monitoring report 2014 - fpmu bangladesh...

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National Food Policy Plan of Action and Country Investment Plan

Monitoring Report 2014

June 2014

FPMU, Ministry of Food Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh

This document is the result of a joint effort by the:

Ministry of Agriculture Ministry of Disaster Management and Relief Ministry of Finance (Finance Division and Economic Relations Division) Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock Ministry of Food Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Ministry of Industries Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development and Cooperatives (LG Division and RDC Division) Ministry of Planning (Planning Commission, Statistics and Informatics Division and IMED) Ministry of Primary and Mass Education Ministry of Social Welfare Ministry of Water Resources Ministry of Women and Children Affairs

Coordinated by the

FPMU, Ministry of Food

with technical support from the National Food Policy Capacity Strengthening Programme (NFPCSP)

ISBN 978-984-33-6871-3

Published by FPMU, Ministry of Food. For copies/update on the Monitoring Report please contact: DG,

FPMU – Khaddya Bhaban, 16 Abdul Ghani Road, Dhaka-1000; [email protected]

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Foreword

The National Food Policy commits the Government of Bangladesh to ensure food and nutrition security for all citizens - including the most vulnerable households, mothers and young children - through a comprehensive approach to food availability, access and utilisation for nutrition. To this effect, the Government adopted a Plan of Action (NFP-PoA, 2008-2015) and a multi-billion dollar Country Investment Plan for Agriculture, Food Security and Nutrition (CIP, 2011-2015) consistent with the Sixth Five Year Plan (2011-2015) and the Millennium Development Goals. The NFP-PoA and CIP provide a result framework and a prioritized investment plan for coordinated interventions up to 2015.

This report is the fourth in the annual series that jointly monitors progress towards the NFP targets. Production of the report was led and facilitated by the Food Planning and Monitoring Unit of the Ministry of Food, in collaboration with 17 partner divisions from 13 ministries, counting on technical assistance from FAO and financial support from EU and USAID, under the National Food Policy Capacity Strengthening Programme. The report drew on 25 inter-ministerial meetings. Drafts were reviewed by the Food Policy Working Group (FPWG) and in a stakeholder consultation composed of the Government, development partners, private sector and civil society. The report was subsequently discussed and endorsed by the National Committee.

The Monitoring Report 2014 reiterates that comprehensive food and nutrition security for our people is a top priority at the highest level of Government and amongst development partners. With the available resources for interventions having grown substantially, the challenge is to ensure that effective delivery of programmes is in line with the increased resources. The CIP budget is now at 12 billion USD, of which about 8 billion USD is financed by June 2013 – as a result of the mobilization of additional 4.5 billion USD since the CIP launch in 2010, of which approximately one billion USD is mobilized in 2012/13. The Government of Bangladesh financed about 5 billion USD (63%) and development partners financed about 3 billion USD (37%).

The report shows that while progress on undernourishment registered mixed results in recent years, improvements recorded in stunting and underweight are sustained and in line with the MDG targets. However, more than a third of children continue to be underweight and still two in five are stunted. The gain in exclusive breastfeeding among children less than 6 months is satisfactory but needs to be sustained. Households in Bangladesh are also gradually changing their diets, consuming a broader range of foods, with a larger share of calories coming from vegetables, fruits, and animal-products.

At the same time, the report identifies encouraging developments in food production diversification - although in a context of slightly decreased rice production- that needs to be sustained. The report reiterates the need for mainstreaming nutrition beyond the health sector, shows sustained increase in purchasing power, decline in poverty, especially in urban areas, and significant efforts to expand public food grain storage capacity. Notwithstanding these positive results, food access needs to be enhanced and made more stable; and compliance to food safety standards needs to be strictly enforced. To this effect, the Bangladesh Food Safety Authority is in the process of establishment to implement the Food Safety Act 2013. The Scaling Up Nutrition framework in Bangladesh is coherent with the existing food and nutrition security policy and investment frameworks and the multi sectoral approach advocated. On-going efforts to scale up the national nutrition services should be further sustained. Equally important is to finalize and start implementing the National Social Protection Strategy ensuring adequate attention to its impact on food and nutrition security.

A lot has been achieved and a lot more needs to be done. I am confident that this report will stimulate better informed decision making and delivery toward food and nutrition security for all Bangladeshis.

Dhaka, 2 June 2014 Advocate Md Qamrul Islam

Minister Ministry of Food

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Table of Contents Foreword ............................................................................................................................................ i Acronyms .......................................................................................................................................... iv Executive summary ........................................................................................................................... ix 1. Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 1 2 Approach to monitoring ............................................................................................................ 3 3. Progress towards NFP goals and outcomes ............................................................................... 9

3.1. NFP goals ................................................................................................................................. 9 3.2. NFP Objective 1 outcomes ..................................................................................................... 12 3.3. NFP Objective 2 outcomes ..................................................................................................... 19 3.4. NFP Objective 3 outcomes ..................................................................................................... 24

4. Availability: progress towards CIP and NFP PoA outputs ......................................................... 33 4.1. Programme 1: Sustainable and diversified agriculture through integrated research and

extension .............................................................................................................................. 33 4.2. Programme 2: Improved water management and infrastructure for irrigation purposes ........ 41 4.3. Programme 3: Improved quality of input and soil fertility ...................................................... 47 4.4. Programme 4: Fisheries and aquaculture development ......................................................... 52 4.5. Programme 5: Livestock development with focus on poultry and dairy production ................ 57

5. Access: progress towards CIP and NFP PoA outputs ................................................................ 63 5.1. Programme 6: Improved access to markets, value-addition in agriculture, and non-farm

incomes ................................................................................................................................. 63 5.2. Programme 7: Strengthened capacities for implementation and monitoring of the NFP and

CIP actions ............................................................................................................................. 69 5.3. Programme 8: Enhanced public food management system .................................................... 77 5.4. Programme 9: Institutional development and capacity development for more effective

safety nets ............................................................................................................................. 83 6. Utilization: progress towards CIP and NFP PoA outputs .......................................................... 93

6.1. Programme 10: Community based nutrition programmes and services.................................. 93 6.2. Programme 11: Orienting food and nutrition programmes through data ............................. 102 6.3. Programme 12: Food safety and quality improvement ......................................................... 110

7. Food security and CIP financing ............................................................................................. 117 7.1. Budgets of key NFP partner ministries ................................................................................. 117 7.2. CIP financing ........................................................................................................................ 121 7.3. CIP budget ........................................................................................................................... 122

8. Overall assessment and recommendations ........................................................................... 133 8.1. Overall assessment .............................................................................................................. 133 8.2. Recommendations ............................................................................................................... 135

Annexes ......................................................................................................................................... 139 Annex 1. Comparison of the CIP and PoA output monitoring indicators ...................................... 140 Annex 2. Composition of Thematic Teams .................................................................................. 146 Annex 3. Cost and financing of the CIP ....................................................................................... 147 Annex 3.1: CIP budget revisions .................................................................................................. 150 Annex 3.2: Number and average budget of projects in CIP 2014 by sub-programme .................. 153 Annex 3.3: CIP budget 2014 and delivery in fiscal year 2012/13 by sub-programme ................... 155 Annex 3.4: Ongoing and completed CIP projects as of June 2013 ................................................ 159 Annex 3.5: Projects in the CIP pipeline as of June 2013 ............................................................... 200 Annex 3.6: Development partners’ contributions ....................................................................... 208

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Acronyms ADP Annual Development Programme AEU Aid Effectiveness Unit AI Artificial Insemination AIS Agriculture Information Service AIMS Aid Information Management System ANC Antenatal Care ANH Agriculture for Nutrition and Health AusAid Australian Agency for International Development AoI Area of Intervention ATIs Agricultural Training Institutions BADC Bangladesh Agricultural Development Corporation BARD Bangladesh Academy for Rural Development BARC Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council BARI Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute BAU Bangladesh Agricultural University BB Bangladesh Bank BBF Bangladesh Breastfeeding Foundation BBS Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics BCC Behavioural Change Communication BCIC Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation BDHS Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey BER Bangladesh Economic Review BFDC Bangladesh Fisheries Development Corporation BFRI Bangladesh Fisheries Research Institute BFSA Bangladesh Food Safety Authority BHE Bureau of Health Education BIDS Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies BIHS Bangladesh Integrated Household Survey BINA Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture BIRDEM Bangladesh Institute of Research and Rehabilitation in Diabetes, Endocrine and

Metabolic Disorders BJRI Bangladesh Jute Research Institute BLRI Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute BMDA Barendra Multipurpose Development Authorities BMET BMI

Bureau of Manpower, Employment and Training Body Mass Index

BMS Breast Milk Substitutes BRAC Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee BRDB Bangladesh Rural Development Board BRRI Bangladesh Rice Research Institute BSRI Bangladesh Sugarcane Research Institute BSTI Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institute BWDB Bangladesh Water Development Board CARS Centre for Advanced Research in Sciences CBN Cost of Basic Needs CDC Centre for Disease Control CED Chronic Energy Deficiency CFPR Challenging the Frontiers of Poverty Reduction CIF Cost, Insurance and Freight

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CIG Common Interest Group CIMMYT International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center CIP Country Investment Plan: A Roadmap Towards Investment in Agriculture, Food

Security and Nutrition CPI Consumer Price Index CPRC Chronic Poverty Research Centre CMAM Community Management of Acute Malnutrition CMNS Child and Mother Nutrition Survey CNU Child Nutrition Unit CSISA Cereal Systems Initiative for South Asia DAE Department of Agricultural Extension DAM Department of Agricultural Marketing DAMA Department of Agricultural Marketing and Agribusiness DAP Diammonium Phosphate DCI Direct Calorie Intake DDP Desirable Dietary Pattern DEI Dietary Energy Intake DES Dietary Energy Supply DFAT Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade DFID Department for International Development of the UK DGFP Directorate General of Family Planning DGHS Directorate General of Health Services DoF Department of Fisheries DoForestry Department of Forestry DLS Department of Livestock Services DMB Disaster Management Bureau DNI Direct Nutrition Intervention DPHE Department of Public Health Engineering DP Development Partner DPP Development Project Proposal DRF Development Result Framework DRR Directorate of Relief and Rehabilitation DSS Department of Social Services DU Dhaka University DWA Department of Women Affairs EBEK Ekti Bari Ekti Khamar ECRRP Emergency 2007 Cyclone Recovery and Restoration Project EGP Employment Generation Programme EGPP EEP

Employment Generation Programme for the Poorest Economic Empowerment of the Poorest

EKN Embassy of the Kingdom of Netherlands ERD Economic Relations Division EU European Union FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FBCCI Federation of Bangladesh Chambers of Commerce and Industry FCDB Food Composition Data Base FCT Food Composition Tables FFW FPMC

Food for Work Food Planning and Monitoring Committee

FPMU Food Planning and Monitoring Unit FPWG Food Policy Working Group

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FSNIS Food Security and Nutrition Information System FSNSP Food Security Nutritional Surveillance Programme FYP Five Year Plan GAFSP Global Agriculture and Food Security Programme GAM Global Acute Malnutrition GED GHP

General Economic Division Good Hygienic Practices

GDP Gross Domestic Product GIZ Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit GoB Government of Bangladesh GMP Good Manufacturing Practices GR Gratuitous Relief HACCP Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point HFSNA Household Food Security and Nutrition Assessment HDDS Household Dietary Diversity Score HIES Household Income and Expenditure Survey HILIP Haor Infrastructure and Livelihood Improvement Project HKI Helen Keller International HPNSDP Health, Population and Nutrition Sector Development Programme HSDP Health Sector Development Programme HYV IAPP

High Yielding Variety Integrated Agricultural Productivity Project

IEC Information, Education and Communication IDA Iron Deficiency Anemia ICDDR,B International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease and Research, Bangladesh ICN International Conference on Nutrition ICT Information and Communication Technology IDD Iodine Deficiency Disorders IEDCR Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research IFA Iron-Folic Acid IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development IPC Integrated Phase Classification IFPRI International Food Policy Research Institute IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPPC International Plant Protection Convention IPH Institute of Public Health IPHN Institute of Public Health and Nutrition IPM Integrated Pest Management IMCI Integrated Management of Childhood Illness IMED Implementation Monitoring and Evaluation Division INFS-DU Institute of Nutrition and Food Science – Dhaka University IYCF Infant and Young Child Feeding JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency LCG-AFSRD Local Consultative Group on Agriculture, Food Security and Rural Development LGD Local Government Division LGED Local Government Engineering Department LPL Lower Poverty Line MAPP Micro-enterprise and Agricultural Promotion Project MCHTA Ministry of Chittagong Hill Tracts Affairs MDGs Millennium Development Goals M&E Monitoring and Evaluation

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MFSFP Modern Food Storage Facilities Project MICS Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys MIS Management Information Systems MISM Management Information System and Monitoring MoA Ministry of Agriculture MoC Ministry of Commerce MoDMR Ministry of Disaster Management and Relief MoEF Ministry of Environment and Forests MoF Ministry of Finance MoFood Ministry of Food MoFL Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock MoHFW Ministry of Health and Family Welfare MoI Ministry of Industries MoLGRDC Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development and Cooperatives MoP Muriate of Potash MoWR Ministry of Water Resources MoSW Ministry of Social Welfare MoWCA Ministry of Women and Children Affairs MTBF Medium Term Budgetary Framework MUAC Mid Upper Arm Circumference NAEP NAP

National Agricultural Extension Policy National Agricultural Policy

NAPA National Adaptation Programme of Action NARS National Agricultural Research System NC National Committee NCD Non Communicable Diseases NFP National Food Policy NFPCSP National Food Policy Capacity Strengthening Programme NHDSBD Nutrition, Health and Demographic Survey of Bangladesh NMSS National Micronutrient Status Survey NPAN National Plan of Action for Nutrition NGOs Non Governmental Organizations NNS National Nutrition Services NSAPR National Strategy for Accelerated Poverty Reduction NSDS National Strategy for Development of Statistics NSPS National Social Protection Strategy NSS National Statistical System NVAC National Vitamin A Campaign NWG Nutrition Working Group OMS Open Market Sales OP Operational Plan ORS Oral Rehydration Solution PA PCR

Project Assistance Polymerase Chain Reaction

PMO Prime Minister’s Office PoA Plan of Action PRSP Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper RDA Rural Development Academy RDCD Rural Development and Cooperatives Division RDRS Rangpur Dinajpur Rural Service REACH Renewed Efforts Against Child Hunger

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REOPA Rural Employment Opportunities for Public Assets RGS Research Grants Scheme of the NFPCSP RNI Recommended Nutrient Intake SAAO Sub-Assistant Agriculture Officer SAARC South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation SAM Severe Acute Malnutrition SFYP Sixth Five Year Plan SMART Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant and Time-bound SME Small and Medium Enterprises SMILE Sustainable Market Infrastructure for Livelihoods Enhancement SPA Strategic Partnership Arrangement SPEMP Strengthening Public Expenditure Management Programme SPRING Strengthening Partnerships, Results and Innovations in Nutrition Globally SRDI Soil Resource Development Institute SSN Social Safety Net SUN Scaling Up Nutrition SWAPNO TPP

Strengthening Women’s Ability for Productive New Opportunities Technical Assistance Project Proposal

TR TSP

Test Relief Triple Super Phosphate

TTs Thematic Teams TVET Technical and Vocational Education and Training UESD UNDP

Utilization of Essential Service Delivery United Nations Development Programme

UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund UPL Upper Poverty Line USAID United States Agency for International Development USG Urea Super Granule VAC Vitamin A Capsule VGD Vulnerable Group Development VGF Vulnerable Group Feeding WFP World Food Programme

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Executive summary

The National Food Policy (NFP) provides strategic guidance for achieving food and nutrition security. The NFP Plan of Action (PoA) translates this into 26 Areas of Intervention (AoI) for the period 2008 to 2015. The Bangladesh Country Investment Plan: A Road Map towards Investment in Agriculture, Food Security and Nutrition (CIP) identifies 12 investment programmes to ensure implementation of the PoA. Implementation mechanisms and responsibilities across Government are specified in the NFP PoA Section I.4 and Part II, respectively.

Progress towards NFP goals The goal of the NFP is to ensure dependable food security for all people of the country at all times. Three indicators are used to monitor progress towards the goal: prevalence of undernourishment, child underweight and child stunting – and these are complemented by four indicators from the SFYP.

Bangladesh met the MDG target for undernourishment in the early 2000s. After flat-lining for much of the past decade, undernourishment has risen in the last three years reaching 16.3% in 2012/13. Undernourishment estimates are determined from inequality-adjusted aggregate food balance data, and the picture from direct calorie consumption using household food expenditure surveys shows that between 2000 and 2010 both severe (<1,805 calories) and moderate (<2,122 calories) calorie deficiency declined per year by -2.15% and -1.42%, respectively.

Underweight and stunting declined between 2007/08 and 2011/12. Estimates for 2012/13 show child underweight at 35.1% and child stunting at 38.7%. Overall, if the improvement recorded for stunting and underweight can be sustained it is likely that the targets for 2015 could be met. From 2000 to 2010, income poverty declined faster than calorie deficiency, child stunting and child underweight and this reverses trends from 1990 to 2000 when declines in all except moderate calorie deficiency exceeded or matched declines in income poverty.

Of the four Food Security indicators included in the Results Framework of the SFYP, agricultural GDP growth weakened for a second year reaching 2.17% in 2012/13 and spending on social protection as share of GDP continued to decline reaching 2.23% in 2012/13 – both are below targets. Poverty estimates do not exist since 2010, but the declining trend up to 2010 and recent per capita GDP growth suggests that the poverty headcount in 2012/13 could be expected to be around 27%, assuming no change in inequality. The rice-wage increased by 5.8%, which is 17% above its target for the year.

Progress towards NFP outcomes Availability: Agricultural GDP (excluding forestry) growth slowed by 0.5 percentage point to 2.17% in 2012/13, far below its target of 4.4%, mainly due to slowdown of rice production. Nevertheless, rice import dependency, measured as an average for the period 2010/11-2012/13, continued to decline reaching 2.3% - only 29,000 MT, or 0.1% of total supply, were imported in 2012/13. Instability of rice production continued to decline and reached its lowest, yet at 2.9% in 2012/13, mainly due to the stability in aman and boro production. In 2012/13 real prices of foodgrain were more stable after

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peaks in 2008 and 2011. The share of rice in food value added decreased to 41.05%, the lowest since 2007/08. Although the agricultural trade deficit rose to 6.9 billion USD in 2011, the deficit for animal and other foods grew more slowly than for other commodities.

Recommendations for further actions in this area include the need to:

Implement the NAP 2013; Implement the Master Plan for Agricultural Development in the Southern Region; Accelerate diversification in food production; Promote intensification of rice production to support diversification; Permit rice export only if commercially viable without subsidization; Update policies on agricultural natural resources.

Access: The daily rice wage increased by 5.8% in 2012/13, higher than the target of 5.1%. In agriculture, daily wages bought 10 kg of rice in 2012/13. Income poverty declined yearly by 1.7 percentage points between 2000 and 2010, higher than in the previous decade. Poverty is expected by the Planning Commission to be around 25% in 2015 based on trend growth and assuming constant inequality. The incidence of calorie intake less than 2,122 kcal/cap/day decreased from 44% in 2000 to 38% in 2010. There has been little improvement in income inequality. Inflation fell for non-food and rose for food between June 2012 and June 2013. Higher food inflation continued reaching 8.8% in February 2014 compared to 5.4% for non-food.


Strengthen the progressive realisation to the right to food; Protect migrants, including rural-to-urban migrants; Sustain employment generation for the ultra poor; Align labour policies to NSPS, with special attention to informal labour Improve income distribution and consumption pattern; Align public foodgrain stock and distribution with social protection strategy

Utilisation: The share of dietary energy supply and intake from cereals remains far above the recommended targets of 60%. Average caloric intake is below requirements and increased only slightly in 15 years. Protein requirements are generally met, but coming mainly from rice, its quality is low. Women’s chronic energy deficiency (BMI<18.5) reduced and was 20% in 2012/13, whilst overweight (BMI>23) increased to 35%. The proportion of children 6 to 23 months fed a minimum acceptable diet increased to 32% compared to 21% in 2011. Iodized salt consumption reduced from 82% in 2011 to 80% in 2013. Anaemia affected 33% of preschool children in 2011.


Orient food systems to promote better nutrition; Accelerate NNS activities including complementary feeding; Strengthen capacity of women in nutrition-sensitive agriculture; Accelerate dietary diversification; Implement prevention strategies for NCD; Ensure food safety and quality; Universalise access to hygiene and sanitation; Enhance fortification initiatives including bio-fortification.

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Output monitoring: CIP programmes and associated NFP PoA Areas of Intervention Research and extension: The development of new crops varieties accelerated for rice in the latter part of 2013, and particularly for potato, as well as for maize, pulses and tomato. There was little change in the numbers of farmers trained on sustainable agricultural practices. Area planted to rice on total cropped area fell for the first time below that of 2007/08, whilst productivity increased. Rice production fell for the first time since 2005/06, but rose for wheat, maize, potato, pulses and fruit – whilst vegetables exhibited mixed trend. Signs of crop diversification exist in 2012/13.


Strengthen management system of research institutes; Coordinate research by public and private partners; Focus technological development on efficiency, sustainability and resilience; Develop an information warehouse; Improve research infrastructure and strengthen human resources; Promote agricultural research for nutritional development; Expand Farmers Information and Advice Centres; Strengthen agricultural information services through ICT in extension services; Fill vacancies and increase efficiency of extension workers.

Water management and irrigation: The area cropped under irrigation continued to increase, reaching 47% in 2012/13, whilst the contribution of surface water declined marginally and the groundwater table deepened reaching 6.1 metre in 2013. The share of irrigation in boro production cost increased, partly due to rising fuel and electricity prices.


Reduce dependency on groundwater for irrigation; Reduce irrigation costs; Increase irrigation efficiency and productivity of water; Enhance availability and use of surface water; Create and update a data bank on water resources; Ensure arsenic-free groundwater for irrigation; Control flood and river erosion; Reduce salinity in the coastal area.

Inputs and soil fertility: Supply of improved seed as a percentage of agronomic requirements fluctuated since 2007/8, and in 2012/13, declined for cereals and potatoes; remained stable for vegetables; increased for pulses and edible oilseeds. Seed quality remains an issue. The public sector supplied most HYV seeds of wheat and pulses in 2012/13; whilst the private sector supplied most for maize, vegetable, potato and jute. In 2012/13, yields grew for rice by 1.7%, lower than the year before; declined for maize; increased slightly for pulses; decreased for beans; grew for mango; and fell for pineapples. Urea and TSP fertilizers supply as a percentage of agronomic requirements improved, but declined for MoP. Agricultural credit disbursement increased to 146.6 billion taka in 2012/13, in line with sector expansion. Unit subsidy was reduced on urea and increased on other fertilizers, with increased TSP, MoP, and DAP sales and decreased urea sales. The share of fertilizer subsidy in the national budget increased from 4.1% in 2007/08 to 5.3% in 2012/13.

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Strengthen quality seed production and distribution by public and private agents; Accelerate USG application; Enhance pest management by promoting IPM and quality of agrochemicals; Promote agricultural mechanization.

Fisheries and aquaculture: The share of fishery value added in agricultural GDP (excluding forest) increased for the second consecutive year, growing by 0.9 percentage points in 2012/13, and reaching over a fourth of total agricultural value added. This is another encouraging sign of diversification. Fish production grew at 4.5% in 2012/13, although slower than previous years. Shrimp production decreased from 2011/12 to 2012/13, but still remained above the production level recorded in 2009/10. Fingerling production has fallen in 2012/13, possibly partly due to limited capacity of private hatcheries to comply with higher standards stipulated in the Fish Hatchery Act 2010. The share of fisheries in total export halved from 4% in 2007/08 to 2% in 2012/13, with the share of shrimp rising to 84%. Improved fish variety and production technologies are being introduced by research institutes for enhanced productivity. Productivity of commercial pond-based aquaculture increased. Brackish water species hatchery was established. Small scale feed mills and fish feed companies were supported to increase feed supply and access. The Bangladesh Fish Act Estuarine Set Bag Net was implemented in 2013.


Formalize user rights to exploit underutilized water bodies; Promote improved post harvest technologies; Strengthen demonstration and dissemination of saline tolerant fish species; Promote fish feed production; Disseminate BFRI technologies and management practices; Expand aquaculture service centres; Promote sustainability of coastal fishery.

Livestock development: Provisional estimates of the livestock sector’s share in agricultural GDP point to a marginal increase (by 0.1 percentage points to 12.3%) contrary to the declining trend observed since the PoA baseline year. Milk, meat and egg production increased by 46%, 55% and 4.2% respectively in 2012/13. Growth in artificial insemination was 7.4% in 2012/13. Poultry death from highly pathogenic avian influenza decreased, helped partly by the establishment of 24 livestock quarantine stations. Programmes for animal vaccination, training and promotion of hybrid cattle were implemented to raise productivity.


Improve breed through crossbreeding and selection; Sustain progress in controlling avian influenza; Promote dairy processing technologies; Strengthen public private partnership for enhanced livestock vaccination and

services; Strengthen BLRI’s research on feed and fodder; Reinforce the production of hides, skin, horn and bone; Scale up the establishment of hygienic cattle shed and night shelter;

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Develop disaster coping mechanisms to reduce livestock mortality.

Access to markets and value addition: The mark-up of retail on farm gate prices reduced between 2011/12 and 2012/13, for all produce under consideration (i.e. coarse rice, lentils, onions, potatoes, as well as brinjals). The price mark-up for fertilizers remained stable for TSP and MoP, respectively at 10% and 15%, while for Urea it increased by 3%, from 11% in 2011/12. Wage differential between male and female in agriculture remained at 40%, on the same level of last year. The provisional real GDP growth rate of small scale manufacturing for 2012/13 slightly increased up to 6.8%, when compared to the final growth estimate for 2011/12, and exceeded the 6.0% overall GDP growth in 2012/13. The number of students enrolled in TVET institutions increased by 23% consistently with the trend in the last five years.


Give greater attention to quality in developing and maintaining infrastructures; Better integrate infrastructure development in safety net programmes; Reduce wage differential between men and women; Further improve storage and transportation facilities; Sustain support to agro-processing activities; Further enhance skill development; Promote farmers organizations; Generate employment for rural poor through micro-enterprise promotion.

Implementation and monitoring of NFP and CIP: The Government’s institutional arrangements have continued operating for implementing, coordinating and monitoring the NFP PoA and CIP, through TTs meetings. Even though TTs performed well, political instability prevented regular interaction among team members, particularly at the end of 2013. While the rate of projects’ implementation increased from 49% in 2011/12 to 75% in 2012/13, insufficient organizational and human capacities still remain a major constraint to effectively implement investment operation. Fifty-one projects (new or previously in pipeline) were newly implemented in 2012/13, valued at 978 million USD out of a total additional financing of 969 million USD (the balance of 9 million USD is accounted for by data revisions in the latest CIP). The number of newly introduced projects dropped by 41%, i.e. 21 fewer projects, compared with 72 new projects in 2011/12 valued at 1755 million USD, with the total budget decreased by 777 million USD, over the same period. Diminished contribution from DPs accounts for 69% of this reduction, while the remaining 31% derives from GoB. Looking at the trend in the three specific components, both GoB and DPs are reallocating budget from availability to access (GoB) and utilization (DPs).


Further reinforce food and nutrition security policy functions in FPMU; Further improve implementation capacity; Reinforce GoB’s capacity in investment formulation and engagement of farmers’

organisations through participatory approaches; Mainstream capacity development in donors assisted projects.

Public food management: Public foodgrain storage capacity augmented by 4%, up to 1.69 million tons, during the period 2011/12 - 2012/13. This is in line with the trend of

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increased capacity since 2007/08 food price crisis. The Government’s objective is to cope with both market price volatility and natural disasters, which is expected to occur more frequently, as a result of climate change. Average use of the Government foodgrain storage capacity decreased in 2012/13 by 7%, from 80% in 2011/12. The actual boro procurement reduced by 20% to 0.8 million MT, over the same period. The fluctuating trend registered since 2007/08 is the result of the flexible approach adopted for domestic procurement, import and public food distribution. The empirical evidence shows that the Government procures less in years with relatively higher prices than in those with lower prices. The quantity of rice distributed through OMS as percentage of total domestic supply has continued to reduce to 0.2% in 2012/13, following the 2011/12 trend, after a considerable scaling up (3%) during the price surge in 2010/11.


Strengthen capacities to manage PFDS through training and research; Improve the effectiveness of the public procurement system; Estimate private food grain stock to enhance PFDS planning; Expedite the computerization of public stock monitoring; Promote consistency of PFDS planning with upcoming NSPS.

Effective safety nets: Share of social safety net spending as a share of GDP continued shrinking between 2011/12 and 2012/13, from 1.9% to 1.7%, and is expected to remain at the same level in the 2013/14. Budgeted coverage of VGF further decreased in 2012/13 when compared to 2011/12, while that of VGD marginally increased over the same period. The quantity of food distributed under VGF and GR more than doubled over 2010/11 – 2012/13, increasing by around 45% only in the second half of the period. The budgeted coverage of EGPP remained stable at 4.2 million person months since 2010/11, which represents less than half of its coverage in the wake of food price crisis in 2008/09.


Finalize and implement the NSPS; Maximize consistency, coordination and synergies between initiatives supporting

social protection policies; Flexibly adopt cash or food transfers combined with BCC in SSN; Strengthen Agriculture Rehabilitation Programme; Further research and monitor SSN programmes, including comparative analyses

and impact assessments; Assess targeted programmes for small and marginal farmers as an alternative to

generalized fertilizer subsidies.

Community-based nutrition: Exclusive breast feeding in the first six months was nearly 60% in 2013 and exceeds the national target. Poor households in home gardening and backyard poultry increased from 42% in 2011/12 to 45% in 2012/13, a slow leveraging of farming for nutrition. Integrated Agriculture and Health Based Interventions are being implemented in southern districts, and the Ekti Bari, Ekti Khamar (One House, One Farm) is nationwide. Protein and fat supply from animal foods is lower than recommendations. Carbohydrate, protein and fat contribute 78%, 10% and 12% of the total energy, compared to a recommended ratio of 7:1:2. Folic acid, vitamin A, iron, and calcium intakes were below 60% of recommendations. Global acute malnutrition increased from 16% in 2011 to 18% in 2013, and severe acute malnutrition from 4% to 4.9%. Women

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having at least 4 antenatal care visits stagnated at around a quarter. A national micronutrient strategy is under formulation, led by IPHN, MoHFW. National legislation on food fortification is being established. The National Vitamin A Plus campaign, done twice a year, covers 97% of under-five children; and iron folate supplementation is provided to all family planning facilities.


Improve facility and community based support to caregivers; Scale-up nutrition sensitive agriculture; Mainstream nutrition beyond the health sector; Strengthen capacities to plan, implement, monitor and evaluate nutrition

interventions; Further strengthen ‘Ekti Bari Ekti Khamar’.

Data for improved nutrition: Behaviour change communication increased, and employed a mix of national dailies, television spots, audio-visual vans and direct outreach. Desirable dietary patterns were updated through NFPCSP research. The computerized food composition database and tables are publicly accessible, and have supported national and regional activities, including the global fish database. The Household Income and Expenditure Survey, Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey, Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey and the Food Security and Nutrition Surveillance are conducted regularly, and MoHFW’s Nutrition Information Systems and FPMU’s Food Security Nutrition Information System are consolidating data and widening access.

The Food and Nutritional Technical Assistance III Project and Helen Keller International conducted a national mapping of nutrition interventions in mid 2013 to assist in planning and management. A ‘Common Narrative on Nutrition’ has been developed by development partners as a shared vision on the nutrition situation and actions needed. A draft nutrition policy is under preparation under the leadership of MoHFW.


Harmonise existing food security and nutrition information systems; Promote use of FCT and dietary guidelines; Accelerate implementation of comprehensive nutrition interventions; Strengthen leadership and capacity for nutrition.

Food safety and quality: Standardization of food items has not progressed, remaining at 58 in 2011/12 and 2012/13. The prevalence of diarrhoea declined from 10% in 2007 to 5% in 2011, although a different source suggests it stayed relatively constant at 12%. Access to safe water supply, overall and in arsenic affected areas, hardly changed in 2012/13 at 98% and 88%, respectively. A recent study highlighted food safety challenges, with at least one or more heavy metals (cadmium, arsenic, lead, mercury, antimony, nickel, aluminium and lithium) detected in 5 out of 16 food groups (cereals, fish, meat, vegetables, and spices).


Sensitise stakeholders on implementing the Bangladesh Food Safety Act 2013; Accelerate the establishment of the BFSA; Formulate food safety rules;

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Establish standards and ensure compliance; Approve national food safety emergency plan; Strengthen food safety laboratories; Control diarrhoeal prevalence and improve safe water supply; Scale up healthy street food vending.

The CIP 2014: financial input monitoring Total investment under CIP 2014 is 12 billion USD, of which 7.9 billion USD is financed and 4.1 billion USD is a pipeline of projects to be financed, in which 2.9 billion USD is deemed priority. The distribution across availability, access and utilization of the financed budget is 49%, 47%, and 5%, respectively; and the distribution of the pipeline is 84%, 15% and 1%, respectively.

As of June 2013, GoB invested 1.72 dollars for every dollar invested by DPs – with the figure varying among the three components: 1.92 USD for availability, 1.83 USD for access and only 0.28 USD for utilization.

CIP budget increased by 2.1 billion USD in 2012/13, and by 3.9 billion USD since June 2010. The financed budget of 7.9 billion USD represents an increase of 969 million USD when compared to CIP 2013, and 4.5 billion USD against the baseline. The financial gap increased by 1.1 billion USD to 4.1 billion USD in 2012/13, and dropped by 654 million USD, when compared to the baseline. The prioritized financial gap increased by 797 million USD and reduced by 373 million USD, when compared to respectively CIP 2013 and baseline.

Looking at budget allocation after June 2015, it totals 3,850 million USD (32% of total CIP budget) subdivided as follows: 674 million USD (18%) for ongoing projects and 3,176 million USD (82%) for pipeline projects, with GoB shares respectively of 39% and 31%. Regarding financed budget beyond June 2015, by component, the situation as of June 2013 is as follows: availability 31%, access 61% and utilization 9% for ongoing projects. The picture is quite different looking at projects with financial gap over the same period: availability 78%, access 21% and utilization 0%.

DPs reported that their contribution through ADP increased by 9%, up to 2,853 million USD for CIP 2014, from the previous 2,630 million USD (Annex 3.6a) for CIP 2013, and by 38% when compared to the baseline. Out of the 8%, 6% is due to additional contributions while the remaining 2% is due to revisions made on CIP 2013. The shares of financial contributions are distributed as follows: 52% to availability; 40% to access; and 8% to utilization. These figures only slightly changed from CIP 2013, with a 3% reallocated from availability to access.

The budget beyond CIP period increased from 186.4 million USD in CIP 2013 to 491.7 million USD in CIP 2014, and represents 17% of the CIP 2014 budget. DPs contribution within CIP 2014 is distributed by component as follows: 52% availability, mainly through programme 3; 40% access, mainly through programme 6 and 9; and 8% utilization, mainly through programme 10.

The monitoring exercise In preparing the CIP 2014, a results-oriented monitoring approach was adopted, coherent with existing national planning processes, namely the national MDGs and the

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SFYP results framework. A four-level results chain was defined whereby NFP goals are articulated into outcomes/impacts that are expected to result from outputs, which are in turn generated from inputs. Monitoring indicators have been chosen at each level, within the data available, against SMART criteria: Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant and Time-bound. These provide targets, baselines and proxy indicators for performance.

Institutional framework for monitoring Bangladesh’s institutional structure on food security and nutrition provides coordination at different levels, including for monitoring. The FPMC provides strategic orientation and establishes a high-level commitment to inter-sectoral collaboration. The NC is tasked with overseeing CIP implementation and monitoring processes. The FPWG is the mechanism for coordinating collaboration at the technical and operational level through the four TTs that execute the monitoring process. In addition to this, GoB agencies and DPs involved in programmes pertaining to the CIP provide data for CIP financial monitoring.

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1. Introduction

The policy framework The National Food Policy (NFP) approved by the Cabinet in August 2006, provides strategic guidance to address the key challenges facing Bangladesh in achieving food and nutrition security, as embedded in its three core objectives:

- NFP Objective 1: Adequate and stable supply of safe and nutritious food; - NFP Objective 2: Increased purchasing power and access to food of the people; - NFP Objective 3: Adequate nutrition for all individuals, especially women and children.

The overall goal of the NFP is to ensure dependable food security for all people at all times.

The NFP Plan of Action (PoA) translates the provisions of the NFP into 26 strategic Areas of Intervention (AoI) to be implemented over the period 2008-2015. The PoA identifies responsible actors (governmental and non-governmental) and suggests policy targets and indicators for monitoring progress. The document also provides guidelines regarding inter-ministerial coordination, and sectoral planning and budgeting, with a view to promoting implementation effectiveness. It also outlines a strategy for monitoring progress.

The Bangladesh Country Investment Plan: A Road Map toward Investment in Agriculture, Food Security and Nutrition (CIP) is a five-year comprehensive investment plan from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2015 to ensure implementation of the PoA, and is organised into 12 programmes with 40 subprogrammes. It is a country-led planning, fund mobilization and alignment tool. It supports increased, effective public investment to increase and diversify food availability in a sustainable manner and improve access to food and nutrition security. The CIP only covers public investments under the Annual Development Plan of the Government of Bangladesh (GoB) but it is designed in such a way to leverage investment by private sector food security actors and smallholders in particular.

The CIP was developed in 2010 and discussed in the Bangladesh Food Security Investment Forum held in Dhaka on 26th and 27th May 2010 with the inauguration of the event by H.E. the Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina. It was further developed through a wider consultation process involving main stakeholders in Government, civil society and development partners that resulted in the publication of a revised version in June 2011.

The CIP has been conceived as a living document. Indeed, while the structure of main programmes and subprogrammes remains unchanged, the number of projects and related financial resources are in continuous evolution. The monitoring exercise contributes to animate and take stock of this evolution, keeping the CIP budget updated, based on progress against its results’ framework and needs emerging from a changing context.

The CIP is anchored in the policy, programmatic and financial framework of Bangladesh: (i) it is the investment arm of the National Food Policy (NFP, 2006) and its Plan of Action (NFP PoA, 2008-2015); (ii) it is embedded in the Sixth Five Year Plan (SFYP 2011-2015); (iii) it is a strong advocacy and financial tool for increased resource allocation from the budget (through the Government process) and development partners (DPs). The CIP benefited from the commitment at the national level to food security and nutrition expressed in the Scaling up Nutrition (SUN) Movement. The CIP provides a coherent set of 12 priority investment programmes to improve food and nutrition security in an integrated way.

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Introducing the monitoring exercise Effective monitoring enables policymakers to assess progress towards the achievements of NFP goals, objectives and sectoral targets, and as a result, to take corrective action if required. The GoB publishes annually a Monitoring Report to track the implementation of the NFP PoA and the CIP. To date, three monitoring reports have been published, in 2010, 2012 and 2013, and the series is an established feature on the policy landscape, enjoying wide interest across GoB, DPs and other stakeholders. This report is the 2014 issue to monitor implementation from 1 July 2012 to 30 June 2013 and since the baseline years of the CIP (2009/10) and PoA (2008/09).

The publication annually pulls together, analyses and produces a rich set of information across major stakeholders of the NFP. With each annual issue, the publication is accumulating knowledge that in 2015, the final year for both the NFP PoA and the CIP, will provide an objective basis for reflection and new policy formulation.

The monitoring framework of the CIP is built upon the NFP PoA monitoring framework. Joint monitoring of two documents required careful harmonisation to ensure adequate coverage and consistency. The approach designed and successfully implemented for the Monitoring Report 2012 has been successively refined. A Roadmap for Producing the 2014 CIP and NFP PoA Monitoring Report1 was elaborated over the summer of 2013 by the NFPCSP Technical Assistance Team, in consultation with the Thematic Teams (TTs) and the FPMU. The document was discussed with the TTs and FPMU staff during a training workshop on ‘Monitoring Food Security Framework in Bangladesh’ held in October 2013. Based on assessment of previous monitoring rounds, the workshop refined the approach, indicators and monitoring responsibilities, and enabled participants to be effectively involved in the monitoring as a learning process to independently and sustainably carry out the monitoring.

Description of this report This report presents data and analysis on the selected indicators of goals, outcomes and outputs for 2012/13 (the monitored year) and previous years, including 2007/08 (the PoA baseline) and 2009/10 (the CIP baseline). For inputs, the report presents data and analysis on financial commitments for the period 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2015, updated as of 30 June 2013.

Chapter 2 describes the approach taken to monitoring jointly the NFP PoA and CIP. Chapter 3 assesses progress towards NFP Goals and NFP Objectives related to food availability, food access and food utilization. Chapter 4, 5 and 6 monitor, respectively, the five CIP programmes that contribute to food availability, the four CIP programmes that contribute to food access and the three CIP programmes that contribute to food utilisation and improved nutrition. Each chapter assesses progress towards achievement identified in the CIP and PoA result frameworks, reviews policy developments/programmes underway and identifies needs for further action. Chapter 7 monitors financing of food and nutrition security by the GoB and DPs under the CIP. The report ends in Chapter 8 with an overall assessment of progress and recommendations based on the analysis carried out. Annexes present the monitoring indicators, the composition of TTs and the full CIP database updated for 2014.

1 http://www.nfpcsp.org/agridrupal/content/roadmap-producing-cip-and-nfp-poa-monitoring-report-2014

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2 Approach to monitoring

A results-oriented monitoring approach - coherent with the national planning process - has been adopted on the basis of a four-level results chain. The NFP goal constitutes the highest level, articulated into outcomes (second level) that are expected to result from outputs (third level), which are in turn generated from inputs (fourth level). This is shown in Figure 1 and described below:

1. The overall goal is defined in the NFP, the highest monitoring level to which the PoA and CIP contribute. Goal indicators are consistent with targets in the MDGs and SFYP results framework. Goals are broad and therefore their achievement cannot be only attributed to the PoA or the CIP, but their effective execution is expected to give a positive contribution to their achievement.

2. Outcomes correspond to the three objectives of the NFP related to food availability, food access and food utilisation. The complexity of the determinants of outcome indicators means they are not easily influenced by any single implementing agency. The CIP and the PoA share the same expected outcomes, and so a common set of indicators is used to monitor them.

3. Outputs are medium-term development results. The CIP has outputs linked to its 12 programmes, with 40 sub-outputs under these. For the PoA, its 26 AoI define the output level. Output indicators can be influenced to a large extent by implementing agencies.

4. Inputs into the CIP are the financing and financial execution of projects by the Government and development partners. Inputs into the PoA are multidimensional, flagging over 300 action lines for programmes, policy decisions and implementing actors. Both types of inputs are monitored in this report.

At each monitoring level indicators were chosen, to the extent possible given data availability, against SMART criteria. These provide targets, baselines and proxy indicators for

Figure 1: CIP and PoA monitoring levels

CIP results chain

GoB Donor financial

commitments to completed (88), ongoing

(292) and pipeline (110)

projects

Sub outputs aggregate outputs

40 priority investment

areas

12 CIP programs

3 CIP components

300 actions/ strategic

actions lines

26 POA areas of interventions

3 NFP objectives

NFP Global objectiveTo ensure

sustained food security for all people of the

country

Inputs / action levels Outputs Impacts/ Outcomes

NFP PoA results chain

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performance. Minor adjustments have been made to the indicators used in earlier monitoring reports, as specified in the text below and Table 1.

Goal monitoring NFP PoA and the CIP share the same goal: “to ensure dependable food security for all people of the country at all times”. The indicators to monitor progress were specified in the CIP as a refinement and simplification of the one included in the CIP PoA. Moreover, in monitoring progress toward the goal, evidence is given to relevant indicators included in the results framework of the SFYP. One notable change done in MR 2013 that is maintained in MR 2014 is to set the target for the monitored-year for the ‘Change in national wages expressed in kg of coarse rice (3-year moving average)’ using the 3-year average of real per capita GDP growth plus 0.5, rather than the practice in previous MRs of using the single year real per capita GDP growth.

Outcome monitoring The outcome level is common to both the PoA and the CIP, and so progress at this level is evaluated through a common set of indicators. Efforts were made in the MR 2012 to streamline the indicators used for monitoring the NFP PoA, and this substantially reduced the total number of indicators. Of note, the indicator ‘Prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia among adolescent girls’, a food utilisation indicator reported in MR 2012, has been dropped from outcome tables since MR 2013 because it was impossible to maintain a consistent and comparable time series - although the indicator is still discussed in the text.

In order to gauge performance at the action level, highlights are given of recent/planned programmes or policy developments considered most representative of progress towards the achievement of the policy targets. Recommendations to accelerate progress are drawn based on the analysis.

Output monitoring As the CIP is a prioritized coverage of the AoIs in the NFP PoA, the joint monitoring of the two documents used a focused set of indicators, and complemented them with discussions in the text to ensure full monitoring of the broader remit of the PoA. The list of indicators proposed for monitoring at the output level of the CIP and NFP PoA is the result of:

1. An effort to streamline the output level indicators selected for the NFP PoA monitoring exercise in 2010;

2. An effort to reflect the thinking and consensus reached during the extensive consultations with the many stakeholders of the CIP;

3. A methodical examination of all the AoIs of the NFP PoA to ensure that the proposed indicators cover all of them.

SMART output indicators were defined for all CIP programmes that were consistent with the output indicators used in the NFP PoA Monitoring Report 2010. The CIP programmes were matched to the NFP PoA AoIs (except for CIP Programme 7 which has no PoA counterpart), and this led to the inclusion of a few more indicators for the few NFP PoA AoIs judged to be inadequately monitored by the CIP indicators. Annex 1 presents the result of this exercise, showing the CIP programmes matched to AoIs of the NFP PoA with the indicators used for joint monitoring listed in the column ‘CIP/NFP PoA output proxy indicators’. Based on

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experience in MR 2013, two further changes were made to the output indicators, and used in this report (see Table 1).

Table 1: Changes to output indicators in MR 2014 compared to MR 2013 CIP Programme PoA AoI MR 2013 MR 2014 Reason

1 1.1 HYV rice area as % total rice area (excluding boro hybrid)

HYV rice area as % total rice area (including boro hybrid)

Boro hybrid is now more significant than before

4 1.4

New indicators: Number of new fish varieties

developed (Source: BFRI) Fish export as % of total

export (Source: DoF) Annual change of fingerling

production (Source: DoF)

Existing two indicators gave inadequate coverage of the programme

CIP input monitoring The input level monitoring focuses on the financing and financial execution of the CIP. This involves:

- Updating the inventory of completed and ongoing projects relevant to the CIP - including projects started before 1 July 2010 and completed after that date, and projects started before 30 June 2015 and to be completed after that date – the two dates being the start and end dates of the CIP, respectively;

- Updating the GoB’s needs for funding of projects that are included in the pipeline; - Updating the DPs current commitments, both within and outside the CIP (i.e.

projects included or not included in the Annual Development Programme (ADP) of the Government).

The CIP is financed as part of the Government’s ADP. It is presented in this report at project, subprogramme and programme levels. The PoA includes a broader set of actions (for example subsidies and safety nets) which are not covered in the CIP. Inputs for the implementation of the PoA are provided as part of the annual budget of the Government, including both development and revenue expenditure, of relevant Ministries. For this reason this report also presents - under section 7.1 - a review of recent trends in food security and nutrition spending in the National Budget.

The baseline CIP and its annual revisions are published in Annex 3.1 of this report. The monitoring exercise takes stock of the progress in implementation, and updates the CIP to ensure that it evolves as a ‘living document’.2

Lessons from Monitoring Report 2010, 2012 and 2013 Lessons from the previous three monitoring reports in 2010, 2012 and 2013 inform the approach in this monitoring report. All reports adopted a similar results-based monitoring approach, as described above. The main difference between the 2010 and 2012 monitoring reports was that the MR 2010 monitored only the NFP PoA because the CIP had not been developed at that stage, while the MR 2012 was the first joint-monitoring of the NFP PoA and the CIP. The MR 2013 and MR 2014 also jointly monitor the NFP PoA and CIP.

2 GoB (June 2011) Bangladesh Country Investment Plan – A Road Map towards Investment in Agriculture, Food Security and Nutrition p. 1.

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Some lessons from previous experiences applied to this report include:

- Shortened duration of the MR production process to permit better use of its findings in the budgetary and planning process for 2014/15;

- Better defined roles, responsibilities and participation of TTs’ members from partner ministries and divisions – teamwork has proven instrumental to quality and transfer of capacities;

- Incorporation of feedback from a wider range of stakeholders, including a stakeholder consultation; and

- Rebalanced contents to make more systematic use of the financial database, thus linking the CIP investments more closely to PoA programmes, and thereby tying the assessment of inputs into the PoA to the assessment of results from the PoA.

The institutional setting for monitoring Bangladesh has a composite institutional structure for coordinating, implementing and monitoring the NFP and the CIP (Figure 2). This includes at its top the Cabinet level Food Planning and Monitoring Committee (FPMC),3 chaired by the Food Minister and with membership of various Ministers and Secretaries. This Committee provides strategic orientation on food security issues and establishes a high-level commitment to inter-sectoral collaboration. The National Committee (NC)4 also chaired by the Food Minister is composed of the Secretaries of the various concerned divisions, Heads of Universities/Research Institutions, DPs, private sector and other Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs). Among other tasks, the NC oversees CIP implementation and monitoring processes. The Food Policy Working Group (FPWG)5 is the mechanism for coordinating collaboration at the technical and operational level through the four Thematic Teams (TTs)6 that carry out the monitoring process of the NFP PoA and the CIP consistently with monitoring of progress towards MDG-1.

3 The FPMC is recently reconstituted and chaired by the Minister of Food and includes the following: Ministers of the Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Commerce, Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development and Cooperatives, Ministry of Disaster Management and Relief; Secretaries of Cabinet Division, Internal Resources Division, Finance Division, Statistics and Informatics Division, Food, Women and Children Affairs, Disaster Management and Relief, Health and Family Welfare, Agriculture, and Fisheries and Livestock. Director General FPMU will act as the Member-Secretary of the Committee and FPMU will provide secretarial support to the committee. 4 The NC is chaired by the Minister of Food and includes the following: Secretaries from the Ministry of Finance (Finance and Economic Relations divisions), MoHFW, MoA, MoFL, MoWR, MoDMR, MoFood and IMED; members from the Planning Commission (General Economics Division and Agriculture, Water Resources and Rural Institutions Division); and the Vice Chancellor of BAU, Executive Chairman of BARC, President of FBCCI, Mission Director of USAID, Representative of FAO, Director General of BIDS, Country Director of World Bank and Chief of Party of IFPRI. 5 The FPWG is chaired by the Secretary Ministry of Food and includes representatives from the Planning Commission (General Economics Division, Socio-economic Infrastructure Division and Agriculture, Water Resources and Rural Institutions Division), Ministry of Finance (Finance Division and Economic Relations Division), IMED, and FPMU-MoFood. 6 Annex 2 provides the structure and list of Ministries/agencies participating in the TTs.

Figure 2: Institutional framework

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The FPMU provides support to these institutions acting as the secretariat of the various Committees and providing technical and operational support to the FPWG and TTs. In addition to this, GoB agencies involved in running programmes pertaining to the CIP (over 30) and the DPs collaborating under the Local Consultative Group for Agriculture, Food Security and Rural Development provide inputs towards the financial monitoring section.

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3. Progress towards NFP goals and outcomes

3.1. NFP goals

The overarching goal of the NFP is “to ensure dependable food security for all people of the country at all times”. The goal applies at the individual-level and not just at the national or household-level. Its achievement requires a focus on the most vulnerable - such as mothers, young children and other vulnerable groups - to ensure adequate amounts of safe and nutritious food is available and consumed by all people at all times, coupled with adequate health, sanitation, education and care.

