the most recent scarping (see Plate 20). It is possible
that the erosion event responsible for the dune scarping was a July 2011 storm swell event
which caused major coastal erosion around much of the western, southern and south-eastern
Tasmanian coast. A more recent erosion event has produced a beach scarp at the seawards toe
of parts of the incipient foredune, but has neither destroyed the incipient foredune nor further
affected the main dune-face scarp. Although small amounts of sand exposed in the seawards-
facing erosion scarp are being deflated and blowing up the dune face to accrete as small
transgressive sand lobes amongst vegetation immediately behind the dune crest in some
places, no significant blowouts (deflation hollows) or major active transgressive dunes are
apparent along the foredune or behind it, and the morphology of the parallel dune ridges
behind the beach indicates that landwards movement of windblown sand from the foredune
face (i.e., transgressive dune development) is not a significant process at this beach (except at
its far eastern end: see Figure 7).
No palaeosols are exposed in the current dune scarp, however in several places the scarp
exposes fragments of anthropogenic (plastic) marine debris which were evidently buried
within the seawards dune face during earlier phases of dune recovery following earlier erosion
events. These observations both imply that the Prion Beach foredune has been eroded further
to landwards during earlier Twentieth Century erosion events than it was during the most
recent major erosion event (2011?), and has recovered from those earlier events. Together
with the currently well-advanced recovery of the foredune face from the most recent major
erosion event, this implies that the Prion Beach and its established foredune are not exhibiting
any signs of progressive shoreline recession as yet, but rather are continuing to oscillate
around an equilibrium profile with episodic erosion and accretion phases.
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Figure 7: Coastal landforms at Prion Beach, with stability (erosion) status of the seawards dune face as at December 2014 indicated. Coastal landform polygon mapping is based on Cullen (1998) and Cullen & Dell (2013); other shoreline landform and erosion status mapping is by C. Sharples and Hannah Walford (polygon mapping). Permanent survey benchmark (SPM) and TASMARC survey profile locations and numbers are indicated. Co-ordinate system is Map Grid of Australia zone 55 (GDA94 datum).
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Plate 20: Eroded foredune scarp at Prion Beach on 5th December 2014, showing large erosion scarp with considerable beach face recovery and incipient dune accretion (to seawards of the scarp) since the last previous major erosion event (possibly the July 2011 storm event). Photo by C. Sharples (2014).
Plate 21: View west along Prion Beach from the extensive unvegetated spit at its eastern end towards the beach and parallel-dune barrier backed by New River Lagoon (out of sight to the distant right). In this view, the New River outlet channel (foreground) is located against the rocky headland at the east end of the beach, however the channel outlet episodically migrates along the full length of the unvegetated spit in response to flood and storm events and subsequent eastwards migration of the outlet channel. Photo by C. Sharples (1978).
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4. DISCUSSION
This project has initiated steps towards quantifying changes over time in the morphology and
condition of sandy coastal landforms within the TWWHA. The value of the time series of
data which has been initiated will depend on an appropriate sampling regime over coming
years. Regular sampling is critical for understanding shoreline dynamics, given that seasonal
or episodic effects entail potential to skew the data. This aspect of the study is subject to
significant practical constraints, given the remoteness and cost of accessing the monitoring
sites. Helicopter transport to the monitoring sites is a significant cost – air time was
approximately six hours during the establishment phase of the project.
The TASMARC approach recommends that shoreline profiles should be surveyed at two to
three month intervals. In practice, whereas many TASMARC sites are surveyed quarterly
others are surveyed less frequently, in some cases annually. It is suggested here that annual
sampling is a reasonable minimum for this project to aim for over an initial period. However,
more frequent sampling should be considered if opportunities arise.
It is further recommended that the status of the project should be reviewed after initial
analysis of data in the context of the doctoral study currently underway at the University of
Tasmania (the study is investigating the relationship between sea level rise and coastal erosion
across the Australian region). The review should inform a decision regarding the future of the
project, taking account of the results obtained and developments in technology that may offer
cost-effective alternatives to the present approach.
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Brown, M. J. (2010). Monitoring the Impact of Climate Change on the Flora and Vegetation
Values of the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area: A Review
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permits/publications/monitoring-impact-of-climate-change-on-the-twwha).
Bruun, P. (1962). "Sea-level rise as a cause of shore erosion." Journal of the Waterways and
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Church, J. A., P. U. Clark, A. Cazenave, J. M. Gregory, S. Jevrejeva, A. Levermann, M. A.
Merrifield, G. A. Milne, Nerem,, N. R.S., P. P.D., P. A.J., W.T., D. Stammer and A. S.
Unnikrishnan (2013). Sea Level Change. In: Stocker, T.F., Qin, D., Plattner, G.-K., Tignor,
M., Allen, S.K., Boschung, J., A. Nauels, Xia, Y., Bex, V. & Midgley, P.M. (eds.). Climate
Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth
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Church, J. A., J. R. Hunter, K. L. McInnes and N. J. White (2006). "Sea-level rise around the
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Meteorological Magazine 55: 253-260.
Cullen, P. (1998). Coastal Dune Systems of South-Western Tasmania: Their Morphology,
Genesis, and Conservation. Nature Conservation Report 98/1, Parks & Wildlife Service,
Tasmania.
Cullen, P. and M. Dell (2013). Geomorphological Evolution of the Prion Beach and New
River Lagoon Beach Barrier System. Nature Conservation Report 2013/03. Geoconservation
Section, Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water & Environment, Tasmania
(http://dpipwe.tas.gov.au/conservation/publications-forms-and-permits/publications/nature-
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DPIPWE (2013). Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area Research and Monitoring
Priorities 2013-2018, Resource Management and Conservation Division, Department of
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research-monitoring-priorities-2013-2018).
Gouldie, A. (1990). Geomorphological Techniques. London, Unwin Hyman.
Hemer, M. A., I. Simmonds and K. Keay (2008). "A classification of wave generation
characteristics during large wave events on the Southern Australian margin." Continental
Shelf Research 28: 634-652.
Horton, B. M., T. Rudman, J. Balmer and I. Houshold (2008). Monitoring Dry Coastal
Vegetation in the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area. Part 2: Appraisal of Method.
Nature Conservation Report 2008/4, Department of Primary Industries & Water, Tasmania
(http://dpipwe.tas.gov.au/conservation/publications-forms-and-
permits/publications/monitoring-dry-coastal-vegetation-in-the-tasmanian-wwha-part-2).
Hunter, J., R. Coleman and D. Pugh (2003). "The sea level at Port Arthur, Tasmania, from
1841 to the present." Geophysical Research Letters 30(7): 54.51-54.54.
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Hunter, J., W. Hennecke, R. Coleman and C. Sharples (2004). TAsmanian Shoreline
Monitoring and ARChiving project (TASMARC). http://www.tasmarc.info/ (downloaded
13/1/2015).
Hunter, J. R. (2008). Historical and Projected Sea-level Extremes for Hobart and Burnie,
Tasmania, Department of Primary Industries and Water, Tasmania.
Lucieer, A., S. M. de Jong and D. Turner (2014). "Mapping landslide displacements using
Structure from Motion (SfM) and image correlation of multi-temporal UAV photography."
Progress in Physical Geography 38(1): 97-116.
Mallick, S. (2013). Potential Impacts of Climate Change on the Fauna Values of the
Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area. Nature Conservation Report 13/2. Hobart,
Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment.
Mount, R., V. Prahalad, C. Sharples, J. Tilden, B. Morrison, M. Lacey, J. Ellison, M. Helman
and J. Newton (2010). Circular Head Region Coastal Foreshore Habitats: Sea Level Rise
Vulnerability Assessment. Report to Cradle Coast NRM Region and the Cradle Coast
Authority, by the Blue Wren Group, School of Geography and Environmental Studies,
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Rudman, T., B. M. Horton and J. Balmer (2008). Monitoring Dry Coastal Vegetation in the
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priorities).
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Scanning of Anthropogenic Beach Berm Erosion and Overtopping." Journal of Coastal
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Sharples, C. (2003). A Review of the Geoconservation Values of the Tasmanian Wilderness
World Heritage Area. Nature Conservation Report 03/06. Hobart, Nature Conservation
Branch, Department of Primary Industries, Water and Environment
(http://dpipwe.tas.gov.au/conservation/publications-forms-and-permits/publications/a-review-
of-the-geoconservation-values-of-the-twwha).
Sharples, C. (2006). Indicative Mapping of Tasmanian Coastal Vulnerability to Climate
Change and Sea Level Rise: Explanatory Report, 2nd edition. Hobart, Department of Primary
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change/climate-change-and-coastal-vulnerability/indicative-mapping-of-tasmanian-coastal-
vulnerability).
Sharples, C. (2011). Potential Climate Change Impacts on the Geodiversity of the Tasmanian
Wilderness World Heritage Area: A Management Response Position Paper. Report to the
Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment, Tasmania
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climate-change-impacts-in-the-twwha).
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Sharples, C., R. Mount and T. Pederson (2009). The Australian Coastal Smartline
Geomorphic and Stability Map Version 1: Manual and Data Dictionary, School of Geography
& Environmental Studies, University of Tasmania, 8th October 2009: 179 pp.
Short, A. D. (2006). Beaches of Tasmanian Coasts and Islands. Sydney, Sydney University
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APPENDIX 1: State permanent marks
Coordinate system: Universal Transverse Mercator Grid, Zone 55, Map Grid of Australia,
1994 (MGA94). Datum: Geocentric Datum of Australia 1994 (GDA94) and Australian Height
Datum (Tasmania).
Mark no. 11450
Location Wreck Bay
Easting 401545.565
Northing 5217406.485
Height 5.249
Description The general location is a rocky promontory dividing Wreck Bay beach
into northern and southern portions. The mark is situated at the point of
the promontory, on a rock slab very near the boundary between bare
rock and shrubby vegetation.
Plate 29: Location of SPM 11450, Wreck Bay.
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Mark no. 11451
Location Window Pane Bay
Easting 420472.957
Northing 5187693.270
Height 3.450
Description The general location is the western end of Window Pane Bay, opposite a
steep rocky islet just off offshore. The mark is situated on a spur of
schistose rock at the back of the beach.
Plate 30: Location of SPM 11451, Window Pane Bay.
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Mark no. 11452
Location Mulcahy Bay
Easting 396727.031
Northing 5225068.539
Height 2.767
Description The general location is a rocky shoreline west of the outlet of Alec
Rivulet. The mark is situated on a tabular, sparsely vegetated rock
pedestal partly surrounded by sand.
Plate 31: Location of SPM 11452, Mulcahy Bay.
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Mark no. 11453
Location Stephens Bay
Easting 416922.156
Northing 5194189.035
Height 7.029
Description The general location is a minor rocky headland between the southern
end of Stephens Bay Beach and Chatfield Point. The mark is situated on
a rock slab backed by shrubby vegetation, near the edge of a cliff at the
back of the shoreline.
Plate 32: Location of SPM 11453, Stephens Bay.
Monitoring the Erosion Status of Oceanic Beaches in the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area __________________________________________________________________________________________
54
Mark no. 11454
Location Window Pane Bay
Easting 421617.046
Northing 5186857.807
Height 3.371
Description The general location is the bouldery eastern portion of the beach. The
mark is situated on an inclined rock slab protruding above boulders near
the top of the swash zone.
Plate 33: Location of SPM 11454, Window Pane Bay.
Monitoring the Erosion Status of Oceanic Beaches in the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area __________________________________________________________________________________________
55
Mark no. 11455
Location Cox Bight
Easting 438641.280
Northing 5184112.863
Height 8.406
Description The general location is the western side of Point Eric. The mark is
situated on a rock slab above a steep drop onto the adjacent shore
platform.
Plate 34: Location of SPM 11455, Cox Bight.
Monitoring the Erosion Status of Oceanic Beaches in the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area __________________________________________________________________________________________
56
Mark no. 11456
Location Prion Beach
Easting 462868.942
Northing 5180826.453
Height 3.697
Description The general location is a shore platform several hundred metres south of
the outlet of Grotto Creek at the western end of Prion Beach. The mark
is situated on an inclined rock slab close to upper margin of bare rock.
Plate 35: Location of SPM 11456, Prion Beach.
Monitoring the Erosion Status of Oceanic Beaches in the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area __________________________________________________________________________________________
57
APPENDIX 2: Shoreline profiles
Coordinate system: Universal Transverse Mercator Grid, Zone 55, Map Grid of Australia,
1994 (MGA94). Datum: Geocentric Datum of Australia 1994 (GDA94) and Australian Height
Datum (Tasmania). Measurement units: metres.
Mulcahy Bay
Station Date/time Easting Northing Height
730/303 1/12/2014 16:40 396954.00 5225553.63 41.92
730/30301 1/12/2014 16:43 396947.72 5225550.14 39.93
730/30302 1/12/2014 16:45 396944.05 5225550.30 38.70
730/30303 1/12/2014 16:50 396935.73 5225548.37 34.69
730/30304 1/12/2014 16:53 396930.91 5225547.66 32.40
730/30305 1/12/2014 16:59 396900.30 5225542.39 26.52
730/30306 1/12/2014 17:00 396892.72 5225540.45 29.02
730/30307 1/12/2014 17:01 396888.57 5225538.37 31.53
730/30308 1/12/2014 17:02 396885.33 5225537.12 30.00
730/30309 1/12/2014 17:03 396880.88 5225536.19 29.42
730/30310 1/12/2014 17:04 396876.34 5225535.33 28.02
730/30311 1/12/2014 17:04 396873.10 5225534.34 27.28
730/30312 1/12/2014 17:04 396871.38 5225533.93 28.30
730/30313 1/12/2014 17:05 396867.78 5225532.80 25.90
730/30314 1/12/2014 17:05 396863.13 5225532.63 22.38
Monitoring the Erosion Status of Oceanic Beaches in the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area __________________________________________________________________________________________
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730/30315 1/12/2014 17:06 396856.08 5225530.68 17.13
730/30316 1/12/2014 17:06 396848.34 5225527.51 11.56
730/30317 1/12/2014 17:06 396842.27 5225526.38 7.82
730/30318 1/12/2014 17:06 396829.94 5225523.08 4.24
730/30319 1/12/2014 17:07 396817.37 5225519.47 2.71
730/30320 1/12/2014 17:07 396806.74 5225517.10 2.10
730/30321 1/12/2014 17:07 396804.92 5225517.02 1.74
730/30322 1/12/2014 17:08 396787.72 5225513.35 0.68
Station Date/time Easting Northing Height
730/304 1/12/2014 15:50 396681.23 5225969.40 23.34
730/30401 1/12/2014 15:51 396678.91 5225967.29 22.69
730/30402 1/12/2014 15:53 396675.23 5225963.47 20.61
730/30403 1/12/2014 15:54 396673.47 5225960.70 18.91
730/30404 1/12/2014 15:55 396669.31 5225955.96 17.10
730/30405 1/12/2014 15:56 396664.65 5225952.04 18.27
730/30406 1/12/2014 15:57 396660.11 5225945.81 20.02
730/30407 1/12/2014 15:58 396655.07 5225940.77 19.43
730/30408 1/12/2014 15:59 396649.01 5225934.30 18.59
730/30409 1/12/2014 16:02 396646.98 5225931.75 19.40
730/30410 1/12/2014 16:04 396645.01 5225928.67 21.52
730/30411 1/12/2014 16:06 396640.02 5225922.90 26.46
730/30412 1/12/2014 16:06 396636.56 5225920.35 26.29
Monitoring the Erosion Status of Oceanic Beaches in the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area __________________________________________________________________________________________
59
730/30413 1/12/2014 16:06 396631.28 5225917.02 24.75
730/30414 1/12/2014 16:07 396627.05 5225913.37 22.91
730/30415 1/12/2014 16:07 396624.12 5225910.49 21.03
730/30416 1/12/2014 16:07 396618.95 5225905.44 17.16
730/30417 1/12/2014 16:08 396616.70 5225899.95 13.67
730/30418 1/12/2014 16:08 396614.08 5225894.34 9.59
730/30419 1/12/2014 16:08 396609.41 5225889.64 6.97
730/30420 1/12/2014 16:09 396601.19 5225881.00 3.74
730/30421 1/12/2014 16:09 396592.93 5225873.53 2.31
730/30422 1/12/2014 16:09 396579.65 5225860.99 1.40
730/30423 1/12/2014 16:10 396565.39 5225849.10 0.67
Station Date/time Easting Northing Height
730/305 1/12/2014 15:04 396405.97 5226124.09 25.00
730/30501 1/12/2014 15:06 396404.89 5226119.22 23.84
730/30502 1/12/2014 15:06 396403.22 5226113.69 20.84
730/30503 1/12/2014 15:07 396401.22 5226108.72 17.59
730/30504 1/12/2014 15:07 396399.51 5226104.35 15.07
730/30505 1/12/2014 15:08 396398.58 5226098.54 12.43
730/30506 1/12/2014 15:08 396396.73 5226092.22 9.80
730/30507 1/12/2014 15:09 396395.28 5226087.86 9.58
730/30508 1/12/2014 15:09 396393.16 5226081.52 10.07
730/30509 1/12/2014 15:10 396392.18 5226079.67 10.89
Monitoring the Erosion Status of Oceanic Beaches in the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area __________________________________________________________________________________________
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730/30510 1/12/2014 15:12 396392.51 5226076.87 11.96
730/30511 1/12/2014 15:18 396391.49 5226067.50 15.29
730/30512 1/12/2014 15:21 396388.87 5226059.93 21.22
730/30513 1/12/2014 15:22 396388.46 5226057.29 17.37
730/30514 1/12/2014 15:23 396386.03 5226050.81 12.78
730/30515 1/12/2014 15:24 396382.98 5226043.54 7.64
730/30516 1/12/2014 15:25 396381.55 5226040.64 5.91
730/30517 1/12/2014 15:26 396379.34 5226035.11 2.26
730/30518 1/12/2014 15:26 396374.14 5226023.76 1.44
730/30519 1/12/2014 15:26 396365.37 5226008.77 0.32
Monitoring the Erosion Status of Oceanic Beaches in the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area __________________________________________________________________________________________
61
Wreck Bay
Station Date/time Easting Northing Height
730/300 30/11/2014 16:49 401392.61 5217744.40 9.42
730/301 30/11/2014 16:51 401390.83 5217736.52 9.49
B303 30/11/2014 17:27 401386.93 5217723.09 10.87
B303A
401386.34 5217721.08 11.08
B304 30/11/2014 17:33 401384.77 5217709.15 18.41