Table 2: NFP goals and SFYP indicators relating to food security

R: revised

Progress towards the NFP goal is measured by three nutrition indicators: undernourishment, child underweight and child stunting, consistently with other national development targets, notably the MDGs. Undernourishment refers to caloric intakes below minimum dietary energy requirements for the entire population. It does not consider dietary quality and intakes of micronutrients and protein essential to prevent undernutrition, which is measured – for children aged 0-59 months - by the other two

7 Prevalence estimates for underweight in the table are based on the 2006 WHO reference standards. 8 The MDG-1 underweight target is based on the 2006 WHO standard. Before this was established, the NCHS standard was used in 1990 to set a MDG underweight target at 33%. The NCHS standard results in higher levels of underweight and lower levels of stunting than the WHO standard. 9 Prevalence estimates for stunting in the table are based on the 2006WHO reference standards. 10 Revised 2016 HPNSDP target. 11 The agricultural GDP includes crop, horticulture, fishery and animal products, but excludes forestry. 12 The definition of social protection used here includes cash and non-cash transfers, microcredit and programmes for social empowerment – and it corresponds to the broadest definition used by the Ministry of Finance, called “Social Protection & Empowerment” in budgetary reports, and corresponds to the definition used in the SFYP, pp.162-163.

2007/08

PoA baseline

2009/10 CIP/SFYP baseline

2011/12 2012/13 Target 2013 Target 2015 Source

NFP & CIP Goal Undernourishment (3-year average) 15.4% 15.5% 15.7% (R) 16.3% na 17%

(MDG -1) FAO SOFI

Underweight (0 to 59 months)7

41.0% BDHS

na 36.4% BDHS

35.1% UESD na 33%8

(MDG -1) BDHS and

UESD

Stunting (0 to 59 months)9

43.2% BDHS na 41.3%

BDHS 38.7%

UESD na 38%10 BDHS and UESD

Sixth Five Year Plan

Rate of growth of agricultural GDP in constant prices 2005-0611

3.00% 5.24% 2.69% 2.17% 4.4% 4.3% BBS Yearbook of Agricultural

Statistics

Government spending on social protection as % of GDP12

na 2.42% 2.40% 2.23% 2.18% 3.0% Finance Division, MoF

Poverty headcount index (CBN upper poverty line)

40.1% (2005)

31.5% (2010) na na na 29%

(MDG-1) BBS, HIES

Report

Change in national wages expressed in kg of coarse rice (3-year moving average)

-8.11% 5.71% 4.27% 5.84% 5.07%

≥ real GDP growth per

capita + 0.5

BBS Statistical Yearbook

(wages) and DAM (prices)

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indicators: underweight and stunting. These anthropometric indicators are useful proxy for nutritional wellbeing in the entire population. Indeed, dietary diversity, micronutrient deficiency, poor sanitation and unsafe water for domestic use and drinking purposes all undermine nutritional status. However, except for extreme cases, it is hard to quickly detect these impacts in the adult population due to its resiliency, whereas they are sharply reflected in children’s nutritional status.

Bangladesh met the MDG target for undernourishment in the early 2000s. Undernourishment declined a little more thereafter, and then flat-lined for much of the past decade until it started to rise in the last three years, reaching 16.3% in 2012/13. The numbers of undernourished population increased from 23.7 million in 2011/12 to 24.8 million in 2012/13.

The undernourishment indicator discussed here is calculated by FAO13 from overall energy supply in the food balance sheets, adjusted for income/expenditure distribution from household surveys and set against energy requirements. The Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) conducted by the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS) includes information on household food consumption used to calculate poverty based on direct caloric intakes at two thresholds: 1,805 Kcal/person/day (hardcore poverty), and 2,122 Kcal/person/day (absolute poverty).

Figure 3 shows that, contrary to the rising post-2005 trend of the FAO undernourishment estimates, the HIES based DCI estimates continued to decline, particularly at the lower threshold.

Overall, while the FAO estimates indicate that undernourishment deteriorated after the MDG goal was reached in early 2000s, the DCI measurements indicate that progress is still taking place, although the pace is such that the MDG target can be reached at the lower threshold but not the higher threshold.

Child underweight and stunting declined since the PoA baseline in 2007/08. The momentum behind this trend is expected to have continued. Indeed, estimates for 2012/13 using the Utilization of Essential Service Delivery (UESD)14 Survey, although possibly not directly comparable to the earlier BDHS estimates, show child underweight at 35.1% and child stunting at 38.7%. Furthermore, the Food Security Nutritional Surveillance Programme (FSNSP) reports a decline in child stunting since 2010, but a rise in child wasting.15 Overall, if

13 The energy threshold in FAO’s undernourishment estimates range between 1750 and 1800 calories per person –being recalculated annually taking into account changes in the composition of population. These thresholds are lower than the lower one in the direct measure – obviously the higher the threshold, the higher the estimate of hunger. 14 UESD 2013 used a sampling scheme similar to that of BDHS and had nationally representative samples and served as an interim proxy 15 Stunting declined from 45% in 2010 to 37% in 2012; wasting increased from 8% to 11% in the same period (FSNSP).

Figure 3: Bangladesh’s undernourishment estimates using alternative methods

Source: FAO SOFI for undernourishment; World Bank 2013 for DCI

-2.7%

-1.0%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Perc

ent o

f the

pop

ulat

ion

DCI hard core poverty (<1805)Prevalence of undernourishment (FAO 2013)DCI absolute poverty (<2122)

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the improvement recorded for stunting and underweight can be sustained it is likely that the target for 2015 could be met.

Table 3: Poverty, calorie deficiency, underweight and stunting (compound annual change) Indicator 1990-2000 2000-2010 1990-2010

CBN moderate poverty* -1.83% -4.30% -3.21%

CBN extreme poverty* -2.21% -6.45% -4.59%

Moderate calorie deficiency (DCI <2122)** -0.67% -1.42% -1.03%

Severe calorie deficiency (DCI <1805)** -3.14% -2.15% -2.67%

Stunting*** -2.19% -1.86% -2.02%

Underweight*** -3.67% -1.36% -2.47%

* Starting year is 1992; ** Starting year is 1989; *** End year is 2011 Source: HIES various issues, BDHS various issues

Table 3 shows that between 2000 and 2010 annual declines in both moderate poverty (-4.30%) and particularly extreme poverty (-6.45%) exceeded declines in moderate calorie deficiency (-1.42%), severe calorie deficiency (-2.15%), child stunting (-1.86%) and child underweight (-1.36%). This reverses trends from 1990 to 2000 when declines in all except moderate calorie deficiency exceeded or matched declines in poverty, including extreme poverty. While poverty is both cause and effect, increases in income are not sufficient to reduce malnutrition. The translation of household income to adult and child nutrition is influenced by a range of factors, such as labour demands, healthcare, hygiene and sanitation, dietary diversification, breastfeeding and complementary feeding particularly in the first 1,000 days of life, parental care and maternal wellbeing and literacy.

This report considers, as part of NFP monitoring, four indicators included in the Results Framework of the SFYP (see Table 2). Agricultural GDP growth weakened from 2.69% in 2011/12 to 2.17% in 2012/13, and was below target for a second consecutive year. Of particular note is the continued decline in spending on social protection as a share of GDP: down to 2.23% in 2012/13, below the 2015 target of 3%. Poverty declined since the PoA baseline – from 40% in 2005 to 32% in 2010. Estimates do not exist for the most recent year, but given recent per capita GDP growth and assuming no change in inequality, the poverty headcount in 2012/13 could be expected to be around 27%, on target for the MDGs.16 The rice-wage has increased by 5.8%, which is 17% above its target for the year, confirming the rapid growth in food purchasing power observed since the aftermath of the food price crisis.

In sum, the assessment of progress towards NFP goals in 2012/13, appears to be mixed. FAO measure of undernourishment worsened slightly in recent years, but when using more direct measures based on household food expenditures (i.e. HIES), it declined at least up to 2010 (date of last survey) consistently with the positive trends in poverty reduction and food purchasing power. This is especially the case for the hungriest, as severe calorie inadequacy reduced faster. Recent estimates of child malnutrition indicate that past declines may have improved. Comparison of trends in calorie deficiency, child stunting and child underweight shows a loosening between 2000-2010 of their links to poverty reduction, as compared to 1990-2000, suggesting greater need for nutrition specific and sensitive interventions and not only overall household income growth. Whilst income gains have

16 World Bank (2013). Bangladesh Poverty Assessment: Assessing a Decade of Progress in Reducing Poverty 2000-2010. World Bank, Washington DC.

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probably led to poverty reduction and have boosted the rice-wage, agricultural growth and social protection spending have declined in the monitored year.

3.2. NFP Objective 1 outcomes

Objective 1 of the NFP is to ensure adequate and stable supply of safe and nutritious food, and is monitored through the indicators in Table 4. Changes in aggregate food supply -in both quantity and value- are measured by agricultural GDP growth. The indicators for stability of availability and import dependency refer to rice as it is the staple food. A lower share of rice in food value added is taken to indicate increased production diversification. Safety and quality of food are reviewed under Objective 3 and Programme 12.

3.2.1. Assessment

Table 4: NFP Objective 1: selected performance indicators CIP/NFP PoA output proxy indicators 2007/08 2009/10 2011/12 2012/13 Target Source

Rate of growth of agricultural GDP in constant prices 2005-06 3.00% 5.24% 2.69% 2.17% 4.40% Yearbook of Agricultural

Statistics, BBS Rice import dependency (3-year moving average)17 4.20% 3.31% 2.37% 2.29% 0% FPMU/MIS, BBS

Instability of rice production18 4.09% 4.07% 3.04% 2.92% 0% Yearbook of Agricultural Statistics, BBS

Share of rice value added in total food value added in current price

41.52% 42.17% 41.86% (R) 41.05% (P) Decreasing over time

Yearbook of Agricultural Statistics, BBS and

communications with BBS P: provisional; R: revised

Growth of agricultural GDP decelerated with rice leaving space to other food production Growth of agricultural GDP19 slowed down by 0.5 percentage point from 2.7% in 2011/12 to 2.2% in 2012/13. This is far below target (4.4% in 2012/13), for a second consecutive year. The composition of agricultural GDP growth shifted, suggesting diversification out of crops, and out of rice. In 2012/13, growth accelerated in fisheries (6.2%) and livestock (2.7%) and slowed for crops (0.6%). Moreover, the crop slowdown was due to a contraction of 0.3% of rice value added, rather than other crops, suggesting cropping diversification too. The challenge is to sustain diversification and simultaneously raise the sector growth rate to its target level. To this effect, diversification crucially depends on sustained intensification of rice production.

17 Measured by the ratio between (imports) and (net production + imports – exports). 18 Measured by the coefficient of variation of the difference between annual production and its 10-year rolling linear trend. 19 Excluding forestry and including fisheries.

Figure 4: Imports and import dependency of rice

Source: DG Food

13

Rice import dependency declined sharply In line with shifting national policy from self-reliance20 to self-sufficiency in rice production,21 rice import dependency - measured as a 3-year moving average - declined steadily from 4.20% in 2007/08 to 2.29% in 2012/13. The 3-year moving average is particularly affected by the insignificant import of rice recorded in 2012/13: only 28.9 thousand MT (90% by private sector), accounting only for 0.1% of total availability (net production plus import), compared to 1.66% in 2011/12 (Figure 4).

As the country achieves rice self-sufficiency, there is increasing debate over producing for export. Bangladesh’s comparative advantage for rice export is in higher quality varieties produced in certain agro-ecological areas; otherwise its comparative advantage is in production for import substitution.22 Apart from having comparative advantage, rice export requires the establishment of reliable trade channels and reorientation of production towards exportable varieties, and these need to be assessed against the objectives of accelerating diversification and preserving scarce natural resources, such as water.

Instability of rice production continued to decrease The instability of rice production23 continued to decline and reached its lowest level at 2.92% in 2012/13. Rice production declined by 0.17% in 2012/13 compared to a rise of 1.04% in the previous year (Figure 5). Aus production declined sharply by 8% but this was largely compensated by increases in aman and boro production. Rice production stabilised after 200024 with stability in boro production compensating for instability in aman production.25

Share of rice value added declined below its 2007/08 level The share of rice value added in total food value added (in current price) decreased by 0.81 percentage points in 2012/13 over 2011/12 and reached 41.05% - the lowest

20 Self-reliance implies ensuring that national requirements are met by importing food from the world market when international prices are lower than domestic prices. 21 Government of Bangladesh (2012). Budget Speech 2012-13. Ministry of Finance 22 Kazal, M. M. H. et al. (2013). Financial and economic profitability of selected agricultural crops in Bangladesh, Final report of the study commissioned by NFPCSP. 23 Measured by the coefficient of variation of the difference between production and its rolling linear trend over a ten year period. 24 Instability (standard deviation of the log change from year to year) decreased from 2.51% during 1990/91-1999/2000 to 1.65% during 2000/01-2012/13. 25 Between 2000/01 and 2012/13, annual changes in aman and boro paddy production were significantly and more negatively correlated (-0.52) than during the 1990s when the correlation was lower (-0.29) and statistically insignificant.

Figure 6: Food value added, rice and others

Source: BBS

Figure 5: Rice production and its year-on-year changes

Source: BBS

14

Table 5: Price volatility of rice and wheat Aug ‘75

to Dec ‘06

Aug ‘75 to

Dec ‘09

Aug ‘75 to

Dec ‘11

Aug ‘75 to

Dec ‘13

Rice 19.73% 19.82% 19.62% 19.30%

Wheat 24.87% 24.65% 24.41% 24.01%

Source: Calculation using DAM data

level since 2007/08, when rice production rebounded in response to the international food price hike - confirming the downward trend observed since 2011/12 (Figure 6). This is an encouraging sign of a possible, new positive trend in diversification.

Foodgrain price volatility reducing since the food price crisis Figure 7 shows that since the crisis of 2007-08, foodgrain prices, in real terms, registered significant oscillations along a three years' cycle with peaks in 2008 and 2011 and troughs in 2009 and 2012, but are gradually stabilizing as in a converging “Cobweb”.26 Rice and wheat prices volatility has gradually declined following the food price crisis (Table 5).

This positive evolution does not allow for complacency. Indeed, global climate change is likely to lead to extreme climatic conditions affecting negatively food production in different parts of the world, the impacts of which will need to be managed at national level. Besides scaling up public stocking capacity, modernising storage technologies can extend shelf life of stored grain allowing better responses not only to seasonal but also to cyclical variations and shocks.

Agricultural trade deficit continued increasing The agricultural trade deficit rose by 37.0% from 5,034 million USD in 2010 to -6,899 million USD in 2011. However, the deficit for food and animal products grew slower (23.7%) than the one observed for all merchandise (36.5%).

Among food and animal products, trade balances deteriorated markedly for sugar, cereals and meat - 89%, 49% and 40%, respectively while to a lesser extent for dairy products and eggs (12%). On the contrary, fruits and vegetables’ trade deficit contracted by 27%, from 2010 to 2011 (Figure 8). The significant growth of cereal imports in 2011 was mainly driven by the surge of public rice imports (rice deficit increased by 135% compared to 33% for wheat) to minimize domestic procurement, while stabilising consumer prices (see Figure 4).

26 The Cobweb model describes the cyclical behaviour of prices and quantities arising from shock in a year where producers plan current year’s production based on last year’s price (Tomek, W.G. and K. L. Robinson (2003). Agricultural product Prices, Cornell University Press).

Figure 7: Real prices of rice and wheat

Source: DAM

15

Table 6 shows that compared to their annual averages between 2000 and 2010, trade deficits accelerated for all aggregates: faster for sugar (246%), cereals (191%), and dairy products and eggs (142%), while slower but at sustained pace for meat (44%), and fruits and vegetables (93%). Given the comparative advantages of Bangladesh’s agriculture, not much can be done to reduce the deficit for products such as sugar, but production diversification can contain the deficits for fruits and vegetables, dairy products and poultry.

Table 6: Trade deficit total mechandise and main foods Item Annual average trade deficit

during 2000-2010 (million USD) Trade deficit in 2011

(million USD) Deficit in 2011 relative to

the 2000-2010 average (%) Total merchandise -4,574.5 -11,774.7 157% Total agricultural products -2,584.5 -6,899.0 167% Total food and animals -1,563.2 -4,164.7 166% Cereals -654.3 -1,906.3 191% Sugar -281.9 -976.1 246% Fruits and vegetables -327.4 -632.1 93% Meat -0.9 -1.3 44% Dairy products and eggs -109.5 -265.2 142% Rice -142.1 -636.4 348% Wheat -409.6 -1,082.4 164%

Source: FAOSTAT

3.2.2. Issues and policy challenges

The National Agriculture Policy 2013 The new National Agriculture Policy (NAP), elaborated over the past few years, was approved in 2013. It focuses on: sustainable and profitable agricultural production; development and dissemination of new technologies; increase in productivity, employment and income generation; competitive agriculture through commercialization; adaptation to climate change and sustainability of agricultural system; agricultural marketing to ensure better prices to both farmers and consumers; enhance production quality to meet export standards; opportunities for agro-processing industries; encouraging production of diversified more nutritious crops.

Some threats and challenges identified for the implementation of the policy are: natural hazards; continued deterioration of soil health; continued reduction of arable land and water resources; increased use of agricultural land for non-agricultural purposes; price level and volatility discouraging farmers to engage in crop production; loss of agricultural bio-diversity; excessive use of pesticides; environmental degradation; and insufficient budget allocation for agricultural research. The implementation of the agriculture policy should also recognize and cope with the existing weaknesses of the agriculture sector, including an

Figure 8: Trade deficit for main foods

Source: FAOSTAT

16

inadequately developed marketing system, excessive post-harvest losses, limited availability of formal credit, and scarcity of technologies, especially for adverse environment.

In line with the objectives, constraints and challenges identified, the NAP (2013) defines the following main areas of intervention: research and development; agricultural extension; seed and plant; fertilizer; minor irrigation; agricultural mechanization; agricultural cooperatives; agricultural marketing; women in agriculture; management of natural resources; development of human resources; agricultural labour and non-farm activities.

Master Plan for Agricultural Development in the Southern Region The coastal districts are disadvantaged in terms of poverty, food security, environmental vulnerability and livelihoods. The Ministry of Agriculture elaborated, with FAO technical support, a 0.5 billion taka master plan (2012-21) that was formally launched on 30 July 2013. The plan is articulated in 85 major interventions under 26 programmes, including crop, horticulture and agro-forestry, fisheries, livestock, polder management, drainage improvement, water-management and nutrition. The plan aims to increase financial resources allocated by both the GoB and donors to address key challenges in the south, such as climate change, salinity, water logging, and low quality and scarcity of surface water for irrigation.

The plan covers the 19 districts of the southern region, where nearly 65% of the 41.3 million people living in the area are landless. Productivity is seriously affected by tidal surge during the monsoon season and salinity intrusion in the winter season, both exacerbated by climate change. T-aus would be a prospective crop for the area, while aman and boro can be a second cereal crop, potentially adding three million MT to the annual production. The plan shows that 0.15 million hectares of land are suitable for shrimp farming, well below the 0.5 million hectares currently utilized. It also stressed the need for indigenous fish farming in open waters.

Accelerate the diversification of food production Agricultural diversification is becoming increasingly important to tackle the rising food trade deficit due to changing consumption habits and for further promoting the diversification of diets, especially in rural areas, where production and consumption patterns tend to be more closely linked. IFPRI studies show that agricultural diversification is positively correlated with household and child dietary diversification, and that it is promoted through access to irrigation, credit, input subsidy, extension services and women’s empowerment.27 In turn, diversification toward higher value added on-farm activities, such as production of fruits, vegetables, legumes, fishery and livestock products can help accelerate agricultural income growth and poverty reduction, generate backward and forward linkages and promote growth of agro-based processing and marketing.

A more diversified production requires a more diversified set of inputs, public and private services and infrastructures. A number of programmes have been undertaken to promote diversification through appropriate technologies. While these need to continue, greater emphasis is required to adapt public interventions and to promote the engagement of private actors, for example in providing diversified extension services for the different

27 Esha, S. et al. (2014). Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture: What Role for Food Security in Bangladesh? World Development Vol. 61, pp. 11–52; Akhter Ahmed and Esha Sraboni (2014). Exploring the Agriculture-Gender-Nutrition Nexus: Evidence for Policy. Presentation at USAID Dhaka, 29 May, Dhaka

17

produces. Also critical is to help farmers cope with environmental and market generated risks, such as through credit and insurance, and to facilitate integration of small and marginal farmers into the market, such as marketing infrastructures and services, but also contractual marketing arrangements, access to more sophisticated irrigation technologies, access to diversified inputs, including various types of mechanization.28 The establishment of processing industries can generate important synergies with on-farm agricultural diversification.

Small and marginal farmers - who are increasing in numbers29 - have a special role in diversification. Family labour simplifies problems of labour supervision that are important in higher value production, such as fruit and vegetables cropping and animal husbandry. Diversification efforts should focus on adapting to the needs of smaller farmers the provision of services, infrastructure development, and private sector’s engagement in marketing and processing.

Promote intensification of rice production to support diversification While population growth approaches 1% per year (Figure 9), per capita rice consumption is reducing and the decline in available arable land is at around 0.5% per year.30 In this context, an annual growth of rice productivity exceeding 1.5% could release ample agricultural land for diversification, without renouncing to rice self-sufficiency. However, intensification should be promoted without compromising sustainability and resilience of rice production. This requires technological adoptions, e.g. for irrigation, and farm management practices, e.g. in using agrochemicals, attention to preserve natural resources and adaption to climate change.

Progress on new rice varieties goes in this direction, with ten varieties released between June 2012 and December 2013 (see Programme 1). Equally important are the extension interventions needed to reduce the “yield gap” between potential and actual yield that has been estimated to be at 1.74 ton/ha.31 Minimizing this gap requires integrated crop management, adequate supply of inputs and credit, and research and extension support, among others.32 Realizing the unexploited rice production potential in the southern regions (as indicated in the Master Plan) could provide additional opportunity to release land and other resources for production diversification.

28 Miah, M. A. M. and Haoue A. K. E. (2013). Policy options for supporting agricultural diversification in Bangladesh. NFPCSP supported research report, FAO, Dhaka.

29 As shown by the agricultural censuses, between 1996 and 2008, the number of farm household increased from 11.8 million to 14.9 million, while average farm size declined from 1.69 acres to 1.48 acres. 30 Hassan, N. (2013). Trend in the availability of agricultural land in Bangladesh, Final report, NFPCSP financed project. 31 Alam M. Shahe (2006). Factors affecting yield gap and efficiency in rice production in some selected areas in Bangladesh, PhD thesis submitted to JU, Bangladesh. 32 Mondal, M. H. (2011). Causes of yield gaps and strategies for minimizing the gaps in different crops of Bangladesh, Bangladesh J. Agric. Res. 36(3).

Figure 9: Rice production and population changes

Source: BBS

18

Should the Government promote rice export? Exporting rice in surplus years is being discussed as an option to reduce the negative impacts on farmers’ income and incentives to produce. This includes the possibility for GoB to directly buy paddy from farmers and export rice, which would require: upscaling of public stocking and processing capacities; establishing reliable export channels; and encouraging the production of export-quality rice varieties.

Since low domestic prices tend to coincide with low international prices, such an intervention would require the Government to actually subsidize public (or private) exports at a highg cost. Moreover, the benefit of the subsidy would at least partly accrues to foreign rather than domestic beneficiaries, who will also captiure part of the benefit of other public subsidies and other support, such as fertilizer subsidies, free extension services and investments in irrigation facilities. It would also create an incentive to produce rice beyond national requirements, drawing on financial and natural resources that could instead be used for agricultural diversification.

While it is not the deliberate objective of the Government to engage in rice export, directly or by subsidizing the private sector, occasional production surplus often warrants consideration of export. At present only limited quantities of aromatic rice are exported, mainly for consumption by Bangladeshis abroad, and its production prospects suggest this is unlikely to change much. However, some experts suggest that Bangladesh has good prospect of exporting non-aromatic fine rice, but this would require public and private initiatives to meet international standards in head rice, milling quality, moisture level and polish.33

While private export should not be discouraged - if it can occur without Government subsidies - in years of exceptionally high production, the Government can lift the ban on export of course rice and scale up procurement operations so as to preserve farmers' incentive, and accumulate stocks that to be used as substitute for public imports in the years following the price slump. This requires the adoption of storage technologies able to preserve grains for more than one year, along the lines being followed for the most recent investments in expansion of the public storage capacity.

Update policies on natural resources for agriculture The loss of arable land to non-agricultural uses, the degradation of soil fertility and the depletion of groundwater constitute increasingly important challenges for the sustainability of food production. Soil fertility is deteriorating mainly due to the increasing intensification of land use not accompanied by appropriate development in soil management capacities, which results in inadequate replenishment of plant nutrients in the soils. Land availability for agriculture has decreased by 0.45%34 a year between 2000 and 2010. Likewise, depletion of groundwater is a great threat for agriculture. In the northern districts of Bangladesh, the depth of groundwater increased by about 65%, up from 3.7 meters in 1981 to 6.1 meters in 2013.35 Against this background, there is urgent need to review and update the Land Use Policy 2001 and the National Water Policy 1999.

33 BRF (2005). Potential of Exporting Aromatic and Fine Rice from Bangladesh. Bangladesh Rice Foundation. Dhaka, June 2005. 34 Hassan, N. (2013). Trends in the availability of agricultural land in Bangladesh. NFPCSP supported research report, FAO, Dhaka. 35 Estimated by NFPCSP based on data obtained from WDB.

19


Objective 2 of the NFP is to increase purchasing power and access to food. The objective encompasses three broad strategies namely transitory shock management, targeted food assistance programmes and employment generating income growth. The measures to be considered in accomplishing the objective include: (1) special measures for disaster mitigation in agriculture; (2) increased supply of food through market and public distribution; (3) investment in employment generating technologies; (4) education and skill development; (5) support for expansion of rural industries; and (6) special support for women and disabled in income generating activities.

3.3.1. Assessment

Table 7: NFP Objective 2: selected performance indicators CIP/NFP PoA output proxy

indicators 2007/08 2009/10 2011/12 2012/13 Target Source

Change in national wages expressed in kg of coarse rice (3-year moving average) -8.11% 5.71% 4.27% 5.84%

5.07%* (2012/13)

BBS Statistical Yearbook for wages and DAM wholesale

Poverty headcount index (CBN upper poverty line)

40% (2005)

31.5% (2010)

na na 29%

(2015 MDG1 Target 1A)

HIES Reports, BBS

Extreme poverty rate (CBN lower poverty line)

25.1% (2005)

17.6% (2010)

na na HIES Reports, BBS

Poverty gap (CBN upper poverty line)

9.0% (2005)

6.5% (2010)

na na 8%

(2015 MDG1 Target 1A)

HIES Reports, BBS

Difference between food and general inflation (3-year moving average)

1.45% 1.36% 1.20% 0.22% maximum 0%

National Accounts Report, BBS

*3-year average of real GDP per capita growth + 0.5

Rice wage continues rising The purchasing power of wage earners, in terms of kilograms of rice for a day’s wage, measured as a three year moving average, increased by 5.84% in 2012/13 and is significantly above the target of 5.07% (see Table 7), signalling a remarkable increase in purchasing power for low-income wage earners.

Figure 10 shows monthly agricultural rice-wages from 2005 to 2013. After the historical minimum reached during the food price crises of about four kg of rice per day in June 2008, the rice-wage fluctuated with an upward trend and reached a peak of almost 12 kg in May 2012. Since then, it has fluctuated with a declining tendency, but still remained at almost 10 kg as of June 2013.

Figure 10: Rice purchasing capacity of agricultural day labourers

Source: BBS, DAM

labourers

4

6

8

10

12

Kg

per d

ay

20

Figure 11 shows that in the last 20 years, manufacturing and general wages rose much faster than agricultural wages, but have grown less after the global food price crisis, so that all three have almost completely converged by 2012/13. Construction wages oscillated around agricultural wages, while fisheries wages declined substantially reaching 81% of agricultural wages in 2012/13. Higher economic returns in manufacturing and services have increasingly shifted employment from agriculture, facilitated by large internal and international migration. An increase in the relative price of commodities, as opposed to an increase in productivity, may be the main determinant of the increase in value of farm labour during the second half of the decade.36

Poverty continued declining, faster in urban than in rural areas The poverty incidence was reduced significantly faster between 2000 and 2010 (1.74% per annum for upper poverty) than in the previous decade (0.9% per annum), and larger in urban (39%) than in rural (33%) areas. This was more pronounced for extreme poverty, with a decline of 61% and 40% for urban and rural households, respectively.37 Using the Planning Commission’s estimated ‘growth elasticity of poverty’ of 0.76, the poverty incidence in 2015, the terminal year of the MDGs, CIP and PoA, is expected to be 24.5%, assuming constant inequality and trend growth.38

Poverty based on Direct Calorie Intake (DCI) decreased from 44.3% in 2000 to 38.4% in 2010 under the 2,122 kcal/cap/day threshold, and from 20.0% to 16.1% under the 1,805 kcal/cap/day threshold.39 The Bangladesh Integrated Household Survey40 showed DCI rural poverty (less than 2,122 kcal/cap/day) at 35.3% in 2011/12, suggesting that the declining trend continued after 2010. Using the international poverty line of 1.25 USD per day (purchasing power parity), the poverty rate in Bangladesh is estimated at 43%.41

Although income poverty declined appreciably over the last decade, little change was observed in income distribution over the same period (see section on income distribution below).

36 World Bank (2013). Bangladesh Poverty Assessment: Assessing a Decade of Progress in Reducing Poverty 2000-2010. Bangladesh Development Series Paper No 31. World Bank Office, Dhaka. 37 HIES Reports, 2000 and 2010. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. Ministry of Planning, Dhaka. 38 GoB (2013). Millennium Development Goals: Bangladesh Progress Report 2012. General Economics Division. Planning Commission, Government of Bangladesh. 39 World Bank (2013). Bangladesh Poverty Assessment: Assessing a Decade of Progress in Reducing Poverty 2000-2010. World Bank, Dhaka Office. June 2013. 40 IFPRI (2013). The Status of Food Security in the Feed the Future Zone and Other Regions of Bangladesh: Results from the 2011–2012 Bangladesh Integrated Household Survey. Prepared for USAID. International Food Policy Research Institute, Dhaka, April 2013. 41 World Bank (2012). Bangladesh: Towards Accelerated, Inclusive and Sustainable Growth – Opportunities and Challenges. Volume 1: Overview. Report No. 67991, World Bank. Dhaka and Washington D. C.

Figure 11: Wages in agriculture and other sectors

Source: BBS, DAM

0.60.70.80.91.01.11.21.31.41.51.6

1992

-93

1993

-94

1994

-95

1995

-96

1996

-97

1997

-98

1998

-99

1999

-00

2000

-01

2001

-02

2002

-03

2003

-04

2004

-05

2005

-06

2006

-07

2007

-08

2008

-09

2009

-10

2010

-11

2011

-12

2012

-13No

min

al w

age

indi

ces (

agric

ultu

re =

1)

General Manufacturing ConstructionAgriculture Fisheries

21

Food and general prices fluctuate widely After galloping inflation in 2007/08, resulting from the global food, fuel and fertilizer prices crisis, domestic prices had a plunge in mid 2009 and then reached new high record levels in April 2011 for food and March 2012 for non-food products. Since then, they declined towards new minima.

Figure 12 shows that food inflation has generally been above non-food inflation, with the main exception observed between December 2011 and January 2013, when food inflation was lower than non-food inflation. The twelve months point-to-point inflation for non-food decreased from 11.7% in June 2012 to 7.0% in June 2013, and increased for food from 7.1% to 8.5%.42 Higher food inflation has continued into 2014, with point-to-point non-food inflation at 4.88% in December 2013 and 5.37% in February 2014, compared to food inflation of 9.0% and 8.84%, respectively.43

Given the high proportion of food over total expenditure for both rural and urban poor households (respectively around 71% and 75%), higher food prices negatively impact poor households in the short-run. However, in the longer-run, international data suggests that higher food prices contribute to reducing poverty and inequality.44 The results have been obtained from macroeconomic model by allowing for agricultural supply responses and the consequent wage adjustments in the agricultural sector. The results also show that the higher-frequency data on the real wages of unskilled workers in developing countries imply that such adjustments do not happen instantaneously, and confirm that poor net consumers could be hard hit by higher food prices in the short run, particularly in urban areas.

3.3.2 Issues and policy challenges

Strengthening the progressive realisation of the right to food The right to food protects the right of all human beings to be free from hunger, food insecurity and malnutrition at all times. Right to food implies that if people are deprived of access to food for reasons beyond their control, recognition of right to food obliges the society/governments to provide them with food for survival. The right to food is recognized in Article 25 of the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights and is established in Article 11 of 1966 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.45

42 Bangladesh Bank (2013). Annual Report 2013, Bangladesh Bank. Ministry of Finance. Govt of Bangladesh. Dhaka. 43 BBS (2014). Table 1: Consumer Price Index and Inflation Rate (Point to Point). National Accounting Wing, BBS (www.bbs.gov.bd/TestApplication/userfile/CPI_Feb-14.pdf) 44 Headey, D. (2014). Food Prices and Poverty Reduction in the Long Run. IFPRI Discussion Paper 01331. March 2014. 45 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_food

Figure 12: Point to point general, food and non-food inflation

Source: BBS, DAM

inflation

Source: BBS, DAM

0

3

6

9

12

15

% p

rice

infla

tion

General Food Non food

22

The right to food campaign advocates for an appropriate legal framework, progressive implementation and voluntary guidelines. In Bangladesh, the framework for right to food is provided by Article 15(a) of the National Constitution, whereby Bangladesh, either unilaterally or in cooperation with international bodies, is committed to implement the basic provisions of the right to food. Although a large number of food and non-food based safety net programmes are run by GoB to alleviate poverty and food insecurity, they do not reflect a legal entitlement of people to food. The right to food also encompasses safe food. The Consumer Protection Act was passed in 2009, but its implementation has been fraught with difficulties. The Government has recently enacted the Bangladesh Food Safety Act 2013 for which implementation procedures are under formulation.

It is now expedient to clearly define the provisions of right to food and assign responsibilities to different statutory organs of the Government for their implementation under a legal framework.46 In February 2012, a discussion session jointly organized by National Human Rights Commission, Governance Coalition and Oxfam in Dhaka, created an opportunity to strongly advocate for enacting the right to food legislation and for the introduction of right based safety net programmes.

Migration can promote access to food For many households, migration offers the possibility to improve incomes, food security and economic wellbeing. Migration is partly driven by labour demand-supply imbalances, and consequent wage differences, between geographical locations.

Bangladesh has extensive domestic and international migration. The number of international migrants exceeds 600,000 per year47 and remittances amounted to 1.2 billion USD in December 2013.48 Domestically, significant migration to core districts and urban areas, such as Dhaka and Chittagong, suggests the need to promote urban centres of smaller size across the country, linked and supported by their hinterlands.49

Whilst there is policy recognition of international migration, domestic migration remains largely overlooked. This stands against the evidence that poorer households are much more affected by/interested in domestic rather than international migration. A study on domestic migration showed that migrant households enjoy better food security in terms of higher calorie intakes and food quality, compared to non-migrant households, both at origin and destination.50 Typically, migration is very costly and the associated risks are largely uninsured and privately borne. Therefore migrants (especially international ones) are generally part of better-off households. GoB has recently passed the Overseas Employment and Expatriate Welfare Act 2013 and has completed the draft Overseas Employment Policy 2013, which incorporates strategic directions and is expected to remove bottlenecks in expanding overseas migration.

46 Islam, M.S. (2013). The Need for the Legal Framework for Ensuring Right to Food: Bangladesh Perspective. Paper (in Bengali) presented at the Consultation Meeting held on 7 October 2013 at National Press Club, organized by Right to Food and Social Security Movement. Dhaka 47 Marshall R. and Rahman S. (undated). Internal Migration in Bangladesh: Character, Driver and Policy Issues. UNDP, Dhaka. 48 Bangladesh Bank (2014). Monthly data on wage earners’ remittances. Foreign Exchange Policy Department. Bangladesh Bank. March 2014. 49 Marshall R. and Rahman S., op. cit. 50 Hossain, M. Z. J. U. Ahmed and M. H. Kazal (2013) Rural-urban Migration and its Implications for Food Security in Bangladesh. NFPCSP Research Report, FAO, Dhaka.

23

Sustain employment generation for the ultra poor The poor mostly rely on wages from unskilled labour. Inadequate labour demand and sudden shocks, such as natural disasters and price surges, can adversely impact employment opportunities, especially of unskilled workers. Workfare programmes are important for augmenting employment opportunities. In Bangladesh, the Employment Generation Programme for the Poorest (EGPP), with World Bank funding until June 2014, had a budget provision of 1,200 crore taka in 2012/13, raised to 1,400 crore in 2013/14, and provides to the ultra poor in selected locations, 80 working days per year (scaled down from a previous ‘100 days’). Similarly, India’s workfare programme, under the 2005 National Rural Employment Guarantee Act provides 100 working days per year. The more significant aspect of the Indian case is that it adopts a right-based framework that makes the Government accountable for providing employment on demand, thus going beyond providing a social safety net, towards guaranteeing the right to employment.51

Align labour policies to NSPS, with special attention to informal labour Of 54 million workers in 2010, 42 million were in informal enterprises with diminished access to pensions, social protection and health insurance.52 The informal sector accounted for more than 40% of gross value added in Bangladesh in 2010. Agriculture and fishery, trade, tourism, small-scale manufacturing, real estates and other business activities are the main sectors employing informal workers.

Bangladesh National Labour Policy 2012 urges the formulation of an ad hoc policy framework to protect informal workers from occupational health hazards and unsafe working conditions. The policy also pledges the introduction of different social insurance schemes to assist workers in facing unintended unemployment, and job losses due to accidents, retirement and chronic illness. It also stresses the importance of including informal workers in the different labour welfare schemes.53 Bangladesh is formulating a new National Social Protection Strategy (NSPS)54 to accommodate a life cycle based approach to the social support system. It is expedient that the labour related policies and laws are duly aligned with the newly formulated NSPS.

Improve income distribution and consumption pattern The Gini coefficient of income distribution changed from 0.451 in 2000 to 0.467 in 2005 and 0.458 in 2010, reflecting a marginal improvement during the second half of the decade. While in urban areas the Gini coefficient decreased from 0.497 to 0.452, in rural areas it increased from 0.393 to 0.431 over the period 2000-2010.

An IFPRI study for 2011/12 estimated substantially lower rural income inequality with a Gini of 0.307. A drop of this magnitude is unlikely in such a short time, and is likely due to differences in measurement methods. Inequality was highest in Sylhet (0.319) and lowest in Rangpur (0.273). The poorest 10% received 4% of total income, and the richest 10% received 23%.55

51 National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) 2005. 52 ADB (2012). The Informal Sector and Informal Employment in Bangladesh. Country Report 2010. Asian Development Bank and Bangladesh Bureau of statistics, Manila, Dhaka. 53 Shams, S. B. et al. (2013). Social Protection Strategy for Construction Workers in Bangladesh. Bangladesh Institute of Labour Studies (BILS). Dhaka 54 The National Social Protection Strategy (NSPS), in its latest draft has been renamed as National Social Security Strategy (NSSS). As the document is known to the wider public as NSPS, this name is used in this report. 55 IFPRI (2013). op. cit.

24

Using HIES 2010 data, the Gini for inequality in consumption expenditure was 0.32, which includes for example the impact of remittances and public policies, including micro-credits and safety net programmes, which help augment consumption expenditures.56 Per capita rice consumption declined to 441.6 grams in rural areas compared to 344.2 grams in urban areas.57 Consumption of relatively expensive food items such as milk and dairy, edible oil, meat, egg, fish, fruits and spices were higher in urban than in rural areas.

A recent survey on the WFP Food Security for the Ultra-Poor programme showed some improvement in food consumption and dietary diversity between 2000 and 2012. The results showed that average food consumption score increased according to a measure by 23 points for the treatment and 11 points for the control households during the period 2010-2012. The number of food types consumed also increased by 3.5 (from 6.3 to 9.8) for the case and by 1.5 (from 6.7 to 8.2) for the control group during the same period, indicating substantial improvement in dietary diversity, particularly for the participant households.58

Align public foodgrain stock and distribution with social protection strategy The NSPS aims to strengthen the social transfer system, in line with life cycle approach, by consolidating programmes into a small number of priority schemes. The emphasis is on expanding coverage of core schemes for the most vulnerable members of society focusing on children, women, elderly and people with disabilities. The NSPS proposes to gradually convert all food-based transfer programmes into cash transfers with exception of Open Market Sales (OMS, for price stabilization), school feeding and disaster management programmes. Although the volume of food stocks required for running the food-based safety net programmes would vary depending on circumstances, the National Food Policy fixes a minimum of one million tons of foodgrain as buffer stock.

While the need to maintain adequate public stock is recognized, a rotation mechanism should be set up in order to minimize food stock losses. A sensible option would be to distribute the food to poor consumers through different channels with minimum distorting impacts on the market. An operational approach could be to distribute food as in-kind flexible share of the total social protection benefits. For instance, the share could be higher in years without natural disasters or major price hikes, and lower either when emergency distribution is required to reach people affected by natural calamities or through OMS in an effort to stabilize market prices.


3.4.1. Assessment

Objective 3 of the NFP is to ensure adequate nutrition for all individuals, particularly women and children. Progress is assessed considering dietary energy supply and intake, chronic 56 Khondker, B. H. (2013). Poverty, Vulnerability and Inequality in Bangladesh. National Social Protection Strategy Background Paper Series. Paper 1.(Draft). Dhaka. 57 The IFPRI (2013) study, focusing exclusively on rural people, reported on average higher rice consumption (495.5 grams per capita per day) compared to the HIES 2010 results, with the lowest expenditure quintile consuming 427.3 grams compared to 565.2 grams in the top quintile. However, total per capita calorie consumption was estimated at 2243 kcal per capita per day, significantly below the 2344.6 kcal per capita per day estimated for rural people in the 2010 HIES survey. Thus the IFPRI study points out an even more unbalanced composition of the rural diet than the HIES survey. 58 BDI (2012). WFP Food Security for the Ultra Poor (FSUP): Outcome Survey Report 2012, Bangladesh. BRAC Development Institute/World Food Programme, Dhaka.

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energy deficiency among women, proportion of children having minimum acceptable diet, and micronutrient status regarding iodine and iron (Table 8). Progress on other nutrition indicators is discussed in other sections of this report, notably underweight and stunting under Goals and wasting under Programme 10.

Table 8: NFP Objective 3: selected performance indicators CIP/NFP PoA output proxy indicators 2007/08 2009/10 2011/12 2012/13 Target source

National dietary energy supply from cereals (%)

78.1 (av. 2005-07)

78.3 (av.2007-09) na na 60

(recommended) FAO - RAP

National dietary energy intake from cereals (%)

73 (2005) na 70

(2010/11) na 60 (recommended) BBS, HIES

Chronic energy deficiency prevalence among women (BMI <18.5) (%)

33.0 (BDHS) na 24.2

(BDHS) 20.3

(FSNSP) 20 by 2015 BDHS, FSNSP

Proportion of children receiving minimum acceptable diet at 6-23 months of age (%)

na* na 21 (BDHS)

31.7 (UESD)

52 by 2016 (HPNSDP-MoHFW)

BDHS, UESD

Proportion of households consuming iodized salt (%) na na 82.3

(BDHS) 80.3

(NMSS) 100 BDHS, NMSS

*This was 42% in 2007 and 37% in 2011 using the less restricted definition of minimum acceptable diet as per WHO recommendations.

Minimal change in food supply diversification Dietary Energy Supply (DES) from cereals, a correlate of dietary diversity, has hardly declined since the mid 90s falling from 79.6% in 1995/96, to 78.1% in 2005/07 and 78.3% in 2007/09. Updated information on food balance sheets beyond 2009 is not available. However, agricultural production data shows that rice production and cereals supply have grown faster than population. They also show that following the food price crises diversification has declined (see objective 1 discussion on the share of rice in total food value added) but some improvement has been registered over the last two years.

Inadequate level and composition of dietary energy intake Though it has increased substantially, per capita caloric intake is still below the average normative requirement of 2,430 kcal59 for Bangladeshi adults resulting in a mean energy gap of 240 kcal.60 Very low food consumption scores were likewise recorded from a dietary survey in the South.61 Apart from inadequate levels, cereals account for 70% of dietary energy intake compared to the normative standard of 60% (Table 8). This proportion is decreasing, especially in urban diets where the share of cereals on total energy reduced from 67% in 2005 to 63% in 2010. While protein requirements are generally met, the quality of the protein is low as it mainly comes from rice. Increased consumption of non-starch foods including animal foods and horticulture produce would move diets closer to normative recommendations. The percent supply of protein and fat from animal sources in total dietary energy by food groups is discussed under section 6.1.

59 BIRDEM, FPMU, MoFood, USAID, EU, FAO (2013). Desirable dietary pattern for Bangladesh. BIRDEM, Dhaka. 60 BBS, MoP (2011). Report of the Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES), 2010, Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh. 61 Draft Baseline Survey Report on Integrated Agriculture and Health Based Interventions for Improved Food and Nutrition Security in Selected Districts of Southern Bangladesh (2013), MoFL, BIGH,BRAC University, FAO, UNICEF, USAID.

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Chronic energy deficiency among women: a complex function of inadequate diets Chronic energy deficiency (CED) is linked to compromised work productivity and weakened resilience to health and other stresses. CED in women depends on current food intake, dietary composition, health conditions, and care received during the lifecycle and whether nutrient requirements were met during pregnancy. A mother’s Body Mass Index (BMI, reflecting both underweight and overweight) is also linked with adverse long-term health consequences for her offspring.

The proportion of women who are underweight or with CED (BMI<18.5) was 24% as reported in BDHS 2011, while FSNSP data shows a decline in CED prevalence from 23% in 2011/12 to 20% in 2012/13. Overweight (BMI>23), on the other hand, shows an increasing trend from 18% in 2004 to 30% in 2011/12 to 35% in 2012/13 (Figure 13). More than half of urban adult women are overweight. As expected, the proportion of women overweight increases with wealth. Among ever-married women, overweight slowly increases with age, peaking between 30 and 40 years.

It is noted that burdens of underweight and overweight coexist, with unhealthy diets and sedentary lifestyle being major risk factors. According to the NCD risk factor survey in 2010, prevalence of low level of physical activity is quite high (27%). Although undernutrition remains a major concern in sections of population, around one-fifth (18%) of the adult population were overweight and this is higher in women (22%).62

Slight improvement in children’s minimum acceptable diet Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) practices include early initiation of breast feeding, 6 months exclusive breast feeding, timely initiation of solid, semi-solid or soft foods from six months of age, intake of animal foods and hand washing with soap before child feeding. Complementary feeding diversity requires that infants and young children (6 to 23 months) take a minimum of four out of seven food groups, including animal foods and micronutrient rich fruits and vegetables every day.63

UESD 2013 data shows that 32% of children 6 to 23 months are fed a minimum acceptable diet, an improvement from 21% in BDHS 2011. In recent years, implementation of IYCF strategies and programmes are getting momentum through media campaigns and community mobilisation. The 2012 FSNSP findings also show an improvement in the minimum acceptable diets of older infants and young children with a little over, two-fifths of children taking diets as per the WHO recommendations.64 The proportion of children aged six months to two years fed a minimally diverse diet has changed from 34% in 2008 to 44% in 2010. This figure has only slightly increased since 2010 at the rate of around 1% a year. 62 WHO/MoHFW (2011). Bangladesh NCD risk factor survey 2010. http://whoban.org/LinkFiles/Publications_NCD_FACT_SHEET.pdf 63 WHO, IFPRI, UC Davis, FANTA, USAID, UNICEF (2008). Indicators for assessing infant and young child feeding practices. Part I. Definitions. Geneva, World Health Organization. 64 Helen Keller International (HKI) and BRAC Institute of Global Health (BIGH) (2014). State of food security and nutrition in Bangladesh: 2012. Dhaka, BD: HKI and BIGH.

Figure 13: Trends in ever-married women’s nutritional status, 2004-2012

Source: FSNSP, 2012

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The majority of the children met the diversity requirement by consuming animal foods like fish. Barisal and Rajshahi division show a sizeable improvement of six percentage points in the proportion of children eating diverse diets between 2011 and 2012.

Community-based interventions65 and national media campaigns are helping to improve IYCF practices. A core set of interventions are being scaled up to improve policy and regulatory environment to support IYCF interventions, enhance demand for improved IYCF practices and use of fortified complementary foods. This is being implemented in collaboration with IPHN and BRAC through the front line health workers with a view to achieve the HPNSDP 2011-2016 target of achieving a minimum acceptable diet among over 50% of young children.66 The evidence of scale up of media campaigns is discussed under Programme 11.

Micronutrient deficiencies: decrease in consumption of iodized salt The consumption of iodized salt in households reduced from 82% in 201167 to 80% in 2013.68 Alongside, there are continued concerns related to the adequacy of iodine content in the salt sold and consumed, wherein at the national level only 57.6% of households consume adequately iodised salt (≥15 ppm). No significant differences were noted at district level (Figure 14) but statistically significant differences exist at upazila and union levels. A recent survey69 among selected districts of Southern Bangladesh found that 50% of household salt samples had iodine below the level (15ppm) recommended by the National Iodine Deficiency Disorder Control Programme.

National Nutrition Services (NNS) provides training to health professionals on iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) and provides capacity strengthening on IDD to managers, chemists, and relevant persons in different zones in collaboration with Bangladesh Small and Cottage Industries Corporation. To this end, quality control of the salt, consumer awareness on the importance of iodized salt, and quality checking are urgently required.

Progress in prevention and control strategies for iron deficiency anaemia The 2011-2012 NMSS survey reported that the prevalence of anaemia in preschool age children was 33% nationally, 37% in rural areas, 22% in slums and 23% in urban areas. Iron

65 http://www.alivendthrive.org/where-we-work/country/bangladesh 66 Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (2013). Health Bulletin, 2013. p-87. 67 National Institute of Population Research and Training (NIPORT), Mitra and Associates, and ICF International. (2013a). Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey 2011. Dhaka, Bangladesh and Calverton, Maryland, USA: NIPORT, Mitra and Associates, and ICF International. 68 National Institute of Population Research and Training (NIPORT), (2013b). Utilization of Essential Service Delivery Survey 2013, Provisional report. 69 BRAC/FAO/UNICEF/USAID (2013). Op. Cit.

Figure 14: Iodine content of salt in three Southern districts

Source: FSNSP, 2012

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folate supplementation is actively ongoing as part of the NNS in the control and prevention of iron deficiency anaemia and other forms of nutritional anaemia. In 2011 one hundred million iron-folate tablets were distributed for the control of nutritional anaemia through the community clinics. In addition, albendazole tablets were distributed for the treatment of intestinal parasites during vitamin A supplementation campaigns and deworming week.

The use of micronutrient powders70 is just over 1.0% and is unlikely to impact on iron deficiency anaemia control. Increasing evidence shows that food-based approaches promoted in the community with infants at-risk for iron deficiency anaemia (IDA), can positively contribute to improved iron intake as well as provide a sustainable approach to IDA prevention.

A national micronutrient control strategy is currently being developed which outlines an overall approach from the basic control measures, including iron folic acid (IFA) supplementation, food based approaches and infection control. Food fortification, which is supportive of food based approaches, is highly effective and feasible only when the necessary industrial infrastructure exists. Rice and wheat, are important foods for fortification as they are consumed by most people. There has been an increase between 2000 and 2010 in consumption of iron rich animal foods (25% in meat and poultry, and 17% in fish). The high iron, calcium and zinc content in indigenous fish species as identified in the Bangladesh Food Composition Tables 201371 implies that a small quantity of fish consumed, alone or with other foods, can play an important role in enhancing the protein and micronutrient quality of diet within a food based approach.