B305 30/11/2014 17:34 401383.54 5217703.41 22.01
B306 30/11/2014 17:34 401382.66 5217700.83 22.86
B307 30/11/2014 17:35 401380.53 5217695.69 22.84
B308 30/11/2014 17:35 401377.18 5217686.21 21.73
B309 30/11/2014 17:35 401373.44 5217671.76 19.44
B310 30/11/2014 17:36 401370.85 5217661.82 18.54
B311 30/11/2014 17:36 401370.20 5217659.42 19.34
B312 30/11/2014 17:37 401369.42 5217657.59 19.45
B313 30/11/2014 17:38 401368.47 5217655.58 20.12
B314 30/11/2014 17:39 401367.38 5217653.89 17.70
B315 30/11/2014 17:39 401367.16 5217652.38 17.30
B316 30/11/2014 17:40 401365.68 5217643.00 15.64
B317 30/11/2014 17:40 401364.88 5217637.20 15.98
B318 30/11/2014 17:41 401364.04 5217629.39 18.29
B319 30/11/2014 17:41 401362.25 5217623.63 20.25
B320 30/11/2014 17:42 401361.00 5217619.23 21.79
Monitoring the Erosion Status of Oceanic Beaches in the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area __________________________________________________________________________________________
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B321 30/11/2014 17:43 401361.47 5217613.80 23.87
B322 30/11/2014 17:43 401361.60 5217611.74 23.20
B323 30/11/2014 17:44 401360.91 5217605.29 18.92
B324 30/11/2014 17:44 401359.37 5217598.09 14.02
B325 30/11/2014 17:45 401354.86 5217588.11 6.93
B326 30/11/2014 17:45 401350.66 5217578.75 4.06
B327 30/11/2014 17:45 401345.80 5217568.47 2.36
B328 30/11/2014 17:46 401338.87 5217554.40 1.41
B329 30/11/2014 17:46 401331.36 5217540.06 0.68
Station Date/time Easting Northing Height
730/301 1/12/2014 18:28 401661.48 5217517.69 9.12
730/3011 1/12/2014 18:30 401659.94 5217510.84 8.51
730/3012 1/12/2014 18:31 401658.52 5217504.55 9.54
730/3013 1/12/2014 18:32 401657.67 5217500.13 9.90
730/3014 1/12/2014 18:34 401656.82 5217494.55 12.12
730/3015 1/12/2014 18:37 401655.01 5217490.64 13.00
730/3016 1/12/2014 18:37 401654.55 5217488.58 12.65
730/3017 1/12/2014 18:37 401654.37 5217488.21 11.59
730/3018 1/12/2014 18:38 401653.72 5217485.88 9.69
730/3019 1/12/2014 18:38 401652.24 5217482.18 6.95
730/3020 1/12/2014 18:39 401650.80 5217477.40 3.68
730/3021 1/12/2014 18:39 401650.37 5217473.37 3.07
Monitoring the Erosion Status of Oceanic Beaches in the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area __________________________________________________________________________________________
63
730/3022 1/12/2014 18:40 401646.31 5217459.50 2.22
730/3023 1/12/2014 18:40 401642.27 5217445.25 1.56
730/3024 1/12/2014 18:40 401638.63 5217435.65 1.13
730/3025 1/12/2014 18:41 401634.69 5217428.93 0.71
Station Date/time Easting Northing Height
730/302 30/11/2014 14:55 402057.36 5216942.15 19.37
730/303 30/11/2014 14:58 402055.05 5216943.24 19.04
730/304 30/11/2014 14:58 402052.34 5216945.07 18.33
730/305 30/11/2014 14:59 402049.99 5216946.13 17.75
730/307 30/11/2014 15:01 402044.27 5216949.71 15.03
730/308 30/11/2014 15:03 402040.32 5216952.19 13.40
730/309 30/11/2014 15:06 402037.41 5216953.14 12.45
730/310 30/11/2014 15:09 402033.86 5216954.88 11.37
730/311 30/11/2014 15:11 402028.88 5216957.48 10.58
730/312 30/11/2014 15:14 402026.32 5216958.85 10.82
730/313 30/11/2014 15:17 402018.72 5216962.57 11.25
730/314 30/11/2014 15:21 402014.32 5216967.93 13.04
730/315 30/11/2014 15:23 402011.15 5216967.79 13.27
730/316 30/11/2014 15:24 402007.67 5216970.32 13.01
730/317 30/11/2014 15:25 402003.18 5216972.26 11.91
730/318 30/11/2014 15:29 401998.05 5216975.22 12.53
730/319 30/11/2014 15:31 401994.28 5216977.47 12.73
Monitoring the Erosion Status of Oceanic Beaches in the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area __________________________________________________________________________________________
64
730/320 30/11/2014 15:31 401992.88 5216978.21 12.03
730/321 30/11/2014 15:32 401992.63 5216978.63 10.94
730/322 30/11/2014 15:35 401991.54 5216979.29 10.41
730/323 30/11/2014 15:36 401991.19 5216980.14 9.29
730/324 30/11/2014 15:36 401989.93 5216980.48 8.80
730/325 30/11/2014 15:37 401987.56 5216981.54 6.82
730/326 30/11/2014 15:37 401986.07 5216982.31 6.02
730/327 30/11/2014 15:38 401984.67 5216983.48 4.98
730/328 30/11/2014 15:39 401982.16 5216984.08 2.85
730/329 30/11/2014 15:39 401980.12 5216985.77 2.56
730/330 30/11/2014 15:40 401967.88 5216992.80 1.75
730/331 30/11/2014 15:40 401956.13 5216999.68 1.41
730/332 30/11/2014 15:40 401946.43 5217004.96 1.43
730/333 30/11/2014 15:41 401941.60 5217007.00 1.04
Monitoring the Erosion Status of Oceanic Beaches in the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area __________________________________________________________________________________________
65
Stephens Bay
Station Date/time Easting Northing Height
730/306 2/12/2014 11:00 417253.32 5194858.19 52.14
730/30601 2/12/2014 11:02 417249.67 5194857.87 51.38
730/30602 2/12/2014 11:03 417246.20 5194857.89 50.35
730/30603 2/12/2014 11:03 417242.34 5194857.79 49.14
730/30604 2/12/2014 11:04 417237.69 5194858.32 50.06
730/30605 2/12/2014 11:04 417236.11 5194858.20 49.93
730/30606 2/12/2014 11:05 417231.88 5194858.76 47.70
730/30607 2/12/2014 11:05 417229.97 5194857.83 46.95
730/30608 2/12/2014 11:06 417226.79 5194856.93 45.27
730/30609 2/12/2014 11:07 417223.41 5194856.62 43.98
730/30610 2/12/2014 11:07 417221.75 5194856.33 43.51
730/30611 2/12/2014 11:08 417219.55 5194856.38 42.43
730/30612 2/12/2014 11:09 417216.35 5194856.03 39.36
730/30613 2/12/2014 11:10 417212.33 5194855.93 36.13
730/30614 2/12/2014 11:10 417208.85 5194856.03 35.50
730/30615 2/12/2014 11:10 417205.72 5194856.67 37.14
730/30616 2/12/2014 11:11 417202.67 5194856.84 35.08
730/30617 2/12/2014 11:11 417194.46 5194855.60 32.79
730/30618 2/12/2014 11:11 417191.57 5194855.26 31.68
730/30619 2/12/2014 11:12 417186.65 5194855.69 29.47
Monitoring the Erosion Status of Oceanic Beaches in the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area __________________________________________________________________________________________
66
730/30620 2/12/2014 11:12 417181.79 5194855.69 26.64
730/30621 2/12/2014 11:13 417177.16 5194854.90 23.00
730/30622 2/12/2014 11:13 417172.26 5194854.03 20.81
730/30623 2/12/2014 11:13 417165.62 5194853.62 16.95
730/30624 2/12/2014 11:14 417154.09 5194852.53 13.16
730/30625 2/12/2014 11:14 417146.01 5194851.45 9.38
730/30626 2/12/2014 11:14 417136.74 5194850.56 6.37
730/30627 2/12/2014 11:15 417130.68 5194849.90 4.82
730/30628 2/12/2014 11:15 417117.14 5194848.32 4.19
730/30629 2/12/2014 11:15 417104.64 5194846.25 4.49
730/30630 2/12/2014 11:16 417102.19 5194845.86 3.74
730/30631 2/12/2014 11:19 417098.83 5194846.19 4.21
730/30632 2/12/2014 11:20 417096.07 5194844.49 4.90
730/30633 2/12/2014 11:21 417091.46 5194842.82 2.83
730/30634 2/12/2014 11:21 417087.48 5194841.73 2.39
730/30635 2/12/2014 11:22 417064.58 5194836.31 1.16
730/30636 2/12/2014 11:22 417039.93 5194831.25 0.18
Station Date/time Easting Northing Height
730/307 2/12/2014 13:54 416961.92 5195444.02 4.98
730/30701 2/12/2014 14:02 416951.04 5195437.98 5.96
730/30702 2/12/2014 14:10 416934.21 5195429.51 9.41
730/30702A
416931.08 5195427.94 10.05
Monitoring the Erosion Status of Oceanic Beaches in the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area __________________________________________________________________________________________
67
730/30703 2/12/2014 14:15 416926.15 5195423.39 14.63
730/30704 2/12/2014 14:21 416906.24 5195413.22 29.57
730/30705 2/12/2014 14:22 416904.43 5195411.53 30.70
730/30706 2/12/2014 14:22 416901.26 5195410.28 29.87
730/30707 2/12/2014 14:23 416893.81 5195406.81 26.20
730/30708 2/12/2014 14:23 416886.36 5195402.94 21.05
730/30709 2/12/2014 14:24 416876.19 5195398.92 14.56
730/30710 2/12/2014 14:25 416871.98 5195397.08 11.36
730/30711 2/12/2014 14:25 416865.06 5195392.63 7.05
730/30712 2/12/2014 14:26 416857.82 5195387.45 3.43
730/30713 2/12/2014 14:27 416857.23 5195387.21 2.07
730/30714 2/12/2014 14:28 416844.01 5195377.42 1.10
730/30715 2/12/2014 14:28 416829.27 5195368.88 0.36
Station Date/time Easting Northing Height
730/308 2/12/2014 15:28 416691.81 5195765.29 5.15
730/30801 2/12/2014 15:30 416681.03 5195761.89 5.61
730/30801A
416679.66 5195761.42 4.21
730/30802 2/12/2014 15:36 416677.16 5195759.99 6.06
730/30803 2/12/2014 15:53 416659.43 5195749.84 17.49
730/30804 2/12/2014 15:57 416655.79 5195747.16 21.15
730/30805 2/12/2014 15:57 416652.50 5195744.73 22.28
Monitoring the Erosion Status of Oceanic Beaches in the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area __________________________________________________________________________________________