Control of micronutrient deficiencies requires a comprehensive strategy encompassing health, food and agriculture sectors. Nutrition education can be piggy-backed with supplementation of vitamin A capsules and IFA tablets by the health sector and by providing nutrition training of farmers, including women, through the extension services in agriculture, fisheries and livestock sectors. When distributing fruit tree saplings and vegetable seeds, agricultural extension services should emphasise production of vegetables and fruits rich in micronutrients (especially iron, folate and vitamin C), as well as promoting fish ponds, poultry and small livestock activities. Food marketing, preservation, processing and preparation initiatives need to be integrated with these activities.

Nutrition education should discourage the consumption of iron absorption inhibitors, e.g. tea at mealtimes. It should encourage the concurrent consumption of foods rich in vitamin C, such as citrus fruits, gooseberry, jujube, mango, tamarind and seasonal fruits that serve to enhance dietary iron absorption. Besides, the use of fermented foods, germinated legumes and whole grain cereals need to be promoted as dietary enhancers for iron absorption.72

70 Micronutrient powders are single-dose packets of vitamins and minerals including vitamin A, iron and zinc in powder form that can be sprinkled onto any ready to eat semi-solid food consumed at home or at any other point of use. The powders are used to increase the micronutrient content in the infant's diet without changing their usual dietary habits. 71 Institute of Nutrition and Food Science (INFS) and Centre for Advanced Research in Sciences (CARS) (2013). Bangladesh Food Composition Tables (2013), INFS and CARS, University of Dhaka. 72 Tontisirin, K, Nantel G, Bhattacharjee, L. (2002). Food-based Strategies to Meet the Challenges of Micronutrient Malnutrition in the Developing World. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 61, 243-250; R.S. Gibson (2010). Strategies for Preventing Multi-micronutrient Deficiencies: a Review of Experiences with Food-based Approaches in Developing Countries, in “Combating Micronutrient Deficiencies: Food-based Approaches, ed. Thompson B and Amoroso L, FAO, Rome.

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3.4.2. Issues and policy challenges

The Scaling Up Nutrition (SUN) movement has accorded high priority to nutrition on policy and development agendas. To this end, food security and health investments have increased nutrition programming with support for scaling up food and health based nutrition interventions through multisectoral collaboration and coordination. Improving the delivery on nutrition outcomes therefore requires a number of policy actions.

Orient food systems to promote nutrition There are many opportunities to shape food systems to promote nutrition – as summarised in Table 9. Nutrition oriented agriculture programmes and interventions should especially be targeted towards women of reproductive age before and during pregnancy. They can be also linked with psychosocial interventions and social protection programmes with a prioritization of low birth weight infants and young children.

Table 9: Food system interventions for better nutrition Food system elements

Nutrition opportunities Policy tools

Production (inputs, supplies, farm management and R&D)

Intensification of production Nutrition oriented integrated

farming systems for households Nutrition education with a focus

on the first 1000 days of life

Food security and agricultural policies to promote availability, affordability, diversity and quality

Nutrition oriented agricultural research on crops, livestock and production systems

Scaling up homestead and school gardens

Post-harvest supply chain (marketing, storage, trade, processing, retailing)

Processing, preservation and storage of nutrient rich foods

Waste reduction and increased technical efficiency

Food fortification Food safety

Regulation to safety, quality, diversity Research and promotion of nutrient dense

product development, food-to-food enrichment, processing and transport

Consumers (consumption, advertising, labelling, education, safety nets)

Nutrition and agriculture information

Product labelling Consumer education Social protection for food

security and nutrition Targeted development and

safety net programmes

Food based safety nets Food price incentives Nutrition regulations Nutrition behaviour change

communication campaigns

Source: Adapted from FAO, SOFA, 2013

Priority areas for diet and nutrition improvement are nutrition education with a focus on the first 1,000 days of life; processing, preservation and storage of foods with a view to enhancing nutrient content and preventing losses particularly when abundantly grown or available; food fortification, food safety, consumer awareness and social protection through safety nets. These areas of opportunity need to be explored and promoted for strengthening the nutrition orientation of existing food systems.

Accelerate NNS activities including complementary feeding The NNS is implemented through the MoHFW instituted community clinics under the Health, Population and Nutrition Sector Development Programme – HPNSDP 2011-2016. The NNS components include: facility-based services, community/area-based nutrition activities, human resource development, provision of micronutrients, operational research

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and surveys, monitoring and evaluation and nutrition information systems. Facility-based treatment of acute malnutrition in children, iron-folate supplementation for women, and antenatal care and counselling during pregnancy as well as delivery of basic health and nutrition services are activities being especially accelerated. Capacity strengthening of the upazila health complexes, district hospitals under DGHS (e.g. MCWCs) is actively underway and ‘Nutrition Corners’ are being established under Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) strategy in all the health facilities. Mass media awareness is being scaled up through behaviour change communication programmes. The nutrient-dense complementary food recipes developed by Bangladesh Breastfeeding Foundation (BBF) need to be popularized for use through community based training and dissemination on a nationwide basis, with a focus on the North, South and CHT areas where malnutrition is highest.73

Strengthen capacity of women in nutrition-sensitive agriculture Women’s important role in agricultural activities needs to be valorised so as to maximize their productivity.74 Recent research has demonstrated that increases in women’s empowerment are positively correlated with calorie availability, dietary diversity and adult body mass index (BMI). Mother’s greater control over resources improves child outcomes – in particular, nutrition and education.75 Pilot projects have shown that empowerment of women in agriculture contributes to improvement of health and nutritional status of women and children.76 In relation to homestead food systems,77 home gardens are a common feature in the rural areas covering about 0.27 million ha. Women carry out significant work around plantation activities in the home garden, including watering (65%), fertilizing (52%), weeding (56%), and fencing (53%). Women also spend most of their time in pre-harvesting activity with the average time in home gardening being 6-8 hours per week, and have a major role in food processing, cooking and preservation at the household level. There is need for strengthening the consistency of nutrition messaging across agriculture extension services including fisheries and livestock in all women focused agriculture interventions. Reducing maternal and child undernutrition needs nutrition sensitive actions, but for driving the actions, motivation and practical incentives are required. Among incentives, taxes and subsidies might play a role at policy level. The donors generally incentivise short term collaboration, but in the longer term multisectoral training in nutrition and agriculture – whether accredited or not – is key.78

Accelerate dietary diversification The consumption of potato, oilseeds, vegetables, fruits, fish, meat, milk and eggs slightly increased during the reporting period, but remain below recommended levels. Enhanced domestic food availability (production plus import) is reflected in a per capita increase in food consumption by 6.9%. The consumption of cereals showed a slow decreasing trend by 9.5 percent points from 1995 to 2010, with increased intake of non-cereal food items,

73 BBF/FPMU/NFPCSP/FAO (2013). A Complementary Feeding Manual for Bangladesh, BBF, Dhaka. 74 Hossain M and WMH Jaim (2011) Empowering Women to Become Farmer Entrepreneur: Case study of a NGO Supported Program in Bangladesh, IFAD Conference on New Directions for Smallholder Agriculture 24-25 January, 2011, Rome 75 Esha, S. et al. (2014). Womens’ Empowerment in Agriculture: What role for food security in Bangladesh? op. cit. 76 Talukder A. et al. (2010). Homestead food production model contributes to improved household food security and nutrition status of young children and women in poor populations, Field Actions Science Reports [Online], Special Issue 1 | 2010, Online since 17 February 2000, Connection on 15 October 2012. URL : http://factsreports.revues.org/404 77 Sayma Akhter et al. (2010), The role of women in traditional farming systems as practiced in home gardens: a case study in Sylhet Sadar Upazila, Bangladesh, Tropical Conservation Science Vol. 3(1):17-30, 78 http://www.developmenthorizons.com/2012/12/what-do-we-want-nutrition-sensitive_19.html

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particularly meat, egg, potato, fruits and vegetables.79 Nutrition awareness needs to be enhanced throughout the country using mass media communication and interpersonal communications for dietary diversification. Besides, research and targeted actions need to be oriented to enhance dietary diversification by households, mothers and young children by 2015 and achieve intake of a balanced diet by 2030.80

Implement prevention strategies for non communicable diseases (NCD) Heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes and cancer can be reduced through diversified diet, minimising salt intake, regular physical activity, and avoidance of tobacco use. Studies on tobacco related illness in Bangladesh in 2007 reported that the prevalence of ischaemic heart disease is 7.7%, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is 5.9%, lung, larynx and oral cancer together is 3.6%, pulmonary tuberculosis is 2.6%, Burger’s disease 0.5% and stroke 8.9%.81 The HPNSDP’s integrated approach to NCD control and prevention needs to be implemented at all levels, encompassing primary prevention, treatment and rehabilitation. Health facilities in 140 upazilas screen for hypertension and diabetes, while 21,000 health service providers have been trained on NCD issues at the district and upazila levels.

A population-based approach, using the existing community health care system for NCD prevention, needs to be strengthened with linkages to referrals in tertiary hospitals and health facilities. Implementation calls for partnership and assistance from Bureau of Health Education, BIRDEM, local government bodies and private sector for mass awareness campaigns. School curricula update on fostering healthy diets, enabling affordable recreational facilities and nutrition behaviour change centres to promote healthy life styles and diet-counselling in urban and rural areas need to be established.

Ensure food safety and quality The supply of safe, healthy and nutritious food is a matter of concern. The recently enacted Bangladesh Food Safety Act 2013, including reorganization of the National Food Safety Advisory Council and establishment of an Independent Food Safety Authority is under elaboration for implementation. The formulation of rules and regulations for implementation of the Food Safety Act 2013 is nearing finalization for approval by the government. There is need to build comprehensive baselines identifying the markets where food is at higher risk of contamination, tracing the potential entry, hazard analysis and critical control points of contamination across the food chain. Defining and enforcing regulations and controls of industrial effluents’ treatment and disposal which will help to minimize heavy metal contamination in food should be implemented. Promoting food safety awareness campaigns through encouraging processing and cooking methods that minimize uptake and allows leaching of the contaminants are immediate policy challenges.

Universalise access to safe water, sanitation and hygiene Access to safe water and sanitation facilities is directly linked to the overall health of individuals and communities, including childhood undernutrition, cognitive delays and stunting.82 Interventions, such as nutritional supplements, combined with improved

79 BBS, MoP. (2010). HIES 2010, op. cit. 80 BARC (2010) Agricultural Research Priority: Vision 2030 and beyond. Sub Sector: Food availability and consumption, post harvest losses, agro processing technology, food safety and human nutrition. 81 Zaman M. M., et al. (2007). Impact of tobacco related illness in Bangladesh. World Health Organization, Regional Office for South East Asia, New Delhi. (http://intranet/LinkFiles/Tobacco_Free_Initiative_Health_Cost_Bangladesh.pdf) 82 Humphrey, Jean. “Child undernutrition, tropical enteropathy, toilets, and hand washing.” Lancet. 2009. 374: 1032-35.

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sanitation and hand washing with soap can reduce child stunting by 4.5%, compared to 0.1% decrease with nutrition interventions alone.83 Besides, awareness and practice of hygiene, such as hand washing and in food preparation, are critical to reduce the morbidity. Given that one of the major determinants of child stunting is poor sanitation, there is need to accelerate sanitation access by all and be on track towards reaching MDG-7.

Enhance fortification initiatives including bio-fortification Fortification of edible oil (soybean oil) with vitamin A has been ongoing since 2010. The minimum and maximum level of vitamin A fortification in edible oil is 0.015 and 0.030 mg vitamin A per 1 g edible oil respectively, i.e. from 15 to 30 ppm. The capacity of oil refineries needs to be enhanced to produce full scale vitamin A fortified oil. Sixteen refineries out of 22 participated in the oil fortification program, fortifying almost 60 percent of edible oil in markets. Government efforts need to be sustained to increase demand for fortified oil through fortification logos, communication campaigns and ensuring standards. The political commitment through the endorsement of the National Edible Oil Fortification Law 2013 is a policy development that merits commendation. The law makes mandatory the production, sale, supply, preservation and marketing of vitamin A fortified edible oil. It also bans the import of unfortified edible oil and the oil refiners will have to tag the fortification logo on the container. Revision of the National Salt Law to expand its use for animal and processed foods, to prevent leakage of non-iodized salt into the market and to ensure universal salt iodization in Bangladesh remains an urgent task. Moreover, ongoing efforts of bio-fortification should be pursued as a sustainable means to address the problems of micronutrient deficiencies.

83 Smith L., et al. (2011). “Admissible Evidence in the Court of Development Evaluation? The Impact of CARE’s SHOUHARDO Project on Child Stunting in Bangladesh”.

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4. Availability: progress towards CIP and NFP PoA outputs

CIP Programmes 1 to 5 address food availability, covering agricultural production in crop, fisheries, livestock, agro-forestry, water management and climate change adaptation. These programmes correspond to eight Areas of Intervention of the NFP PoA. Outlines of the CIP and NFP PoA interventions are provided below under each programme.

4.1. Programme 1: Sustainable and diversified agriculture through integrated research and extension

Programme 1 of the CIP focuses on promoting intensification, diversification and resilience to climate change of crop production through the generation and propagation of sustainable technologies. It covers the investments needed to operationalise the NFP PoA AoI 1.1 on research and extension activities and AoI 1.4 on Agricultural Diversification for crops, and is also relevant for the implementation of the PoA AoI 1.9 on developing early warning systems and AoI 2.1 on agricultural disaster management.

Table 10: Progress towards achievement of CIP Programme 1 CIP/NFP PoA output proxy indicators 2007/08 2009/10 2011/12 2012/13 Source

No. of improved new rice varieties developed by GoB agencies 3 9 5 2 MoA (BRRI and

BINA)

No. of new non-rice varieties developed

Wheat 0 2 2 0

MoA (BARI and BINA)

Maize 2 0 0 1 Potato 3 2 0 12 Pulses 0 6 5 1

Vegetables 5 6 7 3 Edible Oilseeds* 0 1 7 0

Fruits 1 6 3 5 No. of farmers trained on sustainable agriculture practices by DAE 1,045,488 1,333,847 1,277,840 1,283,106 DAE

Share of rice on total cropped land 76.2% 78.5% 76.5% 76.0% BBS HYV rice area as % total rice area (including boro hybrid) 79.9% 79.4% 82.4% 82.8% BBS

Annual change in major crops' production

Rice 5.9% 2.1% 1.0% -0.2%

BBS, Major & Minor Crops Statistics and

communication with

Agricultural Wing

Wheat 14.5% 6.1% 2.4% 26.1% Maize 49.7% 21.6% 27.5% 14.4%

Potato 28.7% 50.5% -1.5% 4.8% Pulses -21.0% 12.5% 4.7% 10.7% Brinjal 1.5% 1.1% 3.9% 4.8%

Pumpkin 4.6% 4.3% 7.4% 4.1% Beans -0.1% 0.2% -0.4% -1.4%

Lal Shak 10.1% 6.6% 2.6% -1.1% Edible Oilseeds* 11.4% 11.9% 2.7% 5.4%

Banana -12.7% -2.1% -6.8% 3.8% Guava -0.3% 13.1% 1.5% 7.9%

Mango 4.7% 1.7% 6.3% 1.3% Pineapple -13.4% 2.3% -17.2% 3.2%

Jackfruit 5.4% 3.1% -3.6% 3.0% * Includes til, rape & mustard, groundnut and soya bean

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4.1.1. Progress towards achievements

Release of new rice varieties accelerated in the second part of 2013 In 2012/13, Bangladesh Rice Research institute (BRRI) released one short duration rice variety, BRRI dhan 58, while Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA) released one salt tolerant rice variety (see Table 10). Both varieties are for boro season. In August 2013, i.e. in 2013/14 fiscal year, BRRI released four more varieties, including BRRI dhan 61, which is saline tolerant, and BRRI dhan 62 which is the world’s first zinc-enriched rice variety, capable of fighting diarrhoea and pneumonia-induced childhood deaths and stunting. In the first part of fiscal year 2013/14, BINA released four more rice varieties of which Binadhan-11 and 12 are submergence tolerant varieties, Binadhan-14 is lodging resistant and Binadhan-13 is an aromatic rice variety. BADC has already started multiplication of seed of new saline tolerant varieties developed by BRRI and BINA that are expected to accelerate rice production in the south.

BRRI so far released 61 inbred and 4 hybrid rice varieties.84 Although farmers still grow more than 1000 rice varieties, some of the BRRI released varieties gained popularity. In boro season, two varieties BRRI dhan 28 and 29 cover about 60% of rice area, while in aman season, BR11, the most popular variety, covers about 27% of the area.85 Thirteen rice varieties have so far been released by BINA, of which seven are for aman season and the other six for boro season. The new rice varieties are expected to contribute to enhance resilience and facilitate adaptation to climate change of rice cultivation.

In 2012/13, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI) developed one variety each of maize (baby corn) and pulses (field pea); 12 varieties of potato; and five varieties of fruits. In October 2013, BARI released the first GM crop, Bt brinjal,86 which requires less pesticides and is suitable for commercial cultivation. Moreover, BINA released three tomato varieties during the same period. Research activities for wheat, vegetables, pulses and oilseeds appear to have decelerated, as only four varieties have been developed with this group in 2012/13, compared to 21 in 2011/12. On the contrary, development of new varieties accelerated for fruits – with five released in 2012/13, compared to three in 2011/12- and maize – one variety in 2012/12, from zero the previous year. In addition to the National Agricultural Research System (NARS) institutes, other institutions such as the Bangladesh Agricultural University and BRAC are contributing to developing varieties.87

84 An inbred rice variety is the result of a cross between two or more different varieties and subsequent selection through several cycles of self-pollination or inbreeding. Normally, each rice flower contains both male and female organs. This allows the plant to reproduce itself through self-pollination or inbreeding. A hybrid is the product of a cross between two genetically distinct rice parents. When the right parents are selected, the hybrid will have both greater vigour and yield than either of the parents. 85 Hossain, M. and W. M.H. Jaim (2012), Adoption and diffusion of modern rice varieties in Bangladesh and eastern India, IRRI. 86 Bt brinjal varieties produce Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) derived proteins that are toxic to brinjal fruit and shoot borer (BFSB) but safe for the environment and human and animal consumption. The four Bt brinjal varieties developed by BARI are Bt Brinjal-1, 2, 3 and 4. 87 Until 2010, BRAC has released six hybrid rice, three hybrid maize and eight vegetable varieties for commercial cultivation. Out of the three hybrid maize, one is the quality protein maize.

Figure 15: Share of rice area to total cropped area and share of HYV area to total rice area

Source: BBS

55606570758085

2000

-01

2001

-02

2002

-03

2003

-04

2004

-05

2005

-06

2006

-07

2007

-08

2008

-09

2009

-10

2010

-11

2011

-12

2012

-13Sh

are

(%)

Share of rice area Share of HYV area

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Number of farmers trained increased marginally In Bangladesh, extension services are provided by government agencies, NGOs, commercial traders and input suppliers. The Department of Agricultural Extension (DAE) provides training and services to farmers nationwide through its upazila level officers and Sub-Assistant Agricultural Officers (SAAOs).88 The number of farmers trained by DAE increased slightly in 2012/13 to 1,283,000 compared to 1,278,000 in 2011/12. This was mainly due to an increase in informal training, which compensated for a reduction in project based formal training from 600,000 farmers in 2011/12, to 528,000 farmers in 2012/13.89

Area planted to rice continued declining, productivity increased The share of rice area on total cropped area declined, falling for the first time below the level recorded in 2007/08. However, production only decreased by 0.2%, thanks to the significant increase in yields (+0.8%). The increased share of land cultivated with High Yielding Variety (HYV) (including hybrid) - 82.8% in 2012/13 compared to 82.4% in 2011/12 - contributed to this result (Figure 15). The increase has taken place while the share of hybrid rice to total boro rice fell to 1.4% in 2012/13, well below the 2.7% in 2007/08 (Figure 16), confirming the limited attractiveness to farmers of HYV, given the relatively high cost of seeds compared to grain quality, price and yields.

Production declined marginally for rice, but rose sharply for wheat and maize In 2012/13, rice production declined (-0.2%) for the first time since 2005/06. Wheat and maize production grew sharply by 26% and 14%, respectively, during the same period, mainly due to favourable weather condition and timely supply of seeds and fertilizers by GoB and private companies. Moreover, higher prices before planting encouraged farmers to bring more land under these crops. Potato production rose by 5%, compared to a 1.8% reduction in the previous year, with the increase in yield (1.6%) accounting for about one third to the observed growth. As a result, potato prices deepened at

88 IFPRI/FAO/IICA Worldwide Extension Study, 2011 89 DAE delivers two types of trainings: the informal day to day advice provided by the SAAOs and the formal training imparted through different projects under DAE.

Figure 16: Boro rice varieties

Source: BBS

Box 1: Rise in potato export raises hope Bangladesh's potato exports were at an all-time high at about 54 thousand MT until March 2014 in the current fiscal year, up from about 28.5 thousand MT in the previous fiscal year. This is partly thanks to greater market opportunities in Russia, which banned potato imports from Pakistan due to pest risks. Potato prices went up in Bangladesh following increased exports and stocking of potatoes in cold storages. The Government's 20% cash subsidy against the net repatriation of FOB prices to exporters and measures to remove obstacles to shipment also contributed to the rise in potato exports. However, the sustainability of this rise in export depends on: ensuring consistent quality, in line with the importing country's requirements; and reducing transport time (for example, a consignment to Russia takes 39 days from Bangladesh and 11 days from Pakistan). Therefore, potato exports to Russia might be affected when the ban is lifted. Source: The Daily Star, April 12, 2014

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harvest time, causing protests by the growers, then the prices rose as a result of increasing export and stocking in cold storages (see Box 1). Pulse and oilseed production rose faster in 2012/13, respectively by 11% and 5%, compared to 5% and 3% in the previous year. Fruit production accelerated, but vegetables exhibited mixed trend over the same period: brinjal and pumpkin maintained the upward trend while beans and lal shak production declined.

Table 11 depicts the production growth rates of selected crops pre- and post- PoA. Growth of rice, wheat, pulses, brinjal and edible oilseeds accelerated after the start of implementation of the PoA, which coincided with the post food price crisis period, while it decelerated for other crops. Wheat, pulses and brinjal production growth rebounded from declining trends.

Evidence of crop and agricultural diversification After the food price crisis crop diversification had been hampered by the increasing use of land to produce rice and other key staples such as wheat and oilseeds, whose areas –beside the one occupied by pulses-rebounded from their

previous negative trends (Table 12). Maize, spices, potato, and vegetables continued expanding, albeit at a slower pace in the same period. Sugarcane and fruit area declined.

It is particularly noticeable that the rice area in total cropped area dropped year-on-year in 2012/13, giving space for the increase in share of all other crops, but jute and fruits.90 Indeed, it provides a first sign of a renewed focus on diversification.

A similar trend is observed in terms of overall agricultural diversification, which seems to have improved, in the last fiscal year, as the share of rice on total agricultural value year-on-year fell by 0.8% with rising shares of fishery and livestock sectors by 0.7% and 0.2%, respectively, in 2012/13.

90 Share of wheat, maize, oilseeds, pulses, potato areas in total cropped area rose by 0.42, 0.30, 0.14, 0.11, 0.12 percentage points in 2012/13 over 2011/12.

Table 12: Acreage growth rate (%)

Crops Pre-PoA

(2000/01-2006/07)

Post-PoA (2007/08-2012/13)

Rice -0.44 1.34*

Wheat -10.43* 0.17

Maize 68.46* 3.30

Oilseeds -3.90* 2.14*

Spices 5.93* 4.94

Pulses -6.07* 4.90*

Potato 6.41* 2.34*

Sugarcane -1.89* -3.75*

Fruits -6.69* -2.68*

Vegetables 4.11* 1.37

Jute -2.02* 13.67* Source: BBS *Significant at 10% level

Table 11: Crop production growth rate (%)

Crops Pre-PoA

(2000/01-2006/07)

Post-PoA (2007/08-2012/13)

Rice 1.62* 3.16*

Wheat -14.73* 7.43*

Maize 95.77* 7.04

Potato 9.07* 7.93*

Pulses -5.45* 5.71*

Brinjal -2.50* 1.64*

Pumpkin 8.68* 1.96

Beans 9.11* 2.40*

Lal Shak 5.77* 1.06

Edible oil 2.20* 4.44*

Banana 9.26* -2.90*

Guava 24.65* 6.00*

Mango 31.51* 3.93*

Pineapple 10.01* -3.81

Jackfruit 30.62* -0.83 Source: BBS; *Significant at 10% level

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Although the increase in minor crops' share of agricultural GDP slowed down in the later period, the share of the fishery sector increased faster. By contrast, livestock share bounced back from the declining trend prevailing after the 2007/08 food price crisis (Figure 17). Overall, it can be said that although agricultural diversification did not improve in the post-PoA period, there is a sign of improvement in the last fiscal year.

4.1.2. Policy developments/programmes underway and needs for further action

Under subprogramme 1.1 related to enhancing knowledge generation, CIP 2014 (2012/13) includes seven completed, 31 ongoing and seven pipeline projects with total financing at 192.9 million USD or 1.61% of total financed CIP. Of the 181.1 million USD for completed and ongoing projects, 137.2 million USD (76%) are financed by GoB and 43.9 million by DPs. Under subprogramme 1.2, related to improvement of agricultural extension service, there are 11 completed, 24 ongoing and four pipeline projects, amounting to 243.9 million USD. Of the total budget of 202.3 million USD for completed and online projects, 146.7 million USD i.e. 73% are financed by GoB and the rest 27% by DPs. This subprogramme accounts for 2.03% of total CIP budget. Subprogramme 1.3, which mainly focuses on research and extension for climate adaption, includes 11 ongoing and seven pipeline projects worth 366.9 million USD. DPs finance 170.9 million USD or 61% of the total 279.7 million USD of ongoing projects.

Enhance research and knowledge generation in a sustainable manner The Government budget for the research institutes under NARS (including BARC) increased by 15%, up from 4.5 billion taka in 2012/13 to 5.2 billion taka in 2013/14,91 although its share in the National Budget remained unchanged at 0.23%, reflected in lower budget allocated to BRRI, but higher for other institutes. The SFYP stressed on avoiding fragmented and duplicated research; focusing research on farming system instead of individual crops; promoting problem solving research in different agro-ecological zones; and building linkage between research and extension.

Research priorities in Bangladesh agriculture92 published by BARC identified the following thematic areas: varietal development, management practices, diseases and pests, and processing and marketing. For instance, in the case of rice, the research priorities are: development of short duration, salt tolerant, submergence tolerant, drought tolerant, disease and pest resistant, aromatic, hybrid varieties and varieties with high iron, zinc and vitamin A, integrated crop management, yield gap minimization, intensification and

91 MTBF, MoA, http://www.mof.gov.bd/en/budget/13_14/mtbf/en/MBF_43_Agriculture_English.pdf 92 BARC, Research priorities in Bangladesh agriculture, final draft. http://barc.gov.bd/documents/Research_Priorities_Bangladesh_ Agriculture.pdf

Figure 17: Agricultural GDP subsectors (%)

Source: BBS

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diversification of rice based cropping system under different ecosystems, minimizing post harvest losses, rice milling for high recovery, and diversified use of rice by products.

The National Agriculture Policy 201393 identified different strategies for research and development in the following areas: management system of research institutes, planning and financing of research, research topics and areas, technology transfer, equality in providing services, building information data base, public private partnership and protection of intellectual property right. These are discussed in further detail in the following sections.

Improve agricultural extension services The DAE is the largest agency providing extension services to farmers with a total of 12,899 extension workers (SAAO) and 2,162 officers. Besides DAE, agricultural universities provide university-based extension training and activities. NGOs like BRAC, CARE Bangladesh, and World Vision as well as some private companies are also providing extension and advisory services. BRAC has 250 agriculturists and 8,903 agriculture extension workers working in 136,320 villages.

Priority issues identified in the NAP 2013 for improving extension services include: assisting farmers through coordinating extension endeavours of public, private sectors and NGOs; solving farmers' problems through building relationship among research institutes, extension department and universities under 'bottom-up' approach; adoption of modern information technologies in agricultural extension activities; encouraging partnership in extension activities between public and private organizations; raising productivity of agricultural crops; ensuring production of quality product; effort to be made to deliver appropriate technologies in hilly, drought-prone, barind, char, haor/baor and water logging areas; increasing resilience to natural calamities by adopting short, medium and long run development programme, agricultural rehabilitation programme and crop insurance programme and creating 'agricultural rehabilitation encountering fund'; conservation of environment and natural resources through encouraging development of sustainable and environment friendly technologies, conservation of bio-diversity, adoption of integrated pest and crop management and controlling use of agricultural land for non-agricultural purposes; creating a coordinated data bank with the existing information on resources, inputs, technologies, production and marketing systems.

Needs for further action in this area include:

Strengthen management system of research institutes: In line with NAP 2013, for scaling up quality of research, the coordination, planning, prioritization, monitoring and evaluation systems of research institutes should be strengthened. Coordination and integration is needed to avoid fragmentation and duplication of research efforts. Incentives and awards could be offered for developing new technologies to the institutes as well as to the researchers. Sufficient funds must be allocated timely and according to demand for carrying out quality, demand-driven and integrated research. In the national agricultural system, a research method may be prepared so that maximum social benefit can be obtained by spending a unit of money for research purpose. Moreover, emphasis should be given to adopt “bottom-up” approach for planning and prioritization.

93 http://www.moa.gov.bd/policy/nap.htm

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Coordinate research by public and private partners: Increased research focus is needed on farming systems or integrated production systems rather than individual commodities. Moreover, in line with NAP 2013, public-private partnership research and research in collaboration with international research organizations should be encouraged. Public-private partnership research may be carried out, for example, between NARS institutes and local seed companies or NGOs like BRAC as well as between NARS institutes and international agriculture research centres e.g. CGIAR.94

Focus technological development on efficiency, sustainability and resilience: Research needs to focus on development and improvement of stress tolerant and short duration varieties and farming practices; agricultural machineries and post harvest technologies to enhance handling and marketing especially of high value crops; sustainable and efficient use of land and water resources; crop management in adverse environment and for climate change adaptation.

Develop an information warehouse: Lots of information obtained through research by different organizations is not openly accessible. They are either lost or remain in the concerned organization. Even other people of same organization are unaware about it. So a central data warehouse may be developed under BARC through developing e-network. In line with NAP 2013 a data bank could be created with the existing information on resources, inputs, technologies, production and marketing systems, prices, etc.

Improve research infrastructure and strengthen human resources: The quality of research is constrained by the availability of modern instruments and other infrastructures due to availability of funding in public research organizations. Overall public spending in agricultural research is very low in Bangladesh compared to neighbouring country like India.95 Research funding needs to be up scaled in order to allow the required technological breakthrough. In presence of a tight budget constraint, a trade-off emerges between funding allocation to research versus other agricultural expenditures, such as input subsidies. Also the number of researchers and their skills are significantly below requirement. In 2010, more than 20% of scientific positions remained unfilled.96 In 2011/12, only 43% of total budget allocated to research institutes under NARS was under the development budget and mainly used for financing research projects. The rest was revenue budget to cover mainly the cost of staff and other running expenses.97 Training and mentoring of junior scientists remains an urgent priority, while the system of incentives, e.g. salary structure and promotion system, needs to be updated.

Promote agricultural research for nutritional development: Agriculture has made remarkable advances, but progress in nutrition is lagging behind. To address this gap, emphasis should be given to carry out nutrition-oriented agricultural research. The starting point for ‘Agriculture for Nutrition and Health’ (ANH) is that agricultural practices, interventions, and policies can be better adapted and redesigned to maximize health and nutrition benefits and to reduce health risks. In order to

94 Consultative group on international agricultural research. 95 Latest comparative information available indicate that in 2009 agricultural research intensity measured by agricultural R&D spending as a share of agricultural GDP stood at 0.32% in Bangladesh and 0.4% in India and the gap is expected to have further widened. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/astisouthasiasynthesis.pdf 96 Rahija, M. et al. (2011). Bangladesh: recent development in public agricultural research, country note, ASTI. 97 MTBF, MoA.

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achieve this goal, ANH will bring together research and development professionals across the agriculture, nutrition, and health sectors to jointly tackle key challenges and design joint solutions. ANH has four components: value chains for enhanced nutrition; bio-fortification; prevention and control of agriculture-associated diseases; and integrated agriculture, nutrition, and health programs and policies. Priority has been given in Bangladesh agricultural research to develop new varieties of nutrient enriched crops and crop varieties with high content of iron, zinc and vitamin A.

Expand Farmers Information and Advice Centres: In line with NAP 2013, all field extension personnel of DAE, DLS, DoF, in collaboration with NGO and private companies need to provide integrated services for all farmers. The Farmers Information and Advice Centre (FIAC) housed in UP complex can work as the reference one stop service centre. For providing agricultural services (crops, fishery and livestock) round the clock, so far 727 “Farmers Information and Advice Centre” have been created under National Agricultural Technology project. For expansion of agricultural technologies so far 13,450 farmers’ groups have been formed in 120 upazilas under this project.98 This centre needs to be expanded throughout the country.

Strengthen agricultural information services through ICT in extension services: In line with NAP 2013, ICT can be used to facilitate farmers’ participation and better linking marketing and production system through web and mobile based technologies. Digitized databases and management information systems may be set up at upazila, district and national levels. Mobile based text messages and voice messages may utilized for early warning on pest and disease outbreak, natural disasters as well as to disseminate critical information. For expansion of ICT, 1,043 computers, 300 laptops and 1,043 printers, 300 multimedia projectors and 450 modems have been supplied in the field offices under DAE.99 For using these instruments, skilled personnel need to be recruited or training needs to be provided to the existing staffs.

Fill vacancies and increase efficiency of extension workers: Currently, a number of posts of extension workers remain vacant.100 As the creation of new posts is difficult and time consuming,101 recruitment is urgently necessary to fill the vacant posts. Emphasis on recruiting more woman extension workers would enhance extension service women who are involved in growing nutrition enriched crops through home gardening, apart from supporting the significant contributions women make to agriculture more broadly. Available evidence shows that female household heads are less likely to get extension services and access quality services than their male counterparts.102 Besides, the efficiency of extension services can be improved through training, skill development, institutional strengthening and logistic support to the extension workers.

98 Report on achievement of DAE from 01.01.2009 to 30.06.2013. 99 Report on achievement of DAE Ibid 100 Currently 724 SAAO posts out of 12,899 remain vacant. 101 It is worth mentioning that the number of SAAO post remain unchanged since 1980s. 102 http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/essprn21.pdf

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4.2. Programme 2: Improved water management and infrastructure for irrigation purposes

Programme 2 of the CIP aims to ensure sustainable and efficient water management to address farmers’ needs. It covers the investments required under the NFP PoA 1.2, which deals with the use and management of water resources, advocating for the expansion of irrigation coverage, improved efficiency, delivery and safety of water use and reduced dependency on groundwater irrigation. Programme 2 is articulated along 3 subprogrammes to: (1) improve water management and water distribution systems at farm level, (2) improve and increase efficiency of surface water irrigation particularly in the south, (3) reduce impacts of saline water intrusion in the south, and (4) enhance river flow to the south.

4.2.1 Progress towards achievements

Table 13: Progress towards achievement of CIP programme 2 CIP/NFP PoA output proxy indicators 2007/08 2009/10 2011/12 2012/13 Source

% of cropped area under irrigation 44.2% 45.3% 46.8% 47.4%

BBS Major & Minor Crops Statistics and communication

with Agricultural Wing Water table depth in Northern region, average yearly change over last 20 years (cm/year)

6.5 (1989-2008)

13.7 (1991-2010)

5.5 (1993-2012)

7.3 (1994-2013) WDB

Water table depth in Northern region, average yearly change over last 3 years (cm/year)

15.4 (2006-08)

45.9 (2008-10)

-11.7 (2010-12)

-34.2 (2011-13) WDB

Surface water irrigation area as % of total irrigation area 23.3% 22.0% 21.3% 20.9%

BBS Major & Minor Crops Statistics and communication

with Agricultural Wing Irrigation cost per acre as % of total boro production cost 16.3% 15.8% 13.6% 14.6% MoA

Irrigation area increased less than previous year The share of total cropped area under irrigation continued to expand, increasing from 46.8% of the cropped area in 2011/12 to 47.2% in 2012/13 (Table 13). This increase year-on-year by 0.6 percentage point is less than the 1.0 percentage point observed a year earlier.

Share of surface water for irrigation declined marginally The share of surface water irrigation in total irrigated areas declined, albeit marginally, from 21.3% in 2011/12 to 20.9% in 2012/13, as a result of a decline of the area under surface water irrigation by 1.6% in the last fiscal year, compared to the overall increase in irrigated area (Table 13). Dependency on groundwater for irrigation is increasing, despite the policy commitment to move in the opposite direction. However, Figure 18 shows that the long term declining trend has somewhat slowed down.

Groundwater table depth slightly increased in 2013 Declining groundwater level is a great threat for future agricultural development, especially in the northern districts. Between 2008 and 2013, depth of the groundwater table in the northern area of Bangladesh dropped by 66%, from 3.7 metre in 1981 to 6.1 metre in 2013 (Figure 19). This was due to the over exploitation of groundwater relative to the recharging

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capacity of the aquifer:103 groundwater is being extracted at the rate of 53 billion cubic meters per year, while the rate of recharge is roughly 50 billion cubic meters.104

The water table in northern region marginally deepened in 2013 following significant recovery in 2011 and 2012 after the exceptionally sharp decline registered in 2009 and 2010 due to unusually low rainfall (Figure 19). As a result, the average annual change in past three years shows that depth of water table in northern region improved significantly, whereas the average over 20 years shows a considerable deterioration in the long run (Table 13).

Share of irrigation in boro production cost increased The share of irrigation in total boro production cost rebounded from its downward trend observed since 2007/08, increasing year-on-year by 1% in 2012/13. This is the result of faster growth of irrigation costs (+18%) relative to total production cost (+10%). Over the last year, the increase in irrigation cost has been driven by the spike in prices of fuel and electricity.

4.2.2. Policy developments/programs underway and needs for further action

The budget of programme 2 is 2,475.8 million USD during 2012/13, which is 20.64% of the total CIP budget. Of the total 1,738.1 million USD for completed and ongoing projects, 1,452.9 million USD (83.6%) is financed by GoB and the rest 285.2 million by DPs. Subprogramme 2.1 on water management has four completed and 12 ongoing projects worth 328 million USD, of which 65.3% are financed by GoB. Additionally, there are two pipeline projects with budget of 7.3 million USD. Nearly one-half of the budget for the programme is allocated to subprogramme 2.2 on surface water irrigation, which comprises seven completed, 22 ongoing and 13 pipeline projects, amounting to 1,216.8 million USD; 84% of its completed and ongoing projects’ budgets comes from GoB sources and the remaining from DPs. Subprogramme 2.3 on saline water intrusion has one ongoing and one pipeline projects with a budget of 180.1 million USD. Under subprogramme 2.4 on river water flow, one completed and nine ongoing projects are included with a budget of 743.6 million USD, of which 719.2 million USD or 97% are funded by GoB. 103Dey, N. C. et al. (2013). Sustainability of groundwater use for irrigation in Northwest Bangladesh, Draft final report of the study commissioned by NFPCSP; and Mamunul, A. H. M. et al. (2012). Hydro geological condition and assessment of groundwater resource using visual mudflow modelling, Rajshahi City Aquifer, Bangladesh .Journal Geological Society of India. Vol. 79, pp. 77-84. 104 Kabir, M. Z (2012).Harnessing surface water for irrigation purposes, The Financial Express, April 28.

Figure 19: Depth of the groundwater table in Northern Bangladesh

Source:WDB

Figure 18: Irrigated area: total and surface area

Source: BBS

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The NAP 2013 emphasizes increased use of surface water, decreased use of groundwater and reduction of irrigation cost. For this purpose, steps are to be taken in the following areas: scaling up irrigation efficiency and productivity of water; creating and updating data bank on groundwater level, surface water level, sea water level, salinity status, etc. for planning and monitoring water management; conservation and proper utilization of surface water; and building strong coordination among different organizations, for using energy obtained from different sources.

The Water Act approved by the Parliament in 2013 is designed for integrated development, management, extraction, distribution, usage, protection and conservation of water resources in Bangladesh. The Act provides a strong framework for better management of water resources in the country. As per this Act, all forms of water (e.g. surface water, groundwater, sea water, rain water and atmospheric water) within the territory of Bangladesh belong to the Government on behalf of the people. A worthwhile initiative is the requirement for permits/licenses for large scale water withdrawal by individuals and organizations beyond domestic use. In view of water resources protection and conservation, the Act has permitted the executive committee to issue a protection order to the owner or appropriate authority for conservation of such water source, as a source of potable water. The Act provides provisions for punishment and financial penalty for non-compliance.

The Parliament approved the National River Protection Commission Act on 14 July 2013, to establish a commission to protect rivers and water bodies from illegal encroachment, pollution and unscrupulous exploitation. The commission will coordinate the activities of different ministries involved in management of water and rivers, and provide advice to the Government on measures to be adopted.

In 2012, the Government approved a 20-year master plan of the Haor Development Board towards integrated planning and implementation through multi organisational involvement and community participation. The Plan has been formulated to ensure sustainable development of 20 million inhabitants of haor areas covering seven north-eastern districts at the costs of 793.6 million taka.105 The main areas for development identified are: flood management, environmental sustainability, crop production, fisheries and livestock, expansion of education, settlement, healthcare facilities, road communications, navigation, water supply, sanitation, industry, afforestation, use of mineral resources, and generation of power and energy. It will be implemented in three phases, with implementation beginning in 2012/13 and to be completed by 2031/32.

The Government is in a process of continuous negotiation with India on the water sharing of 54 common rivers. Teesta river water remains high on the agenda. The flow of Teesta river has reduced to just 10% of its historical flow.106 Farmers are forced to irrigate with costly underground water due to the sharp decline in water level (see Box 2). In the meantime, a framework for Teesta Water Sharing Treaty has been finalized.107 In the Joint River Commission (JRC) meeting, Bangladesh’s proposal was to have 50-50 water sharing whilst keeping aside 20% of the total flow for the river.108

105 Budget speech 2013-14. 106 The Daily Sun, 12 March, 2014. 107 Budget speech 2013-14. 108 Haque, M. I. (2014). Common river issue: Is JRC delivering? The Daily Star, 13 April.

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Box 2 : Farmers forced to go for costly irrigation amid sharp decline in Teesta's water level Bangladesh gets only 10% of the water it needs for irrigation under the Teesta barrage irrigation scheme. Irrigation canals dry up at the peak of the boro season, as the Indian authorities block water at Gajaldoba barrage in West Bengal. The water flow was over 1,500 cusecs (cubic feet per second) in January and 409 cusecs in March, whereas it hovered around 3,000 cusecs last year. Farmers have turned to expensive commercial shallow pump operators at around 3,600 taka per acre, compared to 350 taka if Teesta water were available. With the resulting higher production costs, farmers are worried they will be unable to make any profit. Source: The Daily Star, April 14, 2014

A 2009 feasibility study estimated that a Ganges barrage would cost 314 billion taka and pay itself off in five years, with annual benefits of 73 billion taka. The study also reveals that the soil salinity level, in the areas surrounding the south-western rivers, will reduce significantly in the lean period. The barrage will retain the water of the trans-boundary Ganges, known as the Padma in Bangladesh, during the monsoon and feed small rivers during the lean season, which will reduce salinity, a major threat to public health and agriculture in the southwest. The barrage will hold 2.9 billion cubic litres water in a reservoir 165 km long and 12.5 metres deep. The draft design of Ganges barrage has been finalised and the Government plans to float a tender for construction at the end of the current year.109 In February, GoB sought soft loans from China for construction of the Ganges barrage and China asked for another feasibility study for the barrage to estimate its potentials. The study is already completed but the Government is yet to send the report to China.110

Due to siltation, about 18,000 km of river routes have been lost during the last 37 years. In order to restore the navigability of big rivers, a fifteen-year master plan has been adopted to complete capital dredging of the main rivers. The second phase of the Garai River Reclamation Project has started with GoB funds invested to save south-western Bangladesh from environmental degradation. The regular dredging of other rivers has continued. Besides, the Buriganga River Reclamation Project is on-going.111 Between 2009/10 and 20012/13, 198 km river dredging have been completed under BWDB, of which 22 km in Yamuna river, 30 km in Garai river, 43 km in Pungli and Turag rivers and 102 km in Chandana-Barashia river.112 For the purpose of capital dredging and purchase of dredging materials, the Ministry of Water Resource proposed 2,961 million taka in 2013/14, which is 17.4% of the ministry’s development budget.113


Reduce dependency on groundwater for irrigation: As mentioned above, the share of cropped area irrigated with surface water further declined in the last financial year. Between 2007/08 and 2012/13, groundwater irrigation rose by 20% compared to 4% rise for surface water irrigation. To reduce groundwater dependency, farmers should be encouraged to gradually shift from boro cultivation to higher value crops, such as pulses and oilseeds, in critical basins; managed aquifer recharge (MAR) should be promoted nationwide; and harvesting of surface and rain water should be encouraged, especially through excavation of existing canals, ponds, khals, and water bodies.114 Barind Multipurpose Development Authority (BMDA) re-excavated

109 http://www.mowr.gov.bd/images/pdf/5-years-dev.pdf 110 The Daily Star 28 March 2014. 111 Budget speech 2013-14. 112 http://www.mowr.gov.bd/images/pdf/5-years-dev.pdf 113 MTBF 2013-14, MoWR. 114 Dey, N. C. et al. (2013). op. cit.

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Box 3 : Innovation saves cost of irrigation In 2008, Rabiul Islam in Jamalpur, a former mechanic, set up an irrigation pump, but his diesel-run pump could not lift water due to air bubbles filling up the pipe. Later, he connected another pipe to the water pipe which helped the bubbles to come out through one pipe and water through another. But the real breakthrough came in 2011, when he realised that the air emitted through the pipe was natural gas. He later connected the gas-emitting pipe to a second-hand motor car engine that helped the pump run without any fuel. Rabiul, who does not own any farmland, charges one-third of the crops in exchange of water supply. Last year, he got 250 maunds of rice from farmers in exchange of water. Tanvir Ahmed, agriculture officer of Madarganj upazila, said, if Rabiul's method is applied, the overall cost of boro cultivation can be reduced. Source: Daily Star, 28 March 2014

2,880 ponds and 1,177 canals and constructed 623 water reservoirs in the canals, through which additional 60 thousand hectares of land have been brought under irrigation facilities during the last two years.115 Moreover, since 2012 BMDA banned all repairs and new installations of DTWs in the Barind area.

Reduce irrigation costs: As mentioned above the share of irrigation cost in total boro production cost rose in the last fiscal year contrary to the downward trend prevailing in previous years (Table 13). Irrigation cost can be reduced by improving access to electricity for operating shallow tube-wells and by improving irrigation efficiency through the introduction of new technologies and enhanced water management practices. Diesel operated tube-wells have higher costs than electricity operated ones due to different energy pricing. Enhanced access to electricity could reduce unit costs incurred by farmers. Another promising option for reducing cost is the introduction of solar powered tube-wells. In 2012/13, four solar powered tube-wells have been setup, which irrigated 110 acres of land.116 Costs can be reduced by improved water management practices, such as through Alternate Wetting and Drying (AWD).117 The new technology can save 20% underground water. In order to prevent wastage of water and thereby to reduce cost BMDA installed prepaid meter in 11,029 DTW out of 14,737 in Barind area. Besides, technologies developed at local level should be encouraged and disseminated (if possible) for reducing irrigation cost (see Box 3).

Increase irrigation efficiency and productivity of water: Within the existing water resource, effectiveness of irrigation and water productivity can be increased through expansion of modern water management technologies. For increasing irrigation coverage in adverse condition such as char, hilly, Barind, drought prone, Haor and salinity area modern irrigation technologies may be adopted. For this purpose, in hilly areas, 16 Jhiri (rivulets from hill) dams have been set up in 2012/13. As a result, 200 acres of land came under irrigation facilities.118 Expansion of this type of technology is necessary in other areas.

Enhance availability and use of surface water: The NAP (2013) emphasised on conservation and proper use of surface water by strengthening re-excavation of khals, ponds and other water bodies. In line with the SFYP, excavation/re-excavation programmes and promotion of effective utilization of canals, ponds and other water

115 Bangladesh Economic review 2013 Bangla, MoF, GoB, P 96. 116 Annual report of Ministry of Agriculture, 2012/13 117 Alternate Wet and Dry Irrigation (AWDI) is a water saving technology in which rice fields are not kept continuously submerged but are allowed to dry intermittently during the rice growing stage. 118 Annual Report of Ministry of Agriculture, 2012/13

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bodies should be scaled up in order to enhance conservation and utilization of surface water and encourage groundwater recharge through water-shed management, rainwater harvesting and establishment of water reservoirs and other surface water storage systems. A total of 1,408 km of khal have been excavated/re-excavated in 2012/13 under different projects/programmes of BADC. As a result, 28,160 hectares of land have brought under surface water irrigation facilities, including the installation of 90 power pumps. In 2012/13, BADC also established two rubber dams in Mymensingh (Haluaghat) and Suanmgonj (Chhatak) areas. As a result, 1,700 hectares of land can be brought under irrigation.119

Create and update a data bank on water resources: For planning and monitoring purpose, data warehouse on groundwater level, surface water level, sea water level, salinity status etc. needs to be created and updated. In order to measure groundwater level automatically, 201 auto water level recorders have been set up in 2012/13. Using this information Ground Water Zoning Map has already been prepared. Under Water Resource Planning Organization (WARPO), 200 and 125 databases have been updated under National Water Resource Database (NWRD) and Integrated Coastal Resource Database (ICRD) projects, respectively. Besides, 50 each new databases are added under NWRD and ICRD projects, respectively. Additionally, Data Dissemination Policy of WARPO has been approved.120

Ensure arsenic-free groundwater for irrigation: Excessive extraction of groundwater can contribute to arsenic contamination of groundwater, soil and the food chain through prolonged irrigation with contaminated water.121 Arsenic was found as high as 80 mg per kg of soil in an area receiving arsenic-contaminated irrigation in Bangladesh.122 Initiatives to prevent and mitigate arsenic contamination in soil and food chain should be encouraged.

Control flood and river erosion: Interventions to mitigate flooding propensity include floodplain zoning, planned urbanization, restoration of abundant channels, dredging of rivers and streams, increased elevations of roads and village platforms, building of efficient storm sewer systems, establishment of buffer zones along rivers, conservation tillage, controlled runoff near construction sites, adjustment of life-style and crop patterns, good governance, and improvement in flood warning/preparedness systems.123 Between 2009/10 and 2012/13, a total 265 km of river banks, including 24 km in the border area, have been protected from erosion under different projects of BWDB.

Reduce salinity in coastal areas: Apart from increasing water flow of rivers, salinity can be reduced by re-excavation of canals and construction of dams in the coastal area. Between 1973 and 2009, salinity prone area increased from 0.83 million ha to 1.06 million ha.124 Under Char Development and Settlement Project (CDSP Phase 4), 18 Water Management Group (WMG) have been created; 26 km of khal has been re-

119 Annual Report of Ministry of Agriculture, 2012/13. 120 http://www.mowr.gov.bd/images/pdf/5-years-dev.pdf 121 Heikens, A. (2006). Arsenic contamination of irrigation water, soil and crops in Bangladesh, office for Asia and the Pacific, FAO, Bangkok. 122 Haq, S. M. et al. (2006). Arsenic Contamination in Food-chain: Transfer of Arsenic into Food Materials through Groundwater Irrigation, J Health Popul Nutr; 24(3): 305–316. 123 http://www.lhup.edu/mkhalequ/research/floods-bd-bmps-ben.pdf 124 Awal, M. A. (2013). Adapting social safety net programmes to climate change shocks: issues and options for Bangladesh. NFPCSP supported research report, FAO, Dhaka.

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excavated; and new 34 km of dams have been erected to protect against intrusion of saline water from sea in the coastal area.125

4.3. Programme 3: Improved quality of input and soil fertility

Programme 3 of the CIP focuses on improving the availability of and access to quality inputs and soil fertility. The programme is articulated in four sub programmes to: (1) enhance the availability of agricultural inputs that is tested and certified for quality; (2) develop public-private partnerships through capacity development; (3) enhance and improve sustainability of soil fertility management; and (4) facilitate access to credit and other financial services for small holders and the poor. This program is closely in line with the NFP PoA areas of interventions 1.3 and 1.5 that deal with the supply and sustainable use of agricultural inputs, agricultural credit and other productive inputs.



Annual change in improved rice, wheat and maize seeds production 9.8% 127.8% 2.9% -15.7% MoA

Improved seeds supply (BADC, DAE and private companies) as % agronomic requirements

Rice 40% 44% 59% 52%

MoA

Wheat 41% 67% 72% 56% Maize 93% 84% 96% 74%

Potato 5% 3% 12% 10% Pulses 1% 3% 12% 15%

Vegetables 36% 32% 20% 20% Edible Oilseeds* 4% 4% 12% 14%

Supply of urea as % of estimated requirements 98% 82% 77% 89%

MoA, Fertilizer Monitoring and

Management Unit

Supply of TSP as % of estimated requirements 82% 63% 81% 93%

Supply of MoP as % of estimated requirements 66% 53% 77% 65%

Change in crop yields (moving average over 3 previous years)

Rice 3.11% 3.78% 2.95% 1.7%

BBS Statistical Yearbooks and

communications with BBS

Agricultural Wing

Wheat 7.53% 9.58% 5.10% 7.7% Maize 3.18% -0.70% 5.02% 4.3%

Potato 2.85% 9.30% 1.80% 2.0% Pulses 2.13% 3.73% 3.60% 0.6% Brinjal 5.47% 0.77% 2.15% 3.7%

Pumpkin 3.35% 1.61% 3.70% -2.2% Beans 3.66% -0.18% 3.30% 0.7%

Lal Shak 0.19% 2.73% -0.40% -0.9% Edible Oilseeds* 4.53% 2.26% 3.95% 0.7%

Banana -1.39% -3.89% -3.66% 1.9% Guava 0.45% 10.77% 5.81% 4.2%

Mango -2.22% 0.03% 4.50% 6.3% Pineapple -4.11% -0.95% -7.19% -3.1%

Jackfruit -15.47% 2.27% -1.60% 1.1% Agricultural credit disbursement

billion taka 85.81 111.17 131.32 146.67 Bangladesh Bank Annual Report % of target 103% 97% 95% 104%

* Includes til, rape, mustard, groundnut and soya bean

125 http://www.mowr.gov.bd/images/pdf/5-years-dev.pdf

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Declining production and supply of cereal seeds The production of improved cereal seeds declined in 2012/13 by 15.7%. This is the first decline registered in the recent past, when annual growth has always been positive, despite significant variability. The production decline impacted on the supply of improved seeds relative to agronomic requirements, which declined by 7% for rice, 16% for wheat and 22% for maize. Seed supply relative to agronomic requirements remained at par with the previous year’s supply for vegetables, and decreased by two percentage points for potatoes. For pulses and edible oilseeds, supply relative to agronomic requirements has been increasing quite rapidly starting from a quite low base, so that the increases of 15% and 14%, respectively, represent improvements of 15 times and over three times, respectively, relative to the levels registered in 2007/08.

Quality rice seed production increased since 2007/08, except for a slight decrease in the last fiscal year. The share of public sector supply increased during 2007/8 to 2011/12, reaching 49%, after which it declined markedly in 2012/13 while the private sector share increased to 12.7% (see Figure 20).

Urea and TSP fertilizers supply improves, but declines for MoP Fertilizer supply as a percentage of agronomic requirements improved significantly in 2012/13 except for potash fertilizer (MoP). Urea supply reached 89% in 2012/13 after a significant increase on the previous year, but still below the 98% in 2007/08. TSP supply reached the record level of 93% of agronomic requirements in 2012/13 (Table 14). MoP supply as a share of requirements continued to decline from 89% in 2010/11 to 65% in 2012/13 – and this may have constrained sales (see Table 15).

Variations in crop yields observed in 2012/13 Over the period 2007/08 to 2010/11, yields have been quite steady for rice and wheat. In 2011/12 annual growth in rice yield registered a rate of almost 3% compared to 2.08% in the previous year on 3-year moving average basis, but in the reporting year rice yield grew by 1.7%. Relatively higher variability in the yields growth is observed for potato, beans and edible oils. Maize yield increased by 5.02% in 2011/12 after a run of year-on-year changes in the preceding few years, but then increased by 4.3% in 2012/13. Pulses yields increased by 0.6% in 2012/13 compared to 3.6% in 2011/12. The annual growth in the yield of beans registered significant decrease in 2012/13 compared to that in 2011/12. Mango yields grew by 6.3% in 2012/13 compared to 4.5% in 2011/12, which is still short of the peak of 8.9% in 2010/11. In contrast, pineapple yields decreased for two consecutive years (2011/12 and 2012/13).

Agricultural credit disbursement accelerates Agricultural credit disbursement increased from 85.8 billion taka in 2007/08 to 146.6 billion taka in 2012/13, and in line with sector expansion, it remained steady at around 10% of

Figure 20: Contribution of public and private sectors in quality rice seed supply

Source: MoA

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agricultural GDP since 2007/08. The rate of disbursement relative to the annual target in 2012/13 was 104% against 95% in the previous year, thus inverting the slow but constant decline observed since 2007/08.

According to Bangladesh Bank (BB), the loan recovery for agricultural credit increased by 16% to 143.62 billion taka in 2012/13 from 123.6 billion taka in 2011/12.126 The increase in recovery resulted from corrective measures introduced for recovery of loans during 2013. Under the refinance scheme for share croppers undertaken in 2010 through BRAC, BB has refinanced 4.49 billion taka to more than 260,000 share croppers in 2013.127

4.3.2 Policy development /programs underway and needs for further action

Programme 3 of the CIP accounted for 3,232 million USD in 2012/13, comprising 26.9% of the total CIP budget of which 1,056 million USD was already financed. The programme includes four subprogrammes, having 12 projects completed, 17 on-going and nine in the pipeline during 2012/13. The total budget for this programme increased by 81.1% from 610.5 million USD in 2009/10 to 1,105.9 million USD in 2010/11, and then to 1,624.5 million USD in 2011/12, and reached 3,232 million USD in 2012/13. By 30 June 2013, 12 projects were completed costing 94.0 million USD. The average budget per project drastically decreased from 21.9 million USD in 2009/10 to 10.6 million USD in 2010/11. But quite significantly it increased to 40.9 million USD in 2011/12 which further increased to 64.4 million USD in 2012/13. The delivery of funds for programme 3 was 72.3 million USD in 2009/10, which drastically reduced to 55.4 million USD in 2010/11. However, the level of delivery increased to 115.0 million USD in 2011/12, and then reached 223.1 million USD in 2012/13.

Fertilizers use rebalanced but subsidy exceeded five percent of public expenditure Following the food, fuel and fertilizer prices crisis of 2007/08, domestic fertilizer pricing has been gradually rebalanced: urea price increased, while non-urea fertilizer price substantially reduced. Table 15 shows the dramatic impact on fertilizer sales: TSP increase has been fourfold, MoP increased by almost seven times and DAP sales were multiplied by a factor of 24. Conversely, urea sales reduced, but only by about 11%. These changes are quite positive, as they indicate a rebalancing of fertilizers’ use, which has been characterized by excessive use of urea and inadequate use of other fertilizers.

Table 15: Domestic fertiliser prices and sales, 2007/08 - 2012/13 Period Price (tk/kg) Sales (lakh MT)

Urea TSP MoP DAP Urea TSP MoP DAP 2008/09 6 28 26 36 25.33 1.65 0.82 0.18 2009/10 12 80 70 90 24.09 4.2 2.63 1.36 2010/11 12 22 15 27 26.55 5.91 5.07 3.53 2011/12 20 22 16 27 22.96 6.41 6.03 4.03 2012/13 20 22 15 27 22.47 6.54 5.71 4.34 2013/14 16 22 15 27 22.13 6.12 4.51 5.21

Source: MoA

The change in domestic fertilizer prices results from the reduced unit subsidy on urea and the increased unit subsidy on other fertilizers. As shown in Figure 21, the ratio between domestic and international prices has gradually converged: in 2008 domestic prices were

126 Bangladesh Bank Annual Report, (2013). Agricultural and Rural Finance, (Ch.8). 127 Ibid

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less than half that of the import cost for urea, and 1.5 to 2.5 times higher for other fertilizers. By 2011 the situation had radically changed: the ratio between domestic and import prices had converged to less than unity (domestic to cif price of urea). In August 2013, the ratio further reduced as a result of the increase in urea subsidy with the reduction of the market price to 16 taka per kg.

Table 16 shows that the share of fertilizer subsidy in the national budget increased from 4.1% in 2007/08 to 5.3% in 2012/13 after reaching a minimum in 2009/10. This is mainly due to the increase in international fertilizer prices vis-à-vis the much less variable domestic prices, with the difference covered by public finance. The table also shows that the distribution of the subsidy among different fertilizers has been significantly rebalanced over the last few years, with the share of the subsidy to urea reducing from 89% to 40%, after a minimum of 33% in 2011/12.

In summary, the rebalancing of fertilizer use is an important result that has been achieved by a combination of the gradual increase in urea prices and reduction in prices of other fertilizers. The cost of the subsidy – closely related to the international fertilizer prices - has however increased. Sustainability of the result achieved might require a gradual re-alignment of domestic prices to international ones. This could free public resources for investing in more sustainable interventions such as agricultural research.

Table 16: Cost of subsidies on urea and non-urea fertilizers during 2007/08 to 2012/13

Year Subsidies (billion taka) Change from previous fiscal year % of fertilizer

subsidies in national budget

% of urea subsidies in fertilizers

subsidies Urea Non urea Total Urea Non urea Total

2007/08 31.55 3.79 35.34 na na na 4.1% 89% 2008/09 42.73 8.01 50.74 35.4% 111.3% 43.6% 5.1% 84% 2009/10 19.79 20.99 40.78 -53.7% 162.0% -19.6% 3.6% 49% 2010/11 25.71 29.71 55.42 29.9% 41.5% 35.9% 4.2% 46% 2011/12 23.28 46.24 69.52 -9.5% 55.6% 25.4% 4.3% 33% 2012/13 48.24 71.00 119.0 107.2% 53.5% 71.2% 5.3% 40%

Source: Ministry of Agriculture

HYV seed supply by different actors Only the public sector institutes produced and distributed HYV seeds of wheat and pulses in 2012/13. Maize seeds were largely supplied by the private sector, which provided 72% of the requirement and 96% of total supply – see Table 17. The private sector supplied 86% of HYV vegetable seeds, which represented only 17% of requirements. Also for potato and jute the bulk of the HYV seeds were produced and distributed by the private sectors. Self-produced seeds accounted for 17% of jute, 26% of maize, 44% of wheat and 80% or more for pulses, potato, vegetable and oilseeds, highlighting that the availability of quality seed is a constraint to diversifying production towards higher value added crops.

Figure 21: Ratio between domestic and import price of main fertilizers

Source: MoA

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Table 17: Contribution of different actors in non-rice seed production: 2012/13

Crops Seed requirement (MT) Seed distribution Contribution to: Total requirement (%) Total supply (%)

Public Private Public Private Self Public Private Wheat 55500 31343 - 56.4 - 43.6 100 - Maize 5840 153 4192 2.6 71.7 25.7 3.6 96.4 Pulse 23200 3428 - 14.7 - 85.3 100 - Oil seed 17250 2312 30 13.4 0.2 86.4 98.7 1.3 Vegetable 4500 125 790 2.8 17.6 79.6 13.7 86.3 Potato 675000 19233 45000 2.8 6.7 90.5 29.9 70.2 Jute 4600 813 3000 17.6 65.2 17.2 21.3 78.7

Source: MoA

With reference to seed production and distribution, the NAP 2013 has provisions for enhancing production, processing, quality control and marketing, including facilitating access to breeder and foundation seeds by GOs, NGOs and farmers. With reference to fertilizer production and distribution, the NAP similarly emphasizes the need to further involve public and private sectors in purchasing, procurement and distribution; strengthening quality controls at different stages as well as monitoring of supply, stocking and price; encouraging farmers to use organic and compost fertilizers to maintain soil health; up-scaling use of USG; restricting production, import, marketing and use of fertilizer that can be harmful to the soil, plant and animal.


Strengthen quality seed production and distribution: Numerous NGOs and companies (e.g. BRAC, Lal Teer, Syngenta, ACI) are involved in seed multiplication and marketing,128 and the Government’s quarantine and quality control systems need to be strengthened. Moreover, farmers’ training needs to be scaled up to increase their capacity to produce and store seeds. The Rural Development Academy’s (RDA) approach - named ‘Women in Seed Entrepreneurship’, previously called ‘Maria Seed Entrepreneur’- provides a scalable model involving women in profitable production, preservation, use and marketing of quality seed, and is now validated and disseminated in about 300 villages. In order to further scale up the model, FAO in collaboration with DAE gave training to about 500 farmers from the Southern region of the country in 2013/14.129 The approach should be considered for wider dissemination.

Accelerate Urea Super Granule application: Deep placement of urea through USG, although more labour-intensive, uses 20-25% less fertiliser and boosts plant nitrogen uptake by 30-40% compared to prilled urea.130 DAE is disseminating USG applicators developed at BRRI and BARI, and is implementing motivational programmes for farmers.131 The International Fertilizer Development Corporation (IFDC) is promoting USG in large scale, especially in southern Bangladesh. Further steps may be taken to encourage the private sector to develop and disseminate USG applicator technologies. Adoption of the technology at farm level could benefit from improved access to agricultural credit.

128 BRRI (2012). Genetic Resources and Seed Division report. Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, Gazipur-1701. 129 RDA (2013). Personal communication with the Director (Agriculture) RDA, Bogra. 130 BRRI (2008). Annual Review Report, Soil Science, Division, Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, Gazipur-1701; Jahiruddin,M.R. and M. A. Miah (2010). Constraints of farmers’ access to fertilizer for food production, study commissioned by NFPCSP. 131 MoA (2013). op. cit.

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Enhance pest management by promoting IPM and quality of agrochemicals: Adulteration and low efficacy of insecticides and pesticides, and their excessive use, negatively affects production, human health and environment.132 Irregular composition and marketing of pesticides needs to be restrained by fully enforcing the regulatory framework in place for pest management. Integrated pest management (IPM) which is being promoted by the DAE, should be strengthened. To ensure the efficacy of private sector branded fertilizer, insecticides and pesticides, companies and dealers should be engaged in certifying quality and consistency with active ingredients reported in the labels.

Promote agricultural mechanization: Bangladesh agriculture is witnessing remarkable structural changes, including increasing mechanization. The estimated annual market size of agricultural machinery and spare parts is about 802.3 million USD and an annual repair and service market of 105.2 million USD.133 Mechanization is exemplified by the tremendous expansion of mechanized tilling, with an increase of 532% in the number of tractors between 2002 and 2012.134 Mechanization should be seen not just as a response to labour scarcity, but is also an opportunity to increase agricultural productivity, agricultural labour remuneration and non-agricultural employment in machine manufacturing and servicing. An agricultural mechanization policy needs to be formulated, including machine development and manufacturing, quality protection by standardization of machines, skill development of researchers, farmers and mechanics, and marketing system improvement. In line with the NAP 2013, access to flexible long and medium term credit facilities for investment and working capital can also be promoted.

4.4. Programme 4: Fisheries and aquaculture development

Programme 4 seeks to sustainably increase fishery production through four subprograms to (1) develop small scale aquaculture, through access to quality inputs, advice and skills; (2) improve the management of fishery resources; (3) develop public private partnerships in support of infrastructure and services development; and (4) promote production in southern districts through sustainable shrimp and prawn development and community based management of wetland. Programme 4 relates to NFP PoA area of intervention 1.4, which strives to diversify agriculture through production of fish, among other things.

132 Sarker M. R., Alam M. Shahe and N. Akhtar (2004). Pesticide use in Modern Rice Production: The Issue of Human Health and Environment. Journal of Environmental Sciences. Vol.I. pp.77-88. 133 Ahmed S. (2013). Present status, prospects and challenges of Mechanization in Bangladesh. Paper produced in BARI training course organized by Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council (BARC), Farmgate, Dhaka. 134 FAO (2010).

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Figure 23: Trend in shrimp production

Source: DoF

0

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80

100

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Shrim

p pr

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AquacultureCaptureMarine



GDP from fishery sector as % of agricultural GDP (excluding forest), at constant price 2005-06

23.64% 22.50% 23.60% 24.53% Bangladesh Economic Review

Annual change in quantity of fish production 5.04% 7.33% 6.50% 4.54% (P) Fisheries Statistical

Yearbook (DoF) Annual change of fingerling production (finfish) 11.1% 2.4% 21.7% -9.7% (P) DoF

Number of new fish varieties developed 0 3 (2008/09)

0 0 DoF

Fishery exports

as % of total exports 4% 2.7% 2.5% 2.0% DoF of which shrimp share, % 66% 66% 57% 84%

Share of fishery in agricultural GDP grew for a second year The share of fisheries and aquaculture value added in agricultural GDP (excluding forest) continued expanding for the second consecutive year - increasing by 0.9 percentage point in 2012/13, after a growth of 0.6% in 2011/12 – and reached 24.5% compared to 23.6% in 2007/08 (Table 18).

Fish production continue growing but at a slower rate Quantity of fish production continued growing at a significant rate of 4% in 2012/13, although this was slower than the 6.5% registered in 2011/12 and the 7.3% in 2009/10. Figure 22 shows that culture fisheries expanded, accounting for almost 55% of production in 2012/13, compared to 53% in 2011/12. Open capture fisheries decreased from 35% in 2009/10 to 27% in 2012/13, and marine fisheries grew slightly from 17.8% in 2009/10 to 18.1% in 2012/13.

Shrimp production decreased by 18.4% during the period 2011/12-2012/13, to 206 thousand MT. This represents the first decline in shrimp production registered since 2009/10 when production fell by 23.7% to 187 thousand MT, from 245 thousand MT in 2008/09. Figure 23 shows that aquaculture, after a decline in 2009/10, increased during the period from 2010/11 to 2011/12, but declined again in 2012/13, though remaining still above the level recorded in 2009/10. Open capture halved its level

Figure 22: Trend in fish production

Source: DoF

0

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400

600

800

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1200

1400

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Aquaculture

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and marine shrimp production has been roughly stable over the period 2008/09 – 2012/13.

Declining fingerling production Year-on-year fingering production grew at 21.7% in 2011/12 but shrank by 9.7% in 2012/13. Since 2007/08 there were severe fluctuations in the growth of fingerling production ranging from +54.2% in 2008/09 to -16.8% in 2010/11. Reportedly, the approval of the Fish Hatchery Act 2010, requiring private hatcheries to register with the Department of Fisheries and restricting the use of antibiotics, drugs and harmful chemicals, has negatively impacted private supply, given their limited capacity in complying with the new regulations.

No fish variety developed by BFRI Bangladesh Fisheries Research Institute (BFRI) developed three new fish varieties in 2008/09. Thereafter, no new fish variety was developed by BFRI but several new technologies and management practices were developed and disseminated, including: (i) production and culture of mono-sex fry of super tilapia; (ii) artificial breeding and fry production from Thai pangas; (iii) cultivation practices of pangas in ponds; (iv) inter-culture of mixed ruho species in ponds; (v) production of Raj puti in seasonal ponds; and (vi) improved carp seed production and nursery management.135 Moreover, the World Fish Center in collaboration with the Challenge Program on Water and Food (CPWF) developed one saline tolerant Tengra fish species. Moreover recently BFRI developed seven other fish production and management technologies which await field level dissemination.

Fish exports decline The share of fisheries in total export showed a declining trend: from about 4% in 2007/08 to 2.7% in 2009/10 and 2.0% in 2012/13. Shrimp has the larger and growing share in fishery exports: 66% in 2007/08 to 84% in 2012/13. However, this share represents an increase of about 47.3 percentage points over 2011/12, when the share fell to 57%.

4.4.2 Policy development /programmes underway and needs for further action

Programme 4 of the CIP accounted for 478.1 million USD in 2012/13, which represents 3.98% of the total CIP budget, of which 245 million USD is already financed. The programme includes four subprogrammes, with four completed, 31 ongoing and 21 pipeline projects during 2012/13. The total budget for this programme decreased by 17.9% from 459.9 million USD in 2009/10, to 377.5 million USD in 2010/11, but thereafter increased to 401.6 million USD in 2011/12and reached 478.1 million USD in 2012/13. As of 30 June 2013, three projects were completed costing 12.0 million USD. The average budget per project slightly decreased from 7.6 million USD in 2009/10, to 7.2 million USD in 2010/11 and to 6.6 million USD in 2011/12. However, the average budget impressively increased to 11.5 million USD in 2012/13. The delivery of funds for programme 4 was 23.9 million USD in 2009/10, which increased to 36.5 million USD in 2010/11, 35.4 million USD in 2011/12 and 37.0 million USD in 2012/13.

Productivity of commercial pond-based aquaculture increased Khulna University, with USAID, World Fish Center and Save the Children, is providing training in commercial pond-based aquaculture to 10,033 fish farmers in Jessore, Faridpur, Barisal and Khulna. A modern laboratory set up at Khulna University can test the genetic quality of 135 http://www.bfri.gov.bd

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fish and shrimp, including polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing of shrimp post larvae to determine the physiological condition. It is expected that with increased awareness on the benefits of PCR testing, the lab will be able to recover the cost of testing through a testing fee. The Bangladesh Fisheries Research Forum (BFRF) is implementing higher study programme in collaboration with Fisheries Faculty at Bangladesh Agricultural University to improve genetic quality of different fish species.

Brackish water species hatchery established To enhance the productivity of broods from natural sources, mangrove hatcheries and nurseries have been established with assistance from USAID and World Fish Center.136 The Satkhira based hatchery started functioning in September 2012, and already stocked 200 kg Tengra broods from natural sources in several ponds covering 60 decimals. In June 2013, the hatchery produced 0.83 million fry from 300 broods and sold to the fish farming household in Khulna region. The hatchery also stocked a total of 60,000 fry in farmers’ ponds for commercial purposes.

Supporting small scale feed mills Fish farmers often face problems in accessing feed. With assistance from the USAID Aquaculture for Income and Nutrition (USAID-Aquaculture) project, DoF identified six locations where such problem is critical. The project subsidized six entrepreneurs to purchase feed production machineries to scale up their business to respond to the increased demand for feed that is expected to be generated by the farmers’ training delivered by the project. The small scale semi-mechanized feed mills are operating since November 2013.

Developing shrimp farms and fish feed companies The major shrimp farming areas are lacking availability of commercial feed although some farmers already initiated commercial aquaculture and have scope of expansion because of natural and environmental facility and social condition. The World Fish Center - USAID project in the meantime selected Agro Industrial Trust feed as a partner institute taking into consideration their business size, quality of feed production, eagerness to work in the untapped/remote areas and above all their interest in cost sharing. For quality and regular embedded service for fish farmers, both the USAID project and Trusts are building capacity of feed dealers and sales experts to sustain quality information flow along the feed value chain. These dealers along with the sales experts would provide training and needed extension programs to the fish farmers in the whole southern region.

Bangladesh Fish Act Estuarine Set Bag Net implemented in 2013 FAO-ECRRP innovative approach recommended the replacement of the destructive behundi jals with environmentally friendly poma jals.137 Accordingly, on 7 April 2013, the government, consistently with the Bangladesh Fish Act, imposed: (i) a complete round the year ban on the use of Estuarine Set Bag Net (ESBN- behundi jal) of any size, type, structure or mesh size (fixed net) in all water bodies (fresh water or brackish water) in water that are less than ten meters deep; so it is now possible to remove all the behundi nets from estuaries and rivers; (ii) ban from March to August of the running net of maximum one meter size of any type or structure, mesh size known as tana jal.

136 World Fish Center (2013a) Annual Progress Report. USAID-Aquaculture for Income and Nutrition, World Fish and USAID-Aquaculture. 137 Khan et al. (1994).

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Formalize user rights to exploit underutilized water bodies: In 2003/04, an Aquaculture Extension Project supported by DANIDA assessed the possibility of utilizing roadside ditches and canals for fish cultivation in southern Bangladesh.138 The study identified ample scope for increasing fish production in such roadside ditches in the open water bodies of the flood plains in the coastal regions. However, in order to stimulate production and avoid social conflict it is essential to formalize user rights on water resources. A government policy could determine the terms for handing over or lease road side ditches to interested farmers with adjacent land or to the small and landless farmers.

Promote improved post harvest technologies: Fish is highly perishable and post harvest losses in handling and processing are high at the various stages of the supply chain.139 Losses can be reduced by improved packaging and transportation. The Supply Chain Development Component of National Agricultural Technology Project (NATP) implemented by Horticulture Export Development Foundation with the financial support of the World Bank, IFAD and GoB through its Common Interest Group (CIG) farmers approach introduced: (i) Styrofoam-ice packaging for transportation of fishes, (ii) insulated ice box, (iii) improved techniques of using ice in fish preservation, and (iv) developed low cost fish feed preparation technology which are in use now at the CIG farmers level under several upazila.140 Dissemination of these technologies needs to be scaled-up.

Strengthen demonstration and dissemination of saline tolerant fish species: DoF in collaboration with the Challenge Program on Water and Food (CPWF) under the World Fish Centre, conducted basic research on developing saline tolerant Tengra fish. The research showed that the saline tolerant Tengra are well productive under the stress-prone condition (temperature range 10-35 degree Celsius) and higher salinity (up to 25 ppt) and profitable in commercial use with higher stocking density.141 This findings need to be disseminated at farmers’ ghers under saline-prone areas in greater Khulna region. The project intends to extend support the hatcheries for producing Tengra seeds in 2014. Wider scale dissemination of this saline tolerant fish technology can enhance fish productivity.

Promote fish feed production activities: Availability of quality feed is a prerequisite for increasing fish production. Many of the small scale auto feed mills are not in operation due to defective marketing strategies, management problems along with technical difficulties. The World Fish Center collaborative project with USAID and DoF is supporting feed mills by linking large commercial farms and traders to produce and supply customized feeds. The project aims to support the supply of quality raw materials, machinery operation, marketing by feed traders, and the capacity of feed mills, their operators and nutritionists.142 These initiatives need to be promoted beyond the project’s Khulna, Barisal and Jessore coverage.

138 World Fish (2013b). Report of Patuakhali Barguna Aquaculture Extension Project, Funded by DANIDA 139 Nowsad, A. A. K. M. (2010). Post harvest Loss Reduction in Fisheries in Bangladesh: A Way Forward to Food Security, NFPCSP research grant study. 140 Hortex Foundation, (2013). Annual Report. MoA, GoB, Dhaka. 141 World Fish (2013b). op. cit. 142 Ibid

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Disseminate BFRI technologies and management practices: Technological advancement in the fishery sector - and specifically the development of fish technologies and the improvement of the productivity of native fish species - is a main responsibility of BFRI. In addition to the dissemination of the six fish production technologies mentioned above, BFRI further developed seven other fish production and management technologies which need to be disseminated at the field level, namely: (i) fry production from Thai koi and its cultural practices; (ii) inter-culture of bagda prawn and Thai pangus in ghers at Khulna region; (iii) pearl production from oysters in the fresh water; (iv) improved nursery management for galda prawn culture in cemented tank; (v) carp polyculture in perennial ponds; (vi) artificial breeding and fry production from saline tolerant tengra; (vii) breeding and seed production of guzi fish.143 These technologies can now be valorised through demonstration and wide dissemination. It is also important to develop measures to control small pond fish diseases.

Expand aquaculture service centres: The predominance of aquaculture with respect to the other fishery subsectors, i.e. open capture and marine fisheries, has been steadily increasing in the last years. In order to sustain the capacity of farmers and to scale-up aquaculture services, World Fish Center and USAID launched in October 2011 the USAID Aquaculture for Income and Nutrition (AIN) Project, in 20 southern districts in Barisal, Khulna and Dhaka Divisions. The AIN project aims to improve technical and managerial capacity of fish producers, by providing sustainable aquaculture services through four newly established service centres. During 2013, this initiative reached about 3,000 farmers (90% shrimp and 10% fish producers) which received training and advices on aquaculture practices, including: measurement of water and soil salinity, soil PH, feeding rate, disease and identification measures, good quality shrimp and fish feed. During 2012/13, the aquaculture service centres provided to the targeted beneficiaries training materials, such as 4,300 manuals, 5,115 guidebooks. The AIN project will follow up on the farmers’ training by assessing its impact on their productivity.144 The support from DoF and DAE in scaling up this initiative could contribute to enhancing fish production in the southern region.

Promote sustainability of coastal fishery: Shrimp post larvae (PL) is often collected using fine meshed nets and this threatens coastal fishery sustainability, because for each fry of shrimp PL collected, many other species are destroyed.145 It is therefore important to raise public awareness on this issue, to promote income generating alternatives for the poor fishers, and to restrict this practice.

4.5. Programme 5: Livestock development with focus on poultry and dairy production

Programme 5 aims to sustainably increase livestock production through improved technology, better animal health and resilient management practices. This corresponds to NFP PoA AoI 1.4 on agricultural diversification which among other things, aims to increase the production of livestock. The programme has four sub-programmes to: (1) strengthen 143 BFRI (2013). op. cit. 144 World Fish (2013a). op. cit. 145 Haque, M. E. et al. (2001). Abundant and seasonal distribution of penaeus monadon post larvae in the sundarban mangrove Bangladesh; Journal of Hydrobiologia, Vol.457, p 97-104

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animal health services, including better diagnosis and surveillance systems to mitigate disease outbreak; (2) strengthen husbandry capacity at household level through community based improved knowledge and advisory services; (3) improve availability and quality of inputs through public-private partnerships; and (4) conduct research on livestock development, including genetic improvement.


Table 19.Progress towards achievement of CIP programme 5 CIP/NFP PoA output proxy indicators 2007/08 2009/10 2011/12 2012/13 Source

GDP from livestock sector as % of agricultural GDP (excluding forest, at constant price 2005-06)

12.7% 12.4% 12.2% 12.3% BBS

Statistical Yearbooks

Total production of:

Eggs (million) 5,653.2 5,742.4 7,304 7,617 MoF, Bangladesh Economic

Review

Milk (million MT) 2.65 2.37 3.47 5.07

Meat (million MT) 1.04 1.26 2.33 3.62

Annual change in artificial insemination 1.56% 15.25% 10.11% 7.40% DLS, MoFL Annual change in number of poultry deaths

due to avian flu 333% 274% -75.4% -95.1%

Livestock share in agricultural GDP increased marginally Livestock provides 44% of animal protein supply. 146 The sector accounted for 2.12% of total GDP in 2012/13 at current prices.147 The livestock sector’s share in agricultural GDP increased by 0.1% to 12.3%, contrary to the declining trend observed since the PoA baseline year. This estimate gives another sign of agricultural diversification in addition to those observed for fishery and within the crop sector. However, the marginal share of livestock in agricultural GDP remains below the 12.7% recorded in 2007/08, the PoA baseline year.

Livestock products increased Eggs production increased by about 4.2% in 2012/13 to 7,617 million continuing the growing trend recorded since the PoA baseline year (2007/08). Both milk and meat showed remarkable increases of 46% and 55% respectively (Table 19). The leap in meat and milk production is a main driver of sub-sector growth and a significant contributor to the movement towards diversification of food production away from rice.

Growth of artificial insemination slowed down Annual change in artificial insemination- a key service for improving livestock breeds- showed remarkable growth during the first two years of NFP-PoA implementation. It continued growing over the following years, though at reduced rates. The growth slowed down to a still significant 7.40% in 2012/13 with a decrease of about 2.7 percentage points compared to 2011/12.

Poultry death reduced significantly The outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) have been a major concern in the poultry sector, particularly in the years between 2007/08 and 2010/11. The situation has

146 http://www.dls.gov.bd 147 http://www.bbs.gov.bd/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/National%20Reports/GDP_2013-14.pdf

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significantly improved over the last two years with the number of poultry death due to bird flu almost halving twice in a row. Substantially fewer outbreaks were reported and no clusters of infection have been found.

4.5.2. Policy development /programs underway and needs for further action

Programme 5 of the CIP accounts for 285.0 million USD in 2012/13, comprising 2.37% of the total CIP budget of which 121.0 USD is already financed. The program includes four subprogrammes, with 5 projects completed, 17 ongoing and 19 in the pipeline during 2012/13. The total budget for this programme at first decreased from 754.4 million USD in 2009/10 to 186.3 million USD in 2010/11 (a decrease of 75.3%), but then rose to 225.0 million USD in 2011/12, which further increased to 285.0 million USD in 2012/13. By 30 June 2013, five projects were completed costing 28.7 million USD. The average budget per project gradually decreased from 5.1 million USD in 2009/10 to 4.8 million USD in 2010/11 and to 4.3 million USD in 2011/12 which once again increased to 11.1 million USD in 2012/13. The delivery of funds for programme 5 was 15.9 million USD in 2009/10, which substantially increased to 20.6 million USD in 2010/11, 18.2 million USD in 2011/12 and 22.5 million USD in 2012/13.

Vaccination and artificial insemination programmes continued Between 2009/10 and 2011/12, 604 million livestock and poultry vaccines, of 17 varieties, including seven new types, were produced. In 2012/13, 171 million vaccine doses were produced and distributed. Also in 2012/13 345 million semen doses were produced and used for artificial insemination of cows under the government’s livestock breeding programmes. Vaccine distribution, artificial insemination and poultry farm registration earned the government 195 million taka. Moreover, in 2012/13, 56 million cattle and poultry birds were given veterinary treatment.148 A decision has been taken to establish a Veterinary Drug Administration Cell to make available quality drugs and vaccines for livestock.

Training for self employment strengthened In the fiscal year 2012/13, DLS provided training on livestock and poultry rearing to about 1.08 million unemployed youths, destitute women, marginal and landless farmers to promote self-employment. This was done as part of the DLS regular mandate and collaborative projects and, according to a DLS report, it effectively promoted new income generating activities.149

New quarantine stations established for controlling transboundary animal diseases In 2012/13, the government established 24 livestock quarantine stations in various border, inland areas and air ports which have allowed enhanced control of emerging and re-emerging animal diseases. Vaccines for avian influenza have been applied on experimental basis in two districts, and monitoring is in progress to assess its impact and desirability of scaling up the vaccination program.150

148 DLS (2013a). Report on DLS’s annual achieved activities in 2012/13. Department of Livestock, Dhaka. 149 Ibid 150 Ibid

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Livestock production is being enhanced The Integrated Agricultural Productivity Project (IAPP) has been enhancing livestock and poultry production in eight districts in southern and northern Bangladesh in collaboration with DLS since 2011/12. The IAPP activities include distribution of vaccination, disinfectants, vitamins and minerals; promoting mangers to improve cattle feeding;151 promoting fodder cultivation; support to artificial insemination programme and supplying livestock anthelmintics free of cost. Also various private sector organizations (e.g. BRAC, HILFUL FUZUL etc.) have taken steps to expand fodder crops.152

Promoting hybrid cattle for higher productivity Milk productivity is on average lower than in India and Pakistan. Hybrid cattle are generally more productive than indigenous ones for both milk and meat. Cross and selective breeding are required to promote breeds adapted to the local environment. DLS is promoting cross-breeding techniques to increase the number of hybrid cattle. Besides, under technical and financial assistance from IAPP, several private organizations (e.g. BRAC, HIJAB, etc.), in close collaboration with the public sector, have established artificial insemination centres in remote areas beyond five kilometres from the upazila centres. This initiative is in progress now. Furthermore, Government has established a regional artificial insemination (AI) laboratory in Rajshahi and also 930 union level AI sheds through out the country by AI Activities Extension and Embryo Transfer Technology Implementation project (Phase II). Under the next phase of the project, another 10 AI laboratories will be established in different regions.

Backyard poultry production Previous experiences proved that improved animal health contributes significantly to the poultry industry growth. Backyard poultry rearing is considered highly effective in protecting the indigenous poultry breeds/genes, increasing the supply of animal protein, and generating employment opportunity for the poor. In collaboration with the IAPP supported by the World Bank, DLS is promoting backyard poultry production since 2011.

Private sector supports in conserving Black Bengal goats Black Bengal goats are considered disease resistant and are able to live off scavenged food. Rearing goat is an important source of livelihood for small, marginal and landless farmers,153 who own 98% of all goats. For increasing the level of goat productivity DLS took an initiative in 2010/11 through the ‘Farmers’ Livelihood Improvement Project’ supported by FAO-USAID. Through technical assistance from DLS several NGOs (e.g. Gana Unnayan Prochesta, Naba Jiban Sangstha, Sakoler Jonnye Kallan and KARSA Foundation) are working on: (a) providing training to the farmers on goat rearing, (b) giving cattle/goat free of cost, (c) providing assistance for procuring cattle feed, and (d) provide assistance in preparing improved night shelters. Farm level demonstrations have been carried out in southern Bangladesh which should be scaled up.154

151 DLS (2013b). Annual progress report of the IAPP project. 152 Ibid 153 http://www.-naweb.iaea.org/nafa/aph/stories/2006-black bengal.html 154 DLS (2013). Progress report of the DLS USAID-FAO project

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Improve breed through crossbreeding and selection: The National Livestock Development Policy (2008) adopted the strategy to promote Friesian crosses and the Red Chittagong cattle for breed improvement.155 The DLS-IAPP collaborative national project also put priority for the development of hybrid/cross breed cows with the target of achieving higher milk and meat productivity. However, experts and farmers suggest that in addition to yield, other criteria such as reproductive performance, body size, disease risk and feed conversion efficiency should be considered for breed evaluation and selection.156 Development of suitable poultry breed should also be strengthened. In this context, Aftab Bohumukhi Farm Limited has recently started contract breeder stock farming. Its hatchery production system is run by imported grandparent stock from France, USA and the Netherlands.157

Sustain progress in controlling avian influenza: Since the first outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), the government has made significant efforts to prevent and control the disease with the assistance from different organizations, particularly from FAO with support of the USAID. Interventions have been undertaken for early detection, diagnosis and response including strengthening of disease surveillance though a web-based SMS gateway, laboratory capacity, culling of infected poultry, movement control and compensation to reimburse affected poultry farmers. Furthermore, biosecurity at poultry farms and live bird markets was reinforced in addition to raising awareness among the poultry stakeholders. The challenge now is to sustain the progress made in the past years, including restoration of the compensation by the government for culled birds and reactivation of the web-based active surveillance that was suspended following the winding up of the WB supported IAPP project in 2012. Equally important is to engage stakeholders and train community leaders, such as school teachers, in programmes to raise awareness and promote safer poultry raising practices. Strengthening biosecurity measures will help control the spread of HPAI virus as well as other zoonotic diseases.

Promote dairy processing technologies: Post harvest losses are high due inadequate handling and processing at different stages of the supply chain, especially in preservation and transportation.158 The Horticulture Export Development Foundation developed secondary ‘product manufacturing technology’ for preparation of cheese, yogurt, ghee, rasogolla chhana, etc, through their Supply Chain Development Component of the National Agricultural Technology Project (NATP) in collaboration with the World Bank, IFAD and GoB. The improved secondary ‘product manufacturing technology’ has been introduced at the farm level in several upazilas through its CIG. This technology after proper demonstration has been disseminated to several upazilas in the country. As milk gets spoiled easily, improved preservation system is essential for its long distance transportation involving longer time. Some large corporate organizations such as PRAN, AFTAB and Milk Vita

155 GoB (2007). National Livestock Development Policy, Ministry of Fisheries and livestock. 156 Jabbar, et al. (2010). Stakeholder perspectives on breeding strategy and choice of breeds for livestock development in Bangladesh. Bangladesh Journal of Animal Science. Volume 39, Nos. 1&2. 157 Jabbar, et al. (2007). Alternative institutional arrangements for contract farming for poultry production in Bangladesh and their impacts on equity. Research Report 7. International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi. 158 Hortex Foundation (2013). op. cit.

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maintain their own cool chain transport facilities. Such facilities need to be made available to small scale entrepreneurs.

Strengthen public private partnership for enhanced livestock vaccination and services: The production and supply of livestock vaccines in the country is inadequate, with negative impact on livestock mortality. In order to improve the availability of vaccines, it is important to strengthen public services involved in monitoring vaccine production, importation and marketing by pharmaceutical companies in addition to a single public veterinary vaccine producing laboratory. DLS needs to strengthen partnerships with the private sector so as to improve the availability and quality of inputs. It is also important to improve laboratory facilities for diagnosis and control of diseases. Similarly, livestock extension services need to be reinforced.

Strengthen BLRI’s research on feeds and fodder: Between 2010 and 2012, BLRI developed 17 technologies and a total of 22 livestock/poultry production techniques were handed over to the government and private sectors. BLRI also developed improved fodder variety -one in 2011/12 and another in 2012/13. These are now being disseminated.159 Further research efforts are needed for developing high yielding fodder crops given the serious dearth of feed and fodder in the country.

Reinforce the production of hides, skin, horn and bone: Leather and leather goods are the third most important export earners in Bangladesh. The value of hides and skin depends on its quality, which in turn depend on techniques of flaying the skin, method of curing and on the breed quality, age, health and nutrition of the animal. Hides and skins are generally collected by a complex but well organized chain of middlemen. Valuable horn, hoofs and bones are mostly unused despite their potential value. Mechanized slaughter houses and storage facilities are limited.DLS should establish institutional arrangements for quality control and certification of hides and skin, and formulate a comprehensive marketing policy.160

Scale up the establishment of hygienic cattle shed and night shelter: In rural Bangladesh, cattle sheds are generally unhygienic, favouring the spread of various contagious diseases, leading to increased animal mortality and reduced productivity. As part of the Integrated Agricultural Productivity Project (IAPP) supported by the World Bank, DLS is establishing hygienic cattle sheds and night shelters in selected districts. This initiative needs to be scaled up nationwide through training and motivation of farmers.

Develop disaster coping mechanism to reduce livestock mortality: Livestock population is the first to be affected by natural hazards causing unexpected cattle death. Massive spread of epidemic diseases occurs during the post disaster period.161 In order to tackle this situation effectively, it is vital that disaster resilient development policies are integrated, including livestock based interventions, for sustaining the livelihoods and resilience of the poor. Disaster Management Policy (2008) has pre and post disaster management and preparedness and response guidelines, which need to be followed in the affected areas.

159 MTBF (2013). op. cit. 160 DLS-NATP (2013). Final draft of National Livestock Extension Policy, DLS, Dhaka. 161 Ibid

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5. Access: progress towards CIP and NFP PoA outputs

Access to food by all people at all times is a necessary condition for national food security, which depends on the entitlements to obtain food from the market or the social protection system. Access to food is covered by Programmes 6 to 9 of the CIP and 11 Areas of Intervention under the NFP PoA, including five AoIs listed in the PoA under food availability and subsequently brought under food access by the CIP. Also, whilst the PoA lists under food access the area of intervention on agricultural disaster management (PoA AoI 2.1), in the CIP this is covered under food availability. The exact way in which CIP programmes correspond to PoA interventions is described further below under each programme.

5.1. Programme 6: Improved access to markets, value-addition in agriculture, and non-farm incomes

Programme 6 of the CIP aims to increase access to food by boosting rural household incomes through greater farm and non-farm value-addition, combined with greater farmers’ access to markets, through four subprogrammes to: (1) improve physical access to market facilities and information; (2) mobilize and promote producer and marketing groups for improved market access and knowledge; (3) develop adequate storage, processing, value addition and reduce wastage through public-private partnerships; (4) promote and assist the development of off farm activities and rural businesses. The programme corresponds to the following seven AoIs in the NFP PoA: physical infrastructure (PoA AoI 1.6), agricultural marketing (PoA AoI 1.7), policy/regulatory environment (PoA AoI 1.8), private food trade (PoA AoI 2.3), agro-processing (PoA AoI 2.6), household income generation (PoA AoI 2.5) and skill formation (PoA AoI 2.7).


Differences between farm gate and retail prices get narrow Table 20 shows that the differences between farm gate and retail prices decreased appreciably between 2011/12 and 2012/13 for all produce under consideration. For brinjal and potato the percentage margin remained relatively stable over the past three years, whilst for lentil and onion the margin varied widely. For rice, it decreased from 13.8% to 8.3%, varying significantly over the last few years but remaining consistently at a relatively lower level than those observed for other products.

The margins between farm gate and retail prices depend on factors such as the perish-ability of the commodities, length and efficiency of the marketing chain, and the share of imports in the retail market. The reduced margins suggest that producers were receiving a larger share of consumers’ spending. Since the margin is calculated here using annual prices, seasonal variations are not captured. For example, farmers’ share of the retail price of potato in the Bogra-Dhaka marketing chain was 69% in the harvest season and 43% in the lean season.162 Whilst the farm gate price is determined by domestic production, the retail price is a mix of domestic and imported prices, and therefore, partly influenced by other foreign prices. For example onion, for which Indian imports generally take a big market 162 Reardon, T. et al. (2012). The Quiet Revolution in Staple Food Value Chains: Enter the Dragon, the Elephant and the Tiger. Asian Development Bank, Manila.

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share (one-fourth), drought in the middle of 2013 drastically reduced export to Bangladesh, where the average retail price of local onion shot up from taka 30/kg in June to taka 70/kg in August and September (with Indian onions fetching taka 80/kg).163


Difference between farm gate and retail price of selected goods as % of farm gate

Coarse rice 4.8% 1.0% 13.8% 8.3%

DAM Lentil 39.3% 66.5% 129.9% 56.0%

Onion 13.7% 39.1% 63.4% 12.1% Brinjal 67.0% 45.9% 29.7% 24.5% Potato 21.0% 25.3% 54.5% 37.6%

Difference between dealers’ and farmers’ prices of fertilizers as % dealers price

Urea 19% - 25% 20% 11% 14% MoA Circular on mill gate

price and maximum farmers' price

TSP 3% - 6% 10% 10% 10%

MoP 17% - 31% 9% 15% 15%

Number of growth centres, rural markets, women market centres, and Union Parishad Complexes developed by LGED

442 647 (R) 282 (R) 187 LGED M&E

Wage differential between male and female in agriculture 48% 43% 40% 40%

Yearbook of Agricultural Statistics and Monthly Statistical Bulletin, BBS

Real GDP growth of small scale manufacturing 7.1% 7.8% 6.5% 6.8% (P) Bangladesh Economic

Review (Bangla), BBS Number of students enrolled in Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) institutions

89,637 125,594 144,904 177,831 Bangladesh Economic Review and BANBEIS Ratio of TVET students in year t to

secondary and higher secondary school enrolment in year t-1

1.21% 1.84% 1.94% 2.34%

R: revised

Difference between dealers’ and farmers’ prices of fertilizers remains stable The Government regulates fertilizer prices by fixing prices at dealers’ and farmers’ levels. Table 20 shows that the difference between dealers’ and farmers’ prices of different types of fertilizers varied between 10% and 15% over the past three years, which is a reasonable range, in line with the targeted price difference. The Government re-fixed prices of different types of fertilizers by rebalancing subsidies to encourage farmers to make balanced use of fertilizers (see Programme 3 for details).

Fewer new growth centres and rural markets developed The number of growth centres, rural markets, women market centres and UP complexes developed by LGED fell from 459 in 2010/11 to 282 in 2011/12 and further to 187 in 2012/13. However, a four years progress stated by the Finance Minister in his budget speech for 2013/14 revealed that nearly 21,500 km of rural roads and 1.40 lakh meters of bridges and culverts were constructed, alongside the repair and maintenance of over 12,000 km of existing roads. Also, over 1,000 growth centres and haat-bazars were developed during the last four years.164 It should be noted that a huge number of rural growth centres and markets are being developed by private initiatives in response to the rapid increase in

163 Ahmed A. and K. Ahmad (2013). Sudden Onion Price Surge in Bangladesh: A Situation Analysis for Policy. IFPRI, Dhaka. 164 MoF (2014). Budget speech 2013-14. MoF, GoB.

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the demand for consumer goods, construction materials and agricultural machineries, stimulated by rising income and remittances. Local entrepreneurs are seizing this opportunity by making supplies available in spontaneously emerging rural growth centres.

Persistent wage difference between men and women in agriculture The wage difference between men and women in agriculture remained high at around 40% over the past two years, following the decline from 48% in 2007/08. Major involvement of women in agricultural work is concentrated in the Chittagong Hill Tract and in some areas of Rangpur, Dinajpur, Mymensingh and Jamalpur districts. However, a good part of post-harvest activities are carried out by women, generally in the household premises, all over the country.165 Many tasks by women which support agricultural activities, such as treating seeds, and preparing feed mixes for fish and livestock, are not even recognized as productive activities.

The pattern has changed over time. Between 1995 to 2000 real rural wages increased by 4.2% for males in peak season to 7.2% for females in lean season; between 2000 to 2005, wages declined for both male and female workers in all seasons; between 2005 to 2010, wages improved dramatically at about 10% per year. Interestingly, the growth rate of female wage overtook that of males, and consequently the male to female wage ratio narrowed from 1.57 in 2005 to 1.37 in 2010.166

Growth of small scale manufacturing accelerated Output growth of small scale manufacturing accelerated from 5.8% in 2010/11 to 6.8% in 2012/13 over the past two years, exceeding the overall GDP growth rate. As part of the Government’s efforts to support small and medium enterprises, 27.9 billion taka has been provided to 33,000 entities from the refinancing fund managed by Bangladesh Bank for small and medium enterprises (SME). Under an ADB financing scheme, the Small and Medium Enterprise Development Project was created in Bangladesh jointly by the contribution of ADB and Bangladesh Government. An amount of 6.1 billion taka has been provided to banks and other financial institutions for distribution under this fund up to end June 2013 against 11,805 enterprises. Bangladesh Bank has also supported establishment of agro-processing activities outside big city areas, with a scheme that by July 2013 had disbursed 2.7 billion taka. For encouraging women participation, each bank and non-bank financial institution has opened a desk dedicated to providing refinancing facility to women entrepreneurs. To involve more women in economic activities, dedicated training programmes have been arranged in association with development partners.167

Skill development training increased rapidly Technical training leading to diploma and certificates are offered by both public and private institutions. Enrolment in the public Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) institutes registered an impressive increase from 89,637 in 2007/08 to 177,831 in 2012/13 (Table 20). This represented an annual average increase of about 12%. Also, the ratio of TVET enrolment to lagged secondary education enrolment has increased in the same period

165 There are actually unpaid self employments which are not generally priced and remain outside labour market transactions. It is true that for some of these activities such as manual threshing, work outputs of women are not less than those of men. Proper pricing of these activities would ensure some level of wage parity between men and women in agriculture. 166 Zhang, et al. (2013). Rising wages in Bangladesh IFPRI Discussion Paper 01249. March 2013. 167 MoF (2014). op. cit.

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from 1.2 to 2.3%, showing that the opportunities for students to enrol in technical or vocational education have increased despite the increase in population.

The Government also offers training in 38 technical education centres under the Bureau of Manpower, Employment and Training (BMET) on skills development, with 65,000 successfully trained every year, and rising to 100,000 trainees once an additional 35 such centres are established in different districts.168

A number of other institutions such as the Central Extension Resources Development Institute (CERDI) at Joydevpur, the Graduate Training Institute (GTI) attached to Agricultural University at Mymensingh and 12 Agricultural Training Institutes (ATIs) are also engaged in training on technology generation and dissemination. The Academies for Rural Development in Comilla and Bogra train agricultural personnel including model farmers and managers of village cooperative societies on various aspects of technology generation and dissemination. Training activities are also conducted through private organizations and NGOs. For example, Practical Action, through the FoSHoL project, trained 341 farmers including 232 women on agro-processing activities - see Box 4.