68
730/30806 2/12/2014 15:57 416646.54 5195741.51 21.49
730/30807 2/12/2014 15:58 416642.47 5195738.79 21.30
730/30808 2/12/2014 15:58 416638.85 5195734.68 17.89
730/30809 2/12/2014 15:58 416636.98 5195733.37 17.16
730/30810 2/12/2014 15:59 416633.26 5195728.58 12.74
730/30811 2/12/2014 15:59 416627.38 5195725.67 8.66
730/30812 2/12/2014 16:00 416622.50 5195721.65 5.02
730/30813 2/12/2014 16:00 416614.56 5195714.72 2.30
730/30814 2/12/2014 16:01 416606.60 5195709.13 1.64
730/30815 2/12/2014 16:01 416582.36 5195692.15 0.14
Station Date/time Easting Northing Height
730/309 2/12/2014 16:46 416288.75 5196114.18 8.41
730/30901 2/12/2014 16:47 416288.64 5196113.99 7.86
730/30902 2/12/2014 16:48 416283.78 5196107.49 7.42
730/30903 2/12/2014 16:49 416276.90 5196099.89 7.28
730/30904 2/12/2014 16:50 416273.27 5196094.99 6.86
730/30905 2/12/2014 16:53 416269.60 5196090.17 7.17
730/30906 2/12/2014 16:54 416265.55 5196087.92 7.52
730/30907 2/12/2014 16:54 416264.47 5196086.04 8.60
730/30908 2/12/2014 16:55 416263.29 5196085.49 7.51
730/30909 2/12/2014 16:56 416262.97 5196085.41 6.60
730/30910 2/12/2014 16:56 416261.55 5196082.39 4.56
Monitoring the Erosion Status of Oceanic Beaches in the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area __________________________________________________________________________________________
69
730/30911 2/12/2014 16:57 416260.51 5196080.14 2.58
730/30912 2/12/2014 16:57 416252.11 5196069.03 1.45
730/30914 2/12/2014 16:59 416242.99 5196054.64 0.45
Monitoring the Erosion Status of Oceanic Beaches in the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area __________________________________________________________________________________________
70
Window Pane Bay
Station Date/time Easting Northing Height
730/310 3/12/2014 11:57 420758.11 5187775.27 38.36
730/3101 3/12/2014 12:06 420755.42 5187766.65 40.23
730/3102 3/12/2014 12:08 420752.26 5187757.95 43.11
730/3103 3/12/2014 12:13 420748.58 5187748.75 43.94
730/3104 3/12/2014 12:16 420743.86 5187740.11 49.04
730/3105 3/12/2014 12:16 420743.51 5187738.55 48.60
730/3106 3/12/2014 12:17 420743.04 5187736.16 46.80
730/3107 3/12/2014 12:17 420742.78 5187735.56 45.86
730/3108 3/12/2014 12:18 420742.69 5187734.32 45.13
730/3109 3/12/2014 12:18 420742.39 5187733.82 44.07
730/3110 3/12/2014 12:19 420740.80 5187726.47 39.08
730/3111 3/12/2014 12:19 420740.53 5187725.66 37.94
730/3112 3/12/2014 12:20 420738.62 5187717.64 32.01
730/3113 3/12/2014 12:21 420736.58 5187708.90 25.42
730/3114 3/12/2014 12:22 420734.24 5187700.84 19.46
730/3115 3/12/2014 12:23 420731.85 5187691.71 13.40
730/3116 3/12/2014 12:24 420729.23 5187680.68 6.43
730/3117 3/12/2014 12:24 420728.21 5187676.22 3.85
730/3118 3/12/2014 12:24 420726.73 5187671.70 2.89
730/3119 3/12/2014 12:25 420723.15 5187657.67 1.46
730/3120 3/12/2014 12:25 420720.43 5187646.76 0.10
Monitoring the Erosion Status of Oceanic Beaches in the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area __________________________________________________________________________________________
71
Station Date/time Easting Northing Height
730/311
421430.71 5187303.59 20.54
730/31101 3/12/2014 17:13 421423.50 5187298.55 24.34
730/31101A 3/12/2014 17:28 421423.48 5187298.55 24.41
730/31102 3/12/2014 17:31 421421.20 5187297.20 23.93
730/31103 3/12/2014 17:32 421419.46 5187295.55 22.47
730/31104 3/12/2014 17:33 421419.21 5187295.45 21.00
730/31105 3/12/2014 17:35 421416.70 5187293.98 18.74
730/31106 3/12/2014 17:35 421414.58 5187291.78 16.84
730/31107 3/12/2014 17:36 421411.90 5187289.07 14.41
730/31108 3/12/2014 17:36 421410.44 5187287.06 12.60
730/31109 3/12/2014 17:37 421408.23 5187284.83 10.74
730/31110 3/12/2014 17:37 421404.85 5187281.77 7.28
730/31111 3/12/2014 17:38 421402.85 5187279.59 5.07
730/31112 3/12/2014 17:38 421402.12 5187278.52 4.44
730/31113 3/12/2014 17:39 421401.56 5187277.88 3.37
730/31114 3/12/2014 17:39 421395.26 5187272.16 1.77
730/31115 3/12/2014 17:39 421389.34 5187264.79 0.81
NOTE: the position of 730/311 was determined by tape, compass and clinometer survey from 730/31101; the accuracy of the result is estimated to be ± 0.2 m
Monitoring the Erosion Status of Oceanic Beaches in the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area __________________________________________________________________________________________
72
Station Date/time Easting Northing Height
730/312 3/12/2014 14:36 421523.68 5187150.96 18.76
730/31201 3/12/2014 14:36 421522.09 5187150.26 18.25
730/31202 3/12/2014 14:37 421518.99 5187149.31 16.73
730/31203 3/12/2014 14:38 421515.24 5187148.32 14.71
730/31204 3/12/2014 14:38 421512.25 5187147.42 12.89
730/31205 3/12/2014 14:39 421508.79 5187146.00 10.51
730/31206 3/12/2014 14:40 421506.71 5187145.63 9.31
730/31207 3/12/2014 14:41 421504.47 5187145.23 7.98
730/31208 3/12/2014 14:42 421502.91 5187144.11 6.57
730/31209 3/12/2014 14:42 421501.96 5187143.49 5.77
730/31210 3/12/2014 14:43 421500.78 5187142.59 4.70
730/31211 3/12/2014 14:43 421496.13 5187139.87 3.31
730/31212 3/12/2014 14:44 421490.80 5187137.20 2.23
730/31213 3/12/2014 14:45 421483.49 5187132.58 0.61
730/31214 3/12/2014 14:46 421481.41 5187130.25 0.22
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Cox Bight
Station Date/time Easting Northing Height
730/313 4/12/2014 9:25 438096.90 5184462.93 4.06
730/31301 4/12/2014 9:26 438096.70 5184456.09 4.10
730/31303 4/12/2014 9:33 438097.13 5184451.07 4.73
730/31304 4/12/2014 9:40 438097.68 5184445.94 7.01
730/31305 4/12/2014 9:47 438098.47 5184443.24 7.50
730/31306 4/12/2014 9:48 438099.26 5184437.57 6.34
730/31307 4/12/2014 9:52 438100.11 5184437.04 5.22
730/31308 4/12/2014 9:52 438100.08 5184435.52 4.36
730/31309 4/12/2014 9:53 438100.27 5184434.06 3.05
730/31310 4/12/2014 9:54 438101.30 5184425.37 1.47
730/31311 4/12/2014 9:54 438100.99 5184411.46 0.88
730/31312 4/12/2014 9:54 438101.03 5184397.48 0.27
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Station Date/time Easting Northing Height
730/319 4/12/2014 13:50 439254.35 5184582.11 3.97
730/31900 4/12/2014 13:51 439254.35 5184582.10 3.97
730/31901 4/12/2014 13:52 439254.41 5184568.90 3.55
730/31903 4/12/2014 14:04 439249.62 5184532.50 3.31
730/31904 4/12/2014 14:04 439250.53 5184525.99 3.41
730/31905 4/12/2014 14:05 439250.68 5184522.22 3.58
730/31906 4/12/2014 14:05 439250.84 5184520.71 2.95
730/31907 4/12/2014 14:06 439252.66 5184509.07 1.78
730/31908 4/12/2014 14:06 439256.40 5184487.32 0.83
730/31909 4/12/2014 14:07 439259.68 5184466.85 0.07
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Station Date/time Easting Northing Height
730/320 4/12/2014 14:36 439962.53 5184423.94 19.12
730/3201 4/12/2014 14:38 439960.52 5184417.65 18.96
730/3202 4/12/2014 14:40 439958.95 5184408.31 20.58
730/3203 4/12/2014 14:42 439958.85 5184404.82 20.47
730/3204 4/12/2014 14:46 439955.48 5184392.76 16.90
730/3205 4/12/2014 14:47 439953.95 5184388.45 16.77
730/3206 4/12/2014 14:48 439952.07 5184386.01 15.98
730/3207 4/12/2014 14:49 439951.20 5184384.78 15.36
730/3208 4/12/2014 14:49 439950.13 5184382.62 13.54
730/3209 4/12/2014 14:50 439948.42 5184378.00 9.66
730/3210 4/12/2014 14:51 439946.22 5184368.72 6.23
730/3211 4/12/2014 14:51 439942.90 5184355.42 2.83
730/3212 4/12/2014 14:51 439937.57 5184336.31 1.60
730/3213 4/12/2014 14:52 439930.84 5184313.33 0.86
730/3214 4/12/2014 14:52 439922.45 5184284.73 -0.01
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Station Date/time Easting Northing Height
730/321 4/12/2014 16:03 441076.26 5183768.26 5.18
730/32101 4/12/2014 16:04 441072.20 5183763.14 4.71
730/32102 4/12/2014 16:10 441069.52 5183762.13 4.69
730/32103 4/12/2014 16:17 441056.88 5183747.64 5.03
730/32104 4/12/2014 16:19 441052.16 5183740.76 5.40
730/32105 4/12/2014 16:20 441049.11 5183735.84 6.34
730/32106 4/12/2014 16:21 441045.61 5183731.30 5.40
730/32107 4/12/2014 16:22 441044.61 5183729.65 5.10
730/32108 4/12/2014 16:22 441043.02 5183727.86 4.43
730/32109 4/12/2014 16:23 441042.48 5183728.01 3.34
730/32110 4/12/2014 16:23 441041.20 5183725.65 2.71
730/32111 4/12/2014 16:23 441038.33 5183719.68 1.98
730/32112 4/12/2014 16:24 441031.58 5183704.54 1.23
730/32113 4/12/2014 16:24 441022.88 5183687.63 0.63
730/32114 4/12/2014 16:24 441015.63 5183672.30 0.01
NOTE: height at 730/32105 was amended from 4.75 to 6.34 in response to an apparent anomaly in the profile plot. It appears the pole height was recorded as 3.57 when it was actually 2.00.