5.1.2 Policy developments/programs underway and need for further action

The budget for programme 6 in 2012/13 was 2398 million USD, which was 20% of the CIP budget. The financed budget for the programme constituted 29% of the financed CIP budget. There was a significant increase (27%) in the financed budget in 2012/13 from the previous year. The total number of projects under the programme in 2012/13 was 73, of which 60 were financed and 13 were in the pipeline. Total spending in programme 6 in 2012/13 was 506 million USD of which GoB and DP contributions were 75% and 25% respectively.

Subprogramme 6.1 on improved physical access to markets accounted for 93% of investment in the programme. The total number of projects under subprogramme 6.1 in 2012/13 was 50, of which nine were completed, 37 ongoing and four in the pipeline. The number of pipeline projects under subprogramme 6.1 may be considered inadequate compared to the financed ones and this may have negative implications for long term development and maintenance of the physical infrastructures.

The Government has adopted several programmes to improve the road transportation network under the 20 year Road Master Plan. Steps have been taken to convert highways such as Dhaka-Chittagong and Dhaka-Mymensingh highways into four lanes. Work is going on for the conversion of SAARC Highway corridor 4 and 8 into four-lanes, as part of Asian

168 MoF (2014). op. cit.

Box 4: Success story of Shahnaj of Jamalpur Shahnaj lives in a village in Jamalpur with her husband and two children. Her husband is an agricultural day labourer and his income is not enough to feed the family throughout the year. As part of the EU funded project ‘Food security for sustainable household livelihoods’, Shahnaj took part in training in food processing which included lessons on how to make pickle, chutney and chanachur. She started her business with only 500 taka to make tamarind chutney and supply to local shopkeepers. With the training provided, she was also able to learn about packaging, marketing and sourcing local materials. Now she earns 10,000 taka per month and this income is used to support her family and send her children to school. Source: http://practicalaction.org/agro-processing-bangladesh

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Highway Route-2 under the SAARC Road Connectively Project. Steps have also been taken to construct three four-lane bridges alongside the existing bridges of Katchpur, Meghna and Gomati to maintain consistency with the four-lane Dhaka-Chittagong highway.

In addition to new construction, repair and maintenance is emphasized, particularly in rural areas. GoB has planned to raise fund to ensure regular road maintenance. To this end, a draft on ‘Road Maintenance Fund Board Act 2013’ has been finalized.169 For improving rail communication system, the Government has drawn up a Railway Master Plan. Under this Plan, initiatives have been taken to connect railway network with India, Nepal and Bhutan. A feasibility study for the construction of a separate dual gauge rail bridge parallel to the Bangabandu Bridge is in progress.

The Government enacted the Consumer Right Protection Act 2009 to determine, promote and protect the rights of consumers through fair and honest trade practices by manufacturers and traders of goods and services. The Directorate of National Consumer Rights Protection has been established. Recently the Government has approved the Food Safety Act 2013, with provision for establishing a National Food Safety Management Advisory Council and an independent Bangladesh Food Safety Authority (BFSA). The operational procedures of the new Food Safety Authority are now being drafted. For improving the legal framework governing agricultural price information, marketing practices and market promotion of agricultural products, the new Agricultural Marketing and Agribusiness Management Act is under formulation.

In 2013, the Implementation Monitoring and Evaluation Division (IMED) of the Ministry of Planning assessed the impact on employment, agricultural production, commercial activities, environment and poverty reduction, due to the Greater Faridpur Rural Infrastructure Development Project, implemented between July 1998 and January 2009. Impacts include increased cropping intensity (from 168% to 206%), reductions of the average time to travel to market by 37 minutes, and the average cost of travelling by 10 taka. Also, 92% of males and 93% of females reported that construction of the new roads, bridges and culverts created better access for girls to schools and women to health centres.170

A new IFAD project - Promoting Agricultural Commercialization and Enterprises - aims to reduce poverty by promoting microenterprises and agriculture. The project will be implemented nationally by the Palli Karma Sahayak Foundation (PKSF) in collaboration with its partner microfinance organizations, with IFAD financing 40 million USD and PKSF and its partners 52 million USD. The plan is to reach more than 450,000 poor people of which more than 50% will be women. The project has three components: (a) financial services for microenterprises; (b) value chain development of selected farm and off-farm sectors; and (c) technology and product adaptation. The project is expected to be launched in early 2015.


Give greater attention to quality in developing and maintaining infrastructures: There has been substantial expansion of rural road network over the past years. However, some areas still face constraint in accessing markets with negative impact on rural commercial activities. In developing rural infrastructures, quality needs to

169 MoF (2014). op. cit. 170 IMED (2013). Impact Evaluation Study of Rural Development Project -24: Greater Faridpur Rural Infrastructure Development Project. Evaluation Sector, Implementation Monitoring and Evaluation Division, Ministry of Planning Government of Bangladesh

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be given high priority. Many of the roads and other structures get dilapidated shortly after construction. For maintaining the rural road infrastructure, implementation of the proposed ’Road Maintenance Fund Board Act 2013’ needs to be expedited. Moreover, climate change impacts should be carefully considered in the development and maintenance of infrastructures. Beside the road network, attention needs to be given to water transport, so as to valorise the country’s network of rivers, canals and haors. Also important is the rail transportation system, which has been neglected. The Government is engaged in upgrading the railway network under the newly formulated Railway Master Plan. In this regard, expansion of rail lines with double track needs to be given high priority.

Better integrate infrastructure development in safety net programmes: Safety net programmes are increasingly being refocused towards productive outcomes. The Food/Cash for Work and Employment Generation Programme for the Ultra Poor can be integrated with rural infrastructure building and asset creation. Emphasis needs to be given to the identification and implementation of productive safety net programmes within the upcoming NSPS.

Reduce wage differential between men and women: Wage differential between male and female workers remain high. Due to increasing migration of male workers, participation of female workers in agriculture and rural non-farm activities is likely to be increasing. Although evidence suggests a gradually narrowing male female wage differential, the difference still remains very high and regulatory and motivational interventions are required to promote gender balanced remunerations. Possible interventions could include skill enhancing training for women, and the establishment of a Nation Wage Commission which could engage relevant stakeholders to promote sensitization, analysis, and formulation of interventions.

Further improve storage and transportation facilities: A large proportion of fruit and vegetable products are wasted due to improper storage and transport facilities. The Hortex Foundation, with the National Agricultural Technology Project (NATP), has developed a field transport trolley of 60-80 kg capacity of vegetables to reduce post-harvest losses. Hortex Foundation also provided rental facilities of cool chain trucks, with capacity of 3 MT each, which made a total of 290 round trips for 22 businesses.171 Big companies, such as PRAN, Milk Vita and Aarong, maintain their own fleet of cool chain vehicles. More cold storage and cool chain transport facilities need to be made available to small traders and entrepreneurs, along with ensuring stable electricity supply, skills development of cold storage operators, and maintenance of multiple chambers with different temperatures.172

Sustain support to agro-processing activities: Agro processing sector accounts for 22% of total manufacturing production and engages 20% of national labour force. The large private companies such as PRAN, BRAC, Square and Aftab Group are increasingly involved in agro processing activities. SME activities can have a larger role in agro processing if adequate support is provided to the sector. Furthermore, continuation of the refinancing scheme undertaken by the Bangladesh Bank can have a significant impact.

171 Hortex Foundation (2013). Hortex Foundation Newsletter, April-June 2013. Dhaka. 172 Hassan et al. (2013). Improving Marketing System Performance for Fruits and Vegetables in Bangladesh. Research completed through NFPCSP/FAO support. FAO, Dhaka.

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Further enhance skill development: The Bangladesh labour force is characterized by low level of skills. A World Bank survey showed that in the sampled five economic sectors, only 24% of workers were professionals. In the manufacturing sector, 39% of workers had less than or equal to primary education.173 In addition to improving the overall quality of education, the TVET sector needs to be expanded with provision of modern educational equipments and technically skilled manpower. Skill development activities need to be further expanded along the lines of non-crop and non-agricultural activities including fisheries, livestock, agro-processing and manufacturing/repairing of farm implements.

Promote farmers organizations: More efforts are needed to promote farmers organization and strengthening their capacity to secure larger share of consumers’ price of the products they produce. For example, a recent news report found that some farmers were receiving as little as two taka per kg of potato while it was being retailed at 10-12 taka in Dhaka.174 Sales by small and marginal farmers to government procurement centres is hindered by factors such as not meeting quality specifications, and their transaction costs exceeding their benefits for their small amounts of paddy.175 In the case of other products such as fruits and vegetables, they sell products to the local markets at lower prices offered by the traders. FAO provided technical assistance for a recent effort in mapping Farmers’ Organizations (FOs) in Bangladesh for assessing their capacities, reviewing the enabling environment and proposing measures for strengthening activities.176

Generate employment for rural poor through micro-enterprise promotion: Growth of employment in agriculture is reducing due to loss of agricultural land and increasing mechanization. Rural workers earn more from non-farm activities than from farming. One estimate showed that 87% of income of rural landless households was derived from non-farm activities.177 A survey in the northern region showed that 40% of workers were employed in non-farm activities, and that employment, income, expenditure and wages of members in non-farm activities were higher than those in farm activities.178 Priority should be accorded to employment generation in the rural non-farm sector, such as through microenterprise programmes targeted to poor households.

5.2. Programme 7: Strengthened capacities for implementation and monitoring of the NFP and CIP actions

Programme 7 aims to strengthen organisational and human capacities to design, implement and monitor the NFP PoA and CIP. It is articulated in three subprogrammes focused on strengthening capacities of: (1) the Government in policy implementation, coordination and monitoring; (2) the Government in design, management and operation of CIP operations; 173 World Bank (2013). An Assessment of Skills in the Formal Sector Labour Market in Bangladesh. A Technical Report on the Enterprise based skills survey 2012. Report No.4, South Asia Human Development Sector, World Bank. 174 Bane for farmers, boon for traders: http://www.thedailystar.net/newspaper-11648 175 Alam M. Shahe et al. (2014). Bangladesh’s Rice Procurement System and Possible Alternatives in Supporting Farmers’ Income and Sustaining Production Incentives. NFPCSP, Dhaka 176 FAO (2014). Farmers Organizations in Bangladesh. A Mapping of Capacity Assessment. Bangladesh Integrated Agricultural Productivity Project. FAO, Dhaka. 177 Mahmud, A. (2013). Non-farm employment in rural Bangladesh. Financial Express. 31 March, 2012. Dhaka 178 Sarker, R. K. (2011). Determinants of Non-farm Employment and Linkages with Farm Activities: A Study of three Villages in Bangladesh. Ph. D Thesis. Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh. October 2011.

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and (3) civil society organisations to contribute to CIP development and implementation. The institutional setting for the NFP PoA and CIP and the monitoring framework are explained in Chapter 2.


Progress under Programme 7 is measured by the indicators presented in Table 21.


Additional resources mobilized for CIP179 (million USD) na na 1,870 (R) 969 CIP monitoring

Increase in ongoing projects

Number na na 72 (R) 51 CIP monitoring Value (million USD) na na 1,755 978

CIP available budget execution performance na na 49% (R) 75% CIP monitoring

CIP Monitoring Reports produced na na Produced Produced FPMU R: revised

Additional resources mobilized for CIP During 2012/13, an additional 969 million USD were mobilized in projects previously in pipeline or newly identified. This figure compares to 1,870 million USD for 2011/12, with a slowdown of funds mobilization by 909 million USD. This decrease is partly due to an accounting effect: as the end of the CIP period approaches, allocations to new project increasingly fall beyond June 2015 and are not accounted under the CIP financing. Indeed, allocations beyond CIP for projects to be implemented after June 2015 increased by 96% from 344 million USD in CIP 2013, to 674 million USD in CIP 2014. If the increase in potential future commitments (i.e. pipeline projects beyond June 2015) -corresponding to 3,176 million USD in CIP 2014, against 1,284 million USD in CIP 2013 - is also considered, the reduction in funds mobilization within the CIP discussed above appears to be more than compensated.

Increase in projects implemented under the CIP Fifty-one projects (new or previously in pipeline) were newly implemented in 2012/13, valued at 978 million USD out of a total additional financing of 969 million USD (the balance of 9 million USD is accounted for by data revisions in the latest CIP). The number of newly introduced projects dropped by 41%, i.e. 21 fewer projects, compared with 72 new projects in 2011/12 valued at 1,755 million USD, with the total budget decreased by 777 million USD, over the same period. Diminished contribution from DPs accounts for 69% of this reduction, while the remaining 31% derives from GoB. Looking at the trend in the three specific components, both GoB and DPs are relocating budget from availability to access (GoB) and utilization (DPs) (Table 22).

179 Additional resources mobilized for the CIP is calculated as the total of ongoing and completed projects as of June of each financial year.

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Table 22: Number and value of newly introduced projects in 2011/12 and 2012/13

Component

2011/12 2012/13 Changes between 2012/13 and 2011/12

No. of projects

Project cost (mn USD) No. of projects

Project cost (mn USD) No. of projects

Project cost (mn USD)

Total GoB DPs Total GoB DPs Total GoB DPs

Availability 40 1271.5 572.3 699.2 29 237.2 129.9 107.3 -11 -1034.3 -442.4 -591.9

Access 16 375.7 159.5 216.2 16 575.5 361.9 213.6 0 199.8 202.4 -2.6

Utilization 16 107.6 31.8 75.9 5 11.9 7.4 4.5 -11 -95.7 -24.4 -71.4

Total 72 1754.9 763.6 991.2 50 824.6 499.2 325.4 -22 -930.3 -264.4 -665.9

Source: CIP 2014 and CIP 2013

The number of newly initiated projects reduced by 11 in both availability and utilization; access related projects maintained the same level of 16 new projects, when compared to 2011/12. Interestingly, within access budget allocations for new projects increased by 200 million USD, suggesting an augmented average size of new projects. For utilization and availability, reduction in new projects coupled with decreased budget allocations (Table 22).

Implementation of the CIP From 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2013, a total of 2,471 million USD was disbursed, representing 31% of total financed budget of 7,871 million USD (both ongoing and completed) for CIP 2014 (Table 23). In terms of implementation and absorptive capacity, substantial improvements have been registered with a delivery rate of 75% in 2012/13, from 49% in 2011/12, relative to the funded amount on a pro-rata basis (Table 23).

Table 23 shows substantial improvements in execution performance (+53%) during 2012/13. While utilization related projects still lags behind, they registered the strongest improvement (+84%) reaching an execution performance of 57% in 2012/13, from 31% in 2011/12. Access had the highest execution performance, increasing by +55% from 58% to 90%. Availability improved execution performance by +47% from 43% to 63%.

Table 23: CIP execution performance

Component

2011/12 2012/13

Delivery (million USD) Yearly execution performance180 Delivery (million USD) Yearly execution

performance

Availability 386.5 43% 643.1 63%

Access 503.9 58% 874.1 90%

Utilization 22.4 31% 41.0 57%

Total 912.8 49% 1558.3 75%

Source: CIP 2014 and CIP 2013

Figure 24 presents cumulative delivery for CIP 2014 and 2013 by component and programme. While access maintained the highest level of delivery at 49%, particularly high for programme 9 (60%), utilization and availability advanced more rapidly. Delivery for utilization reached 21% (+108% on previous year) sustained by the performance of programmes 10 and 11: +137% and +125% on previous year, respectively. Delivery for

180 The yearly execution performance is equal to the delivery in a given fiscal year divided by that year’s expected delivery. Expected delivery is in turn calculated as that year’s share of total project costs on a pro-rata basis, adjusting for projects started before the CIP and for others whose end is envisaged beyond the CIP.

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Figure 24: Cumulative delivery in CIP 2013 & CIP 2012

availability reached 35% (+77% compared to the previous year); with programme 3 increasing to 37% (+131%).

Overall, at the current rate of delivery it would require almost 3 years beyond June 2015 (i.e. the end of CIP) to fully deliver funds already allocated to be spent within the CIP period. Based on specific components’ execution performance, it would take around four, two and eight years beyond June 2015, to respectively conclude availability, access and utilization related projects originally envisaged to be concluded within CIP.

Active institutional framework The Food Planning and Monitoring Unit (FPMU) of the Ministry of Food plays a focal role in supporting Ministries and Divisions engaged with food and nutrition security, such as the secretariat of the cabinet level FPMC and that of the inter-ministerial coordination mechanism, articulated into the four TTs, under FPWG coordination. FPMU has been actively engaged in strengthening ministerial collaboration and information exchange. This monitoring report represents a major output of these activities and contributes to the planning and implementation of food and nutrition security actions by individual Ministries and Divisions in order to enhance coherency, coordination and effectiveness.

In this context, TTs played an active role in the production of this report by: collecting, from the relevant departments and agencies, financial inputs and output indicators and data; and contributing to stakeholders’ consultations and to drafting and reviewing the various draft. However, the performance of TTs is constrained by the periodical staff transfer, often to work in ministries not related to food security and nutrition. This also reduces impact of on-going capacity strengthening activities (see below).

5.2.2 Policy development/programmes underway and needs for further action

Programme 7 consists of technical assistance funded exclusively by development partners. It accounts for 0.2% of total funded CIP as of June 2013, with two completed, three ongoing and one pipeline project. Subprogramme 7.1 has one ongoing and two completed projects. Subprogramme 7.2 and 7.3 share one ongoing project of 13.8 million USD, which is the Integrated Agriculture Productivity Project financed by the GAFSP and implemented by the Ministry of Agriculture in collaboration with the Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock and FAO.

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The only pipeline project, Meeting the Undernourishment Challenge, is under subprogramme 7.2.

Institutionalising the annual monitoring process Notwithstanding the long term issue of staff mobility, FPMU staff members continued to coordinate the monitoring process of NFP PoA and CIP with their capacity constantly supported and strengthened by NFPCSP. While this capacity development activity continued throughout 2013 and 2014, it was affected in the final months of 2013 by the demonstrations that restricted movement and regular interactions among team members.

However, quality and reliability of financial data have been ensured by consolidating the information provided by the TTs’ members in the financial database established in 2013 and validating the information from the implementing agencies against ADP official records for the period 2010-2013/14, published by the Planning Commission and IMED of the Ministry of Planning. The detailed results of this activity can be found in Chapter 7 and Annex 3 of this report.

Enhanced capacity of FPMU to coordinate food and nutrition security policy making FPMU has gained increasing recognition for multi-sectoral policy advice on food security and nutrition, including co-ordination, monitoring and providing policy formulation support. Such supports have amply been demonstrated through FPMU’s leading role in the formulation of the Food Safety Act approved by the Parliament on 10 October 2013, the national food safety emergency response plan, and its active contribution to the formulation of other policy documents, such as the nutrition policy, and a number of programmes and projects. It has also been increasingly engaged in the establishment and functioning of food and nutrition security related governance mechanisms, such as a new Food Safety Authority and the multi-sectoral National Steering Committee for Nutrition Implementation. FPMU has been given responsibility for reviewing and technically clearing reports and bulletins of the National Food Security and Nutritional Surveillance Project, prepared by BRAC, Helen Keller International and the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics.

In the last years, widespread agreement has been reached at global level on the importance of a multisectoral approach to nutrition. At national level, the Prime Minister is expected to formally launch, during the event for knowledge sharing on multisectoral collaboration for improving nutrition, the Scaling Up Nutrition (SUN) Movement (see Programme 10). In this context, FPMU has been engaged with the Civil Society Alliance for SUN Bangladesh in discussing nutrition sensitive indicators for the multi-sectoral nutrition framework for Bangladesh, and in promoting consistency with the NFP PoA and CIP results framework. FPMU has also contributed to update the national nutrition situation analysis (applying REACH template within Bangladesh context) which is expected to provide a baseline for future initiatives.

Knowledge generation to support decision-making The NFPCSP’s research grants scheme finalized 14 studies in 2013 and two in 2014, generating knowledge on food and nutrition security issues. For example, the studies on social safety nets helped inform the draft National Social Protection Strategy; the research on ‘availability of agricultural land’ has addressed long-standing uncertainty over estimates of land losses; and the updated food composition tables provide new information on nutrients available in foods. These researches resulted from a multi-stakeholder

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participatory process involving 16 lead national institutions comprising a total of 52 university departments, research institutes and NGOs. Objectives, methodologies and findings from the research were discussed in four consultative workshops and 32 technical seminars and local workshops that involved representatives from civil society, Government, development partners, universities and research institutes. The research led to publication of numerous papers, books, PhD theses and masters dissertations.181 In order to promote a sustainable capacity to generate knowledge on food security and nutrition, NFPSCP has trained 32 university lecturers from 14 different universities and supported them in incorporating relevant subjects in the university curricula. This has resulted in the integration of three new degrees, 16 courses, 24 chapters and 45 lectures at university-level.

Possible further support by FAO, EU and USAID to Programme 7 Responding to a Government request to continue supporting Programme 7, FAO formulated a project called Meeting the Undernutrition Challenge Programme (MUCH) to follow up on NFPCSP activities with the financial support of EU and USAID. The five year programme is expected to be based in FPMU and work with other key ministries for food and nutrition security as well as with civil society and the private sector. The new intervention will focus on strengthening the enabling environment for eradicating food insecurity and malnutrition, working on five mutually reinforcing outputs: (i) improved capacities of Government and stakeholders for developing national food security and nutrition policy framework, cross-sectoral policy frameworks, cross-sectoral and sectoral investment plans, as well as programmes; (ii) improved capacities of Government for human resource and organizational development; (iii) increased capacities of Government to ensure the adequacy of resource allocation and use; (iv) improved capacities of Government, civil society and private sector to effectively engage in dialogue on policies and programmes; and (v) improved capacities of FPMU and FSN related ministries to monitor and map trends and analyze the contribution of sectors and stakeholders to food security and nutrition.

Strengthening capacity for aid effectiveness UNDP, with financial support from DFAT, DANIDA, DFID and GoB is implementing the Aid Effectiveness Project (AEP) to improve access by parliament and civil society to aid management information by strengthening the capacities of the Government’s Economic Relations Division (ERD) and selected ministries as well as local consultative mechanisms. AEP supports the Government to: i) contribute to a global development dialogue and to a local implementation of global commitments; ii) spread out the aid effectiveness agenda at the local level by conducting divisional level workshops; and iii) establish an aid information management system and to develop a national aid policy.

Strengthening Public Expenditure Management Programme (SPEMP) SPEMP is a five year umbrella reform programme in the area of public financial management that is financed out of a USD 114 million (of which 90 cash and 24 unpaid contribution) Multi Donor Trust Fund, administered by the World Bank, with joint contributions from UKAid (from DFID), EU, DANIDA, CIDA and EKN. SPEMP aims at improving efficiency, effectiveness and accountability in managing and utilizing public funds 181 One page summaries distilling the main findings of each research report are being prepared to ease access to research findings and facilitate drafting of more targeted policy briefs for informed food and nutrition decision making. The final reports are accessible on the web at http://www.nfpcsp.org/agridrupal/.

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in order to boost the implementation of national development priorities, such as greater poverty reduction and sustainable economic growth in Bangladesh. SPEMP’s expected outcome is to increase the rate of implementation of ADP projects, by facilitating increased disbursement of aid. The programme consists of three Government executed projects for implementing core reform activities in budget preparation and execution, strengthening internal and external audit and legislative oversight. Additionally, the World Bank provides analytical and technical assistance.

Towards a results-based M&E system for social protection programmes Currently, no unified monitoring and evaluation (M&E) system for safety net programmes is in place. The newly drafted NSPS proposes to streamline and strengthen M&E for safety net programmes by establishing a multi-sectoral, results based M&E framework. The monitoring framework will depend upon the type of programme and will use socio-economic performance-based indicators, including financial, operational and institutional indicators. The General Economic Division (GED) of the Planning Commission will be responsible for the preparation and coordination of the framework at individual programme and national level, including the dissemination of evaluation results. The IMED will evaluate programmes at the individual programme level. While the information for monitoring individual programmes will come from the respective management information systems (MIS), the overall M&E of NSPS will rely on regular surveys undertaken by BBS, supplemented by panel surveys and qualitative data. The NSPS advocates for urgent steps to be taken in order to strengthen BBS capacities to generate required databases for effective results-based monitoring. A task force comprising government officials and national experts is expected to be established in July 2014 under the supervision of GED to develop an M&E framework to be implemented from July 2015.

Enhanced capacity of DG Food and FPMU to monitor and manage food stocks The World Bank has provided a soft loan of 210 million USD to GoB for the Modern Food Storage Facilities Project (MFSFP), to be implemented from 2014 to 2020 with a total budget of 240 million USD. The project aims to increase grain storage capacity at national and household levels, to meet the post-disaster needs and improve the efficiency of grain storage management.

While the bulk of MFSFP’s budget (195 million USD) will finance the construction of modern grain storage silo facilities at national and household levels, the project will invest 25 million USD to (i) enhance the institutional capacity of the Directorate General (DG) Food and FPMU in carrying out their functions related to food management and planning; (ii) to address information and analytical gaps required for evidence-based decision making so as to improve the efficiency and performance of the country's overall food storage system and management of strategic grain reserves; and (iii) to improve the coordination among public agencies (in particular DG Food and FPMU with Ministry of Disaster Management and Relief) involved in procurement, public storage and distribution of food grains for disaster relief and price stabilisation.

The Integrated Agricultural Productivity Project (IAPP) at its mid stage of implementation The IAPP technical assistance component directly contributes to CIP programme 7 through strengthening national capacities for more effective investment in agriculture, food security and nutrition. A mid-term review was undertaken in April 2014. Achievements include: (i)

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strengthened capacities in various government institutions (Ministries of Agriculture, Fisheries, Livestock, Finance, Planning and their agencies) in project cycle management, as a result of training events on result based M&E, in project identification, design, and costing, as well as in rural investment and good agricultural governance; (ii) empowerment of farmers’ organisations (FOs) to better engage in investment programming, as a result of an FOs mapping and capacity assessment report (launched in March 2014), knowledge sharing workshops and networking FOs; (iii) more effective implementation of the IAPP investment project (contributing to other CIP programmes) by supporting its implementation team (e.g. through study tours to India, team retreat, team coaching and field staff training on community mobilization and nutrition).

Needs for further actions in this area include:

Further reinforce food and nutrition security policy functions in FPMU: FPMU is well positioned to play a key role in supporting evidence based decision making on both food stocks management and food and nutrition policy. To perform these functions, FPMU will engage in two main projects in the coming years: MSFSP and MUCH. While the first will focus on knowledge and information generation for decision making on food management, the second will concentrate on strengthening the enabling environment for eradicating food insecurity and malnutrition, focusing on enhancing multi-sectoral and multi-stakeholder approaches. Locating both initiatives in FPMU will allow avoiding duplication of efforts, exploiting synergies and economy of scope between the two initiatives. However, the two initiatives will involve a substantial increase in FPMU work load that calls for accelerating the ongoing process of up scaling its staffing.

Further improve implementation capacity: While the rate of projects’ implementation increased from 49% in 2011/12 to 75% in 2012/13 (Table 21), insufficient organizational and human capacities still remain a major constraint to effectively implement investment operation. At organizational level, multiple ministries are involved in project programming, budgeting and implementation. The complexity of the process contributes to cause delays, loss of efficiency and lesser transparency and accountability. Enhancement in ADP management, including capacity building for planning and monitoring, as well as improvement in the procurement system need to be further strengthened to further improve the rate of implementation and delivery of CIP.

Reinforce GoB’s capacity in investment formulation and engagement of farmers’ organisations through participatory approaches: A challenge during the second half of IAPP is to build upon and institutionalize results to ensure sustainability through: i) organizational capacity development of prioritized government agencies through partnerships with national training institutions on targeted areas, such as: community mobilization, nutrition sensitive development, financial and economic aspects of project development, and other particular bottlenecks hampering quality of investment interventions; (ii) further empowering FOs through developing an informal platform to inform them on various investment processes, allow them to share experience and ideas, articulate their views, needs and requests to influence investment decisions in particular areas, such as management, access to market, etc.

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Mainstream capacity development in donors assisted projects: DPs maintain a pivotal role in supporting government activities under Programme 7. As partners in CIP, DPs constitute a crucial source of accurate and consistent financial data on ongoing and planned investments in CIP (see Chapter 7). Despite awareness-raising in the Local Consultative Group on Agriculture Food Security and Rural Development (LCG-AFSRD) and the development of reporting templates and guidelines, timely and accurate reporting continues to represent a challenge. DPs role is also crucial in valorising lessons learned from the CIP monitoring process including its outcomes in future planning and priority setting. Furthermore, the inclusion of capacity development components in DPs financed projects will continue playing an important role in improving delivery and effectiveness, as well as sustainability of national capacities.

5.3. Programme 8: Enhanced public food management system

The Government of Bangladesh manages food reserves of rice and wheat in order to secure and stabilize their supply vis-à-vis the volatility generated by natural calamities, domestic and international markets’ trends; to operate various safety nets; and to sustain prices received by farmers at harvest time. The related interventions involve procurement of grain from domestic and international sources, storage and distribution through various channels. Securing an optimal level of public food stock is critical to enable carrying out the required interventions at the right time, while minimizing costs incurred by the Government -in procurement, storage and distribution- and possible market distortions.


Programme 8 aims to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of the public food management system. It corresponds to two PoA AoIs: enhanced public procurement system to support producer prices (PoA AoI 1.10) and improved management of public stocks and price stabilization (PoA AoI 1.11). Program 8 is articulated in three subprogrammes to: (1) enhance efficiency and effectiveness of public food management system and improve its impacts on price stabilization, (2) build capacities of the Ministry of Food and DG Food to better manage the food system and (3) increase and modernise public storage and handling capacity, including in disaster prone areas. Table 24 shows the relevant output indicators and their status of achievement.

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Effective grain storage capacity at close of fiscal year (thousand MT) 1,493 1,529 1,620 1,685 ITDS, Food

Directorate Average use of effective Government foodgrain storage capacity 38% 65% 80% 73% MISM, Food

Division

Actual boro procurement (thousand MT) 1,168 (R) 563 (R) 1,015 (R) 831 MISM, Food Division

Achievement of public boro procurement target 78% (R) 49% (R) 106% (R) 83% MISM, Food Division

Wholesale price during the boro procurement period as % of boro per unit cost of production 148% (R) 117% (R) 97% (R) 105% DAM (price);

MoA (cost)

Opening stock as % of budget target 64% 114% 107% 94% National Budget and FPMU

Quantity of rice distributed through OMS as % of total domestic supply 0.90% 0.96% 1.00% 0.17% MISM, DG Food;

BBS Note: Boro procurement for a certain fiscal year represents total boro procurement for the season beginning in the last part of the given fiscal year (e.g. boro procurement for 2012/13 represents the procurement throughout the 2013 boro season). R: revised

Effective grain storage capacity has been increasing Effective foodgrain storage capacity increased to 1.69 million tons in 2012/13 from 1.62 million tons in 2011/12 (Table 24). This is the result of Government’s efforts to increase foodgrain storage and handling capacities after the food price crises of 2007/08, so as to reinforce the capacity to cope with market price volatility and natural disasters that are expected to occur more frequently as a result of climate change. The Government aims to increase storage capacity to 2.2 million tons by 2015 and to 3.0 million tons by 2021. Considering projects already underway, Table 25 shows that storage capacity will reach 1.99 million tons by 2015 and 2.63 million tons by 2020. The major augmentation in the storage capacity will occur through the new World Bank financed Modern Food Storage Facilities Project (MFSFP) which will add storage capacity for 0.54 million tons by 2020.182 Besides establishing new capacity, the rehabilitation and maintenance of the existing storage facilities is playing an important role in sustaining the grain storage capacity.

Table 25: Construction of foodgrain storage capacity under way by the Ministry of Food Name of the food storage project Implementation period Capacity (000 MT) Construction of grain silos at Mongla port Jan/10 – Jun/14 50 Construction of food godowns Jul/10 – Mar/14 135 Construction of food godowns at Halishahar CSD premises Jul/10 – Mar/14 84 Construction of silo under Modern Flour Mill Project at Postgola Jul/12 – Jun/15 10 Construction of Multistoried Warehouse at Santahar grain silo Jan/12 – Jun/15 25 Construction of new food godowns Jul/13 – Jun/16 105 Construction of 8 modern grain silos through Bangladesh Modern Food Storage Facilities Project Jan/14 – Jun/20 535

Total foodgrain storage capacity - 944 Source: Ministry of Food

Utilization of storage capacity varies on an increasing trend Average utilization of the effective storage capacity varied over the past years. For instance, utilization of storage capacity increased from 38% in 2007/08 to 80% in 2011/12, and reached 73% in 2012/13 (Table 24). Overall, the evolution of the indicator since 2007 shows 182 MFSFP (2013). Modern Food Storage Facilities Project. Project Appraisal Document submitted to the Government of Bangladesh by International Development Association. World Bank. December 2013.

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that, following the food crisis, utilization of the increased stocking capacity has been growing, reflecting the up-scaling of food operations. It is worth noting that the average annual utilization conceals the seasonal stock variations determined by domestic procurement, import and public distribution decisions, which follow different seasonal patterns. For example, in 2012/13 public foodgrain stock ranged from 1.64 million tons in September to 0.95 million tons in May, representing effective utilization of about 100% and 58% respectively. The required stocking capacity is determined by the utilization in the peak season, which normally coincides with the final stage of the boro procurement.

Domestic procurement during boro season declined The domestic foodgrain procurement aims to (i) provide support to producers by sustaining prices at harvest time; and (ii) build the public stocks supplying food grains to, safety nets and other public food distribution channels, including special distribution during emergencies and price stabilization for consumers during seasonal price hikes. The main determinants of procurement are (i) the cost of production compared to domestic market price and consequent profitability of production for farmers, and (ii) world price as indicator of opportunity for import to supply the public system at lower cost.

Table 24 shows that total domestic boro procurement in 2013 (reported under 2012/13) was 0.83 million MT, down 0.2 million MT on previous boro procurement seasons. The change is consistent with the flexible approach adopted for domestic procurement, import and public food distribution, implying that in years of relatively higher prices, such as 2011 and 2013, the Government procures less than in years of relatively lower prices, such as 2012. Similarly, due to a record wholesale price of 31 taka per kg during the 2010/11 aman season (Table 26), the Government did not procure domestically and opted for importing the grains necessary to maintain an adequate public stock.183

Table 26: Procurement and wholesale prices, and production cost of aman and boro

Year Procurement price (tk/kg) Wholesale price (tk/kg) Cost of production (tk/kg)

aman boro aman boro aman boro

2007/08 20.00 28.00 24.10 29.60 16.73 19.98

2008/09 26.00 22.00 24.70 18.00 20.75 21.17

2009/10 22.00 22.00 21.80 25.40 20.71 21.65

2010/11 na 29.00 31.01 28.96 22.41 23.06

2011/12 28.00 28.00 25.81 23.65 24.75 24.27

2012/13 30.00 29.00 24.96 27.18 24.76 26.00

Notes: Wholesale price of aman rice represents three months average price of course rice from November to January and that of boro represents three months average price from April to June of each fiscal year. Source: FPMU

Wholesale price of rice returns above the cost of boro production Average wholesale price of coarse rice during boro procurement returned above the average cost of production in 2013 boro procurement season, though only by 5% (Table 24). Table 26 compares procurement and wholesale prices of aman and boro rice with the cost of production for the past years. It shows that in 2008/09 -year of high production and low

183 Total foodgrain import in 2010/11 was 5.38 mmt of which 1.30 mmt was imported by the Government alone to compensate for the lesser domestic procurement.

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prices- wholesale prices fell below the production cost,184 while procurement prices have always been, at least marginally above the production cost, as in 2009/10. It can be noticed that the difference between procurement and wholesale price is higher in years when the government procures more (e.g. 2011/12) and lower when the government procures less (e.g. 2010/11 and 2012/13). Years when the Government procures less, are those in which the price increases relative to previous year. This is consistent with the intention of the government to support prices in years in which market prices are lower. In order to increase the impact of procurement on price at the time of harvest - usually characterized by a trough - the Government is trying to make early announcement of the procurement price.

Boro procurement is usually closer to target in years of lower or declining market prices In 2012/13 (boro season 2013), 83% of the boro procurement target was achieved, similarly to the level registered in 2007/08. The lowest achievement was recorded in 2009/10 (49%), while in 2008/09, 2010/11 and 2011/12 achievements were as high as 100%, 102% and 106%, respectively. The years of low achievement usually coincide with seasons of high or rising market price already providing adequate incentive to farmers, consistently with the need to avoid additional pressure on prices from public procurement with consequent adverse impact on consumers.

Mismatch between opening and targeted stock185 As Table 24 shows, in 2012/13 actual stock marginally fell short of target (94%) because of moderately higher offtake (2.09 MMT) relative to domestic procurement (1.44 m MT) and public import (0.47 m MT). Although domestic procurement and offtake in 2011/12, were of almost similar magnitudes, public import was quite higher (1.05 MMT) which accounted for the higher opening stock compared to the target (107%). The major shortfall of the opening balance from the target in 2010/11 may have resulted from the record high offtake of 2.3 million MT against relatively lower level of procurement during the year.186

Impact of OMS distribution OMS is a monetized channel of food distribution aimed to stabilize foodgrain prices. Originally conceived to minimize the impact on price of the reduced supply during lean seasons, following the price 184 Cost of production includes the opportunity cost of family labour. This is not a monetary expense and so not relevant for the net income but for the profit, which implies that farmers are not actually incurring a financial loss that would push them out of rice production. 185 In preparing the food budget for a particular fiscal year, the Government targets monthly opening/closing stocks of foodgrain. Assuming the initial opening stock to be zero, closing stock for a given month represents the sum of domestic procurement, public import reduced by public food distribution through different channels. A good match between targeted and actual opening/closing stocks would reflect an efficient food planning. Although the targeting for monthly offtake is generally quite accurate, domestic procurement and public imports are planned at annual and/or periodic aggregate level, while monthly targets are set on quite ad hoc basis and prone to major changes. Thus, assuming monthly offtake to remain relatively stable, the residual (closing stock) for a certain month can diverge markedly from the target. 186 As has been mentioned, public import of foodgrain during 2010/11 was 1.3 million tons which, together with domestic procurement may not have been enough to maintain the targeted stock in the face of record high level of offtake during the year.

Figure 25: Public food grain distribution

Source: Directorate General Food

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crises it has also been used to moderate the impact of adverse global price trends. Rice distribution through OMS constituted around 1.0% of total annual rice supply over recent years. However, in 2012/13 the proportion dropped to 0.17% only (Table 24). This was in line with the reduction of coarse rice price relative to 2011/12 and was accompanied by increased distribution of wheat/atta, whose price increased over the previous year. As for total foodgrain distribution through OMS in relation to total public foodgrain distribution, Figure 25 shows that the proportion of OMS in total PFDS varied from 20% in 2007/08 to 52% in 2010/11 and to 17% in 2012/13. Except for the very high proportion observed in 2010/11, OMS as proportion of total PFDS remained at around 20% over the years under review.

Question often arises regarding the efficacy of OMS distribution in market stabilization. Table 24 shows that, except in 2010/11, OMS accounted for about 1.0% of the total rice supply in the country. This annualized figure understates the importance of OMS in price stabilization because OMS is a seasonal intervention, mainly confined to urban areas and self-targeted to poor consumers, as the commodity distributed is mainly coarse rice, which implies that relatively limited quantities can have a significant impact, especially for poor consumers.187

5.3.2 Policy developments/programs under way and need for further action

Programme 8 accounted for 3.0% of total financed CIP budget in 2012/13, with a budget of 354 million USD of which the financed component was 248 million USD in 2012/13. This budget was 22% lower than that of the previous year, mostly due to a reduction of the pipeline from four projects in 2011/12 to one project in 2012/13. The total number of projects under the programme fell from 21 in 2010/11 to nine in 2012/13.

There were virtually no investments under subprogrammes 8.1 and 8.2, particularly in 2012/13. Subprogramme 8.3 had two completed, six ongoing and one pipeline projects in 2012/13. The completed projects are Construction of 1.10 lakh MT Capacity Food Godowns in the Northern Region and Reconstruction of Dilapidated Food Godowns and Ancillary Infrastructures. The single major project under subprogramme 8.3 (and also programme 8 as a whole) is the Bangladesh MFSFP which entered the pipeline in 2012/13. The project is scheduled to be implemented from July 2013 to June 2018, with a budget of 240 million USD of which 210 million USD would be provided by the World Bank. Total delivery in 2012/13 under the subprogramme was 61 million USD with GoB contributing 90% and the remaining 10% being contributed by DPs.

The unique feature of the MFSFP project is placing the construction of eight modern grain silos at strategic locations and adopting modern technologies able to preserve the grains for longer time. The project will also promote small scale, private reserves of food and seeds to enhance resilience to climatic shocks by promoting the use of small, low cost plastic containers at household levels. MFSFP also includes provision for technical assistance for: (i) implementation of social and environmental management plans; (ii) supporting DG Food and FPMU in performing their functions related to food managed and generation of information for decision making on food management; (iii) and enhancing coordination among public agencies.

187 Although empirical evidence on such effect is scanty, it is generally held that the size and mechanism with which OMS operation was done in 2010/11 had some effect on stabilization of market price of course rice in the specific reasons of the year.

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Strengthen capacities to manage PFDS through training and research: The CIP consultation process identified the need to enhance efficiency and effectiveness of the public food management system, highlighting the need to invest in staff training, including the establishment of a Centre for Food Management Training and Operational Research; modern storage facilities able to better respond to climate change impact; improving quality and shelf-life of stock; establishment of decentralized laboratories to test food grain quality; digitizing stock management and PFDS operations. An important contribution in this direction is the approval of the MFSFP which includes, in addition to the construction of modern public storage facilities, provisions for institutional capacity enhancement and skill development of the DG Food and provisions to finance a series of studies specifically related to public food management to be coordinated by the FPMU.

Improve the effectiveness of the public procurement system: Supporting producer price and ensuring adequate supplies for public food distribution constitute the two pivotal goals of public food management. Regarding procurement targets, boro procurement has largely achieved the targets. As for supporting producer price, quantitative evidence is scanty, but a recent study has shown positive and significant correlation between procurement price and market price of boro rice (albeit that correlation does not demonstrate causality).188 The study also found that domestic procurement mainly takes place in years of lower market prices. Improvement of the effectiveness of domestic procurement requires -in addition to continuing the efforts to anticipate announcement of the procurement price and flexibly using domestic procurement and import- better knowledge on factors determining national supply and utilization of food grains, functioning of domestic and international markets and prices. Studies to be undertaken under the leadership of FPMU as part of the MFSFP can make an important contribution, for example in filling the information gap on private food grain stocks, and in assessing the possibility of engaging the private sector in public food godowns management. To this effect, topics, contents and modalities of these studies need to be carefully designed.

Estimate private food grain stock to enhance PFDS planning: Accurate and reliable estimation of private stocks is an important prerequisite for effective food planning. The BIDS (2012) study showed that six million MT of rice (20% of gross production) and one million MT of wheat (30% of net availability) remained with the private sector by the end of 2011.189 The study also showed that: (i) while traders usually keep most of wheat stock, farmers retain the majority of rice stock which varied between 16% and 43% of the gross production in different months; (ii) small and medium growers used to hold the highest levels of stock, when compared to other farmer categories, during aman season, to smooth out household consumption;190 (iii) among the traders/intermediaries, millers hold the highest proportion of gross production of rice as stock; and (iv) in the case of wheat, the retailers keep the highest proportion of stock among the wheat traders. Accurate estimation of stocks,

188 Alam M. Shahe, et al. (2014). op. cit. 189 BIDS (2012). op. cit. 190 Aman harvesting is generally completed in December and the next crop boro is available only in May. Moisture content of aman is low and hence it can be stored for longer period. Therefore, growers in general have the tendency to hold larger part of aman harvest for home consumption.

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held by various agents along the market chain at different times of a year, is crucial for import and domestic procurement planning and thereby maintaining optimal level of foodgrain supply. In the new Modern Food Storage Facilities Project, provision has been made to conduct large surveys for determining and monitoring food stocks in the country that need to be fully exploited.

Expedite the computerization of public stock monitoring: Introduction of computerized stock monitoring can help ensure minimization of errors and expeditious decision making in food management. Effort in this direction has already been piloted.191 The MFSFP will support the development, installation and operationalisation of a nationwide digital monitoring system to reduce losses and more efficiently distribute foodgrains during emergencies. It is important that this undertaking fully valorises previous pilot experiences to ensure effectiveness by giving adequate attention to human capacity, administrative and other institutional issues in addition to the technological aspects.

Promote consistency of PFDS planning with upcoming NSPS: The Government is set for expanding food operations by building more food storage capacities. However, under the newly formulated NSPS, the Government proposes to convert food-based transfer programmes into cash, except school feeding, therapeutic feeding programmes for undernourished children, OMS operations and disaster relief. Regarding the workfare based food programmes, the Government is considering consolidating all of them (cash or food -based) into the Employment Generation Programme for the Poorest (EGPP). As long as the need for maintaining adequate public stock is recognized for price stabilization and emergency response, it is important to identify the appropriate channels to rotate the stocks with minimum distorting impacts on the market. This would require continuing using some safety nets to valorise the food stock before it depletes in years in which the food grains are not needed for price stabilization or disaster relief. To this effect, it is important to assess the need of remunerating participants on workfare based programmes with a mix of cash and food to be flexibly adjusted depending on need to dispose food stocks maintained for market stabilization and relief.

5.4. Programme 9: Institutional development and capacity development for more effective safety nets

The main goal of Programme 9 is to improve the effectiveness and targeting of social safety nets by investing in institutional and capacity development via two subprogrammes: (1) to strengthen institutional capacities to effectively operate social safety net programmes and to formulate a new integrated strategy; (2) to invest in income and employment generation through social safety nets. Programme 9 is aligned with two AoIs in NFP PoA: improvements in coverage and effectiveness of emergency food distribution from public stocks (PoA AoI 2.2) and improvements in targeting, leakage, coverage and adequacy of food-based safety-net programmes (PoA AoI 2.4).

191 The Government has recently piloted computerized stock management in Tangail district with financial support from the Asian Development Bank.

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Table 27: Progress towards achievement of CIP Programme 9 CIP/NFP PoA output proxy indicators 2007/08 2009/10 2011/12 2012/13 Source

Budgeted coverage of VGF (lakh person) na 366.67 88.00 85.00

MoF VGD (lakh person month) na 88.33 88.33 90.33

Safety net programmes expenditure as % of GDP192 na 1.95% 1.88% 1.68% MoF

Budgeted coverage of employment generation programme for the poor (in million person month) na 4.5 (R) 4.2 (R) 4.2 MoF

Quantity of VGF and GR distributed (in MT) 225,755 285,384 209,367 304,000 MISM, DG Food

R: Revised

Decreasing spending on social safety nets Spending on social safety nets192 as a percentage of GDP has steadily declined, decreasing from 1.88 to 1.68% between 2011/12 and 2012/13, but is expected to remain relatively stable at 1.67% in 2013/14 (Table 27).

Figure 26 shows that spending on safety nets as a percentage of the total budget steadily declined for three consecutive years - from 12.9% in 2010/11, 10.7% in 2011/12 to 9.2% in 2012/13 - and is expected to decrease further to 8.9% in 2013/14. The share of safety nets in overall social protection spending193 has constantly decreased from 80.5% in 2011/12 to 75.7% in 2012/13, but is expected to increase to 78.2% in 2013/14. In nominal terms, the total budget for safety nets slightly increased from 172 billion taka in 2011/12 to 175 billion taka in 2012/13 and is expected to further increase to 198 billion taka in the 2013/14.

Decreased VGF coverage and increased VGD coverage As a result of declining price and climatic instabilities, the budgeted coverage of Vulnerable Group Feeding (VGF) steadily decreased from 122 lakh persons in 20010/11 to 85 lakh persons in 2012/13. However, the quantity of food distributed under VGF and Gratuitous Relief (GR) increased from 148 MT in 2010/11 to 304 MT in 2012/13, which is still lower than that registered in 2008/09. This trend suggests that the amount of food distributed per person increased during the period 2010/11 – 2012/13. The Vulnerable Group Development (VGD) programme is typically development oriented and includes a training/schooling component. VGD coverage increased marginally to 90 lakh person months in 2012/13, after staying steady at 88 lakh person months for the three years before that (Table 27).

192 The definition of safety net used here includes cash and non-cash transfers and food-for-work – and it corresponds to the definition used in budgetary reports by the MoF called “Social Protection”. 193 Government’s social protection spending consists of social safety nets as well as social empowerment.

Figure 26: Safety nets relative to total and social protection spending

Source: Ministry of Finance

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Stable coverage of Employment Generation Programme for the Poorest The Employment Generation Programme for the Poorest (EGPP), a cash-for-work initiative for the poorest, seeks to help poor households to cope with vulnerability by providing short-term employment, i.e. 80 working days per person, on local infrastructure projects in rural areas during the lean season. The budgeted coverage of EGPP remained stable at 4.2 million person months since 2010/11, which represents less than half of its coverage in the wake of food price crisis in 2008/09. Financial disbursement increased up by 25 million USD, to 150 million USD over the period 2011/12 – 2012/13 (Table 27).

EGPP has recently introduced innovations such as: better targeting to poorer geographical areas; tightening selection criteria for beneficiaries; introducing a quota for female participants; utilizing cash wage payments through the banking system; and adopting improved monitoring systems. In particular, the inclusion of more female beneficiaries has been successful with 30% out of the targeted 33% of participation by women. Light workload and close proximity to home offer poor women an income source and an alternative to migration. In this same vein, EGPP is now 60% targeted to geographically poor areas, which contributes to improve the beneficiaries’ targeting and to reduce leakages to the non-poor.

Programme evaluations by IFPRI (2012) and the World Bank (2012) show that EGPP performs well on beneficiary selection, self-targeting and level of leakage. In this regard, the EGPP has high relevance for NSPS by demonstrating lessons for the design of new programmes.

5.4.2 Policy developments/programmes underway and needs for further action

Programme 9 constitutes 12.7% of the total financed CIP budget with 1,526.6 million USD. Subprogramme 9.1 represents the 17% of the investment in this programme, with the rest (83%) going to subprogramme 9.2. The programme expanded from 984 million USD in 2009/10 to 1,304 million USD in 2011/12 and reached 1,527 million USD in 2012/13. In total, programme 9 has 24 ongoing projects (1 in subprogramme 9.1 and 23 in subprogramme 9.2), with a total value of 1,097.4 million USD, and ten completed projects in subprogramme 9.2, as of June 2013, with a total value of 68.2 million USD.

Only one project moved from the pipeline to ongoing in 2012/13, while another was newly introduced; these are respectively: the Extension of Palli Daridro Bimochon Foundation Activities for Poverty Alleviation & Self Employment (39.1 million USD) and Initiative for Development, Empowerment, Awareness and Livelihood Project (2.9 million USD). There are six pipeline projects, with a total value of 745.2 million USD - 48% of which consists of allocations within CIP period, i.e. before July 2015, and 52% beyond CIP period. Two projects represent 88% of the pipeline projects’ total value: the Rural Employment and Road Maintenance Program 2 (158.6 million USD) and the Bangladesh Safety Net Systems for the Poorest Project (500 million USD).

Total delivery in 2012/13 was 303.9 million USD, compared to 252.2 million USD in 2011/12, which represents a substantial improvement in scaling up delivery of safety net programmes. Delivery of funds financed by GoB increased in the last two years by 35%, from 117.7 million USD in 2011/12 to 159 million USD in 2012/13, while development partners spending increased by 8%, from 134.4 to 144.9 million USD over the same period.