Monitoring the Erosion Status of Oceanic Beaches in the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area __________________________________________________________________________________________
77
Prion Beach
Station Date/time Easting Northing Height
730/314 5/12/2014 14:26 463498.17 5180799.49 6.98
730/31401 5/12/2014 14:28 463498.78 5180796.66 7.73
730/31402 5/12/2014 14:31 463498.63 5180793.96 7.60
730/31403 5/12/2014 14:32 463497.32 5180786.46 6.52
730/31404 5/12/2014 14:34 463496.10 5180783.57 5.63
730/31405 5/12/2014 14:36 463495.86 5180780.82 5.21
730/31406 5/12/2014 14:37 463495.71 5180778.96 4.51
730/31407 5/12/2014 14:38 463493.85 5180773.95 6.99
730/31408 5/12/2014 14:38 463492.77 5180772.40 6.74
730/31409 5/12/2014 14:39 463492.63 5180772.04 5.64
730/31410 5/12/2014 14:40 463490.81 5180769.27 3.95
730/31411 5/12/2014 14:40 463488.10 5180761.29 2.44
730/31412 5/12/2014 14:40 463481.48 5180743.77 1.68
730/31413 5/12/2014 14:41 463471.60 5180721.88 1.01
730/31414 5/12/2014 14:42 463460.57 5180695.59 -0.03
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Station Date/time Easting Northing Height
730/315 5/12/2014 15:50 463969.41 5180608.43 12.79
PBT6/4 5/12/2014 15:52 463968.75 5180607.60 12.54
730/31501 5/12/2014 15:55 463966.14 5180604.43 11.91
PBT6/3 5/12/2014 15:57 463963.59 5180601.45 10.88
730/31502 5/12/2014 15:58 463960.38 5180597.96 8.50
PBT6/1 5/12/2014 16:06 463947.03 5180579.91 8.37
730/31503 5/12/2014 16:10 463942.91 5180575.11 8.40
730/31504 5/12/2014 16:11 463942.07 5180571.66 9.47
730/31505 5/12/2014 16:13 463941.85 5180570.85 8.11
730/31508 5/12/2014 16:25 463938.67 5180570.76 7.06
730/31509 5/12/2014 16:26 463934.95 5180568.54 4.91
730/31510 5/12/2014 16:26 463933.28 5180568.04 4.68
730/31511 5/12/2014 16:27 463932.75 5180567.93 3.83
730/31512 5/12/2014 16:27 463931.13 5180565.73 3.26
730/31513 5/12/2014 16:27 463929.73 5180562.04 2.40
730/31514 5/12/2014 16:28 463918.10 5180553.09 1.66
730/31515 5/12/2014 16:28 463902.90 5180540.30 0.97
730/31516 5/12/2014 16:29 463884.50 5180527.77 0.07
NOTE: PBT6/4, PBT6/3 and PBT6/1 are marked points surveyed by Cullen & Dell (2013). Their transect is not plotted as the data require further interpretation.
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Station Date/time Easting Northing Height
730/316 5/12/2014 17:37 464609.87 5180329.95 13.55
PBT5/4 5/12/2014 17:39 464609.39 5180329.22 13.15
730/31601 5/12/2014 17:41 464608.17 5180324.97 13.07
PBT5/3 5/12/2014 17:45 464602.67 5180317.89 10.44
PBT5/2 5/12/2014 17:49 464598.12 5180311.30 10.15
730/31603 5/12/2014 17:53 464594.75 5180307.47 13.07
PBT5/1 5/12/2014 17:54 464593.82 5180305.55 13.27
730/31604 5/12/2014 17:55 464593.22 5180304.62 12.88
730/31605 5/12/2014 17:58 464590.78 5180301.86 10.13
730/31606 5/12/2014 17:59 464589.54 5180298.04 6.94
730/31607 5/12/2014 18:00 464588.96 5180296.87 6.64
730/31608 5/12/2014 18:00 464587.70 5180295.61 5.15
730/31609 5/12/2014 18:00 464587.23 5180295.00 4.75
730/31610 5/12/2014 18:01 464586.88 5180294.37 3.78
730/31611 5/12/2014 18:01 464586.02 5180293.27 4.17
730/31612 5/12/2014 18:01 464580.45 5180286.87 2.64
730/31613 5/12/2014 18:02 464568.27 5180274.43 1.46
730/31614 5/12/2014 18:02 464557.48 5180262.60 0.77
730/31615 5/12/2014 18:03 464543.38 5180246.39 -0.06
NOTE: PBT5/4, PBT5/3 and PBT5/2 and PBT5/1 are marked points surveyed by Cullen & Dell (2013). Their transect is shown in red on the profile plot above.
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Station Date/time Easting Northing Height
730/317 6/12/2014 14:29 465142.94 5180082.36 21.58
PBT4/3 6/12/2014 14:31 465142.41 5180081.42 21.20
730/31701 6/12/2014 14:33 465141.01 5180079.72 20.76
730/31702 6/12/2014 14:35 465136.59 5180074.74 17.92
730/31703 6/12/2014 14:37 465134.02 5180070.52 15.32
PBT4/2 6/12/2014 14:39 465132.46 5180068.08 15.14
730/31704 6/12/2014 14:42 465127.36 5180063.98 13.84
730/31705 6/12/2014 14:44 465124.35 5180058.33 12.96
PBT4/1 6/12/2014 14:45 465123.18 5180056.68 12.34
730/31706 6/12/2014 14:48 465120.14 5180053.83 9.54
730/31707 6/12/2014 14:49 465119.71 5180053.33 8.44
730/31708 6/12/2014 14:51 465117.53 5180050.25 5.31
730/31709 6/12/2014 14:51 465116.88 5180049.00 4.77
730/31710 6/12/2014 14:52 465116.75 5180048.57 3.93
730/31711 6/12/2014 14:52 465116.48 5180047.89 4.18
730/31712 6/12/2014 14:53 465113.84 5180042.39 2.83
730/31713 6/12/2014 14:53 465105.15 5180031.33 1.47
730/31714 6/12/2014 14:53 465095.28 5180018.90 0.96
730/31715 6/12/2014 14:54 465082.61 5180003.26 0.05
NOTE: PBT4/3, PBT4/2 and PBT4/1 are marked points surveyed by Cullen & Dell (2013). Their transect is shown in red on the profile plot above.
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81
Station Date/time Easting Northing Height
730/318 6/12/2014 15:44 465667.37 5179804.94 18.05
PBT3/1 6/12/2014 15:50 465665.89 5179802.82 17.55
730/31801 6/12/2014 15:52 465664.52 5179800.83 17.43
PBT3/2 6/12/2014 15:58 465661.17 5179794.79 15.76
730/31802 6/12/2014 15:59 465659.74 5179792.50 15.35
730/31803 6/12/2014 16:00 465658.38 5179790.65 15.85
PBT3/3 6/12/2014 16:01 465657.41 5179788.91 15.91
730/31804 6/12/2014 16:04 465655.26 5179785.17 12.48
PBT3/4 6/12/2014 16:06 465654.07 5179782.79 10.26
PBT3/6 6/12/2014 16:19 465651.40 5179777.18 5.41
730/31806 6/12/2014 16:23 465651.11 5179776.45 3.65
730/31807 6/12/2014 16:24 465650.74 5179775.42 3.64
730/31808 6/12/2014 16:24 465648.35 5179770.55 2.65
730/31809 6/12/2014 16:27 465647.91 5179770.16 1.70
730/31810 6/12/2014 16:28 465644.08 5179755.17 0.92
730/31811 6/12/2014 16:28 465638.52 5179736.19 0.06
NOTE: PBT3/1, PBT3/2, PBT3/3, PBT3/4 and PT3/6 are marked points surveyed by Cullen & Dell (2013). Their transect is not plotted as the data requires further interpretation.