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WFP-IFPRI Transfer Modality Research Initiative The Transfer Modality Research Initiative (TMRI), a joint effort between WFP, IFPRI and GoB launched in May 2012, aimed to inform policymakers on the transfer modalities having the highest benefits for income, food and nutrition, particularly in female-led households in the North and South of the country, by looking at five transfer modalities: (i) Only cash (North and South); (ii) Only food (North and South); (iii) Food + cash (North and South); (iv) Nutrition behaviour change communication (BCC) + cash (North only); (v) Nutrition BCC + food (South only). By means of a randomized controlled trial design,194 the study showed that food and cash transfers have by far the largest impacts, respectively in North and South,195 when combined with nutrition BCC. The relevance of BCC component can be appreciated by considering the variation in both per capita monthly expenditure and food expenditure when comparing (iv) versus (i) in the South and (v) versus (ii) in the North. The nutrition BCC component at least doubles the increase obtained by either (i) cash or (ii) food (see Table 28).

Field monitoring demonstrates that improvements in hygiene practices and dietary diversity occurred in the BCC participant households. Moreover, beneficiaries of the training demonstrated to be more responsive to adoption of mobile cash transfers (temporarily adopted during 2012) when compared to the other beneficiaries of the transfers. In addition, women in the South indicated that they felt more empowered and that their status had improved because of their TMRI participation.196 The results of both quantitative (summarized in Table 28) and qualitative (obtained through targeted interviews) monitoring and evaluation show the potential impact of integrating nutrition BCC into social safety nets. Overall, the impact of the nutrition BCC goes beyond the specific contents of the training and works as an occasion for social and economic empowerment of the trainees.

Table 28: Differential in per capita monthly expenditure and food expenditure for selected transfer options

Region Type of transfer Increase (%) in per capita monthly expenditure (Proxy for income)

Impact (%) on per capita food expenditure

South Food 10.1 9.2 Food + BCC 25.3 35

North Cash 16.7 19.5 Cash + BCC 36.4 47.4

Source: own elaboration from authors‘ presentation

These outcomes are highly relevant for the finalisation of NSPS discussed further below. While NSPS proposes to rationalize food-based safety-nets into cash transfers, it does not consider combined transfers modalities, i.e. food and cash, food or cash associated with BCC- and how the impact of the various modalities can be different in different contexts.

The National Social Protection Strategy (NSPS) The NSPS formulation phase – led by the Cabinet Division and the Social Protection Secretariat of GED - is progressing with a third draft submitted to GoB and development partners. The NSPS is built upon a series of ten background research papers, a series of

194 RCT constructs a valid counterfactual of what might have happened without the transfers. 195 According to the study, the propensity for cash versus food transfers in the South seems to be explained by the higher tendency of households in the South towards precautionary savings, because of the higher exposure to natural disaster in Southern regions when compared to the Northern ones. 196 Ahmed A. U., E. Sraboni and F. K. Shaba (2013). Safety Nets in Bangladesh: Which form of Transfer Modality is most beneficial? – Operational Performance of the Transfer Modality Research Initiative. IFPRI, November, 2013.

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regional and thematic consultations with stakeholders, a visioning workshop and two study tours on international best practices on social protection for high and mid level government Officials. The NSPS should lead to the development of the new Social Protection Policy by July 2015.

The NSPS strategy is based on a lifecycle approach with substantial consolidation of existing programmes. The reduction in the number of programmes and the introduction of an M&E system should contribute to better inclusion of poor and vulnerable households. In its current draft, the NSPS plans to cover around half of the population under different schemes.

The discussion on the effective resource allocation option between increasing the transfer size to the poorest and enlarging the total number of beneficiaries for achieving maximum possible welfare remains of high priority in the policymakers’ agenda. The key proposed interventions are summarized in Table 29.

Table 29: Key reforms proposed in NSPS Type of intervention Beneficiaries Contribution

(taka/month) Citizens pension Citizens aged +60 years 800 Disability subsidy Working age population 800 National Social Insurance Scheme Employees of Private enterprises na Child grant Children up to 4 years 800 Stipend Pupils in primary and secondary schools 240 Child disability benefits 15 million children not covered in the current SPS na Unemployment, maternity and accident insurance Working age population na Child care Formal employees na Conversion of food programmes (except OMS, school feeding and therapeutic feeding for children) into cash programmes

Former food programmes beneficiaries na

Source: own elaboration from NSPS

Consolidation of food transfer programmes and implication for grain stock NSPS proposes to consolidate all food-based programmes into cash-based transfers. This move is not entirely unprecedented. Since 2005, GoB has boosted cash transfer programmes: their share on the total SSN programmes spending has increased from only 2% to 15% in the period 2005-2010. For example, the Food for Education Programme was converted into a cash-based stipend programme and cash-for-work is gradually being incorporated into the food-for-work programme. In addition, EGP which has been introduced in 2008 is entirely cash based.

This trend indicates that cash transfers can be a more effective tool in reaching food security and nutrition targets, with generally lower level of leakages than food transfers. However, food-based transfers can be preferred to cash ones in cases where market is unable to guarantee access to food, e.g. in cases of natural calamities, food prices instability or social or other barriers to market access. The TMRI also shows that in some cases (as in the experiment conducted in the South) food transfer can be more effective than cash transfer even when markets work.

Therefore, food transfer programmes are expected to continue to play an important role within the country’s food security strategy and have important implications for the national grain supplies.197 According to NSPS, food transfers will only continue as both a disaster 197 World Bank Poverty Assessment (2013). Safety Net and Vulnerabilities: Chapter 8, page 112.

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management response and a price stabilization tool through Open Market Sales (OMS). Adequate buffer stocks are, therefore, required to enable interventions to assist those affected by natural calamities and severe food market instability. For this to be possible, food distribution will be required in normal year –when the need to distribute for price stabilization and meeting emergencies will be minimal- to contribute to buffer stocks’ rotation, preventing their spoilage. Indeed, distributing the food to the poorest segment of the population –who would lack the income to fully transform their food needs into market demand- is the best option to dispose of the stock. The National Food Policy suggests that a one million MT buffer stock for the post-harvest season should be kept as a minimum benchmark.

Overall, using food to cover a variable share of the salary of participants in cash for work programmes can be preferable in order to: (i) allow stock rotation with minimum price distortion, and (ii) by minimize the total financial resources required for food or cash based interventions. In conclusion, while priority has been given to cash transfer programmes because of their effectiveness – even though sometimes food programmes could be a better option - and lower level of leakages, a sufficiently large system of food-based safety nets has to be retained as part of the social protection system for stabilization interventions to continue.

Social Protection Policy Support Programme With the aim of supporting NSPS implementation, UNDP has designed a project document for a Social Protection Policy Support Programme in partnership with GED, and in coordination with DFID and DFAT (previously AusAID). Key outputs of this programme include: (i) the development of a better governance for social protection by strengthening coordination, monitoring and evaluation, as well as reporting functions; (ii) stronger research and analysis capacities to build a more effective evidence based policy development, parliamentary engagement and strengthening of social protection systems, by means of electronic payment platforms coordinated with field monitoring and evaluation. The programme also includes a component of catalytic learning through a pilot delivery intervention called Strengthening Women’s Ability for Productive New Opportunities (SWAPNO) that will provide a benchmark for innovative delivering systems, including micro-insurance and climate adaptive social protection. UNDP and the Local Government Division have in partnership planned the SWAPNO project, comprising public works employment of extreme poor women as the entry point, with a state-of-the-art graduation strategy aiming at beneficiaries’ sustainable exit from extreme poverty. SWAPNO builds on the experience of the successful implementation of the Rural Employment Opportunities for Public Assets (REOPA) project, with further improvements in design.198

Bangladesh Safety Net Systems for the Poorest Project The World Bank has approved, in June 2013, the Safety Net Systems for the Poorest Project (SNSP) for a total project cost of 2,672 million USD, of which 500 million USD directly financed by the Bank. The project targets four million of the poorest households in the country and its objective is to improve the equity, efficiency and transparency of major SSN programmes. The project includes three components: (i) support to five SSN programmes –i.e. EGPP, and other food based programmes such as: SSN Food-for-Work (FFW), Test Relief

198 Project description submitted by UNDP.

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(TR), Gratuitous Relief (GR) and VGF - by financing a portion of their costs, in line with progress against a set of Disbursement Linked Indicators (430 million USD); (ii) strengthening of Ministry of Disaster Management and Relief (MoDMR) programme administration and transparency (30 million USD); and (iii) development of the Bangladesh Poverty Database (40 million USD).199

The project will support improvements in the implementation of safety-net programmes by focusing on the increased allocation of programme resources to benefit the poorest population; strengthening their management and monitoring capacity; and enhancing governance and accountability. The project will moreover provide technical assistance to the Statistics and Informatics Division for the development of the Bangladesh Poverty Database. The database would reduce the overall costs and errors associated with targeting of safety net programs in the country and facilitate the coordination among different ministries responsible for their implementation. SNSP applies a results-based financing modality whereby 86% of the financing would be disbursed on achieving targets such as improved beneficiary selection, the use of modern management information systems, and improved field level implementation with an emphasis on addressing beneficiary grievances.

The Manifesto for the Extreme Poor The Stimulating Household Improvements Resulting in Economic Empowerment (SHIREE200) programme launched a Manifesto for the Extreme Poor in December 2013 through a consultative process, including the participation of over 100,000 extremely poor people and other stakeholders. The Manifesto, endorsed by 43 national and international organizations, aims to eradicate extreme poverty by 2022, which would require targeting one million families a year. It calls for collective action and a three-pronged approach: (i) design and implement a national programme of transformative initiatives (asset-transfers and skills training) to enable the six million families to engage with the market; (ii) systematically reform public services and social protection transfers to prioritize the needs of the extreme poor; and (iii) promote institutional, policy and behavioural changes needed to address the root causes of extreme poverty.

The Manifesto aims to achieve extreme poverty eradication through five principles of partnerships, participation, action, accountability and inclusion. The latter two principles are extremely relevant for NSPS. The accountability principle proposes the creation of a national, independently managed database of the extreme poor for targeting and reporting progress. The inclusion principle advocates that none of the poorest should be excluded on the basis of legal status, location, ethnicity, age, gender, physical capacity or other factors. Although the NSPS has declared its commitment to social inclusion of minority and marginal groups, it has not yet articulated the type of supportive actions to ensure that currently excluded groups can claim their entitlements. The strategy should identify and more explicitly design features for ensuring that social inclusion is a central principle in the NSPS. Thus, there are opportunities for cross-pollination between the Manifesto and the NSPS that should be explored by GoB, especially in terms of: involving civil society and the poor; targeting the poor; the design of NSPS; SSN programmes; and M&E. 199 http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/SAR/2013/11/16/090224b082084194/1_0/Rendered/ PDF/Bangladesh000B0Report000Sequence001.pdf 200 The SHIREE programme is a partnership between the UK Department for International Development (DFID), the Swiss Development Cooperation (SDC) and the GoB under the Rural Development and Cooperative Division (RDCD) of the Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development and Cooperatives (LGRD). The programme is sponsored by UKAID to help the poorest to emerge from extreme poverty through NGO implemented sub-projects.

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Productive outcomes of the Agriculture Rehabilitation Programme The Agriculture Rehabilitation Programme (ARP) is a targeted agricultural safety net that helps farmers affected by natural disasters to recover their losses. The Ministry of Agriculture provides seeds, farming inputs, construction and repairing of damaged houses, tube-well installation, sanitary latrine and other types of assistance to help affected people recover their livelihoods. In 2012/13, ARP received the second largest share of total benefits among all government funded SSN programmes; in terms of SSN programmes’ coverage, ARP provided the largest share of benefit (30.32%) to households within Dhaka division. Recent evidence201 shows that ARP is not only protective but also well designed for productive or promotional impacts. ARP increased the number of farm activities; self-employment in farm activities; income from crop and livestock production; value of agricultural assets; spending on fertilizer use; land purchased and food and education expenditure. Overall, ARP contributes to helping marginal and small farmers to take themselves out of poverty, by creating on-farm jobs and investment opportunities. Productive labour is a more sustainable means of poverty reduction compared to graduation strategies. On one side, graduation strategies can put significant stress on households for reaching particular income and savings thresholds, as well as create reversals in income and poverty gains once the support is withdrawn. On the other hand, on-farm work opportunities may contribute in creating sustainable investments in livelihood assets.202 The recent evidence also showed that among seven key SSN programmes studied, ARP beneficiaries had the highest literacy rate.203


Finalize and implement the NSPS: Some issues need to be addressed before the strategy is finalized. For instance, a clear idea on the costing should be provided, as NSPS proposes to cover 50% of the population. The centrality of social inclusion for programme designing needs to be explicitly considered in NSPS. Similarly, adequate attention should be given to mainstreaming nutrition into NSPS. Within the proposed rationalization of food based safety nets into cash transfers, the possibility to include combined and context specific transfer modalities (e.g. food and cash, food or cash and nutrition BCC) should be included. This can be linked to the issue of defining mans for food stock rotation in such a way to minimizing both food stock losses and markets’ distortive effects. Overall, as income transfers would stimulate demand for goods and services (such as health, education and food), the supply and quality of such goods and services has to be assured in all places and particularly for marginalized population groups. Thus, GoB needs to articulate its broader plans to the provision of such services in line with the strategy proposed in NSPS.

Maximize consistency, coordination and synergies between initiatives supporting social protection policies: Currently there are several policy processes and programmes underway that directly relate to the formulation and implementation of NSPS. Some examples discussed here with similar objectives include: (i) the World Bank project to strengthen monitoring capacity and set up a poverty database; (ii) SHIREE, through the Manifesto for the Extreme Poor, also aims to set up a database

201 Begum et al. (2014). Social Safety Nets and Productive Outcomes: Evidence and Implications for Bangladesh. 202 Huda, K (2012). Taking stock and moving forward: enhancing labour strategies for Bangladesh’s vulnerable groups. Background paper commissioned by UNDP for the NSPS. 203 Begum et al. (2014) found that ARP had the highest literacy rate followed by VGD, CFW, Employment Generation for Hardcore Poor, AWDD and OAA respectively.

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of the extreme poor to facilitate targeting; (iii) The UNDP’s Social Protection Policy Support Programme, in collaboration with GED, DFID and DFAT aims to strengthen coordination, monitoring and evaluation and reporting functions. It is imperative to maximize collaboration and streamline these multiple projects and policy processes to prevent fragmentation of the NSPS process. GED, as the overall coordinating body of NSPS, should aim to ensure that key partnerships and collaborations are forged, even with the private sector, to ensure effective, efficient and timely implementation of NSPS.

Flexibly adopt cash or food transfers combined with BCC in SSN: In an independent evaluation204 on EGPP, IFPRI found higher leakages coming from food transfer programmes. This is partly due to the structure of the Public Food Distribution System (PFDS): large number of intermediaries, complexity of procurement, distribution and storage systems. Overall a tendency towards augmenting the cash against the food component in SSN programmes is registered, for instance in EGPP, and as expressed in NSPS. Moreover, the MoDMR showed interest in converting part of the transfers under TR into cash transfers, within the SNSP Project.205 A necessary condition for gradual shifting from food to cash transfers would be to rotate the public stock of foodgrain in a cost-effective manner. However, WFP-IFPRI Transfer Modality Research Initiative shows that in some cases food transfers can be more effective than cash (i.e. in the South). It is therefore appropriate to maintain a careful approach and balancing the use of both food and cash based SSNs. On a different perspective, TMRI also shows the potential impact of the nutrition BCC. Over a period of one year, a combination of cash transfers (1,500 taka) and BCC (nutrition training) reduced stunting of children between 6-59 months by 12%, food only (oil, rice and lentils) by 7% and cash by 6%.206 The design of safety net programmes should consider the possible impact of innovative social protection interventions, such as targeted food and cash based programmes combined with nutrition interventions, such as nutrition BCC, that could play a vital role in reducing food poverty and stunting. Nevertheless, implementation costs need to be carefully considered as nutrition BCC has proved to be expensive.

Strengthen the Agriculture Rehabilitation Programme: ARP has proven its effectiveness in increasing investments in crop production for small and marginal farmers, at both households and community level. Specifically, ARP has demonstrated to be useful in sustaining: the use of productive inputs and factors; the accumulation of agricultural assets; and in alleviating liquidity and credit constraints in the wake of a natural disaster.207 Therefore ARP should be expanded along with a close supervision system in order to avoid leakages.

Further research and monitor SSN programmes, including comparative analyses and impact assessments: A recent study of SSN programmes and their productive outcomes around the world has analyzed the economic impact of social safety nets on poor farmers’ households.208 The analytical review of SSN programmes experiences needs to be continued as this form of analysis is important to learn

204 IFPRI, 2011. “Operational Performance of Employment Generation Programme for the Poorest”. 205 From the World Bank’s Project Appraisal Document for SNSP Project, May 2013. 206 Ahmed et al. (2013). op. cit. 207 Begum et al. (2014). op. cit. 208 ibid

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lessons from successful cases elsewhere. Also, the lessons from the assessment should be reflected in new and revised SSN programmes.

Assess targeted programmes for small and marginal farmers as an alternative to generalized fertilizer subsidies: The positive impact of SSN programmes poses questions on the opportunity of increasing the support to farmers via generalized fertilizers subsidies or rather opt for more targeted interventions in favour of the small and marginal farmers. For example, the ARP demonstrates how targeted, more flexible and market integrated interventions could be more sustainable in helping marginal and small farmers to take themselves out of poverty increasing their expenditure on education and the value of their agricultural assets.

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6. Utilization: progress towards CIP and NFP PoA outputs

Food utilization for nutrition constitutes the third pillar of the NFP PoA and related priority investments covered in CIP programmes 10, 11 and 12. This chapter provides an update on community based nutrition programmes and services; food security and nutrition information and data; and food safety, quality and control, including consumer protection and public health. The three programmes are aligned with the eight areas of intervention under Objective 3 of the NFP PoA (see Annex 1).

6.1. Programme 10: Community based nutrition programmes and services

Programme 10 covers community based nutrition programmes linked to and supported by government services, implemented primarily through the NNS. The aim is to enhance coverage and access to a comprehensive package of direct nutrition interventions (DNI) by local communities, especially targeting mothers and children. The programme also strengthens coordination with sectors engaged in nutrition. This programme corresponds to the NFP PoA AoIs 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.7 and 3.8 on promoting balanced and nutritious food for vulnerable people; food based programmes and growth monitoring of children; nutrition education on dietary diversification; food supplementation and fortification; women and children’s health; and protection and promotion of breastfeeding and appropriate complementary feeding.


Table 30 summarizes the indicators used to monitor progress in under programme 10.

Table 30: Progress towards achievement of CIP programme 10

CIP/NFP PoA output proxy indicators 2007/08 2009/10 2011/12 2012/13 Source

Proportion of infants up to six months exclusively breast fed

42.9% BDHS na 64.1%

BDHS 59.7% UESD

BDHS; UESD

% of poor households raising home gardening and backyard poultry na na 42% 45% FSNSP

Share of total dietary energy supply for consumption from:

Cereal 78.6% (2005) 79.3% (2007) 79% (2008) 78.3% (2009)

FAO-RAP

Sugar and sweeteners 4.1% (2005) 3.5% (2007) 3.4% (2008) 3.3% (2009) Oil and oil crops 6.5% (2005) 5.6% (2007) 5.7% (2008) 5.8% (2009)

Roots and tubers 2.5% (2005) 2.5% (2007) 3.3% (2008) 2.5% (2009) Pulses 1.7% (2005) 2% (2007) 1.1% (2008) 2.6% (2009)

Fruits and vegetables 1.6% (2005) 2% (2007) 2.2% (2008) 2.2% (2009) Meat, fish, eggs and milk 3.3% (2005) 3.4% (2007) 3.5% (2008) 3.6% (2009)

Others* 1.7% (2005) 1.7% (2007) 1.8% (2008) 1.7% (2009) Prevalence of global acute malnutrition (GAM) among children < 5 years) <- 2SD

17.4% BDHS na 15.6%

BDHS 18.1% UESD

BDHS, UESD

Prevalence of severe acute malnutrition (SAM) among children < 5 years) < - 3SD

2.9% BDHS na 4.0%

BDHS 4.9% UESD

BDHS, UESD

Proportion of women ANC coverage of at least four visits

22.0% BDHS na 25.5 %

BDHS 25.0%

UESD BDHS, UESD

Others* - Includes stimulants, spices, alcoholic beverages, offal, animal fats, aquatic products and miscellaneous.

Slight decline in six months’ exclusive breast feeding In line with global recommendations, Bangladesh promotes early initiation of breastfeeding within one hour after birth and exclusive breastfeeding for six months with no other liquids

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Box 5 : Integrated agriculture and health based interventions (IAHBI) Fifty thousand rural poor households are being supported through horticulture, livestock and fisheries inputs, tools and technologies with intensive nutrition training and capacity building for sub district level functionaries and union levels through the farmer field schools and women farmers’ groups. The interventions are being mainstreamed through the Departments of Fisheries, Livestock and Agriculture Extension. Linkages with health sector are being strengthened and the coverage and outreach of direct nutrition interventions including IFA supplementation in pregnancy, deworming, hand washing and sanitation are improving. Support is provided through NNS implemented through DGHS/DGFP and targets 17,038 pregnant/lactating women, 53,734 children under 5 years and 1,600 adolescent girls. Source: Personal communication

given. Exclusive breast feeding has systematically increased: from 43% in 1993 to 64% in 2011, but a slight fall has now been recorded to 59.7% in 2013,209 which is above the national target of 50% by 2016.210

Conversely, 2012 FSNSP shows that exclusive breast feeding rates have dropped to 45% from 51% in 2011. Regional and seasonal variations in breastfeeding practices and differences in the ages of children during the different rounds of data collection, might have contributed to the difference.

Promoting exclusive breast feeding for six months through improving parental leave policies, flexible work schedules and health benefits for low wage workers, access to child care and by protecting women more effectively from aggressive marketing of breast milk substitutes- enables children to survive and thrive with lower rates of disease and malnutrition, notably stunting.211

However, exclusive breastfeeding is necessary but not sufficient to reduce stunting, as gaps in complementary feeding coupled with low socioeconomic status, inadequate hygiene, parasitic infection, poor maternal nutrition and education and care practices need to be addressed.212 For example, Rangpur and Chittagong divisions have the highest exclusive breastfeeding rates (66% and 63%) but higher levels of under five child stunting (41% in Rangpur and 40% in Chittagong) (Figure 27).

Slow leverage of integrated farming for sustainable diets and health Homestead production is the primary source of energy and nutrients for subsistence households. It plays a role in biodiversity conservation, and can contribute to household income generation. Recent FSNSP estimates show an improvement in the percentage of poor households

209 NIPORT (2013b). op. cit. 210 Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (2011). Health Population and Nutrition Sector Development Programme (HPNSDP), 2011 -2016. 211 http://www.unicef.org.uk/BabyFriendly/News-and-Research/News/Take-action-on-child-stunting/ 212 Mondal, et al. (2012). Contribution of enteric infection, altered intestinal barrier function and maternal malnutrition to infant malnutrition in Bangladesh, Clinical Infectious Diseases, 54 (2): 185 -92.

Figure 27: Rates of breastfeeding, predominant feeding and child stunting by divisions

Source: FSNSP 2012

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raising home gardening and backyard poultry (42% in 2011 and 44.6% in 2012), but there is a need to systematically promote homesteads for improving household diets and nutrition.

Nutrition sensitive activities are being implemented under IAHBI213 in Khulna, Barisal and Satkhira districts. Nutrition criteria have been used in targeting the poor, most vulnerable and food insecure households as participants in integrated home gardening and health based activities. The activities are being implemented through the agriculture and health entry points of the government service delivery structures and serve to strengthen synergies with other ongoing programmes in the South (see Box 5).214

Baseline estimates pointed that while 54.7% of the poor households were involved in integrated vegetable production, only 5.8% had a developed homestead garden, 45.5% had traditional gardens and another 45.5% had an improved vegetable garden. Majority of the landless, marginal or small farmers were growing one or two types of vegetables and fruits rich in vitamin A and iron. A study showed that within homestead gardens, 45% cultivated edible food species, 39% medicinal plants, 32% firewood, and 5% spices and vegetables.215

The national initiative ‘Ekti Bari, Ekti Khamar’ (EBEK) (One House, One Farm) envisaged to establish a household farm by 2013 in all 85,000 villages of the country. It targets poor women-headed households, households having only homestead and the landless who own a mere 0.50 acre of land and manual labourers having no regular income. It also includes small and marginal farmers having up to 2.50 acres of land including homestead. In backward/char areas, households having land up to 4 acres are also included as project beneficiaries. However, livelihood activities of the landless and marginal farmers are being preferentially initiated. Farmers have been growing different types of vegetables in the homestead, crops in the field, and fish in the pond and have been rearing poultry, duck and livestock. It is commendable that Bangladesh has been a recipient of the Manthan Award Asia Pacific – 2013 for the EBEK initiative.216

Inadequate nutrient contribution from national food supply Animal foods like livestock, fish, milk and poultry are sources of good quality protein, fat and essential micronutrients (zinc, iron, calcium and vitamin A) but are not sufficiently available to large segments of the population, such as the poor. Table 31 shows that the protein and fat supply from animal foods as a percentage of total dietary energy over the period 2000-2009, using national food balance sheets, is lower than the recommended range.217

Table 31: Percent supply of protein and fat from animal sources in total dietary energy Year Protein Fat

% of total energy % from animal food % of total energy % from animal food 2000-02 8.6 1.1 10.5 1.6 2003-05 8.7 1.2 10.7 1.7 2004-06 8.8 1.3 10.6 1.8 2005 -07 8.8 1.4 11.5 1.8 2007-09 9.1 1.5 10.0 1.9

Source: FAOSTAT

213 Baseline Survey on Integrated agriculture and health based interventions (IAHBI) (2013), BRAC/ FAO/UNICEF/USAID. 214 Strengthening Partnerships, Results and Innovations in Nutrition Globally (SPRING), United States Government(USG). 215 Biswajit R., et al. (2013). Status, Diversity, and Traditional Uses of Homestead Gardens in Northern Bangladesh: A Means of Sustainable Biodiversity Conservation, ISRN Biodiversity, Research Article. 216 http://manthanaward.org/section_synopsis.asp?id=418 217 Range of population nutrient intake goals- protein: 10-15%; fat: 15-30% (WHO/FAO, 2003).

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Particularly for children, the type of dietary protein seems to have a specific stimulating effect on weight and length gain,218 and dietary fat has important functions including providing energy and helping the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins. Analysis from national surveys219 points to the low quality and diversity of diets of children above two years who share the family meal and of pregnant and lactating women (contributing to low birth weight). Milk intake is positively associated with better bone and brain development as well as linear body growth.220 In contrast, meat consumption has been found to affect cognition.221 The consumption of milk in Bangladesh is as low as 33.7 ml/capita as also is a very low aggregate consumption level of animal source protein in Asia - barely 9% of protein derived from animals since the mid-2000s compared with over 30% for countries like Pakistan and Myanmar.222

Dietary and nutrient adequacy in household diets Access to more diversified diets is key for combating problems of micronutrient malnutrition or hidden hunger. Figure 28 shows the contribution of different food groups to the total daily intake of selected micronutrients as a percentage of Recommended Nutrient Intake (RNI).

The per capita dietary intake of four micronutrients (folic acid, vitamin A, iron and calcium) that play a critical role in growth, physical and cognitive development is found to be no more than 60% of the RNI. Consumption of bio-available animal source vitamin A and iron progressively decreases as households are increasingly food insecure.223 There is also inadequate iron and folic acid in the diet which is associated with anaemia.

With a wide variety of green leafy vegetables and a tradition of including ‘sak’ in household diets, one would expect folate intake to be adequate. Calcium intake is expected to be inadequate given the low milk intake as against a desirable intake of 130 ml/day. Further, a diet that is low in animal source foods fails to meet zinc and B12 requirements. Expectedly, dietary deficiency of zinc also occurs as a result of zinc binding to phytates in cereal-based diets largely taken in Bangladesh.

Dietary imbalance in energy contribution of carbohydrate, protein and fat The contribution of carbohydrate, protein and fat from various food groups as percentage of dietary energy/day and coverage of RNI is given in Figure 29. Carbohydrate, protein and fat

218 Murphy SP, Allen LH (2003). Nutritional importance of animal source foods. J Nutr; 133: 3932S–3935S 219 BIRDEM (2013) op. cit.; FSNSP (2012) op. cit. 220 Hoppe C, Mølgaard C, Michaelsen KF. (2006). Cow's milk and linear growth in industrialized and developing countries. Annu Rev Nutr. 26:131-73. 221 Neumann C. G., et al. (2007). Meat Supplementation Improves Growth, Cognitive, and Behavioral Outcomes in Kenyan Children, J. Nutr.: 137: 1119-1123; Belfort M., et al. (2013). Infant feeding and childhood cognition at ages 3 and 7 years: Effects of breastfeeding duration and exclusivity. JAMA Pediatr: 455. 222 FAOSTAT (2009). 223 ICDDRB (2011). Status of micronutrients in Bangladesh: Where do we stand now?

Figure 28: Contribution of different food groups to the total daily intake of selected micronutrients as a percentage of RNI

Source: HIES, 2010

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as a percentage of the RNI contribute to 78%, 10% and 12% of the total energy in the diet, respectively.

In a balanced diet, the ratio of energy distribution from carbohydrate, protein and fat would ideally need to be: 7:1:2. Further, the quality of protein from heavily cereal based diets is inadequate. Such diets need improvement in diversity through production and consumption of specific nutrient dense foods, such as fruits and vegetables, fish and livestock, lentil and nuts appropriately combined with cereals.

Analysis by BIRDEM224 shows carbohydrate intake is up to 200g/day among 3.7% of the population; 201-300 g/day among 31.4%; between 301 to 400g among 44%; between 401 to 500g among 16.4% and that 4.5% take more than 500g/day. Population nutrient intake goals represent the population average intake that is judged to be consistent with the maintenance of health in a population.225 The existing averages in the table point to the imbalance of food groups and macronutrients in the diet as percentage of the RNI. Such high nutrient imbalances are associated with insulin resistance and dyslipidaemia, notably seen in South Asians.226

Some 68 percent of deaths in Bangladesh are due to non-communicable diseases (NCDs) including other chronic health conditions and old age complications.227 A study in medical college hospitals found that about a third of hospital admissions in patients aged 30 years and over were due to major NCDs.228 Recent estimates229 rank dietary factors third in percentage of leading risks after tobacco smoking and household air pollution.

As part of NCD prevention and control, 140 upazilas are conducting screening for hypertension and diabetes. A total of 21,000 service providers (at district level and below) have been given training on major NCDs.

Continued increase in acute child malnutrition National estimates230 show an increase in global acute malnutrition from 16% in 2011 to 18% in 2013 and in severe acute malnutrition from 4% to 4.9% during the same period. Across wealth quintile, 21.1% among lowest quintile and, surprisingly, 15.4% in the highest quintile are acutely malnourished (<-2SD). Estimates of overall acute malnutrition from FSNSP 2012 show a lower prevalence of 11%, which varies considerably across divisions (Table 32). 224 BIRDEM, FPMU, NFPCSP-FAO (2013). Desirable Dietary Pattern for Bangladesh. NFPCSP-FAO, Dhaka 225 WHO/FAO (2003). Diet, Nutrition and the Prevention of Chronic Diseases, Report of a Joint WHO/FAO Expert Consultation, WHO Technical Series # 916, World Health Organization 2003. 226 www.knowledgebank.irri.org 227 BBS (2011). op. cit.; HIES (2010). op. cit. 228 DGHS (2011). Bangladesh Society of Medicine, WHO, DGHS, NCD, MoHFW (2011) Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factor Survey Bangladesh 2010, WHO 2013. 229El Saharaty S., et al. (2013). Tackling Non communicable diseases in Bangladesh - Now is the Time, The World Bank. 230 NIPORT (2013b). op. cit.

Figure 29: Contribution of food groups to daily intake of energy and macronutrients as a percentage of RNI

Source: HIES, 2010

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Table 32: Prevalence of acute malnutrition (%) Division Moderate Severe Barisal 9 1 Chittagong 10 2 Dhaka 8 1 Khulna 10 2 Rajshahi 13 2 Rangpur 9 2 Sylhet 10 1 National 9 2 Source: FSNSP 2012

Major associated/risk factors for acute malnutrition include its prevalence in the older age child, and maternal malnutrition (BMI<18.5) noted as an independent risk factor for child wasting/acute malnutrition. An undernourished mother, jobless/ poorly paid parents, low total family income, poor breastfeeding practices, inadequate sanitation, food insecurity and seasonality are key factors, some of which operate in synergy to increase the risk of acute malnutrition.

National guidelines,231 based on WHO global guidelines, have been developed to guide health professionals on therapeutic care of severely malnourished children. Accordingly, facility based management of severe acute malnutrition (SAM) and community management of acute malnutrition (CMAM) have been one of the major activities of NNS in 2012/13. CMAM training was provided among other modules to 20,000 frontline health and family-planning health workers in 130 upazilas. One hundred and thirty functional IMCI-Nutrition corners in 130 upazila hospitals have been established and SAM/CMAM training guidelines, growth cards, MUAC tape, height board and weighing scales have been made available in the community clinics, health and family-planning facilities under DGHS and DGFP. Thirty six SAM centres have also been established in district and tertiary hospitals with SAM training and logistics in the facilities.

Stagnation in appropriate ANC coverage Women who do not receive clinical antenatal care (ANC) have significantly greater chances of miscarriage compared to those who attend a clinic during their first trimester. While UESD 2013 shows that the proportion of women having at least four ANC visits marginally declined to 25% compared to 25.5% in 2011, FSNSP records 29%. The differences in ANC visits noted possibly indicate substantial variation in the knowledge level of mothers and their ability to access ANC. Better educated women, greater household wealth, greater food security and higher food consumption scores are associated with higher ANC coverage.232 Poor nutritional status during pregnancy results in low birth weight (LBW). Recent findings233 recorded higher LBW rates (over 36% as estimated in 2003-04) with nearly one quarter of children born preterm, over one half born with low birth weight and over a third stunted from birth. It is essential to note that the prenatal period paves the way for the first two years of life that is critical for a child’s physical and cognitive development.

6.1.2. Policy developments/programmes underway and needs for further action

Programme 10 of the CIP accounts for 357 million USD in the budget of 2012/13 (2.97% of the total CIP budget) of which 314 million USD is already financed. The programme includes three subprogrammes, with four projects completed, 22 ongoing and four in the pipeline during 2012/13. Many of the ongoing projects are components of the NNS and cover community based nutrition activities.

231 IPHN, DGHS, MoHFW (2008). National Guidelines for Management of Severely Malnourished Children in Bangladesh. 232 FSNSP (2012). op. cit. 233 BBS & UNICEF (2010). Bangladesh Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2009, Final Report, Vol 1, Technical Report, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

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Box 6: Biofortification to tackle malnutrition The National Seed Board (NSB) has approved the country’s first bio-fortified rice variety which includs zinc enriched rice variety, capable of fighting diarrhoea and pneumonia-induced childhood deaths and stunting. The high zinc BRRI produced rice will be available to farmers for growing in Aman season. The rice has a zinc content of 20 to 22 ppm and has outpaced — Bina dhan-7 and BRRI dhan-33. Crop duration from seed to seed is 110-120 days for Bina dhan-7 and BRRI dhan-33 while the maturity period of bio-fortified rice is 100 days. Similarly, orange fleshed sweet potato (OFSP) (‘komola sundari’) has been produced by International Potato Centre in Southern Bangladesh for commercial production, in home gardens for consumption and small scale marketing, feeding school children and in women led nurseries and homesteads. Just 125 g of OFSP/day can provide enough beta carotene to meet daily beta carotene needs of a preschool child. Even at low yield (6t/ha), just 12 decimal (500 m2) of land can generate adequate annual supply of vitamin A for a family of five. Success of biofortification will depend on the current diets of target populations, how much of the biofortified food is eaten, in what form, and with what other foods. Source: http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/ harvestpluswp_2.pdf BRRI; USAID, CIP/AVRDC Bangladesh

The budget decreased by 41% from 543 million USD in 2009/10 to 320 million USD in 2010/11, but thereafter increased by 12% to 357 million USD in 2011/12 and then remained static to 357 million USD in 2012/13. By 30 June 2013, four projects were completed costing 81.1 million USD. The average budget per project gradually decreased from 20.3 million USD in 2009/10 to 17.0 million USD in 2010/11 and to 14.3 million USD in 2011/12 and then further decreased to 12.1 million USD in 2012/13. The delivery of fund for programme 10 was 122.4 million USD in 2009/10, which drastically reduced to 9.7 million USD in 2010/11 and gradually increased to 15.4 million USD in 2011/12 and to 34 million USD in 2012/13.

Programme 10 and subprogramme 10.2 include interventions to enhance micronutrient status. The National Micronutrient Status Survey (NMSS) 2011 results revealed that a high proportion of Bangladeshis are suffering from multiple micronutrient deficiencies with the poor, marginalized women, food insecure and slum dwellers bearing a higher burden. Vitamin A, iron, zinc, iodine, folate, calcium, vitamin D and vitamin B12 are among the important micronutrients. Their deficiency can cause morbidity, malnutrition, mortality and physical and cognitive damage resulting in loss of potential of productivity, education, and income and overall national development.

Development of micronutrient deficiency control strategy initiated The result of the National Micronutrient Status Survey led to the formulation of a national micronutrient deficiency control strategy led by IPHN, MoHFW. The strategy includes a situation analysis to provide insights into the micronutrient status, review of current micronutrient deficiency control strategies, proposed new interventions, an implementation programme and monitoring and evaluation plan with roles and responsibilities for managing programmes.

The key components of the strategy are micronutrient supplementation, food fortification and dietary improvement. Programme 10 cites fortification as a supportive strategy with tremendous potential to make an impact on lowering micronutrient malnutrition. Studies on fortified chapatti flour234 have been carried out demonstrating significant improvement in the vitamin A status, but not in iron, haemoglobin or anaemia status. Bio-fortification is also increasingly seen as an additional tool to combat micronutrient malnutrition. Specifically, bio-fortification aims to enhance the micronutrient content of 234 Rahman A. S., et al. (2013). Relationship of Intestinal Parasites, H. Pylori Infection with Anemia or Iron Status Among School age Children in Rural Bangladesh, J gastroenterology and Hepatology Research( 2013 ) 21 2(9): 769-773

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staple food crops through plant breeding techniques and lead to increase in micronutrient intakes (Box 6).

National legislation on food fortification and food safety are being put in place. Provisions for the International Code of Marketing of Breast Milk Substitutes (BMS) have been enshrined in the law covering the age range 0-24 months. The maternity protection law ensures maternity leave of 24 weeks, which exceeds the minimum recommended length of leave of 14 weeks set by the International Labour Organization (ILO). The contribution of private sector in food fortification, quality assurance and BCC should be strengthened.

Increase in targeted campaigns on vitamin A, SAM, IYCF and others NNS provides blanket coverage on vitamin A supplementation across the country through National Vitamin A plus campaign (NVAC-done six monthly, twice a year for under five children with a success rate of 97%). NNS also provides IFA to all health and family planning facilities to curb iron deficiency anaemia, especially among pregnant, lactating and adolescent females. NNS also promotes nutrition messages during NVAC.

NNS has produced modules on basic nutrition, IYCF, SAM, CMAM and posters/ erected billboards containing nutrition messages and broadcasted BCC packages on IYCF, Balanced Diet and Pregnancy diet and IFA (for TV and Radio). GMP cards are updated for use and NNS has also facilitated formulation of the National Nutrition Policy.

Improvement in nutrition mainstreaming in health services NNS is catering to direct nutrition interventions235 in community clinics, health and family planning facilities at the union, district and tertiary levels. It also has a focus on capacity building of relevant health and family planning staffs, providing logistics to the facilities, awareness building among the people using health services, print and electronic media, monitoring and evaluation of the services and mainstreaming nutrition information within health and family planning, MIS as well as strengthening nutrition activities through multi-sectoral approaches.

NNS has working partnership with other ministries (Food, Agriculture, Fisheries and Livestock, LGRDC, Information), UN, development partners, INGOs and is engaged in expansion of SUN movement in Bangladesh (Box 7). Strengthening the multisectoral platform for nutrition is central to the process. To this end, progress on NNS outcomes and investments are analyzed in the CIP monitoring as 235 BCC including IYCF, dietary advice during pregnancy and lactation, IFA supplementation, GMP and SAM and MAM management

Box 7: Efforts in Scaling Up Nutrition (SUN) The Government of Bangladesh (GoB) in late 2010 expressed interest in signing up to the SUN initiative because of its core aim of improving nutritional status of women and children. In May 2011, GoB formally appointed a SUN Focal Point in MoHFW. The momentum for multisectoral nutrition was accelerated after Bangladesh’s active participation (by MoF and MoHFW) at the Global Conference on “Leveraging Agriculture for Nutrition Improvement” held in New Delhi, India, February 2011. Bangladesh further participated in the SUN Global Gathering in London, June 2013 on “Nutrition for Growth” and signed the Nutrition for Growth Compact Commitment, a key milestone in its SUN efforts. Along with government, two SUN civil society alliances facilitate advocacy, implementation, planning, monitoring and coordination of SUN. The Government is also proposing to strengthen engagement by the business community. The 2013 Lancet Series on maternal and child nutrition was launched in Bangladesh on July 2nd in collaboration with NNS, MoHFW, Save the children and ICDDR,B. To this end, UN REACH Partnership regularly supports the SUN multi-stakeholder platform and enables knowledge sharing from the global REACH and SUN Secretariats. Source: SUN/CSA/MoHFW/MoFood

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part of Programmes 10 to 12 that feed into the government strategies for scaling up of nutrition.

Needs for further actions in this area include:

Improve facility and community based support to care givers: Technical support on knowledge of diversified diet, cooking methods, hygiene, child feeding and care practices needs to be provided at various levels of implementation. This involves effective communication, consistent messaging and scale of effective coverage of a full set of direct nutrition interventions (DNIs), including IYCF counselling, micronutrient supplementation, nutrition screening and management of acute malnutrition. Quality and coverage of DNIs need to be improved through existing outreach structures. Issues of adolescent girls’ nutrition and early pregnancy due to early marriage should be further addressed in nutrition programmes across sectors.

Scale-up of nutrition sensitive agriculture: There is need for promoting the availability and utilization of safe and nutritious foods through better technologies and sustainable livelihood opportunities, reducing work load of rural women, and promoting knowledge and behaviour on nutrition, especially with regards to infant and young child feeding. Integrated agriculture and household farming interventions need to be increased to sustainably contribute to improve dietary diversity and nutritional status, especially rural women. Extensive homestead gardening, fish, poultry and cattle farming which address access issues to nutritious local foods, should be encouraged to ensure an adequate supply of protein and micronutrients. Training on agricultural practices and ensuring high-yielding variety seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, irrigation, and machinery at reasonable price could be helpful for this purpose.

Mainstream nutrition beyond the health sector: With commitments to improve nutrition through agriculture being more recent, there is need for health and nutrition forums to go beyond technical discussions and be open to other sectors. Global movements and initiatives such as SUN and the Second International Conference on Nutrition (ICN) can be valuable opportunities for strengthening multisectoral collaborations. With a focus on mainstreaming of nutrition across sectors, there is a prioritization of the first 1,000 days in nutrition specific and sensitive interventions. Ministries of Agriculture, Fisheries and Livestock, Relief and Disaster Management, Women and Children’s Affairs, Primary and Mass Education and Local Government, Rural Development and Cooperatives need to strengthen the integration of nutrition in their programmes and include indicators to measure impacts.

Strengthen capacities to plan, implement, monitor and evaluate nutrition interventions: There is need for strengthening the capacities of the DGHS/DGFP (MoHFW), DAE (MoA), and DLS/DoF (MoFL) to ensure that direct nutrition interventions and nutrition sensitive interventions can be adequately planned, implemented, monitored and evaluated for impact on nutrition status. This calls for continued training to ensure that frontline workers and agriculture extension workers have the knowledge, skills and tools to support nutrition in their sectors. Also training should be provided on mainstreaming nutrition into project formulation and in extension practices.

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Further strengthen ‘Ekti Bari Ekti Khamar’: The production of nutritious fruits and timber trees needs to be increased. In terms of nutritional benefits, good quality protein and iron requirement gaps need to be bridged by increasing the consumption of fish, poultry and livestock. EBEK also promotes livelihood and reduces rural-urban migration, which need to be further strengthened.

6.2. Programme 11: Orienting food and nutrition programmes through data

Programme 11 aims to strengthen planning, monitoring and evaluation of nutrition interventions and policies through up-to-date data and analyses. Programme 11 corresponds to NFP PoA AoI 3.1. Evidence-based decision-making requires robust, government-led food and nutrition security surveys, information and mapping systems, monitoring and evaluation mechanisms. Periodic updates of data and research serve to develop indicators and analytical tools that improve the monitoring of food security and nutrition programmes at all levels. It also helps deliver quantitative tools integrating socio-economic, dietary and physiological models that drive supply and demand of safe and nutritious food including nutrition outcomes.


Programme 11 of the CIP identifies key interventions in updating national food composition tables, conducting food consumption and dietary assessments, validating dietary diversity methodologies and capacity strengthening in nutrition survey and analysis to facilitate evidence-based decision making. Table 33 shows the progress in relation to these interventions.


Number of mass media activities for behavioural change communication

na 635 685 700 Health Bulletin,

DG Health Services

Desirable dietary pattern established and updated

BIRTAN/ FPMU/ DGHS

na Research

initiated and on going

Research completed and

operationalisation in progress

BIRDEM/ FPMU/NFPCSP/

FPMU

Food composition tables (FCT) updated

FCT work on going in

INFS, Dhaka

University

FCT on indigenous foods initiated and prepared by INFS

with NFPCSP support

New research initiated and

on going

Research completed and

operationalisation in progress

INFS/CARS/DU/ FPMU/

NFPCSP –FAO, INFOODS

Food security and nutrition databases/ surveillance systems

na MICS, FSNSP BDHS, NMSS,

FSNSP, NHDSBD

UESD, NIS, FSNIS, FSNSP

FPMU

Steady increase in behaviour change communication (BCC) Most of the BCC efforts are founded on the KAB (knowledge, attitude and behaviour) or KAP (knowledge, attitude and practice) models, which postulate that improved knowledge leads to changes in attitudes and behaviours or practices.236

236 Gumucio S (2009) KAP Survey Model. www.medecinsdumonde.org

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The MoHFW as part of its BCC initiatives, published 700 health and nutrition messages in national dailies; organized 10,080 programmes across the country on family planning and maternal and child health; initiated 336 programmes on Bangladesh TV; and organised 3,500 film shows through 23 audio visual vans with an emphasis on hard-to-reach and low performing areas. BCC materials promoting IYCF are being telecast on TV. Collaborative activities with the Ministry of Industries for awareness creation on food fortification among relevant stakeholders are ongoing.

Few systematic studies exist to assess the effectiveness of mass media and BCC. Examples demonstrate how frontline workers can be engaged, motivated and deployed for nutrition behaviour change.237 Core elements were identified across programmes with an emphasis on content quality and extent of outreach through mass media. This is now scaled up through intensive IYCF counselling by BRAC frontline workers and mass media in 10 upazilas, with all IYCF indicators showing improvement.

Food based nutrition education and training tools, materials, manuals, festoons, and bill boards have been produced238 by the MoFL as part of capacity building and extension including upazila level training of trainers, farmer field schools and women famer groups’ training with a view to mainstreaming nutrition in livestock, fisheries and agriculture sectors. Innovative nutrition materials, recipes and fish-based products have been developed focusing on nutrition in the first 1,000 days of life.

Promoting use of desirable dietary pattern and dietary guidelines The desirable dietary pattern (DDP) established for Bangladesh provides a reference for food and dietary planning. Following up on previous evaluations Table 34 shows the comparative changes proposed in the DDP to meet the energy and nutrient adequacy of diets based on household food consumption patterns.

In terms of policy implications, the DDP has proposed energy requirements adapted from the FAO/WHO methodology with estimates computed on the basis of total energy as a summation of various components of energy expenditure. Various options of food lists and 24 menus at varying cost levels have been proposed. The DDP enables an understanding of how human nutritional requirements and socioeconomic status may interplay with nutritional status and provide normative recommendations for food and nutrition planning. The dietary guidelines developed as an output of the DDP is being considered for implementation across various sectors as part of a multisectoral approach, aiming at mainstreaming a nutrition orientation in agriculture, food and health planning.

237 Menon et al. (2013). Scaling up Interventions to Improve Infant and Young Child Feeding: The Role of Frontline workers in Alive and Thrive, IFPRI 238 IAHBI (FAO Component), (2014). op. cit.

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Box 8: Cost of diet analysis in Khulna district The prevalence of wasting and stunting in Khulna stand at 13% and 33% respectively posing serious public health concern. Four market surveys and dietary pattern surveys and focus group discussions were used as key methods to assess market price, seasonal availability, and consumption patterns of all local foods. A cost of diet analysis carried out during December 2011 – November 2012, helped estimate the cost of three theoretical diets using software for a poor household of four members. Analysis showed that a nutritious diet based upon typical food habits is three times more expensive than a diet that only meets energy requirements and that a nutritious diet is more expensive in urban than rural livelihood zones. Requirements for fat, vitamin B12, pantothenic acid, iron and calcium are difficult to meet and in a nutritious diet, green leafy vegetables, papaya, cow’s milk and dried fish contribute to majority of the essential macronutrients for both zones. Source: Save the Children, UK 2013. A cost of diet analysis in the fish cultivation and urban livelihood zones of Khulna.

Table 34: Changes in desirable dietary pattern for Bangladesh

Food

Yusuf et al 1996 (2310 kcal/d)

National Experts, 2007 (2350 kcal/d)

DDP,239 BIRDEM, 2013 (2430 kcal/d)

Desirable intake (g)

% of total energy


% of total energy


% of total energy

Total cereal 372 55 375 55 400 56 Rice 312 47 350 51 350 49 Wheat and other cereals 60 8 25 4 50 7

Pulses 66 10 60 8.8 50 6.5 Animal foods Fish 50 2 55 2.1 60 3 Poultry and meat 22 1 35 1.4 40 2 Egg 7 15 0.6 30 2 Milk and milk products 47 2 75 2.9 130 3.5 Fruit 57 2.5 100 4.2 100 3 Vegetables: leafy 132 2.5 200 3.6 100 3 Vegetables: non leafy 200 2 Potato/starchy roots 130 5 60 2.5 100 4 Fat/oil (visible) 38 15 40 15 30 11 Sugar/jaggery/honey 28 5 18 3.2 20 3 Spices 10 20 0.4 20 2 Total 959 100 1053 100 1280 100

A cost of diet analysis for the fish cultivation livelihood zone of Khulna was conducted as part of an integrated study with a household economy assessment (Box 8). The analysis offers a practical example of how economic factors shape poor households’ food choices and potentially influence nutrient adequacy and nutritional status. The DDP used the revised Food Composition Tables (FCT) for calculation of energy and nutrients in the diets while the Khulna cost of diet analysis used the old, outdated FCT. Efforts are underway to review the nutrient calculations to this effect.

Usage of Food Composition Tables The food composition database (FCDB) and FCT documentation have been made available for public use240 to improve the quality of data in food compositional databases. The computerized FCDB and printed tables are serving as a remarkable input to national and regional food compositional activities.241 As a compositional information package and with its harmonization with other databases, the FCDB has been requested for exchange with other countries. One of the noteworthy contributions of FCT is the 239 Bangladesh Food Composition Table 2013 used for energy and nutrient calculations 240 www.du.ac.bd/foodcompfile.php; www.nfpcsp.org/ 241 http://www.fao.org/infoods/infoods/tables-and-databases/asia/en/

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updated nutrient composition of 72 fish species that are part of the diet in Bangladesh, other Asian countries and globally. The Bangladesh FCT has contributed to the global fish database wherein the nutrient composition of 400 fish species has been incorporated into the archival database. Given the value of fish as a source of protein, micronutrients, omega-3 fatty acids and its role in fishers’ livelihood, the importance of fish in contributing to nutrition and food security is rising significantly.