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Station Date/time Easting Northing Height
730/322 6/12/2014 12:03 466239.62 5179493.69 19.75
730/32201 6/12/2014 12:05 466237.97 5179490.85 19.27
730/32202 6/12/2014 12:06 466236.09 5179488.59 18.33
PBT1/5 6/12/2014 12:09 466233.32 5179483.75 16.56
730/32203 6/12/2014 12:13 466229.03 5179475.58 12.42
730/32204 6/12/2014 12:15 466226.03 5179469.51 16.11
730/32205 6/12/2014 12:16 466224.54 5179467.13 13.69
PBT1/4 6/12/2014 12:18 466220.64 5179460.43 8.42
730/32206 6/12/2014 12:19 466219.95 5179459.11 6.41
730/32207 6/12/2014 12:19 466218.54 5179456.67 4.50
730/32208 6/12/2014 12:20 466213.99 5179449.71 3.16
730/32209 6/12/2014 12:20 466205.95 5179437.31 2.09
730/32210 6/12/2014 12:21 466199.37 5179429.04 1.48
730/32211 6/12/2014 12:21 466191.21 5179419.56 0.34
NOTE: PBT1/5 and PBT1/4 are marked points surveyed by Cullen & Dell (2013). Their transect is not plotted as the data requires further interpretation.
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Station Date/time Easting Northing Height
730/323 6/12/2014 10:34 466497.16 5179358.30 16.13
730/3231 6/12/2014 10:38 466493.22 5179343.66 10.70
730/3232 6/12/2014 10:40 466490.49 5179337.02 14.81
730/3233 6/12/2014 10:44 466487.87 5179326.90 21.36
PBT2/5 6/12/2014 10:46 466487.18 5179325.02 21.68
PBT2/4 6/12/2014 10:48 466485.48 5179319.41 21.55
PB2T/3 6/12/2014 10:50 466479.60 5179309.62 15.23
730/3234 6/12/2014 10:52 466477.24 5179305.30 12.11
730/3235 6/12/2014 10:53 466476.67 5179304.79 11.01
730/3236 6/12/2014 10:54 466474.84 5179302.87 9.61
730/3237 6/12/2014 10:55 466474.52 5179300.39 8.65
730/3238 6/12/2014 10:55 466474.34 5179300.07 7.86
730/3239 6/12/2014 10:56 466473.67 5179297.85 5.80
730/3240 6/12/2014 10:56 466473.03 5179295.98 5.22
730/3241 6/12/2014 10:56 466472.68 5179295.03 4.02
730/3242 6/12/2014 10:56 466472.32 5179294.02 4.04
730/3243 6/12/2014 10:57 466465.32 5179282.59 2.43
730/3244 6/12/2014 10:57 466458.79 5179271.60 1.78
730/3245 6/12/2014 10:57 466453.85 5179264.71 1.39
730/3246 6/12/2014 10:57 466444.83 5179253.37 0.33
NOTE: PBT2/5, PBT2/4 and PBT2/3 are marked points surveyed by Cullen & Dell (2013). Their data is not plotted as the data require further interpretation.
Mineral Resources Tasmania
Mineral Resources Tasmania Depa r tm en t o f S t a te Gr owt h
APPENDIX 3: Sand mineralogy and particle size analysis
Laboratory Report
MPR2015/037
Sand testing:
SW Tasmania
An unpublished Mineral Resources Tasmania report for
DPIPWE
by R S Bottrill & R N Woolley
24 April 2015
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Summary
The samples studied comprised nine samples of sand from various beach areas in SW
Tasmania, all found to be well sorted sands dominated by quartz and mostly with small
amounts of shell grit, trace feldspars and other minerals and lithic materials.
Introduction
The objective of this study is to determine the mineralogy and size distribution of nine
samples of sand from various beach areas in SW Tasmania. The sample details are given in
Table 1.
The samples were also registered with Mineral Resources Tasmania (MRT) (with precise
locations recorded) with the results added to the MRT database of Tasmanian soils, but are
flagged as restricted.
The samples were all prepared and analysed in the MRT Laboratories, Rosny Park, Tasmania.
Table 1: Sample details: Samples submitted
Registration
Number Field No. Location
Sample
Description
G406301 PB6D Prion Beach (transect 730/319) Dune sand
G406302 PB6B Prion Beach (transect 730/319) Beach sand
G406303 CE2B Cox Bight (transect 730/320) Beach sand
G406304 WP1B
Window Pane Bay (transect
730/310) Beach sand
G406305 WP1D
Window Pane Bay (transect
730/310) Dune sand
G406306 SB3B Stephens Bay (transect 730/308) Beach sand
G406307 WB2B Wreck Bay (transect 730/301) Beach sand
G406308 MB2B Mulcahy Bay (transect 730/304) Beach sand
G406309 MB2D Mulcahy Bay (transect 730/304) Dune sand
Analytical techniques
The samples were all prepared, examined and analysed by XRD, chemical techniques and low
power microscopy in the MRT laboratories, Rosny Park, Tasmania.
Sizings
The samples were sized by wet sieving in accordance with Australian standard soil test
method AS 1289.3.6.1, in the Mineral Resources Tasmania Laboratories, Rosny Park,
Tasmania. The results are shown in Appendix 1 and summarized in Table 2.
XRD
The samples were prepared, examined and analysed in the MRT laboratories, Rosny Park,
Tasmania. They were run on an automated Philips X-Ray diffractometer system: PW 1729
generator, PW 1050 goniometer and PW 1710 microprocessor with nickel-filtered copper
radiation at 35kV/25mA, a graphite monochromator (PW1752), sample spinner and a
proportional detector (sealed gas filled PW1711). Our typical step-size is 0.02 degrees, and
the standard scanning speed is 0.02 degrees/second. The PW1710 system is presently driven
Monitoring the Erosion Status of Oceanic Beaches in the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area
MPR2012/047 Page 86 of 105
by the CSIRO XRD software: "VisualXRD", "PW1710 for Windows" and "XPLOT for
Windows". Interpretation and quantification is largely manual, using a series of prepared
standards of the more common minerals to enable some semi-quantitative analysis. Quartz, if
present, is used as an internal standard; and if not present, it is often added to the sample for a
supplementary scan. Our semi-quantitative results are calculated using single-peak
calibration factors derived from scans of known mixtures of minerals.
LOI
The samples were analysed for loss on ignition (LOI) by firing a weighed part of the sample
at 1050oC in muffle furnace, determining weight loss gravimetrically. The results are shown
in Appendix 1.
Results
The XRD results are attached in Appendix 1 and indicate that all the sands are all quartz rich,
many with minor calcite and aragonite, representing shell grit, trace salt (halite) and trace
micas, feldspars and other minerals probably representing lithic grains. Loss on Ignition (LOI)
was determined and used to refine the carbonate contents.
Most samples are well sized and show very small amounts of silt or clay (maximum of 0.3
wt.% in the <63 micron fraction), and no detectable gravel (>2mm).
R S Bottrill R N Woolley
MINERALOGIST/PETROLOGIST TECHNICAL OFFICER
Disclaimers
While every care has been taken in the preparation of this report, no warranty is given as to
the correctness of the information and no liability is accepted for any statement or opinion or
for any error or omission. No reader should act or fail to act on the basis of any material
contained herein. Readers should consult professional advisers. As a result the Crown in
Right of the State of Tasmania and its employees, contractors and agents expressly disclaim
all and any liability (including all liability from or attributable to any negligent or wrongful
act or omission) to any persons whatsoever in respect of anything done or omitted to be done
by any such person in reliance whether in whole or in part upon any of the material in this
report.
These analyses collected in the MRT laboratories, along with some other data on the samples
submitted, may enter the MRT databases but every attempt will be made to ensure the data
remains closed file and not be available externally, except at your request.
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Appendix 1: Mineral Resources Tasmania Laboratory Report Client: R. Eberhard, DPIPWE
Sample Source: Various
MRT Job Number: LJN2015/037
Analyses: Approximate Mineralogy and Loss on Ignition Analyst: R.N. Woolley
Methods: X-Ray Diffraction and Heating to 1050°C Date: 14 April 2015
Results:
Field No. PB6B PB6D CE2B WP1B WP1D
MRT Reg. No. G406301 G406302 G406303 G406304 G406305
Mineral Wt. % Wt. % Wt. % Wt. % Wt. %
Quartz 87 ± 4 90 ± 4 91 ± 4 97 ± 3 99 ± 1
Calcite 7 ± 1 5 ± 1 3 ± 0.5
Aragonite 2 ± 1 1.5 ± 0.5 *
Mica 2 ± 1 1.5 ± 0.5 1.5 ± 0.5 1 ± 0.5 *
Plagioclase 1 ± 0.5 1 ± 0.5 1.5 ± 0.5 *
K-Feldspar ? ? 1 ± 0.5 ?
Chlorite *
Halite * 1.5 ± 0.5 1 ± 0.5
Rutile ?
Loss on Ignition 4.38% 3.48% 1.91% 0.41% 0.10%
Field No. SB2B WB2B MB2B MB2D
MRT Reg. No. G406306 G406307 G406308 G406309
Mineral Wt. % Wt. % Wt. % Wt. %
Quartz 79 ± 4 40 ± 4 93 ± 3 94 ± 3
Calcite 12 ± 1 41 ± 4 3 ± 1 2 ± 1
Aragonite 4 ± 1 12 ± 2 1 ± 0.5 1 ± 0.5
Mica 2 ± 1 3 ± 1 1 ± 0.5 1 ± 0.5
Plagioclase 1.5 ± 0.5 1 ± 0.5 * *
K-Feldspar * ? * ? 1
Chlorite * 1 ± 0.5 *
Halite 1 ± 0.5 3 ± 1 *
Rutile ? ? 1
Loss on Ignition 8.12% 24.36% 2.12% 1.46%
* = trace; ? = possible trace 1 = approximately 1% ± 0.5% of Rutile or K-Feldspar (or a mixture of both) present
Peak overlap (e.g. Rutile and K-Feldspar) may interfere with identifications and quantitative
calculations.
Amorphous minerals (e.g. organic matter, some hydrous iron oxides) and minerals present in trace
amounts may not be detected.
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Appendix 2: Mineral Resources Tasmania Laboratory Report
Client: R. Eberhard, DPIPWE MRT Job Number: LJN2015/037 Sample Location: Various Analysis: Soil Grain-Sizing Method: Sieve Analysis Analyst: R.N. Woolley
Date: 10 April 2015
Prion Beach PB6B (G406301)
Weight of Sample Used: 25.37g
Size (µm) Mass Retained (g) Cumulative Mass (g) % Passing
8000 0.00 0.00 100.0
4000 0.00 0.00 100.0
2000 0.00 0.00 100.0
1000 0.02 0.02 99.9
500 1.56 1.58 93.8
250 11.43 13.01 48.7
180 8.20 21.21 16.4
125 4.03 25.25 0.5
90 0.10 25.34 0.1
63 0.01 25.35 0.1
Pan 0.02 25.37
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.0
10100100010000%
Passin
g
Size (µm)
Grain-Size Analysis - PB6B
Monitoring the Erosion Status of Oceanic Beaches in the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area
MPR2012/047 Page 89 of 105
Prion Beach PB6D (G406302)
Weight of Sample Used: 21.00g
Size (µm) Mass Retained (g) Cumulative Mass (g) % Passing
8000 0.00 0.00 100.0
4000 0.00 0.00 100.0
2000 0.00 0.00 100.0
1000 0.00 0.00 100.0
500 0.00 0.00 100.0
250 1.26 1.26 94.0
180 6.07 7.33 65.1
125 12.98 20.31 3.3
90 0.57 20.88 0.6
63 0.06 20.94 0.3
Pan 0.06 21.00
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.0
10100100010000
% P
assin
g
Size (µm)
Grain-Size Analysis - PB6D
Monitoring the Erosion Status of Oceanic Beaches in the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area
MPR2012/047 Page 90 of 105
Cox Bight CE2B (G406303)
Weight of Sample Used: 29.04g
Size (µm) Mass Retained (g) Cumulative Mass (g) % Passing
8000 0.00 0.00 100.0
4000 0.00 0.00 100.0
2000 0.00 0.00 100.0
1000 0.00 0.00 100.0
500 0.02 0.02 99.9
250 0.31 0.33 98.9
180 3.32 3.65 87.4
125 23.90 27.55 5.2
90 1.49 29.04 0.1
63 0.02 29.06 0.1
Pan 0.01 29.07
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.0
10100100010000
% P
assin
g
Size (µm)
Grain-Size Analysis - CE2B
Monitoring the Erosion Status of Oceanic Beaches in the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area
MPR2012/047 Page 91 of 105
Window Pane Bay WP1B (G406304)
Weight of Sample Used: 22.20g
Size (µm) Mass Retained (g) Cumulative Mass (g) % Passing
8000 0.00 0.00 100.0
4000 0.00 0.00 100.0
2000 0.00 0.00 100.0
1000 0.00 0.00 100.0
500 0.17 0.17 99.2
250 20.48 20.65 7.0
180 1.53 22.18 0.1
125 0.02 22.20 0.0
90 0.00 22.00 0.0
63 0.00 22.20 0.0
Pan 0.00 22.20
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.0
10100100010000
% P
assin
g
Size (µm)
Grain-Size Analysis - WP1B
Monitoring the Erosion Status of Oceanic Beaches in the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area
MPR2012/047 Page 92 of 105
Window Pane Bay WP1D (G406305)
Weight of Sample Used: 23.05g
Size (µm) Mass Retained (g) Cumulative Mass (g) % Passing
8000 0.00 0.00 100.0
4000 0.00 0.00 100.0
2000 0.00 0.00 100.0
1000 0.00 0.00 100.0
500 0.09 0.09 99.6
250 14.57 14.66 36.4
180 7.88 22.54 2.2
125 0.47 23.01 0.2
90 0.02 23.03 0.1
63 0.01 23.04 0.1
Pan 0.01 23.05
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.0
10100100010000
% P
assin
g
Size (µm)
Grain-Size Analysis - WP1D
Monitoring the Erosion Status of Oceanic Beaches in the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area
MPR2012/047 Page 93 of 105
Stephens Bay SB2B (G406306)
Weight of Sample Used: 24.24g
Size (µm) Mass Retained (g) Cumulative Mass (g) % Passing
8000 0.00 0.00 100.0
4000 0.00 0.00 100.0
2000 0.00 0.00 100.0
1000 0.00 0.00 100.0
500 0.02 0.02 99.9
250 2.85 2.87 88.2
180 9.91 12.78 47.3
125 11.12 23.90 1.4
90 0.26 24.16 0.3
63 0.02 24.18 0.2
Pan 0.06 24.24
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.0
10100100010000
% P
assin
g
Size (µm)
Grain-Size Analysis - SB2B
Monitoring the Erosion Status of Oceanic Beaches in the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area
MPR2012/047 Page 94 of 105
Wreck Bay WB2B (G406307)
Weight of Sample Used: 24.16g
Size (µm) Mass Retained (g) Cumulative Mass (g) % Passing
8000 0.00 0.00 100.0
4000 0.00 0.00 100.0
2000 0.00 0.00 100.0
1000 0.00 0.00 100.0
500 0.38 0.38 98.4
250 10.57 10.95 54.7
180 10.89 21.84 9.6
125 2.17 24.01 0.6
90 0.08 24.09 0.3
63 0.02 24.11 0.2
Pan 0.05 24.16
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.0
10100100010000
% P
assin
g
Size (µm)
Grain-Size Analysis - WB2B
Monitoring the Erosion Status of Oceanic Beaches in the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area
MPR2012/047 Page 95 of 105
Mulcahy Bay MB2B (G406308)
Weight of Sample Used: 22.26g
Size (µm) Mass Retained (g) Cumulative Mass (g) % Passing
8000 0.00 0.00 100.0
4000 0.00 0.00 100.0
2000 0.00 0.00 100.0
1000 0.00 0.00 100.0
500 0.00 0.00 100.0
250 4.39 4.39 80.3
180 14.28 18.67 16.1
125 3.56 22.23 0.1
90 0.03 22.26 0.0
63 0.00 22.26 0.0
Pan 0.00 22.26
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.0
10100100010000
% P
assin
g
Size (µm)
Grain-Size Analysis - MB2B
Monitoring the Erosion Status of Oceanic Beaches in the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area
MPR2012/047 Page 96 of 105
Mulcahy Bay MB2D (G406309)
Weight of Sample Used: 23.89g
Size (µm) Mass Retained (g) Cumulative Mass (g) % Passing
8000 0.00 0.00 100.0
4000 0.00 0.00 100.0
2000 0.00 0.00 100.0
1000 0.00 0.00 100.0
500 0.00 0.00 100.0
250 4.03 4.03 83.1
180 15.49 19.52 18.3
125 4.21 23.73 0.7
90 0.09 23.82 0.3
63 0.02 23.84 0.2
Pan 0.05 23.89
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.0
10100100010000
% P
assin
g
Size (µm)
Grain-Size Analysis - MB2D
Monitoring the Erosion Status of Oceanic Beaches in the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area
MPR2012/047 Page 97 of 105
APPENDIX 4: Metadata
Metadata format follows the NRM data library (http://nrmdatalibrary.dpiw.tas.gov.au).
::Identification info
Title: DIGITAL IMAGERY OF SELECTED BEACHES, TASMANIAN
WILDERNESS WORLD HERITAGE AREA, DECEMBER 2014
Date: 2015-02-19
Date type: Images
Abstract: Digital images were collected during field work to establish coastal
erosion monitoring transects at selected beaches within the Tasmanian
Wilderness World Heritage Area. The following beaches were
photographed: Mulcahy Bay, Wreck Bay, Towterer Beach, Stephens
Bay, Noyhener Beach, Window Pane Bay, Cox Bight, Louisa Bay,
Turua Beach and Prion Beach. The images comprise low level oblique
aerial sequences and ground-based images on and adjacent to erosion
monitoring transects. Further information is available in the report:
Eberhard, R., Sharples, C., Bowden, N. & Comfort, M. (2015).
Monitoring the Erosion Status of Oceanic Beaches in the Tasmania
Wilderness World Heritage Area: Establishment Report. Nature
Conservation Report Series 15/3. Natural Values Conservation
Branch, Natural & Cultural Heritage Division, Department of Primary
Industries and Water, Hobart.