Sharing a common understanding of nutritional status Nutritional status is a measure of the health condition of an individual as affected primarily by the intake of food, absorption and utilization of nutrients. Good nutritional status can only be realized and sustained when individuals within families and communities are food-secure. To this end, it is useful to know about the common terminologies that help articulate food security and nutrition indicators for monitoring and evaluation. These terms and definitions outlined in Table 35 serve as a reference to understand the range of common indicators assessed in surveys and surveillance systems

Table 35: Selected terminology used in food security and nutrition Term Definition Undernourishment (population) Inadequacy of dietary energy in relation to body requirements Under nutrition/malnutrition Inadequacy of nutrients (energy, protein, vitamins, minerals) 1000 days of life Period from conception to the age of two years Underweight (under 5 children) Weight-for-age <-2 Z-scores of the WHO 2006 standards

Stunting (under 5 children) It is an indicator of chronic malnutrition Low height-for-age <-2 Z-scores of the WHO 2006 standards, it is the cumulative effect of long term deficits in food intake, poor caring practices and illness

Wasting (under 5 children)

It is an indicator of acute malnutrition Low weight-for-height <-2 Z-scores of the WHO 2006 standards, it is usually the result of a recent shock such as lack of calories and nutrients and /or illness and is strongly linked to mortality

Severe acute malnutrition Very low weight-for-height <-3 Z-scores of the WHO 2006 standards or MUAC <115 mm or bilateral pitting oedema

Dietary diversity The number of food groups consumed over a given period of time

Household dietary diversity Measure of household access to a variety of foods – adequate HDDS is minimum 5 out of 12 food groups

Individual dietary diversity (IDD -women)

Proxy measure for both quantity and quality of food consumed, indicates overall nutrient adequacy (adequate IDD is 7 out of 9 food groups)

Minimum acceptable diet (young child dietary diversity)

Complementary foods for children 6 to 23 months have minimum 4 out 7 food groups, indicates probable dietary sufficiency

Chronic energy deficiency Body Mass Index, weight (kg)/height (m2), <18.5 Central obesity or accumulation of fat around the abdomen

Waist circumference value of more than 90 cm for males and over 80 cm for females, indicate risk for obesity and non communicable disease

Using research and special surveys to update data and policy Table 36 shows the main sources of data on food security and nutrition, including the Household Income and Expenditure Survey, Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey, Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey and the Food Security and Nutrition Surveillance. These routine surveys are being increasingly complemented by applied research and specially designed surveys on priority issues. To complement the BDHS, since 2006 NIPORT has been conducting the Utilization of Essential Service Delivery (UESD) Survey242 to gather information on indicators underlined in the HPNSDP results framework to measure and monitor the current status of health care utilization annually.

242 NIPORT (2013c). Utilization of Essential Services Delivery Survey 2013, Provisional Report.

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The surveys identify the determinants of under nutrition and inform nutrition sensitive and specific interventions, and help integrate nutrition issues into policies and programmes. The survey findings assist food and nutrition security policy options that will also be beneficial to poverty, gender and emergency related concerns. Findings from BIHS, IAHBI, FSNSP and IPC can fill knowledge gaps on agricultural development, food security, nutrition and emergency needs assessment and rehabilitation.

Strengthening availability of routine nutrition information within health and food systems Presently there are two information systems, each having independent functions but which are also interdependent. The Nutrition Information Systems (NIS) integrated within the Health Information Systems is from MoHFW and the Food Security Nutrition Information System (FSNIS) is from MoFood. The coverage of essential nutrition interventions is monitored and the outcomes and impact are measured against OP targets and results. NNS has integrated a standard set of nutrition indicators as part of NIS into the DGHS and DGFP management information system. NNS is working to improve availability and quality of routine nutrition information in the health sector for planning and monitoring, enhancing decision-making and advocacy in nutrition through systematic data collection, analysis, interpretation and dissemination across relevant sectors, evaluate progress, coverage and impact of key nutrition interventions. To this end, it also aims to collaborate with relevant sectors and partners to analyze the nutrition situation of the country, including establishing linkages with FSNSP and FSNIS.

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Table 36: Selected food security and nutrition surveys Survey and year Coverage Data generated Highlights of findings

The 2011-2012 Bangladesh Integrated Household Survey (BIHS) Partner: IFPRI, USAID

Rural National (FtF zones)

Agricultural production and practices, education levels, women’s empowerment and participation in safety nets, migration and remittances, food consumption and nutrition practices

-40% rural people live on <$1.25/d and spend 60% of income on food; 66% of rural labour force subsist on farming and majority own <1.5 acres land. -Little fallow land available and production increases need to come from higher yields; 9% farmers accessed improved farming methods. -High prevalence of micronutrient malnutrition among women of reproductive age.

The Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index Survey, 2012 Partner: IFPRI, USAID

Seven selected divisions

State of empowerment and gender parity in agriculture

Inadequate control of use of income; less leadership in the community; unequal time allocation; Low gender parity index

Utilization of Essential Service Delivery Survey (UESD), 2013 Partner: NIPORT, MoHFW

National (Representative sample of urban and rural households)

Utilization of essential health, population and nutrition services and equity in service utilization

Increased utilization of maternal, neonatal, and child health, family planning and reproductive health, nutrition services; improved equity in service utilization; improved awareness of healthy behaviour

Baseline survey for Integrated Agriculture and Health Based Interventions (IAHBI), 2013 Partner: MoFL/ MoHFW/BRAC/FAO/ UNICEF/USAID

Three selected districts in South (Barisal, Khulna and Satkhira)

Food security, nutrition, integrated home gardening, food consumption, dietary and nutrient intake, access to basic health and nutrition services

Around 50% households practise home gardening; 56.6% engage in fish ponds, 50% taking < 7 food groups/day; 50% of HH have inadequate iodine in salt; 31% underweight, 34.3% stunting and 11% wasting; anaemia : 61.5% in pregnancy, 66% in NPNL women; 67.7% in children; coverage of IFA 47.5%; 1/3 have minimum dietary diversity.

Food security and nutritional surveillance Programme (FSNSP) 2012 Partner: BRAC/BBS/HKI

National –Surveillance, 3 rounds/year

Food security and nutrition covering agro ecological regions

60% of women consume inadequate in nutrients, poor diets in 1/3 of high income quintile and 2/3 of poorest quintiles; overweight in over 50% of urban women; exclusive breast feeding 45%, 39% had minimum diversity in CF; stunting 37%, underweight 35%, and wasting 12%.

Integrated Phase Classification (IPC) 2013. Partner: FPMU/MoFood FAO/WFP/EU/IPC Global Partners

13 coastal districts

Acute food security and nutrition situation analysis mapping

Repeated occurrence of cyclones, tidal surges, water logging, river erosion and salinity resulting in poor food consumption and high levels of malnutrition; acute malnutrition rates worse than national average.

Rapid follow up food security assessment 2012 Partner: WFP/FAO, Technical Working Group Food Security Cluster

Satkhira and Jessore

Post disaster assessment for rehabilitation

¼ of T Aman producing lands were damaged, 50% less than normal production; livestock and poultry sector damaged for flooding; Boro price shocks affected marginal farmers; children and females received less than male wages; consumption of rice increased; improved sanitary latrine use, and high prevalence of water borne disease.

Tropical Storm Mahasen Survey 2013 Partner: DRR/FAO/ WFP/ OCHA

Satkhira

Food security needs assessment; humanitarian, vulnerability and crisis responses

Floods, water logging, tropical storm; Rohingya refugees; 25% live on less than $2/day; loss of productive land (salinity, flooding), poor diets.

The MoF is establishing a data management system as part of a broader FSNIS under FPMU in collaboration initially with the Department of Agricultural Marketing, the Management Information Systems and Monitoring (MISM) of MoFood and FSNSP. Main elements of information include food prices (from DAM), public food procurement, distribution and

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stock (from MISM) and periodic household food security and nutrition indicators at sub national level (from FSNSP). The data management system allows storage and retrieval of a large set of data which is being used to gradually automate the production of daily and fortnight reports by FPMU. The FSNIS also includes a documentation centre and an electronic repository. The data management system and electronic library are being integrated within a web based system. Importantly, the MoFood monitors the Country Investment Plan and NFP PoA under an annual monitoring exercise that collects data on all project investments under the ADP on food security and nutrition and results based indicators (see Programme 7).

6.2.2. Policy development/programmes underway and needs for further action

The budget for programme 11 of the CIP accounts for 23 million USD in 2012/13 (0.19% of the total CIP budget) of which the whole amount is already financed. This programme has three subprogrammes, of which five projects are completed, seven projects are ongoing and no projects are in the pipeline during 2012/13. One pipeline project of the year 2011/12 moved to ongoing in 2012/13. The budget increased by 5% from 22 million USD in 2009/10 to 23 million USD in 2010/11. The budget then increased by 22% from 23 million USD in 2010/11 to 28 million USD in 2011/12 but reduced by 18% to 23 million USD in 2012/13 from 28 million USD 2011/12. Five projects were completed costing 1.5 million USD by 30 June 2013. The average size of the individual project cost was 0.2 million USD in 2009/10, which was increased to 2.1 million USD in 2010/11 and to 2.4 million USD in 2011/12 and then reduced to 1.9 million USD in 2012/13. The delivery of fund for this programme was 5.7 million USD in 2009/10, which reduced to 1.1 million USD in 2010/11, and increased to 1.5 million USD in 2011/12 and to 3.6 million USD in 2012/13.

National mapping of nutrition interventions and projects: needs and gaps The Food and Nutritional Technical Assistance (FANTA) III Project and Helen Keller International Bangladesh conducted a national mapping of nutrition interventions in mid 2013. This aimed to assist the NNS for effective planning and identification of approaches to strengthen, leverage and expand access to nutrition services across the country. A comprehensive overview of nutrition activities across sectors has highlighted geographic and intervention gaps, so as to identify opportunities for scaling up. Majority of the projects included activities focussing on the 1,000 days, maternal nutrition, IYCF, prevention and control of anaemia, hand washing and hygiene behaviours. A large number of nutrition sensitive activities centred around food security and livelihoods, but a gap on early childhood development was noted. Internationally recognized DNIs such as zinc for treatment of diarrhoea and rehabilitation of acute malnutrition, iron fortification and promotion of adequately iodized salt received less attention and the comprehensive set of DNIs are not being implemented.

Undernutrition in Bangladesh: a common narrative with recommendations for the future Based on a joint analysis and interpretation of the current nutrition situation and data with recommendations for the future, a ‘Common Narrative on Nutrition’ has been developed by UN REACH and development partners, such as USAID, EU, DFID, Canada and the World Bank. It is a tool to facilitate interactions among government agencies, NGOs, professional organizations, scientists, academia, civil society and private sector. In line with the Global

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SUN movement, the Common Narrative advocates for increasing attention to nutrition, resource mobilization and capacity development viewing nutrition through the life cycle with a focus on the first 1,000 days of life and adolescent girls. It advocates for strengthening ongoing comprehensive policy actions and key nutrition focal points in government, such as IPHN/NNS, FPMU and harmonization of nutrition relevant information systems across different sectors. It points for building upon existing high level governance mechanisms and support for a common results framework and strengthen food and nutrition security policy.

Preparation of nutrition policy A multisectoral committee representing 13 sectors including UN, DP and civil society was set up under the leadership of MoHFW and the committee drafted an updated nutrition policy. The nutrition policy attempts to encompass food security and nutrition with unavoidable overlapping with the NFP and the NFP PoA, as these documents consider nutrition as a main outcome of food security requiring both nutrition specific and sensitive interventions. To this end, the draft nutrition policy focuses largely on health based nutrition issues and direct nutrition interventions, while nutrition sensitive interventions are less explicit and public food distribution and safety nets are inadequately covered.


Harmonize existing food security and nutrition information systems: The FSNIS at FPMU includes key nutrition indicators that are consistent with some of the NIS indicators under NNS and FSNSP. There is need for harmonization and access to core users of the two systems for policy uptake and use at the field level. There is also a need to ensure common definitions and methods so that sources from different years can be compared and pooled to construct proper time series. In addition, enhancing the capacity to understand nutrition data is central to these efforts.

Promote use of FCT and dietary guidelines: The Bangladesh FCT has been used in the last year in the calculation of nutrients from food consumption data obtained from special dietary and household food consumption surveys. This work has, however, been undertaken by technical nutrition specialists. FCT use needs extension across a wider range of users including non nutritionists who are potential users of food consumption and nutrient intake data. Requests have emerged from non technical users for a simple FCT booklet to enable quick understanding and interpretation of food composition and nutritive values. Formal permission has also been requested for use of Bangladesh FCT for the cost of diet analysis by some development partners overseas. To this end, INFS is developing an FCT booklet and will be extending knowledge on its use through a hands-on working session with support from NFPCSP-FAO. Follow up on promoting use of dietary guidelines is being undertaken through the joint efforts of MoF and MoHFW.

Accelerate implementation of comprehensive nutrition interventions: Following up global recommendations,243 there is need for NNS interventions to focus on improving adolescent and maternal nutrition including supplementation of IFA tablets and post partum VAC, and promoting iodized salt during pregnancy in addition to quality ANC services. Behaviour change interventions, micronutrient and

243 Lancet (2008), (2013). Scaling up Nutrition Costing Analysis 2008, 2010

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deworming for children, pregnant women and general population, particularly in hard-to-reach areas should be effectively implemented. Complementary and therapeutic feeding and food-to-food enrichment strategies that focus on prevention of child stunting should especially be promoted through strengthened linkages between health and agriculture sectors. Given that adolescent nutrition is a neglected area, training and education on gender equity should be integrated into nutrition sensitive interventions.

Strengthen leadership and capacity for nutrition: Building upon the high priority given to nutrition at the highest level, strengthened leadership and capacity across all sectors, with focal points in core departments under the line ministries are critical. Harmonized technical and operational guidance would help systematize and strengthen both nutrition specific and sensitive interventions. Interagency monitoring, evaluation and reporting systems for nutrition through the NFP PoA and CIP should have enhanced ownership among Government and DPs so as to help track food security and nutrition investments across multiple agencies and contribute to results-based programming.

6.3. Programme 12: Food safety and quality improvement

Programme 12 deals with food safety and quality, and related surveillance services. Activities are articulated into the following sub-programmes to: (1) improve the surveillance of food-borne diseases, (2) develop capacities of laboratories and systems for food quality assurance; and (3) support the development of a modern food control management system. These activities correspond to the NFP PoA AoIs 3.5 and 3.6 that aim to promote safe and quality food supply for domestic consumption and international trade; and also to provide safe drinking water and improved sanitation facilities for all.

Consumption of unsafe food and the consequent illnesses impact personal health, childhood development and earning capacity. Consumption of unsafe food by children younger than five needs to be averted because it more readily leads to mortality, resulting in at least 18% of deaths in that age group compared to 10% amongst adults.244


The progress towards achievement of the programme 12 is measured by the indicators given in Table 37.


No. of compulsory food items standardized by BSTI 58 64 58 58 BSTI, MoI

Prevalence of diarrhea in under 5 children (in two week period)

10% BDHS na 5%

BDHS 12%

FSNSP BDHS, FSNSP

Proportion of population served with safe water supply for domestic use 97% 98% 98% 98% DPHE

Proportion of population having access to safe drinking water in arsenic affected areas na 86% 88% 88% DPHE

244 University of Minnesota’s Centre for Animal Health and Food Safety, 2006; http://www.cast-science.org

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Standardization of food items has not progressed The number of compulsory food items standardized has increased from 58 in 2007/08 to 64 in 2009/10. However, it decreased to 58 in 2011/12 and did not change in 2012/13 (Table 37). BSTI245 works as the focal point for the Codex Alimentarius and as the national standardization body. To this end, it deals with standardization of services and products; certification marks and monitoring quality control of food items; promotion of quality assurance activities; rendering testing facilities for services and products; and preparation, promotion and adoption of national standards. It has enlisted 143 products, issued standard certificates to 48 food items in 2004 and has also approved 250 optional standards for different foodstuffs.

Standardization and certification of foods are essential for safeguarding consumers. However, weak enforcement has meant that many foods are sold without standard bearing seals or with false seals. The implementation of the new Bangladesh Food Safety Act 2013 will strengthen enforcement and supervision to maintain compliance of food standards.

Inconsistent prevalence of diarrhoea The prevalence of diarrhoea during the two weeks preceding the survey declined from 10% in 2007 to 5% in 2011 as per BDHS. Estimates from FSNSP show a different picture: the prevalence of diarrhoea appears to be higher but has remained relatively constant (12%) across the seasons in 2011 and 2012 (14% in 2010; 12% in 2011 and 2012/13). In 2012, highest reported cases of diarrhoea was 43% in Dhaka followed by 17% in Chittagong, 18% in Khulna, 10% in Rajshahi, 7% in Sylhet, 4% in Rangpur and 1% in Barisal. The peak period of diarrhoeal episodes is observed from April to June almost every year.

FSNSP records the proportion of young children aged 6 to 59 months having diarrhoea in the two weeks prior to interview who were treated with zinc or oral rehydration theraphy (ORT). Sixteen percent children with diarrhoeal episodes in rural areas reportedly use zinc, which is greater than the 10% estimate for rural areas as per the survey of ‘Scale Up of Zinc for Young Children Programme’ in February-May 2009.246 Nationally, the use of zinc has increased by 2 percentage points from 2011 to 2012. More than two-thirds of children are treated with ORT, reflecting a 5 percentage points increase between 2011 and 2012. Infants and young children from 9 to 17 months of age were given ORT and zinc therapy in greater proportion than older and younger children (Figure 30), and male children receive this care in greater proportion than female children. The proportion of children with diarrhoea given increased fluids and continued feeding showed marked

245 BSTI was established by the Government through an Ordinance passed in July 1985. The Ordinance has been amended as the BSTI (Amendment) Act, 2003. 246 Larson, C. P., Koehlmoos T.P. and Sack D. (2011). Scaling up zinc treatment of childhood diarrhea in Bangladesh: Theoretical and practical considerations guiding the SUZY project. Health Policy and Planning, pp1-13.

Figure 30: Proportion of children with diarrhoea given zinc or ORT therapy by child age and sex

Source: FSNSP 2012

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improvement by 5 to 10 percentage points between 2011 and 2012. Effective treatment of children during diarrhoea can prevent over 90% of deaths due to this cause.247

Hand washing is an important intervention to safe guard health of children under five as they are prone to put their fingers in their mouth.248 Hand washing practices are reportedly very poor, limited to just a little over half at key times and both hands being washed with soap and water less than 2% of the time. FSNSP 2012 reported that 98% households with children less than five years of age have soap and they use it, but the soap used at key hand washing times is limited. FSNSP 2012 reported that about half of the caregivers wash their hands with soap after using toilets and less than a tenth of caregivers wash their hands before feeding the child, preparing food or eating.249

Safe water supply remains unchanged Coverage of safe water supply for domestic use increased from 75% in 2002 to 97% in 2007/08, and increased slightly to 98% in 2009/10, and remains unchanged at 98% in 2011/12 and 98% in 2012/13 (Table 37). This stands against a target of 100% for 2010. FSNSP records that the use of surface water for drinking purposes decreased from 4% in 1993 to 1% in 2012. Improved sources of drinking water do not guarantee that the water is free from natural contaminants like heavy metals (arsenic).

Safe water is essential for maintaining good health and nutrition, influencing hygiene and public health. Significant health gains occur when water is available at household level for child-care, food preparation and other productive activities.

Safe drinking water supply in arsenic affected areas did not improve Access to safe drinking water increased from 87% in 2010/11 to 88% in 2011/12 and then remained static at 88% in 2012/13. Tube wells facilitate drinking water availability at the household level, but many are contaminated with arsenic, causing long-term health risks. Access to safe drinking water in arsenic affected areas has been gradually increased.

Heavy metals in food estimated A recent study250 analysed water and 80 foods from three markets of Dhaka city - Gulshan and Kawran Bazaar (wealthier markets) and Hazaribagh. At least one or more heavy metal (cadmium, arsenic, lead, mercury, antimony, nickel, aluminium and lithium) was detected in 5 (cereals, fish, meat, vegetables, and spices) out of 16 food groups. Mineral (calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium) and trace element concentration (iron, manganese, copper, zinc, molybdenum, cobalt and selenium) varied widely across foods and markets. The wealthier markets seemed not to sell foods that were any safer than the less wealthy markets, even though presumably higher safety could be remunerated, possibly because traders in all markets have difficulty recognizing the safer food supplies.

Heavy metal concentrations in rice were lower for draining and higher for absorption cooking methods. Arsenic content appears higher in fine rice than coarse rice, and in Gulshan compared to Kawran Bazaar and Hazaribagh. Puffed rice has higher concentrations

247 Jones G., et al. (2003). How many child deaths can we prevent this year? Lancet 2003; 362: 65–71. 248 REACH (2008). Acting at scale: Intervention summaries. 249 Tools: KPC Modules for 2009 Grantees (2009). USAID Retrieved June 18, 2010, from Maternal and Child Health Integrated Programme: http://wwwmchipngo.net/controllers/link.cfc?method=tools_modules_kpc2009 250 Islam M. R. (2013). Consumption of unsafe foods: heavy metal, mineral and trace element contamination. Bangladesh Agricultural University.

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of sodium, potassium, iron, manganese and aluminium than ordinary rice; arsenic levels were similarly high in all three markets; and cadmium levels was highest in Kawran Bazaar. Cadmium was detected in wheat flour from Gulshan and Hazaribagh (not Kawran Bazaar); in hilsha, prawn, katla, pangas and dry fish from all three markets; and highest in ‘rohu’ and ‘hilsha’ in Hazaribagh, with the concentration almost double in ’hilsha’ from Kawran Bazaar and Gulshan.

Table 38: Risk exposure of heavy metals Elements in diet Risk exposure in

poor households Risk exposure in non-

poor households Remarks

Arsenic 39.8% 91.8% Non-poor has higher risk Antimony, mercury and lithium Below PMTI Below PMTI Safe

Arsenic, lead and mercury Lower than non-poor Higher than poor Presence of arsenic and lead

unacceptable for males

Cadmium Above PMTI (94%) Above PMTI (78%) Dietary cadmium levels are 2.5 times

higher than non-poor males

Aluminium 8% 17% Males are exposed to aluminium contamination

Manganese and molybdenum Above RDI Not above RDI Diets of both poor and non-poor households need adjustment

Source: Adapted from BAU, Unsafe food: heavy metals, minerals and trace elements, 2013.

The dietary risk exposure by element and sex was calculated using household food consumption data.251 All households are at high risk of exceeding the FAO/WHO (2010) Provisional Maximum Tolerable Intake (PMTI) for arsenic and lead. Table 38 shows that risk exposure of arsenic contamination in diets among poor and non-poor households were 40% and 92% respectively. Non-poor households have a higher risk exposure to arsenic contaminated rice. This may be due to consumption of fine rice and vegetables by the non-poor households having elevated levels of arsenic than the poor households and more likely to cooking rice using absorption methods. Antimony, mercury and lithium levels in diets of both poor and non-poor households are below PMTI and can be regarded as safe. Diets of females have heavy metal concentration below the limits. Among males, arsenic, lead and mercury levels are higher for non-poor than poor; cadmium is above the PMTI for 94% of poor and 78% of non-poor males as dietary cadmium levels are 2.5 times higher than non-poor males; 8% poor and 17% non-poor males are exposed to aluminium contamination. Poor households are at risk of minerals and trace element deficiency, but levels of manganese and molybdenum are above the recommended daily intakes. A UNESCO financed study conducted by the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Dhaka on “Level of Heavy Metals, Minerals and Trace Elements in Selected Foods Consumed by Urban Population” showed almost similar results.

6.3.2 Policy developments/programmes underway and needs for further action

Programme 12 of the CIP has a budget of 43.3 million USD in 2012/13 (0.36% of the total CIP budget) of which 27 million USD is already financed. This programme includes three subprogrammes. As of 30 June 2013, four projects are completed, six projects are ongoing and two projects are in the pipeline. One pipeline project of 2011/12 moved to ongoing project in 2012/13. No new project was initiated during 2012/13. The budget of this programme was 190 million USD in 2009/10, which decreased by 76% to 46 million USD in 2010/11, and further reduced by 7% to 43 million USD in 2011/12 and static at 43 million

251 BBS, MoP (2011). Report of the Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES), 2010, Op cit.

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USD in 2012/13. The completed four projects have spent 12.9 million USD in 2012/13. The average budget for projects gradually decreased from 3.2 million USD in 2009/10 to 2.6 million USD in 2010/11 to 2.5 million USD in 2011/12, and then increased to 2.7 million USD in 2012/13. The financial delivery of the programme was 1.6 million USD in 2009/10 which was reduced to 0.8 million USD in 2010/11 and further increased to 5.5 million USD in 2011/12 and again reduced to 2.7 million USD in 2012/13.

The Government of Bangladesh has enacted the Bangladesh Food Safety Act 2013, including reconstitution of National Food Safety Advisory Council and establishment of an independent BFSA. The Food Safety Advisory Council is chaired by the Minister for Food and co-chaired by the Secretary of the Cabinet Division and represented by the concerned ministries, academic and research institutes and agencies. Overall responsibility of food safety and food control management system and coordination among line ministries and agencies lies to the Food Safety Authority. Based on the Food Safety Act, FPMU is currently elaborating the BFSA Rules, which will serve as a manual for the BFSA. The BFSA Service Rules are being developed to be used as operational guidelines.

Development of quality management systems based on ISO17025 is being supported at the National Food Safety Laboratory (NFSL) and other laboratories. A nationwide food-borne illness surveillance system is being set up by the IEDCR. This organization also has been designated as the International Food Safety Authorities Network emergency contact point. Hazard analysis is being initiated across three value chains – poultry, fisheries and horticulture.

The Department of Plant Protection in DAE, MoA is the official focal point of the International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures (IPPC) and is responsible for implementing the IPPC activities in Bangladesh; DG Food is responsible for supply of food stuffs and essential commodities to the consumers (import of food grains, rationing), assessing grain quality and standards and to adjust the Food Safety Policy with disaster management/relief distribution system; and Institute of Public Health under DGHS, MoHFW is responsible for testing various food items including drinking water sold in the market for public consumption. The Ministry of Industries is responsible for standards setting and certification and food fortification initiatives. Given the multiplicity of responsibilities in food safety and quality across various sectors and line ministries and limited coordination, effective functioning and achievement of food safety outcomes has not been possible.


Sensitize stakeholders on implementing the Bangladesh Food Safety Act 2013: The Bangladesh Food Safety Act 2013 needs to be disseminated among the stakeholders and consumers. The Consumer Association of Bangladesh and many other agencies in Bangladesh need to be involved in the sensitisation process on the importance of food safety and quality for protecting consumer’s health and implementation of the Act. There is also need for effective IEC materials to this effect.

Accelerate the establishment of BFSA: The BFSA needs to be established immediately and Food Safety Rules should be finalized in accordance with the Food Safety Act 2013. The IEC/BCC programmes on food safety and safe food practices, developing modern food testing techniques and national food standards in conformity with the Codex Alimentarius, increased coverage of food items under the BSTI standards, enforcement of Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP)

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operations and the preparation of national guidelines for implementing the provisions of FAO’s code of conduct for responsible fisheries need to be implemented. BFSA will be established through gazette notification as stated in the Food Safety Act 2013. The Authority will work under the MoF but in close collaboration with all relevant ministries and agencies. To make the Authority functional, approval of its organogram, recruitment of manpower, and financial allocation from the government is required. All these actions need to be geared up.

Formulate food safety rules: The implementation of the Food Safety Act requires formulation of food safety rules, their implementation and coordination among the ministries of food, law and parliamentary affairs and health and family welfare. The salient rules from the Bangladesh Pure Food Rules 1967 and the modern food safety rules being implemented in the neighbouring countries are considered for inclusion in the new food safety rules, in line with the Food Safety Act 2013. The draft food safety rules have been posted on the website of the Ministry of Food to elicit feedback from the public. The rules need to be finalized and approved by the government to begin implementation.

Establish standards and ensure compliance: Food safety standards and norms need to be based on risk. The capacities of the National Codex Contact Point and National Codex Committee, located in the BSTI need to be strengthened. Through training, development of guidance documents on procedures and in the adoption harmonization of Codex standards, FAO is supporting capacity building in food standards formulation and fostering active participation in international and regional meetings of the Codex Alimentarius Commission. A risk assessor group is being set up to develop a risk assessment framework and will be commissioned to carry out commodity surveys. Besides, there is need to use updated methodologies and accurate instruments for detecting food adulteration or contamination during inspection. These initiatives need to be accelerated.

Approve national food safety emergency plan: The draft National Food Safety Emergency Response Plan prepared by a multi sectoral committee chaired by the Ministry of Food and represented by the related ministries and research agencies is also awaiting further review and approval. The Institute of Epidemiology Disease Control and Research (IEDCR) has taken the initiative to pilot the plan as a complementary addition to its effort to bolster food-borne disease outbreak responses.

Strengthen food safety laboratories: Following up on a programme (2009-2012) to improve food safety, quality and food control in Bangladesh, implemented by MoHFW with technical support of FAO and funding from EU, another FAO-supported project ‘Improving Food Safety in Bangladesh’ funded by the Kingdom of the Netherlands, is strengthening various elements of the food control system. The NFSL in the Institute of Public Health became fully functional during 2013 and has begun to generate reliable data on hazards and risks in the national food supply. A Bangladesh Food Safety Laboratory Network is being established as a participatory platform for all food analysis laboratories. Training and other interventions, as and when needed, incorporating Good Hygienic Practices (GHP), Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) and Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) systems as mitigating measures for the risks identified will be implemented. Opinion makers

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particularly at the district and upazila level and journalists need to be targeted to adopt a sensitive approach to awareness-raising. The results of this comprehensive capacity development effort will provide a strong foundation for implementation of the Bangladesh Food Safety Act 2013.

Control diarrhoeal prevalence and improving safe water supply: Special attention to the use of ORT and zinc supplementation is required to check increases in diarrhoeal episodes. Hand washing by all, including mothers/care givers and children, during key times should be strengthened through media and interpersonal communication by Government Organizations and NGOs. The quality of drinking water needs to be monitored regularly, and the causes of arsenic contamination should be disseminated and remedial measures taken. Targeted sanitation facilities for all households need to be available and accessible including WASH activities.

Scale up healthy street food vending: Healthy street food vending has taken root in Khulna city through the distribution of 300 hygienic, licensed food carts by the City Corporation and supported by a monitoring system that emphasises on behavioural change among both vendors and consumers. The initiative has resulted in a majority of the vendors reporting a significant increase in income and consumers expressing satisfaction over the quality and hygiene of the streetfood. Sections of four fresh produce markets in Khulna were remodeled according to Codex guidelines for hygiene and have resulted in higher incomes for vendors. Training has been delivered to teams comprising officials, professionals, school teachers and students to monitor street food vendors, market vendors and restaurants. Training and refresher courses in Good Hygienic Practices (GHP) and scaling up of healthy street food vending to other urban areas need to be implemented.

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Figure 31: Budgets of NFP partners


7. Food security and CIP financing

Implementation of National Food Policy Plan of action requires a significant flow of financing for investments and current expenditures in support of interventions in critical sectors such as agriculture, rural development, safety nets and social protection, health and nutrition. Responsibility for the NFP falls mainly on 13 ministries, including their divisions and several implementation agencies. Section 1 of this chapter reviews budgetary allocations across these ministries. Although their budgets are not spent entirely on NFP PoA interventions, they can be taken as a measure of food security and nutrition interventions in the country’s overall fiscal space.

The CIP is articulated in 12 programs and 40 subprogrammes that identify the priority investments required under the various Areas of Interventions (AoIs) of the PoA (see Annex 1) and included in the Annual Development Programme of the Government. The CIP “focuses on those investments that have a direct impact on food availability, access and nutrition, leaving out broader items for which other mechanisms are more adequate” (CIP 2011, Section 2 pg. 3). For example, not included in the CIP are donor contributions outside the ADP, private investments, and public sector current expenditure (such as direct transfers, fertilizer subsidies, food distribution and other safety nets) as well as broader interventions, such as family planning and reshaping of the education system.

Section 2 provides background information on the CIP financing, including discussion of the project data that has been monitored for this report (see Annex 3 for details).

Section 3 discusses the financial situation of the CIP as of 30 June 2013, and reports the overall budget; financed actions disaggregated by government and development partner contributions; total and priority pipeline; and delivery articulated by programs and subprogrammes. Recommendations are drawn based on the trends and distribution of current financing, the gap still to be financed and delivery so far. Updated data on completed and ongoing projects are presented in Annex 3.4, and on pipeline projects in Annex 3.5.

7.1. Budgets of key NFP partner ministries

Figure 31 shows that the budgets of key NFP partners increased every year since 2007/08 until 2012/13, peaking at 530 billion taka, but is expected to decrease slightly to 518 billion taka in 2013/14. This represents a planned budgetary decrease of 2% in 2013/14 compared to the previous year, whereas total GoB expenditure is planned to increase by 23%. The budgets of key NFP partners in the Government’s total expenditure increased from 30% in 2007/08 to 32% in 2012/13, but is budgeted to fall sharply to 25% in 2013/14, indicating a shrinkage of the

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fiscal space for food security and nutrition spending to its lowest share since the start of PoA implementation.

Table 39 reports the budgetary breakdown by key NFP partners. The three largest by budget are MoA, LGD and MoHFW which together accounted for 70% of spending by NFP partners in 2012/13 – and this share is planned to decrease slightly to 67% in 2013/14. The different key NFP partners revised their planned budgets for 2012/13 by a maximum of +67% and to a minimum of -14%. Of total expenditure by key NFP partners in 2012/13, 35% went to agriculture, 28% to rural development, 20% to social security and welfare, and 17% to health and nutrition – and these are planned to be 31%, 29%, 22% and 18% respectively in 2013/14.

The Ministry of Finance (MoF) publishes data on budgetary allocations to antipoverty and to gender issues. The accounting for the antipoverty spending follows the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper classification, and comprises projects directly benefiting and mostly-targeting incomes and human capital of the poor, and also projects indirectly benefiting and not mostly-targeting the poor, but which are pro-growth, such as on infrastructure, agriculture and institutional capacity. In 2012/13 antipoverty spending was 997 billion taka, representing a nominal increase of 22% on the year before – and this is expected to rise by 16% in 2013/14, when it would total 1,152 billion taka. Figure 32 shows a declining trend in the share of total government spending on poverty, although the absolute amounts have steadily increased. Data on gender spending is analysed in Box 9.

Figure 32: Public spending on anti-poverty


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Table 39: Actual and planned expenditures (in billion taka) of key partner ministries and divisions in the NFP

Revi

sed

budg

et

Chan

ge F

Y07-

08/F

Y06-

07 (r

evise

d)

Chan

ge re

vise

d/ in

itial

% o

f tot

al e

xp

Revi

sed

budg

et

Chan

ge F

Y08-

09/F

Y07-

08 (r

evise

d)

Chan

ge re

vise

d/ in

itial

% o

f tot

al e

xp

Revi

sed

budg

et

Chan

ge F

Y09-

10/F

Y08-

09 (r

evise

d)

Chan

ge re

vise

d/ in

itial

% o

f tot

al e

xp

Revi

sed

budg

et

Chan

ge F

Y10-

11/F

Y09-

10 (r

evise

d)

Chan

ge re

vise

d/ in

itial

% o

f tot

al e

xp

Revi

sed

budg

et

Chan

ge F

Y11-

12/ F

Y10-

11 (r

evise

d)

Chan

ge re

vise

d/ in

itial

% o

f tot

al e

xp

Revi

sed

budg

et

Chan

ge F

Y12-

13/ F

Y11-

12 (r

evise

d)

Chan

ge re

vise

d/ in

itial

% o

f tot

al e

xp

Plan

ned

budg

et

Cha

nge

FY13

-14/

FY1

2-13

(pla

nned

)

% o

f tot

al e

xp

MoA 61 93% 41% 7% 76.4 25% 18% 7% 73.5 -4% 23% 7% 84.4 15% 25% 7% 92.6 10% 25% 6% 148.8 61% 67% 9% 122.7 -18% 6%

MoFL 5.1 10% -7% 1% 6 18% -8% 1% 6.4 5% -11% 1% 7.9 25% -8% 1% 9.3 18% -5% 1% 8.9 -4% -6% 1% 10.6 19% 1%

MoWR 14.5 29% 3% 2% 14.9 2% 8% 1% 18.4 24% 24% 2% 21.3 16% 4% 2% 22.6 6% 1% 2% 25.0 11% -14% 2% 25.9 4% 1%

Subtotal agriculture 80.6 70% 28% 10% 97.3 21% 14% 9% 98.2 1% 20% 10% 113.6 16% 18% 9% 124.5 10% 17% 9% 182.7 47% 43% 11% 159.2 -13% 8%

LGD 60.7 -8% -9% 7% 64.1 6% 1% 7% 76.5 19% -4% 8% 93.4 22% -3% 8% 103.9 11% -5% 7% 132.2 27% 6% 8% 129.6 -2% 6%

RDCD 4.1 25% 0% 0% 4.7 16% 18% 0% 3.8 -19% -3% 0% 6 59% -12% 0% 10.5 75% 31% 1% 12.0 15% 8% 1% 10.9 -10% 1%

MCHTA 4.7 13% 0% 1% 5.5 18% -4% 1% 4.3 -22% 9% 0% 5.5 28% -3% 0% 5.7 3% 1% 0% 5.8 3% -13% 0% 7.6 30% 0%

Subtotal rural development 69.5 -5% -8% 8% 74.3 7% 2% 8% 84.6 14% -3% 8% 104.9 24% -4% 9% 120.1 14% -2% 8% 150.0 25% 6% 9% 148.0 -1% 7%

MoSW 8 14% -1% 1% 10.1 26% 2% 1% 12.6 25% -3% 1% 17.7 40% -8% 1% 19.5 10% -5% 1% 20.4 5% -1% 1% 22.1 8% 1%

MoWCA 11.1 67% 0% 1% 12.2 9% -10% 1% 12.1 0% -10% 1% 11.9 -1% -4% 1% 12.4 4% 0% 1% 13.3 8% 2% 1% 14.5 9% 1%

MoFood/a 26 79% 21% 3% 51.7 99% -9% 6% 41.8 -19% -72% 4% 69.3 66% 15% 6% 11.0 NA NA 1% 13.2 20% 22% 1% 14.2 7% 1%

MoDM/b NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 54.5 NA NA 4% 58.6 7% 1% 4% 65.2 11% 3%

Subtotal social security and welfare 45.1 60% 11% 6% 74 64% -8% 9% 66.5 -10% -62% 7% 98.9 49% 8% 8% 97.4 -2% -6% 7% 105.5 8% 3% 6% 116.0 10% 6%

MoHFW 52.6 6% -4% 6% 62 18% 2% 7% 62.7 1% -10% 6% 76.2 21% -6% 6% 81.5 7% -8% 6% 91.3 12% -2% 6% 94.7 4% 5%

Subtotal health and nutrition 52.6 6% -4% 6% 62 18% 2% 7% 62.7 1% -10% 6% 76.2 21% -6% 6% 81.5 7% -8% 6% 91.3 12% -2% 6% 94.7 4% 5%

Total food security 247.8 25% 6% 30% 307.5 24% 3% 33% 312 1% -24% 31% 393.6 26% 4% 32% 423.5 8% 1% 29% 529.6 25% 14% 32% 517.9 -2% 25%Total GoB expenditure (development + non development) 817.8 20% 918.4 12% 1,004 9% 1,213 21% 1,445 19% 1,653 14% 2,037 23%

\a: until FY 2012-13, MoFood includes also the budget of the MoDM

Planned Expenditures include development expenditures (expenditures under the Annual Development Program (ADP) but also non-ADP expenditure on Food for Work (kind or cash) and the transfer from food sale proceeds for Development activities, as well as employment generation programs/development programs financed out of non-development /revenue budget; non development expenditures include revenue expenditure pay and allowances, goods and services, interest payments, subsidies and transfers, block allocations), non-development capital expenditure (e.g. acquisition of assets, equity investments), see Budget in Brief, MoF, various years (http://www.mof.gov.bd/en/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=115&Itemid=1); Total expenditure excludes loans and advances (D), domestic and foreign debt, food account operations (C) and structural adjustment expenditures (E).

FY13-14FY07-08 FY08-09 FY09-10 FY10-11 FY11-12

\b: MoDM established in FY 2012-13

Source: Budget in Brief, MoF (http://www.mof.gov.bd/en/)

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Box 9: Planned gender spending by key NFP partner ministries and divisions In 2012/13 key NFP partner ministries and divisions planned to spend 233 billion taka on gender-related interventions. This is set to rise to 261 billion taka in 2013/14, thereby continuing the upward trend since the start of PoA implementation. LGD, MoDM, MoHFW and MoA accounted for over 75% of planned gender-spending by key NFP partner ministries and divisions in 2012/13 and 2013/14.

Planned budget spending on gender in billion taka


The Government publishes revised budgets, but not for gender-spending. As a share of the total budget by NFP partner ministries and divisions, gender-spending increased from 29% in 2006/07 to around 50% since 2011/12 – see the blue bars in the chart below. In 2012/13 gender-spending as a share of spending in each sector was largest for social security and welfare (65%) and rural development (51%), but on declining trends, whilst for health and nutrition and for agriculture the trend was upward, reaching 45% and 41% respectively – see lines in chart below. The trends are planned to continue into 2013/14.

Proportion of budget spending on gender by key NFP ministries and divisions


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2013/14

MoA MoFL MoWR LGD RDCD MCHTA MoSW MoWCA MoFood/a MoDM/b MoHFW

billi

onta

ka

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2013/14

Proportion of budget spending on gender Subtotal agriculture gender %Subtotal rural development gender % Subtotal social security and welfare gender %Subtotal health and nutrition gender %

% o

f gen

der

spen

ding

in th

e bu

dget

121

7.2. CIP financing

The CIP budget aggregates relevant ADP projects into 12 programs and 40 subprogrammes considered as priority investments for implementing the PoA. Financing committed to completed and ongoing projects are recorded as “financed” within the CIP monitoring framework, while financing requirements for new projects for which funding has not yet been identified are recorded as “pipeline”. The pipeline is classified by the GoB into priority and non-priority funding to facilitate phased and sustained commitments.

For each project included in the CIP, its status (completed, ongoing or pipeline), start date, end date, cost (total, GoB and DP) and annual delivery is recorded. All these characteristics, except project start dates, can change from year to year as a result of changes in project management, and therefore require annual monitoring.

The 2014 version of the CIP financial status (Table 40 and Table 41) includes data for the latest fiscal year for which it is available (2012/13), and some backward revisions for previous years. Annex 3 explains in detail the changes made.

Backward revision is necessary because the CIP financial data are collated project by project across all relevant government agencies and development partners. The data is then cross-checked against previous CIP records and published information from ADP planning and reporting documents at individual project level, with numerous inconsistencies detected and resolved by re-verifying data with the original source. A key document for verification is the “2012/13 Fiscal Year ADP Implementation Progress Review Report” by IMED (Planning Commission), which is usually published in April. Each year, the CIP project inventory is updated including new projects, tracking changes in status of other projects (pipeline, ongoing, completed, or a few projects excluded from the CIP upon reconsideration) and as part of backward revision. Particular attention was made to avoid double-counting of projects involving – and therefore reported – by more than one agency.

A second step to update the inventory was to identify pipeline projects. This consists of projects whose funding still needs to be secured and projects for which funds have already been pledged but implementation has not yet started. In other words, the pipeline includes both project ideas looking for a sponsor and projects that have already a source of financing but are still completing the formulation stage. The pipeline was recalculated maintaining the criteria for prioritization applied in 2010/11, as determined in a participatory manner during extensive consultations. These criteria are applied at the level of subprogram (not individual projects) as follows:

- TOP priority: 90% of the financial requirement prioritized; - HIGH priority: 70% of the financial requirement prioritized; - MEDIUM priority: 50% of the financial requirement prioritized; - LOWER priority: 40% of the financial requirement prioritized; - These criteria were applied by subprogramme to pipeline projects.

Where required, the exchange rate used was 69.5 taka per USD, the rate used at the start of the CIP, thus allowing comparisons. Other currencies were converted to USD using the rate at the time of disbursement, or the rate provided by the respective DP. Further details are in Annex 3.

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The CIP runs from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2015. The cost of projects that started before this period or will end after its end entered the CIP on a pro-rata basis according to their project durations.252

The revised financial data in this monitoring report include backward revised data for the CIP 2011, the CIP 2012, the CIP 2013 and the CIP 2014, the latter including the most recent financial data. As a result:

- CIP 2011 refers to projects to be implemented during 1 July 2010 and 30 June 2015 using (revised) data as of June 2010;



- CIP 2014 refers to projects to be implemented during 1 July 2010 and 30 June 2015 using (newly collected) data as of June 2013.

An inevitable consequence of backward revision of the database is that financial aggregates published in previous monitoring reports have been revised too. Revised tables are published in this report. As the CIP comes nearer its terminal year (2015), increasing funds are being allocated outside its window. As discussed further below, future commitments post-CIP increased by 33%, from 1.6 billion USD in CIP 2013 to 2.2 billion USD in CIP 2014.

7.3. CIP budget

CIP 2014 totals 12 billion USD, of which 7.9 billion USD is financed, i.e. ongoing and completed projects, and 4.1 billion USD represents the gap to be financed, i.e. pipeline projects awaiting finance, of which 2.9 billion USD is targeted as priority (Table 40). The total financed budget is distributed across availability, access and utilization as 49, 47, and 5% respectively. Pipeline projects are comprised as follows: 84% to availability, 15% to access and 1% to utilization related projects. As of June 2013, GoB invested into CIP 1.72 USD for every dollar invested by DPs; this figure varies among the three components: 1.92 USD for availability, 1.83 USD for access and only 0.28 USD for utilization for every dollar financed by DPs. Nutrition is increasingly acquiring recognition amongst policy makers in Bangladesh, supported by donors and part of a larger global shift in development thinking. Priority projects make up 71% of the pipeline, with minimal variation by components: 70, 76 and 71% respectively for availability, access and utilization (Table 40).

Table 40: Summary of CIP 2014 budget (as of June 2013, in million USD)

CIP programme Total CIP

Financed (ongoing and completed) Pipeline projects

GoB DPs Total Total Priority

A=D+E B C D E F

Availability 7,274 2,521 1,303 3,824 3,450 2,403

Access 4,300 2,381 1,303 3,684 616 467

Utilization 422 79 284 363 59 42

Total 11,996 4,981 2,890 7,871 4,125 2,912

252 For example, a project with 20% of its duration overlapping the CIP window was taken to contribute 20% of its project cost to the CIP.

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Changes in CIP 2014 against the previous year and the baseline Table 41 shows that the CIP budget increased by 2.1 billion USD, in 2012/13, and by 3.9 billion USD since June 2010. Total financed budget includes: (i) projects completed between 1 July 2010 and 30 June 2013 - with pro-rata cost allocation for those projects started before the beginning of CIP; (ii) projects ongoing over the same period – with pro-rata cost allocation for those projects started before beginning of CIP, and for those finishing after the end of CIP. The financed budget increased by 969 million USD to 7.9 billion USD, when compared to CIP 2013, and by 4.5 billion USD against the baseline. The financial gap increased by 1.1 billion USD to 4.1 billion USD in 2012/13, and dropped by 654 million USD, when compared to the baseline (see below for detailed discussion). The prioritized financial gap increased by 797 million USD and reduced by 373 million USD, when compared to respectively CIP 2013 and CIP 2011.

Figure 33 shows the evolution of CIP budget during the period 2010/11 – 2012/13. In particular, the 2014 CIP financed budget increased for all the three food security pillars. The financial gap decreased for access and utilization while increased for availability. This means that the increase in pipeline projects registered for CIP 2014, when compared to the previous CIP, is mainly due to availability related projects, which more than compensate for the reduction in pipeline projects in access and utilization.

Figure 33: Evolution of CIP budget, FY 2010/11 – FY 2012/13

Source: CIP 2011, CIP 2012, CIP 2013, and CIP 2014.

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Table 41: CIP budget 2014 and revised CIP budget 2011 and 2013 CIP 2011 ( 2009/10) CIP 2013 ( 2011/12) CIP 2014 ( 2012/13)

CIP programme Total CIP

Financed (ongoing) Pipeline projects Total

CIP

Financed (ongoing and completed)

Pipeline projects Total

CIP


Pipeline projects

GoB DPs Total Total Priority GoB DPs Total Total Priority GoB DPs Total Total Priority

A=D+E B C D E F A=D+E B C D E F A=D+E B C D E F

1

Avai

labi

lity

Sustainable and diversified agriculture

687

65

76

141

546

401

1,107

326

158

484

623

513

804

393

270

663

141

116

2 Improved water management 1,624

533

233

766

857

611

1,980

1,430

264

1,693

287

197

2,476

1,453

285

1,738

738

515

3 Improved quality of input and soil fertility

610

332

19

351

259

197

1,625

395

660

1,055

569

412

3,232

405

651

1,056

2,175

1,528

4 Fisheries and aquaculture Development

460

100

29

129

331

212

402

175

33

208

194

133

478

196

50

245

233

160

5 Livestock development

754

21

40

61

693 422

225

50

42

92

133

91

285

75

46

121

164

84

Availability 4,136

1,053

395

1,448

2,688

1,843

5,338

2,375

1,156

3,531

1,807

1,346

7,274

2,521

1,303

3,824

3,450

2,403

6

Acce

ss

Improved access to markets 1,811

795

350

1,145

666

372

2,354

1,325

446

1,770

583

303

2,398

1,635

618

2,253

145

85

7 Implementation and monitoring of NFP and CIP actions

78

0

10

10

68

47

50

0

17

17

33

23

20

0

17

17

3

2

8 Enhanced Public Food Management Systems

368

63

-

63

305

220

451

144

30

175

276

199

354

218

30

248

106

74

9 Effective safety nets 984

279

312

591

394

287

1,304

453

614

1,067

237

181

1,527

528

637

1,166

361

305

Access 3,241

1,137

672

1,809

1,432

927

4,158

1,922

1,107

3,029

1,129

705

4,300

2,381

1,303

3,684

616

467

10

Util

izat

ion

Community based nutrition 543

11

71

81

461

411

357

59

246

305

52

46

357

61

253

314

42

33

11 Orient food and nutrition program through data

22

1

0

1

21

13

28

7

15

21

6

3

23

7

16

23

-

-

12 Food Safety and Quality Improvement

190

1

12

13

178

91

43

4

12

15

27

14

43

11

16

27

17

9

Utilization

755

12

82

95

660

515

427

70

272

342

85

64

422

79

284

363

59

42

Total

8,132

2,202

1,150

3,352

4,780

3,285

9,923

4,367

2,536

6,903

3,021

2,114

11,996

4,981

2,890

7,871

4,125

2,912

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Changes in the financed part of CIP Table 42 shows the evolution of additional financing and related share of revisions as of June 2013 compared to previous year and baseline. Overall financed CIP budget increased by 969 million USD distributed across pillars, as follows: 30%, 68% and 2%, respectively for availability, access and nutrition. Therefore, the share of components in the overall financed CIP budget changed over the same period as follows: availability reduced by 2%, access increased by 3% and nutrition remained constant. The increase over the total financed budget is explained by newly financed projects (85%) as well as by budgetary revisions (15%).