Status: completed
::Data Point of contact
Organisation
name:
Natural Values Conservation Branch, Natural and Cultural
Heritage Division, Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water
and Environment, Tasmania
Position
name:
Karst Officer, Geoconservation Section
Voice: +61 3 6165 4410
Facsimile: +61 3 6223 8603
Postal
Address:
GPO Box 44
City: Hobart
State: Tasmania
Postcode: 7001
Country: Australia
E-mail: [email protected]
OnLine
resource:
http://dpipwe.tas.gov.au/conservation/geoconservation
Role: Project co-ordinator
Maintenance
and update
frequency:
notPlanned
Monitoring the Erosion Status of Oceanic Beaches in the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area
MPR2012/047 Page 98 of 105
Name: Digital imagery of selected beaches, Tasmanian Wilderness World
Heritage Area, December 2014
Descriptive
keywords:
Coastal landforms, sea-level rise, Tasmanian Wilderness World
Heritage Area
Language: English
Topic
category:
environment
::Data quality info
Hierarchy
level:
nonGeographicDataset
::Distribution info
::OnLine
resource
OnLine
resource:
http://dpipwe.tas.gov.au/conservation/publications-forms-and-
permits/publications/nature-conservation-report-series
::Metadata
constraints
Use limitation: N/A
Use
constraints:
Copyright
::Metadata
Author
Organisation
name:
Natural Values Conservation Branch, Natural and Cultural Heritage
Division, Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and
Environment, Tasmania
Position name: Karst Officer, Geoconservation Section
Role: PointOfContact
Monitoring the Erosion Status of Oceanic Beaches in the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area
MPR2012/047 Page 99 of 105
::Identification info
Title: SHORELINE PROFILES, TASMANIAN WILDERNESS WORLD
HERITAGE AREA, DECEMBER 2014
Date: 2015-02-19
Date type: Geodetic survey (easting, northing, height)
Abstract: Shoreline profiles were surveyed during field work to establish coastal
erosion monitoring transects on selected beaches within the
Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area (Mulcahy Bay, Wreck
Bay, Stephens Bay, Window Pane Bay, Cox Bight and Prion Beach).
The approach follows the methodology of the Tasmanian Shoreline
Monitoring and Archiving (TASMARC) project. The data is
referenced to the Geocentric Datum of Australia 1994 (GDA94) and
Australian Height Datum (Tasmania). Further information is available
in the report: Eberhard, R., Sharples, C., Bowden, N. & Comfort, M.
(2015). Monitoring the Erosion Status of Oceanic Beaches in the
Tasmania Wilderness World Heritage Area: Establishment Report.
Nature Conservation Report Series 15/3. Natural Values Conservation
Branch, Natural & Cultural Heritage Division, Department of Primary
Industries and Water, Hobart.
Status: completed
::Data Point of contact
Organisation
name:
Natural Values Conservation Branch, Natural and Cultural
Heritage Division, Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water
and Environment, Tasmania
Position
name:
Karst Officer, Geoconservation Section
Voice: +61 3 6165 4410
Facsimile: +61 3 6223 8603
Postal
Address:
GPO Box 44
City: Hobart
State: Tasmania
Postcode: 7001
Country: Australia
E-mail: [email protected]
OnLine
resource:
http://dpipwe.tas.gov.au/conservation/geoconservation
Role: Project co-ordinator
Maintenance
and update
frequency:
The survey transects may be repeated approximately annually.
Name: Shoreline profiles, Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area,
December 2014
Descriptive Coastal landforms, sea-level rise, Tasmanian Wilderness World
Monitoring the Erosion Status of Oceanic Beaches in the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area
MPR2012/047 Page 100 of 105
keywords: Heritage Area
Language: English
Topic
category:
environment
::Data quality info
Hierarchy
level:
nonGeographicDataset
::Distribution info
::OnLine
resource
OnLine
resource:
http://www.tasmarc.info/
http://dpipwe.tas.gov.au/conservation/publications-forms-and-
permits/publications/nature-conservation-report-series
::Metadata
constraints
Use limitation: N/A
Use
constraints:
nil
::Metadata
Author
Organisation
name:
Natural Values Conservation Branch, Natural and Cultural Heritage
Division, Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and
Environment, Tasmania
Position name: Karst Officer, Geoconservation Section
Role: PointOfContact
Monitoring the Erosion Status of Oceanic Beaches in the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area
MPR2012/047 Page 101 of 105
::Identification info
Title: SHORELINE STABILITY STATUS, TASMANIAN WILDERNESS
WORLD HERITAGE AREA, DECEMBER 2014
Date: 2015-02-19
Date type: Digital spatial (shapefile)
Abstract: The stability status of coastal dunes was assessed qualitatively along
transects extending lengthwise from end to end of selected beaches
within the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area (Mulcahy Bay,
Wreck Bay, Stephens Bay, Window Pane Bay, Cox Bight and Prion
Beach). The results are presented in shapefile format, referenced to the
Geocentric Datum of Australia 1994 (GDA94). Further information
including a lookup table is available in the report: Eberhard, R.,
Sharples, C., Bowden, N. & Comfort, M. (2015). Monitoring the
Erosion Status of Oceanic Beaches in the Tasmania Wilderness World
Heritage Area: Establishment Report. Nature Conservation Report
Series 15/3. Natural Values Conservation Branch, Natural & Cultural
Heritage Division, Department of Primary Industries and Water,
Hobart.
Status: completed
::Data Point of contact
Organisation
name:
School of Land and Food (Discipline of Geography & Spatial
Science), University of Tasmania
Position
name:
University Associate
Voice: +61 3 6226 2898
Facsimile:
Postal
Address:
Private Bag 76
City: Hobart
State: Tasmania
Postcode: 7001
Country: Australia
E-mail: [email protected]
OnLine
resource:
N/a
Role: Co-author of report
Maintenance
and update
frequency:
notPlanned
Name: Coastal dune-front stability status, Tasmanian Wilderness World
Heritage Area, December 2014
Descriptive
keywords:
Coastal landforms, sea-level rise, Tasmanian Wilderness World
Heritage Area
Monitoring the Erosion Status of Oceanic Beaches in the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area
MPR2012/047 Page 102 of 105
Language: English
Topic
category:
environment
::Data quality info
Hierarchy
level:
GeographicDataset
::Distribution info
::OnLine
resource
OnLine
resource:
http://dpipwe.tas.gov.au/conservation/publications-forms-and-
permits/publications/nature-conservation-report-series
::Metadata
constraints
Use limitation: Copyright
Use
constraints:
The data may be supplied and used for a specified purpose, provided
written permission has first been obtained from the author, Chris
Sharples. The author may specify conditions.
::Metadata
Author
Organisation
name:
Natural Values Conservation Branch, Natural and Cultural Heritage
Division, Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and
Environment, Tasmania
Position name: Karst Officer, Geoconservation Section
Role: PointOfContact
Monitoring the Erosion Status of Oceanic Beaches in the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area
MPR2012/047 Page 103 of 105
Title: COASTAL SAND MINERALOGY AND PARTICLE SIZE,
TASMANIAN WILDERNESS WORLD HERITAGE AREA,
DECEMBER 2014
Date: 2015-02-19
Date type: Report (pdf)
Abstract: Sand mineralogy (by XRD) and particle size distribution (by wet
sieving) was investigated at selected beaches within the Tasmanian
Wilderness World Heritage Area (Mulcahy Bay, Wreck Bay, Stephens
Bay, Window Pane Bay, Cox Bight and Prion Beach). Nine samples
total were analysed. The data is presented as an unpublished report to
the Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water & Environment by
R.S. Bottrill and R.N. Woolley (Sand Testing: SW Tasmania, Mineral
Resources Tasmania, 24 April 2015). The report is included as appendix
in: Eberhard, R., Sharples, C., Bowden, N. & Comfort, M. (2015).
Monitoring the Erosion Status of Oceanic Beaches in the Tasmania
Wilderness World Heritage Area: Establishment Report. Nature
Conservation Report Series 15/3. Natural Values Conservation Branch,
Natural & Cultural Heritage Division, Department of Primary Industries
and Water, Hobart.
Status: completed
::Data Point of contact
Organisation
name:
Natural Values Conservation Branch, Natural and Cultural Heritage
Division, Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and
Environment, Tasmania
Position
name:
Karst Officer, Geoconservation Section
Voice: +61 3 6165 4410
Facsimile: +61 3 6223 8603
Postal
Address:
GPO Box 44
City: Hobart
State: Tasmania
Postcode: 7001
Country: Australia
E-mail: [email protected]
OnLine
resource:
http://dpipwe.tas.gov.au/conservation/geoconservation
Role: Project co-ordinator
Maintenance
and update
frequency:
n/a
Name: Coastal Sand Mineralogy and Particle Size Analysis, Tasmanian
Wilderness World Heritage Area, December 2014
Descriptive Quaternary geology, coastal sand, Tasmanian Wilderness World
Monitoring the Erosion Status of Oceanic Beaches in the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area
MPR2012/047 Page 104 of 105
keywords: Heritage Area
Language: English
Topic
category:
environment
::Data quality info
Hierarchy
level:
nonGeographicDataset
::Distribution info
::OnLine
resource
OnLine
resource:
http://dpipwe.tas.gov.au/conservation/publications-forms-and-
permits/publications/nature-conservation-report-series
::Metadata
constraints
Use limitation: N/A
Use
constraints:
nil
::Metadata
Author
Organisation
name:
Natural Values Conservation Branch, Natural and Cultural Heritage
Division, Department of Primary Industry, Parks, Water and
Environment, Tasmania
Position name: Karst Officer, Geoconservation Section
Role: PointOfContact