Table 42: Evolution of additional financing in CIP budget (in million USD)

CIP programme

Additional financing

CIP 2014 vs CIP 2013

Of which revisions

Additional financing

CIP 2014 vs CIP 2011

Of which revisions

1 Sustainable and diversified agriculture 179.2 (7.2) 522.0 17.2

2 Improved water management 44.8 34.3 971.9 167.3

3 Improved quality of input and soil fertility 1.2 (7.1) 705.1 (210.0)

4 Fisheries and aquaculture Development 37.9 19.8 116.6 22.8

5 Livestock development 29.3 15.5 60.1 15.5

Availability 292.4 55.2 2,375.8 12.9

6 Improved access to markets 482.9 (39.3) 1,108.1 4.8

7 Implementation and monitoring of NFP and CIP actions 0.0 0.0 7.0 4.1

8 Enhanced Public Food Management Systems 73.3 54.5 184.7 54.5

9 Effective safety nets 98.6 64.0 574.8 136.7

Access 654.8 79.3 1,874.7 200.0

10 Community based nutrition 8.8 8.8 232.7 8.6

11 Orient food and nutrition program through data 1.2 0.7 21.9 0.8

12 Food Safety and Quality Improvement 11.5 0.1 13.8 0.1

Utilization 21.4 9.5 268.4 9.5 Total 969 144 4,519 222

Number of CIP related projects as of June 2013 Overall, 490 projects are either financed (380) or in pipeline (110) as of June 2013 (Table 43). The number of financed projects in CIP 2014 increased and the number of pipeline projects decreased. The increase of 209 financed projects compared to the decline of 146 pipeline projects suggests that additional projects have been financed under the CIP in addition to the identified pipeline. This is due to several reasons including: (i) particularly relevant projects can be fast-tracked, i.e. financed without having previously been in pipeline; and (ii) projects in pipeline can be restructured, consolidated with others or cancelled in favour of other projects.

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Table 43: Number of CIP projects - ongoing/completed and pipeline by programme

CIP programme CIP 2011 CIP 2013 CIP 2014

Ongoing / completed Pipeline Ongoing /

completed Pipeline Ongoing / completed Pipeline

1

Avai

labi

lity

Sustainable and diversified agriculture 28 62 70 27 84 18

2 Improved water management 31 29 54 15 56 16

3 Improved quality of input and soil fertility 16 20 26 14 29 9

4 Fisheries and aquaculture Development 17 20 29 16 34 21

5 Livestock development 12 22 17 10 22 19

Availability 104 153 196 82 225 83

6

Acce

ss

Improved access to markets 31 29 49 16 60 13


3 6 5 4 5 1

8 Enhanced Public Food Management Systems 3 18 7 6 8 1

9 Effective safety nets 19 15 30 10 34 6

Access 56 68 91 36 107 21

10

Utili

zatio

n Community based nutrition 4 15 25 6 26 4

11 Orient food and nutrition program through data 3 9 11 1 12 -

12 Food Safety and Quality Improvement 4 11 6 3 10 2

Utilization 11 35 42 10 48 6

Total 171 256 329 128 380 110

Table 44 shows that average size of completed and ongoing projects, slightly reduced (6%) over the period June 2012 – July 2013, in particular: for availability by 8%, for access by 2%, and for utilization by 20%. For pipeline projects, the average size increased by 11%, over the same period; in particular: it augmented for availability (27%) and utilization (15%), while it decreased for access (22%).

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Table 44: Average CIP project budget - ongoing/completed and pipeline by programme (in million USD)

CIP programme CIP 2011 CIP 2013 CIP 2014

Ongoing / completed Pipeline Ongoing /

completed Pipeline Ongoing / completed Pipeline

1

Avai

labi

lity

Sustainable and diversified agriculture 5.0 8.8 7.7 30.4 7.9 7.8

2 Improved water management 24.7 29.6 32.0 21.0 31.0 46.1

3 Improved quality of input and soil fertility 21.9 13.0 40.9 77.8 36.4 241.7

4 Fisheries and aquaculture Development 7.6 16.6 7.2 19.6 7.2 11.1

5 Livestock development 5.1 31.5 5.5 13.9 5.5 8.6

Availability 13.9 17.6 18.5 32.6 17.0 41.6

6

Acce

ss

Improved access to markets 36.9 23.0 36.8 51.1 37.6 11.2


3.4 11.3 3.6 12.2 3.4 3.1

8 Enhanced Public Food Management Systems 21.1 16.9 25.0 71.6 31.0 106.4

9 Effective safety nets 31.1 26.2 40.3 24.6 34.3 60.2

Access 32.3 21.1 35.2 42.9 34.4 29.3

10

Utili

zatio

n Community based nutrition 20.3 30.7 14.3 8.7 12.1 10.6

11 Orient food and nutrition program through data 0.2 2.4 2.4 6.5 1.9 -

12 Food Safety and Quality Improvement 3.2 16.1 2.5 9.1 2.7 8.3

Utilization 8.6 18.9 9.5 8.6 7.6 9.8

Total 19.6 18.7 22.0 33.6 20.7 37.5

Changes in the CIP pipeline (gap to be financed) Figure 34 shows changes in total gap and priority gap by component.253 The financing gap decreased by 14%, while the prioritized gap reduced by 11%. While total and priority gap reduced for both utilization and access, they increased for availability. The highest reduction for both prioritized and total gap is in the utilization component (more than 91%). The largest increase is registered in availability and specifically in programme 3, and is due to the planned investment for establishing fertilizer factories, for more than 2 billion USD. Another sustained increase in pipeline refers to programme 9.1, in the access component, which accounts for the

253 More details on prioritization criteria can be found in Section 7.2.

Figure 34: Changes in CIP pipeline, total and priority projects


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Bangladesh Safety net Systems for the Poorest Project, with about a quarter of billion USD that will be invested before June 2015.

Looking at budget allocation after June 2015, it totals 3,850 million USD (32% of total CIP budget) subdivided as follows: 674 million USD (18%) for ongoing projects and 3176 million USD (82%) for pipeline projects, with GoB shares respectively of 39% and 31%. Regarding financed budget beyond June 2015, by component, the situation as of June 2013 is as follows: access 61%, availability 30% and utilization 9% for ongoing projects. The picture is quite different looking at projects with financial gap over the same period: availability 78%, access 21% and utilization is almost nil.

CIP delivery between July 2010 and June 2013 CIP delivery refers to actual rather than budgeted expenditures. Table 45 shows increased delivery from 750 million USD, corresponding to 22% of the financed budget, to 1558 million USD, for a cumulative delivery of 3221 million USD, accounting for 41% of the financed budget as of June 2013. Access component had the largest increase in delivery (110%) followed by nutrition (70%) and availability (60%) over the period 1 July 2010 – 30 June 2013. Programme 12, food safety and quality improvement, Programme 9 – effective safety nets and Programme 3, improving the quality of input and soil fertility registered the highest improvement in level of delivery. The GoB share in total delivery dropped from 63% in CIP 2012 to 61% in CIP 2014 against a share in the financed budget of 63%.

Table 45: CIP cumulative delivery as of June 2013 (in million USD)

CIP Programme Delivery in

2010/11 Delivery in

2012/13 Cumulative delivery

as of June 2013

GoB DPs Total GoB DPs Total GoB DPs Total

1

Avai

labi

lity

Sustainable and diversified agriculture 37 15 52 83 42 125 168 78 245

2 Improved water management 125 29 154 189 46 235 433 106 538

3 Improved quality of input and soil fertility 48 7 55 35 188 223 109 284 394

4 Fisheries and aquaculture Development 33 4 37 26 11 37 86 23 109

5 Livestock development 7 14 21 10 12 23 25 36 61 Availability 250 69 318 343 300 643 821 527 1,348

6

Acce

ss

Improved access to markets 133 113 246 381 125 506 650 319 969


0 3 3 0 3 3 0 9 9

8 Enhanced Public Food Management Systems 29 0 29 55 6 61 116 6 122

9 Effective safety nets 57 84 141 159 145 304 334 363 697

Access 220 200 420 595 279 874 1101 697 1,798 10

Utili

zatio

n Community based nutrition 3 7 10 8 27 35 13 47 60

11 Orient food and nutrition program through data 0 1 1 1 3 4 1 5 6

12 Food Safety and Quality Improvement 0 1 1 1 2 3 2 7 9

Utilization 3 8 12 10 31 41 17 58 75 Total 472 277 750 948 610 1,558 1,938 1,283 3,221

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Comparing cumulative expenditure and additional financing since the start of CIP, Figure 35 shows that additional resources made available continue to be significantly above resources utilized, with the only exception represented by access. This underlines the need to boost implementation and to scale up delivery capacity.

CIP financing beyond June 2015 Table 46 shows that 674 million USD are committed to ongoing projects beyond the CIP period, of which 39% from GoB and 61% from DPs.254 The distribution by pillar is 31% availability, 61% access, and 9% utilization, which differs from the period up to June 2015 at 49%, 47%, and 5% respectively.

Table 46: Post-CIP financed budget through ADP (in million USD)

CIP programme Ongoing projects

Total GOB DPs

1

Avai

labi

lity

Sustainable and diversified agriculture 138.4 52.8 85.7

2 Improved water management 43.9 19.6 24.3

3 Improved quality of input and soil fertility 5.6 1.9 3.7

4 Fisheries and aquaculture Development 10.8 9.7 1.1

5 Livestock development 7.8 6.9 0.9

Availability 206.4 90.8 115.7

6

Acce

ss

Improved access to markets 253.8 97.6 156.2

7 Implementation and monitoring of NFP and CIP actions 0.7 - 0.7

8 Enhanced Public Food Management Systems - - -

9 Effective safety nets 153.9 63.3 90.6

Access 408.4 160.9 247.5

10

Utili

zatio

n Community based nutrition 54.6 10.7 44.0

11 Orient food and nutrition program through data 4.7 1.6 3.1

12 Food Safety and Quality Improvement - - -

Utilization 59.3 12.3 47.1

Total 674 264 410

Development Partners’ reporting on contribution to CIP Monitoring of Development Partners’ (DPs) contributions is useful to: i) identify on-going contributions and future commitments; ii) capture the level of alignment with ADP; and iii) check for consistency in the monitoring of GoB’s financial allocation. Ideally, financial figures from DPs should be in line with those provided by GoB’s relevant agencies. However, given the level of CIP’s detail, the differences in project classification, the multitude of financial

254 Table 46 is based on GoB data, while Annex 3.6a reports the same post-CIP calculation based on projects’ data reported by DPs at 395 million USD, rather than 410 million USD.

Figure 35: Delivery versus additional financing

Source: CIP 2011, CIP 2012, CIP 2013, and CIP 2014.

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allocations across many ministries, the multiple and varying exchange rates involved, it is acceptable to find some discrepancies: 36.7 million USD is the difference between the GoB and DPs data on DPs current (both on-going and completed) financial contribution to CIP, which represents only 1% of the 2,890 million USD, which is the DPs financed CIP budget, according to GoB data. This difference is lower than the discrepancy registered (12.5%) for CIP 2013.

ADP Projects The DPs’ contribution through ADP, within CIP period, increased by 9%, up to 2,853 million USD (Annex 3.6a) over 2012/13, and by 38% when compared to the baseline (i.e. CIP 2011). Out of the 8%, 6% is due to additional contributions while the 2% is due to revisions made on CIP 2013.255 The shares of financial contribution are distributed as follows: 52% to availability; 40% to access; and 8% to utilization. These figures only slightly changed from CIP 2013, with a 3% reallocated from availability to access. The budget beyond CIP period256 increased by 305 million USD over 2012/13 and represent 17% of the CIP 2014 budget.

Total DPs’ contribution through ADP, both within and beyond CIP period, increased from 2,816 to 3,345 million USD over 2012/13. China, DFID, World Bank, ADB, JICA and EU remained the largest contributors, financing over 100 million USD each, while IFAD enters the group newly when compared to CIP 2013. Figure 36 shows the portfolio balance across NFP pillars of these largest donors. For instance, China -contributing with a massive 560 million USD- continued to entirely focus on availability, and specifically on expanding fertilizer production capacity. Meanwhile DFID invested in all three pillars roughly evenly – and along with the EU was the only largest DPs contributing to utilization. ADB ranked first in the access pillar with a focus on Programme 6 and is by far the largest DP having committed 47% of its budget beyond 2015.

Looking at variations among the major DPs between CIP 2013 and 2014 (Annex 3.6a), while IFAD, ADB and EU increased their allocations respectively by 43%, 31% and 11%, World Bank, JICA and DFID marginally reduced them respectively by 9%, 6%, and 4%. China maintained unchanged its contribution.

Non-ADP Projects The DPs spending on food security and nutrition up to June 2015 for non-ADP projects reached 894 million USD over 2012/13, which is equivalent to the 30% of DPs contribution to ADP (see Annex 3.6b).257 This represented a 21% increase on the previous fiscal year, of which 18% is due to revision on CIP 2013, while 3% consisted of additional contributions.

255 This is a composite aggregate made of both reporting errors and adjustments in budget allocation 256 CIP window spans over the period 1st July 2010 – 30 June 2015, and the projects started before/after the initial date and before the final date are accounted on a pro-rata basis. 257 Overall, 11 DPs have both ADP and non-ADP projects

Figure 36: Portfolio of largest CIP donors

Source: Re-elaboration from Annex 3.6

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The composition of non-ADP contribution can be summarized as follows: 46% on availability (largely on programme 1 and 5), 31% on access (especially on Programme 9), and 23 on utilization (mainly on programme 10). While ADP has a relatively greater emphasis on availability, non-ADP projects focus more on utilization - with a specific targeting on community based nutrition programmes and services, largely due to USAID participation. The budget committed for non-ADP projects beyond CIP period increased by 70 million USD over 2012/13. Total DPs’ contribution to non-ADP projects, both within and beyond CIP period, increased from 752 to 979 million USD over the same period.

USAID and DFID together contribute to two-third of total non-ADP budget. However, while USAID invests mainly in non-ADP projects (90% of its portfolio) DFID mainly invest through ADP (73%). Among the other main DPs (Figure 36), while China, World Bank are not involved in any non-ADP projects, JICA, EU and IFAD are involved in both, focusing their residual non-ADP component on Access. Overall, since the beginning of the CIP, DPs, non-ADP funding increased by 377 million USD. Furthermore, if all potential commitments are realized, and channelled through ADP, there would be a significant adjustment of the CIP portfolio towards access (Table 47).

Table 47: DP contributions by programme, ADP, non-ADP and future commitments (%) CIP programme ADP Non-ADP Future

1

Avai

labi

lity

Sustainable and diversified agriculture 10.3 16.9 14.7

2 Improved water management 11.8 0.3 16.2 3 Improved quality of input and soil fertility 23.4 6.8 2.6 4 Fisheries and aquaculture Development 0.9 4.6 1.2 5 Livestock development 5.3 17.7 1.0

Availability 51.6 46.3 35.7

6

Acce

ss

Improved access to markets 24.9 8.1 20.3

7 Implementation and monitoring of NFP and CIP actions 0.6 2.7 1.0 8 Enhanced Public Food Management Systems 0.1 2.7 9.7

9 Effective safety nets 14.6 16.9 25.6

Access 40.3 30.4 56.6

10

Utili

zatio

n Community based nutrition 7.5 21.9 7.6 11 Orient food and nutrition program through data 0.3 0.0 0.0 12 Food Safety and Quality Improvement 0.3 1.2 0.1

Utilization 8.1 23.2 7.7

Total 100 100 100

Possible future DP contributions According to DPs, their future commitments within CIP period slightly decreased from 1,621 to 1,547 million USD over 2012/13. Moreover, they represent the 57% of DPs‘ contribution through ADP to CIP 2014. DPs’ future potential contributions to CIP 2014 are distributed as follows: 30% on availability (most entirely on programme 1 and 2), 61% on access (almost exclusively on programme 6 and 9), and 9% on utilization (concentrated on programme 10). Future commitments beyond CIP increased by 421 million USD over 2012/13 to 615 million USD. Total DPs’ future commitments, both within and beyond CIP period, increased from 1,815 to 2,163 million USD over 2012/13 (Annex 3.6c).

Major future contributors, i.e. investing more than 100 million USD each within and beyond the CIP period, include World Bank, ADB, USAID, DFID and IFAD. For instance, the World

132

Bank and IFAD would concentrate on the access pillar, specifically on increasing their previous commitments towards Programme 9 and 6 respectively. ADB focus would be more on the availability pillar, in particular Programme 2. USAID balanced its future commitments among all the three pillars.

Recommendations from the analysis of CIP financing and delivery Based on the above analysis the following recommendations can be made:

Continue sustaining investments: Increase in CIP investments are continuing with total and financed budget increasingly being allocated after June 2015. The share of budget allocated beyond the CIP period increased by 164% for CIP 2014 when compared to CIP 2013. However, efforts further efforts are needed to fill the secure financing for the project in pipeline. Particular attention is required scale up investments under the nutrition pillar.

Strengthen capacity to implement: Progress has been made especially by access and nutrition components which lagged behind in CIP 2013; however, GoB agencies and DPs need to reinforce their focus on the improvement of implementation capacities.

Focus on CIP areas lagging behind: Subprogrammes with either no projects or low financed budget and commitment need to be carefully assessed. For instance, subprogrammes 8.1, 8.2 and 3.4 did not have any projects as of June 2013.

Prioritize integration of cross cutting themes (e.g. nutrition, gender, climate change): the role of women within food production, access and utilization needs to be fully valorised. Moreover, climate change adaptation requires consideration across availability and access. Also nutrition component should be integrated into availability and access and not only considered as a standalone entity within utilization.

Exploit synergies with DPs inside and outside ADP: There is ample space for generating synergies between CIP project (included in the ADP) and project financed by the DPs outside the ADP. To this effect, it is important to facilitate exchange of experience and promote coordination, particularly with a view to promoting the Government’s involvement in scaling up successful pilot initiatives.

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8. Overall assessment and recommendations

The National Food Policy (NFP) provides strategic guidance for achieving food and nutrition security. The NFP Plan of Action (PoA) translates this into 26 Areas of Intervention (AoI) for the period 2008 to 2015. The Bangladesh Country Investment Plan: A Road Map towards Investment in Agriculture, Food Security and Nutrition (CIP) identifies 12 investment programs to ensure implementation of the PoA. Implementation mechanisms and responsibilities across Government are specified in the NFP PoA Section I.4 and Part II, respectively.

8.1. Overall assessment

Need to sustain progress Progress towards the NFP goal is measured using undernourishment, child underweight and child stunting. In 2012/13, undernourishment is estimated at 16.3%, underweight at 35.1% and stunting at 38.7%. The target for undernourishment has been met, underweight is on track and stunting is likely to reach its target.

On all three indicators, there has been remarkable progress over the past two decades, but major challenges remain to sustain progress into the future. Undernourishment has risen in the last three years, while food based poverty declined, especially at the lower threshold, but at a slower pace than expenditure based poverty. Similarly, the decline in underweight and stunting has been slower than for expenditure based poverty, though faster than food based poverty at the higher threshold.

Of the four food security and nutrition indicators included in the Results Framework of the SFYP, agricultural GDP growth weakened for a second year reaching 2.17% in 2012/13 and spending on social protection as share of GDP continued to decline reaching 2.23% in 2012/13 – both are below targets. Poverty estimates do not exist since 2010, but GDP growth per capita suggests that the poverty headcount in 2012/13 could be expected to be around 27%, indicating achievement of the MDG target. The rice-wage increased by 5.8%, exceeding by 17% the yearly target. Since 2008/9, anti-poverty spending, a broader concept to social protection that includes infrastructure and other pro-growth investments, has declined as a share of total government spending.

Build on greater rice security and intensify nascent production diversification Agricultural GDP (excluding forestry) growth slowed for a second consecutive year, mainly due to rice, which has reached self-sufficiency as indicated by further reduction in imports. Foodgrain price volatility has declined substantially in recent years, but remains changeable enough to impact adversely poor households and requires continued close public monitoring and management. Although the agricultural trade deficit rose to 6.9 billion USD in 2011, the deficit for food and agricultural products grew less than for other merchandise. Some early signals of food production diversification are detected as shown by the decreasing share of rice in food value added to 41%, the lowest since 2007/08. Crops other than rice, fishery and livestock grew, suggesting an adjustment of food production patterns. A more diversified production requires a more diversified set of inputs, public and private services and infrastructures, with greater inclusion of increasing numbers of small and marginal farms.

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Universalise food access Sustained increases in the rice wage, reduction in income poverty and declines in the population with deficient calorie intakes – all point to widening access to food, especially in terms of macronutrients. Risks remain and are apparent, such as the food inflation of 8.8% in February 2014, so that promoting employment and skill development are high priority to ensure that wages and labour productivity keep pace. In an overall positive picture, large population groups remain vulnerable, and a strengthened attention to the right to food and to pro-poor growth would ensure that nobody is left behind. Migration remains an important influence on food and nutrition security.

Ensure food quality and promote diversified diets Whilst caloric intakes are below requirements, protein requirements are generally met, but its quality is low as it comes mainly from rice. The share of dietary energy supply and intake from cereals remains far above their recommended targets of 60%. There is a need to sustain the diversification of food systems to promote nutrition, including capacity strengthening of women in nutrition-sensitive agriculture. Dietary diversification and implementation of prevention strategies for non-communicable diseases are needed to tackle growing concerns, such as that more women are overweight than underweight – 35% (BMI>23) compared to 20% (BMI<18.5). An acceleration in NNS activities, including on complementary feeding, would help raise the proportion of children 6 to 23 months fed a minimum acceptable diet from its current level of 32%. Fortification initiatives need to be scaled-up and promoted, as iodized salt consumption fell to 80% in 2013. Universal access to safe water is not yet reached, and to hygiene and sanitation it is much further way, and both are critical barriers to improved nutrition.

The CIP 2014: financial input monitoring Total investment under CIP 2014 is 12 billion USD, of which 7.9 billion USD is financed and 4.1 billion USD is the pipeline to be financed, of which 2.9 billion USD is deemed priority. The distribution across availability, access and utilization of the financed budget is 48%, 47%, and 5%, respectively; and the distribution of the pipeline is 84%, 15% and 1%, respectively. As of June 2013, GoB invested 1.72 dollars for every dollar invested by DPs – with the figure varying among the three components: 1.92 USD for availability, 1.83 USD for access and only 0.28 USD for utilization. DPs reported that their contribution through the ADP increased to 2,853 million USD, up by 38% compared to the baseline. DPs contribution within CIP 2014 is distributed by component as follows: 52% availability, mainly through programme 3; 40% access, mainly through programme 6 and 9; and 8% utilization, mainly through programme 10. The budget after June 2015 totals 3,850 million USD, with 674 million USD (18%) for ongoing projects and 3,176 million USD (82%) for pipeline projects.

Analysis of the CIP indicates the following conclusions:

Continue sustaining investments beyond the CIP; Strengthen capacity to implement; Focus on CIP areas lagging behind; Prioritize integration of cross cutting themes (e.g. nutrition, gender, climate change); Exploit synergies with DPs inside and outside ADP.

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8.2. Recommendations

NFP Objective 1: Availability Rice self-sufficiency was maintained in line with population growth, and this was accompanied by initial signs of crop diversification into non-rice, and wider agricultural diversification into fisheries and livestock. Supportive technologies came online with new crop varieties for rice, potato, maize, pulses and tomato, and improved fish varieties and production technologies. Progress on inputs include rebalancing fertiliser composition through reallocation of subsidies; establishment of hatcheries for brackish water fish; increase in fish feed mills and companies; decrease in pathogenic avian influenza helped by the establishment of 24 livestock quarantine stations; and widened animal vaccination. A major ongoing issue is depletion of groundwater, and the overly-slow shift to groundwater and water efficiency technologies. Private sector involvement in seeds supply is encouraging but seed quality and certification remain issues. Fingerling production has fallen in 2012/13.

Programme 1 on sustainable and diversified agriculture through research and extension Strengthen management system of research institutes; Coordinate research by public and private partners; Focus technological development on efficiency, sustainability and resilience; Develop an information warehouse; Improve research infrastructure and strengthen human resources; Promote agricultural research for nutritional development; Expand Farmers Information and Advice Centres; Strengthen agricultural information services through ICT in extension services; Fill vacancies and increase efficiency of extension workers.

Programme 2 on improved water management and infrastructure for irrigation purposes Reduce dependency on groundwater for irrigation; Reduce irrigation costs; Increase irrigation efficiency and productivity of water; Enhance availability and use of surface water; Create and update a data bank on water resources; Ensure arsenic-free groundwater for irrigation; Control flood and river erosion; Reduce salinity in the coastal area.

Programme 3 on improved quality of inputs Strengthen quality seed production and distribution by public and private agents; Accelerate Urea Super Granule (USG) application; Enhance pest management by promoting IPM and quality of agrochemicals; Promote agricultural mechanization.

Programme 4 on fisheries and aquaculture development Formalize user rights to exploit underutilized water bodies; Promote improved post harvest technologies; Strengthen demonstration and dissemination of saline tolerant fish species; Promote fish feed production; Disseminate BFRI technologies and management practices;

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Expand aquaculture service centres; Promote sustainability of coastal fishery.

Programme 5 on livestock development, with a focus on poultry and dairy production Improve breed through crossbreeding and selection; Sustain progress in controlling avian influenza; Promote dairy processing technologies; Strengthen public private partnership for enhanced livestock vaccination and

services; Strengthen BLRI; Reinforce the production of hides, skin, horn and bone; Scale up the establishment of hygienic cattle shed and night shelter; Develop disaster coping mechanism to reduce livestock mortality.

NFP Objective 2: Access Recent positive signals on food access include rising rice wages, stable food prices and continued effective Government management of foodgrain through procurement, storage and distribution. This is supported by stronger livelihoods in terms of robust growth of small scale manufacturing, narrower margins between farm gate and retail prices and increased enrolment in technical and vocational education and training. Still a high wage difference exists between men and women in agriculture, and there was less Government support to growth centres, rural markets, women market centres and UP complexes. Two major developments are the continued shrinking of social safety net spending as a share of GDP, total Government spending and total social protection spending; and secondly the newly drafted National Social Protection Strategy which proposes to streamline safety net programmes. One feature of the NSPS meriting further consideration is that it proposes to consolidate most food-based programmes into cash-based transfers, whilst at the same time foodgrain storage capacity is increasing and expected to reach 3.0 million MT by 2021.

Programme 6 on improved access to markets, value addition in agriculture and to non- farm incomes Give greater attention to quality in developing and maintaining infrastructures; Better integrate infrastructure development in safety net programmes; Reduce wage differential between men and women; Further improve storage and transportation facilities; Sustain support to agro-processing activities; Further enhance skill development; Promote farmers organizations; Generate employment for rural poor through micro-enterprise promotion.

Programme 7 on strengthened capacities for implementation and monitoring of the NFP and CIP actions Further reinforce food and nutrition security policy functions in FPMU; Further improve implementation capacity; Reinforce the Government’s capacity in investment formulation and engagement of

farmers’ organisations through participatory approaches; Mainstream capacity development in donors assisted projects.

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Programme 8 on enhanced public food management Strengthen capacities to manage PFDS through training and research; Improve the effectiveness of the public procurement system; Estimate private food grain stock to enhance PFDS planning; Expedite the computerization of public stock monitoring; Promote consistency of PFDS planning with upcoming NSPS.

Programme 9 on institutional development and capacity development for more effective safety nets Finalize and implement the NSPS; Maximize consistency, coordination and synergies between initiatives supporting

social protection policies; Flexibly adopt cash or food transfers combined with BCC in SSN; Strengthen Agriculture Rehabilitation Programme; Further research and monitor SSN programmes, including comparative analyses and

impact assessments; Assess targeted programmes for small and marginal farmers as an alternative to

generalized fertilizer subsidies.

NFP Objective 3: Utilization and nutrition With persistent dietary imbalances in terms of carbohydrate, protein and fat contributing 78%, 10% and 12% of energy, compared to the 7:1:2 recommended ratio, concrete steps have been taken to diversify diets, such as increased home gardening and poultry rearing, and the Ekti Bari, Ekti Khamar (One House, One Farm) going nationwide. This is supported by vitamin A and iron folate supplementation; iodisation of salt; nearly 60% coverage of exclusive breast-feeding in the first six months; the formulation of the national micronutrient strategy; and increased behaviour change communication. Important barriers to progress on food utilisation are the lack of universal access to improved water and sanitation facilities; widespread poor hygiene practices; and a high prevalence of food contamination (which is increasingly coming to light through the country’s improved laboratory facilities).

Programme 10 on community based nutrition programmes and services Improve facility and community based support to caregivers; Scale-up nutrition sensitive agriculture; Mainstream nutrition beyond the health sector; Strengthen capacities to plan, implement, monitor and evaluate nutrition

interventions; Further strengthen ‘Ekti Bari Ekti Khamar’.

Programme 11 on orienting food and nutrition programmes through data Harmonise existing food security and nutrition information systems; Promote use of FCT and dietary guidelines; Accelerate implementation of comprehensive nutrition interventions; Strengthen leadership and capacity for nutrition.

Programme 12 on food safety and quality improvement Sensitise stakeholders on implementing the Bangladesh Food Safety Act 2013;

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Accelerate the establishment of the BFSA; Formulate food safety rules; Establish standards and ensure compliance; Approve national food safety emergency plan; Strengthen food safety laboratories; Control diarrhoeal prevalence and improve safe water supply; Scale up healthy street food vending.

CIP financing Total CIP budget and financing increased to 12 and 7.9 billion USD respectively. Financial gap also increased to 4.1 billion USD as result of new projects formulation. CIP delivery reaches 3.2 billion USD since June 2010, of which 1.6 billion USD in 2012/13 only. Additional financing are at 4.5 billion USD since June 2010 of which almost 1 billion USD in 2012/13. This means that for the first time, delivery rate exceeded additional financing in 2012/13. On average, the 41% of the CIP financed funding was delivered since June 2010. Looking at disaggregated data by component, delivery has been higher for access (49%) when compared to both availability (35%) and utilization for nutrition (21%). Looking at the period beyond CIP (i.e. after June 2015), 674 million USD are already committed to ongoing projects, of which 39% from the Government and 61% from DPs. The DPs report their commitment for the post-CIP equal to 615 million USD against 194 million USD registered in the CIP 2013.

Continue sustaining investments; Strengthen capacity to implement; Focus on CIP areas lagging behind; Prioritize integration of cross cutting themes (e.g. nutrition, gender, climate change); Exploit synergies with DPs inside and outside ADP.

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Annexes

Annex 1. Comparison of the CIP and PoA output monitoring indicators

Annex 2. Composition of Thematic Teams

Annex 3. Cost and financing of the CIP - Annex 3.1 CIP Budget Revisions - Annex 3.2 Number and average budget of projects in CIP 2014 by subprogramme - Annex 3.3 CIP budget 2014 and delivery in 2012/13 by subprogramme - Annex 3.4 Ongoing and completed CIP projects as of June 2013 - Annex 3.5 Projects in the CIP pipeline as of June 2013 - Annex 3.6 Development partners contributions

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Annex 1. Comparison of the CIP and PoA output monitoring indicators This annex shows the correspondence between CIP programmes and NFP PoA Areas of Interventions and the indicators used to monitor performance at output level. A few indicators have been refined, e.g. the coefficient of variation of rice production over the last 10 years has been taken rather than the variability of foodgrain production, or adjusted slightly for data availability reasons.

AVAILABILITY ACCESS

NUTRITION

CIP Programme title and expected aggregate output

Corresponding NFP PoA Area of Intervention CIP/NFP PoA output proxy indicators

PROGRAMME 1 Sustainable and diversified agriculture through integrated research and extension: Productivity is enhanced, food production is diversified and resilience to climate change is increased through effective generation and propagation of sustainable technical solutions

1.1. Agricultural research and extension: Demand-driven crop and non-crop new technologies developed and disseminated; demand led and pro-poor extension service expanded

No. of improved new rice varieties developed by GoB agencies

No. of new non-rice varieties developed

Wheat Maize Potato Pulses Vegetables

1.9. Early Warning Development: Well functioning domestic Early Warning System established and integrated/coordinated with Global Early Warning System

Edible Oilseeds Fruits

No. of farmers trained on sustainable agriculture practices by DAE

Share of rice on total cropped land, %

HYV rice area as % total rice area (including boro hybrid) Annual change in major crops' production, %

Rice

2.1. Agricultural Disaster Management: Enhanced disaster preparedness and post disaster rehabilitation in agricultural systems

Wheat Maize Potato Pulses Brinjal Pumpkin Beans Lal Shak

Edible Oilseeds Banana

Guava Mango Pineapple Jackfruit

CIP Programme title and

expected aggregate output Corresponding NFP PoA Area of

Intervention

CIP/NFP PoA output proxy indicators

PROGRAMME 2 Improved Water Management and Infrastructure for Irrigation

1.2 Use and management of water resources: Increased irrigation coverage; Improved delivery and efficient use of safe irrigation

% of cropped area under irrigation


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Purposes: Sustainable and efficient water management is ensured for responding to farmer needs

water; reduced dependency on groundwater; reduced cost


Surface water irrigation area as % of total irrigation area

Irrigation cost per acre as % of total boro production cost



Intervention CIP/NFP PoA output proxy indicators

PROGRAMME 3 Improved quality of input and soil fertility: Access to quality inputs is improved and soil fertility is enhanced.

1.3. Supply and sustainable use of agricultural inputs: Increased supply of quality crop seeds; increased supply of quality seeds and feeds for fish and poultry farming; Timely supply and balance use of fertilizer ensured; agricultural machines and implements available at affordable prices; Strengthened IPM and ICM; increased efficiency and sustainability of agricultural land use; Agricultural land use for non-agricultural purposes effectively regulated

Annual change in improved rice, wheat and maize seeds production, %

Improved seeds supply (BADC, DAE and private companies) as % agronomic requirements

Rice Wheat Maize Potato Pulses

Vegetables Edible Oilseeds

(includes til, rape, mustard, groundnut and soya bean)

Supply of urea as % of estimated requirements Supply of TSP as % of estimated requirements

1.5. Agricultural credit and insurance: Increased formal credit to agriculture, to small and marginal farmers; assured coverage of financial loss due to failure of crops, livestock and fish production

Supply of MoP as % of estimated requirements Change in crop yields (moving average over 3 previous years), %

Rice Wheat Maize Potato Pulses Brinjal

Pumpkin Beans Lal Shak

Edible Oilseeds

(includes til, rape, mustard, groundnut and soyabean)

Banana Guava

Mango Pineapple

Jackfruit Agricultural credit

disbursement billion taka

% of target

142


Corresponding NFP PoA Area of Intervention


PROGRAMME 4 Fisheries & aquaculture development: Sustainable increase of fishery production through improved technology and natural resources management

1.4. Agricultural diversification: Increased production of high value crops; Increased production of fish and livestock

GDP from fishery sector as % of agriculture GDP (excluding forest), at constant price 1995-1996

Annual change in national fish production, % Number of new fish varieties developed Fish exports

as % of total exports % share of shrimp

Annual change of fingerling production (finfish), %




PROGRAMME 5 Livestock Development, with a focus on poultry and dairy production: Sustainable increase of livestock production is developed through improved technology, better animal health and resilient management practices.

1.4. Agricultural diversification: Increased production of high value crops; Increased production of fish and livestock

GDP from livestock sector as % of agricultural GDP (excluding forest, at constant price 1995-96)

Total production (quantity) of Eggs (million) Milk (million MT)

Meat (million MT)

Annual change in artificial insemination, %

Annual change in number of poultry deaths due to avian flu, %




PROGRAMME 6 Improved access to markets, value-addition in agriculture, and to non-farm incomes: Value chains are developed contributing to better access to food and increased rural incomes.

1.6. Physical Market infrastructure development: Improving private storage, market and transportation facilities, improving market connectivity at local, national and international levels

Difference between farm gate and retail prices of selected goods as % of farmgate

Coarse rice

1.7. Agricultural Marketing and Trade: Reduced marketing costs of agricultural products; strengthened market integration

Lentil

Onion 1.8. Policy/Regulatory Environment: Updated legislation regulating food markets enacted and enforced

Brinjal

Potato

2.3 Enabling Environment of Private Food trade and stocks: Enabling Environment of Private Food trade and stocks

Difference between dealers’ and farmers’ prices of fertilizers as % dealers price

Urea

2.5. Income generation for rural women and disabled people: Enhancing participation of women and disabled people in rural agricultural and other rural activities

TSP

MoP

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No. of growth centres, rural markets, women market centres, and Union Parishad Complexes developed by LGED

2.6. Agrobased/ Agroprocessing MSMEs Development: Increased growth of agro-based /agro-processing and MSMEs

Wage differential between male and female in agriculture, %

Real GDP growth of small scale manufacturing, %

Number of students enrolled in Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) institutions

2.7. Market driven education, skills and human development: People's skills developed based on domestic and international market requirements

Ratio of TVET students in year t to secondary and higher secondary school enrolment in year t-1, %



Intervention


PROGRAMME 7 Strengthened capacities for implementation and monitoring of NFP and CIP actions: National capacities to design, implement and monitor NFP PoA and investment operations are strengthened

Additional resources mobilized for CIP, USD

Increase in number and value of ongoing projects

CIP available budget execution performance

CIP Monitoring Reports produced




PROGRAMME 8 Enhanced Public Food Management Systems: Enhanced efficiency and effectiveness of Public Food Management Systems

1.10. Producer price support: Enhanced effectiveness of public procurement system; producer effectively supported during post-harvest

Effective grain storage capacity at close of fiscal year, thousand MT Average use of effective Government foodgrain storage capacity, % Actual procurement, thousand MT Achievement of public boro procurement target, %

1.11. Public Stock Management/ Price stabilization: Improved public stock management and enhanced effectiveness of OMS

Wholesale price during the boro procurement period as % of boro per unit cost production

Opening stock as % of budget target

Quantity of rice distributed through OMS as % of total domestic supply




PROGRAMME 9 Institutional Development and Capacity Development for more effective safety nets: Effectiveness and targeting of social safety net programmes are improved through strengthened institutional capacities to design and implement them.

2.2. Emergency Food Distribution from Public stocks: Improved coverage and effectiveness of emergency distribution programmes

Budgeted coverage of VGF and VGD, million cards

VGF (lakh person)

VGD (lakh person month)

2.4. Effectiveness of targeted food based programmes and safety nets: Improved coverage of vulnerable and disadvantaged people and areas, improved targeting, reduced leakage, enhanced adequacy to vulnerable people's needs

Safety net programmes expenditure as % of GDP Budgeted coverage of employment generation program for the poor, million person month

Quantity of VGF and GR distributed, MT

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Corresponding NFP PoA Area of Intervention CIP/NFP PoA output proxy indicators

PROGRAMME 10 Community based nutrition programmes and services: Nutrition and health are improved at community level through integrated short and long term interventions.

3.2 Balanced and nutritious food for vulnerable people: Increased availability through local production of low cost foods for balanced nutrition; Poor, distressed and vulnerable women and children (including those from monga areas) effectively covered by food based nutrition programmes and growth monitoring and promotion (GMP) programmes.

Proportion of infants under six months exclusively breastfed, %

Poor households raising home gardening and backyard poultry, %

3.3 Nutrition education on dietary diversification: Increased % of women educated in nutrition and primary health care activities through formal and non-formal education; Increased home gardening and backyard poultry raising activities by poor households

% of total dietary energy supply for consumption from:

Cereal

Sugar and sweeteners

3.4 Food supplementation and fortification: Increased coverage of Vitamin A, coverage and compliance of iron-folate supplementation and coverage of HH with adequately iodized salt; Increased coverage of food items for fortification with important micronutrients, e.g. vitamin A, iron and zinc

Oil and oil crops

Roots and tubers

Pulses

3.7 Women and children health: Improved child and mother health; Improved adolescents’ and women’s general health; Reduced neonatal (NMR); Infant (IMR), child (CMR) and maternal (MMR) mortality rates; Reduced total fertility rate (TFR)

Fruits and vegetables

Meat, fish, eggs and milk Others (includes stimulants, spices,

alcoholic beverages, offal, animal fats, aquatic products and miscellaneous)

3.8 Protection and promotion of breastfeeding and complementary feeding: Strengthened exclusive breastfeeding practices; Expanded practice of breastfeeding; Ensured safe and nutritious complementary feeding; Strengthened baby-friendly hospital initiative; Increased maternity leave, particularly post-partum; BMS Code respected by the breast milk substitutes marketers

Prevalence of global acute malnutrition among children < 5 years < -2SD, %

Prevalence of severe acute malnutrition among children < 5 years < -3SD, %

Proportion of women ANC coverage of at least 4 visits, %




PROGRAMME 11 Orient food and nutrition program through data: Effective information supports planning, monitoring and evaluation of food security policies and interventions.

3.1. Long term planning for balanced food: Long-term targets for physical growth established; Standard food intake established for different population groups; integrated plan for attaining standard food intake targets established

Number of mass media activities for Behavioural change communication Desirable Dietary Pattern established and updated Food Composition Tables updated

Food security and nutrition databases/ surveillance systems

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Intervention

PROGRAMME 12 Food Safety and Quality Improvement: National food safety control management, and food borne illness surveillance services are strengthened

3.5. Safe drinking water and improved sanitation: Safe water and sanitation facilities available and accessible for all by 2015

No. of compulsory food items standardized by BSTI

Prevalence of diarrhoea in under 5 children (in two week period), %

3.6 Safe, quality food supply: Enhanced access to safe and quality food, for domestic consumption and also for international trade

Proportion of population served with safe water supply for domestic use, %

Proportion of population having access to safe drinking water in arsenic affected areas, %

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Annex 2. Composition of Thematic Teams

TT

Agency

Them

atic

Team

A: f

ood

avai

labi

lity

1 Food Planning and Monitoring Unit, Ministry of Food 2 Ministry of Agriculture 3 Bangladesh Chemical Industry Corporation, Ministry of Industry , Project Design Division 4 Ministry of Food 5 Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock 6 Ministry of Water Resources

7-9 Food Planning and Monitoring Unit, Ministry of Food 10 Ministry of Food

11-12 National Food Policy Capacity Strengthening Programme-FAO

Them

atic

Team

B:

food

acc

ess

13 Food Planning and Monitoring Unit, Ministry of Food 14 Ministry of Disaster Management and Relief 15 Ministry of Social Welfare 16 Local Government Division, Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development and Cooperatives 17 Rural Development and Cooperative Division, Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development and

Cooperatives 18-19 Food Planning and Monitoring Unit, Ministry of Food 20-21 National Food Policy Capacity Strengthening Programme-FAO

Them

atic

Team

C:

food

util

izatio

n

22 Food Planning and Monitoring Unit, Ministry of Food 23 Ministry of Primary and Mass Education 24 Ministry of Women and Children Affairs 25 LG Division, Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development and Cooperatives 26 Food Planning and Monitoring Unit, Ministry of Food 27 Ministry of Health and Family Welfare

28-29 National Food Policy Capacity Strengthening Programme –FAO 30-31 Food Planning and Monitoring Unit, Ministry of Food

Them

atic

Tea

m D

: da

ta e

xcha

nge

32 Department of Agricultural Extension, Ministry of Agriculture 33 Ministry of Food 34 Agriculture Wing, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS) 35 Department of Agricultural Marketing, Ministry of Agriculture 36 Directorate General of Food 37 Implementation Monitoring and Evaluation Division, Ministry of Planning 38 Finance Division, Ministry of Finance

39-40 Food Planning and Monitoring Unit, Ministry of Food 41-42 National Food Policy Capacity Strengthening Programme-FAO

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Annex 3. Cost and financing of the CIP This annex presents the background data used to update the Country Investment Plan (CIP) budget and estimate delivery, including the full list of completed, ongoing and planned investments in the Country Investment Plan (CIP). This data was used in the analysis presented in Chapter 7. Generally the Government channels its funds through the Annual Development Plan (ADP), whereas DPs finance both ADP projects and non-ADP projects, e.g. when DPs directly fund NGOs, international organizations or private contractors. The CIP relates to projects in the ADP only, although also financing by DPs outside the ADP is monitored based on DPs reporting.

The annex is divided into six sections: - Annex 3.1 shows the effect of backward revisions to CIP budgets. Annex 3.1.a shows the

backward revisions done in 2012, 2013, and 2014 on the baseline CIP 2011. Annex 3.1.b shows the backward revisions done in 2013 and 2014 on CIP 2012, one year into CIP implementation. Annex 3.1.c shows the backward revisions done in 2014 on CIP 2013.

- Annex 3.2 shows the priority ranking assigned by the Government to each subprogramme based on the consultation (top, high, medium and low priorities, as explained in Section 7.2) and, separately for ongoing or financed activities and for those still in pipeline, the number of projects and their average budget in CIP 2014.

- Annex 3.3 summarizes by CIP component, programme and subprogrammes, the budget for completed, ongoing and pipeline projects, and total delivery up to 30 June 2013.

- Annex 3.4 lists by CIP component, programme and subprogramme, completed and ongoing projects in the CIP (updating Annex 4.5 of original CIP) providing details on previous and current status of the project, title, implementing agency, beginning and ending period, budget, delivery during the last fiscal year, total delivery and funding DP, if any.

- Annex 3.5 lists by CIP component, programme and subprogramme, pipeline projects in the CIP, providing details of their status, and fund requirements.

- Annex 3.6 summarizes information on financing by DPs. Annex 3.6a reports DPs’ financing to completed and ongoing projects through the ADP. Annex 3.6b reports DPs’ financing to completed and ongoing projects outside the ADP. Annex 3.6c reports DPs’ possible future contribution within or outside the ADP. For the CIP financing, a fixed exchange rate of 69.5 BDT per USD is maintained as this was prevailing when the CIP was originally formulated. Other currencies were converted to USD at the actual rate at the moment of disbursement or at the rate provided by the respective DPs: the respective exchange rates have been made constant, too, and then the amounts converted to BDT. The choice of such exchange rate is further motivated by the fact that the main source for the inventory of projects relevant to CIP is the ADP book, for which an exchange rate is not available, but probably has used an exchange rate prior to the more significant devaluation.

Why the CIP budget is revised backwards each year Monitoring investments under the Country Investment Plan involves directly and indirectly around 60 governmental agencies and 20 development partners. With each successive monitoring report, FPMU has accessed a wider set of data sources to increase its data collection and accuracy; refined definitions used to classify projects by programme and

148

subprogramme, and by status; strengthened systems for managing data; and improved methodology for analysing and summarising the data. All of these factors have contributed to why the CIP budget has been revised backwards, analysed with some slight differences, and presented with some new features. The purpose of these enhancements has been to enable the monitoring process to provide a picture closer to the complex reality, increase transparency of the process for all stakeholders (within and outside GoB) and support sustainability by simplifying the process. A summary of the revisions produced (for total and pipeline budgets) is provided in Table 48. The table refers by column to the reference year for the budget and by row the year and source in which the revision was published.

Table 48: Overview of CIP budget revisions – total and pipeline (million USD)

CIP Budget Revision

CIP Budget 2011 CIP Budget 2012 CIP Budget 2013 CIP Budget 2014

Total Pipeline Total Pipeline Total Pipeline Total Pipeline

CIP (June 2011) 7,834 5,061

Monitoring Report 2012 8,194 5,128 9,141 3,906

Monitoring Report 2013 7,790 4,922 8,153 3,669 9,777 3,581

Monitoring Report 2014 8,132 4,780 8,633 3,600 9,923 3,021 11,996 4,125

As the monitoring process consolidated, there has been greater use of published GoB sources, especially from the Ministry of Finance, IMED and the Programming Division of the Ministry of Planning. These have been used to complement, validate and support information obtained from direct consultations with key NFP partner ministries and divisions. In the initial stages of CIP formulation, the emphasis was on the identification of new initiatives and plans, but with gradual institutionalization of the CIP process, improved access to data and alignment of Government ministries and divisions to the CIP, the focus has shifted to stock-taking of actual changes in interventions and planning.

Some of the main changes are:

- The financed budget now reflects only projects that have received funding, and for which implementation started by 1 July 2010 or for which implementation was completed after 1 July 2010. Previously this category included projects for which a credible pledge had been identified, and now such projects are placed in the pipeline.

- The pipeline reflects more accurately actual identification/formulation of projects. This has been traced back to the original CIP to avoid duplication between preliminary ideas for intervention and actual formulation of initiatives awaiting financing. The pipeline is closely constructed from the Green Pages of the published ADP book and from information received from partner ministries and divisions. Changes in project statuses were tracked closely to identify projects that left the pipeline to become ongoing, and projects that were dropped from the pipeline.

- The budget reflects the level of initiative already undertaken (as the financed budget for completed or ongoing projects) and the level of initiatives being formulated and awaiting financing or finalization of the financing agreements (as part of the pipeline), as of 30 June 2013.

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- Some projects continue after the CIP ends. The CIP budget has been revised to exclude on a pro-rata basis the portion of the budgets of these projects that will be implemented beyond 30 June 2015, the end date of the CIP.

- Few projects relevant to the CIP were previously not included because they were operational since before 1 July 2010, the start of the CIP. More of these have been identified and included, with their project costs taken on a pro-rata basis only for the period of implementation after 1 July 2010.

- A few duplicate projects across pipeline and financed categories and within the pipeline have been identified and eliminated.

- Some projects contribute to several CIP subprogrammes. Previously these projects costs were disaggregated using figurative percentages in the hope of maintaining an accurate picture at subprogramme level. However given a lack of accurate disaggregated project data, this idea has been dropped as it contributes to a risk of duplication and/or inconsistent methodology. Projects are now classified under one single subprogramme, the most relevant to the interventions of the project, and as per indication of the coordinating agency.

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Annex 3.1: CIP budget revisions

Annex 3.1.a: Original and revised CIP budget 2011 (million USD)

GoB DPs Total Total Priority GoB DPs Total Total Priority GoB DPs Total Total Priority GoB DPs Total Total Priority

A=D+E B C D E F A=D+E B C D E F A=D+E B C D E F A=D+E B C D E F

1 Sustainable and diversified agriculture 781 34 143 177 604 441 797 62 92 154 643 468 686 60 76 136 551 404 687 65 76 141 546 401

2 Improved water management 1630 411 361 772 858 584 1642 424 348 772 870 589 1653 533 233 766 887 632 1624 533 233 766 857 611

3 Improved quality of input and soil fertility 343 28 83 111 232 170 439 122 82 204 235 172 610 332 19 351 259 197 610 332 19 351 259 197

4 Fisheries and aquaculture Development 393 20 17 37 356 212 456 74 20 94 362 216 470 100 29 129 342 219 460 100 29 129 331 212

5 Livestock development 835 22 38 60 775 440 842 24 38 62 779 443 760 21 40 61 699 426 754 21 40 61 693 422

Availability 3983 515 643 1157 2826 1846 4176 706 580 1286 2889 1889 4180 1047 395 1443 2738 1877 4136 1053 395 1448 2688 1843

6 Improved access to markets 1258 417 206 623 635 368 1232 403 195 597 635 368 1318 439 202 641 677 380 1811 795 350 1145 666 372

7Implementation and monitoring of NFP and CIP actions

113 - 14 15 99 69 108 0 5 6 102 72 112 0 10 10 102 71 78 0 10 10 68 47

8 Enhanced Public Food Management Systems 637 142 202 344 293 212 659 163 202 365 293 212 368 63 0 63 305 220 368 63 0 63 305 220

9 Effective safety nets 1065 117 476 593 472 341 1242 294 476 770 472 340 1009 303 312 615 394 287 984 279 312 591 394 287

Access 3073 676 899 1575 1499 990 3241 860 878 1738 1502 993 2807 806 524 1330 1477 959 3241 1137 672 1809 1432 927

10 Community based nutrition 558 5 16 21 537 480 558 5 15 21 537 480 590 11 71 81 508 454 543 11 71 81 461 411

11Orient food and nutrition program through data

33 1 10 11 22 13 33 1 10 11 22 13 22 1 0 1 21 13 22 1 0 1 21 13

12 Food Safety and Quality Improvement 187 1 8 9 178 91 186 1 8 9 178 91 190 1 12 13 178 91 190 1 12 13 178 91

Utilization 778 8 33 41 737 584 778 8 33 41 737 584 802 12 82 95 707 557 755 12 82 95 660 515

Total 7834 1198 1575 2773 5061 3420 8194 1574 1491 3065 5128 3465 7790 1866 1002 2868 4922 3393 8132 2202 1150 3352 4780 3285

Revised (in 2013) CIP budget 2011

TotalCIP


Pipeline projects


TotalCIP


Pipeline projects

Original CIP budget 2011

CIP programmeTotalCIP


Pipeline projects


TotalCIP


Pipeline projects

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Annex 3.1.b: Original and revised CIP budget 2012 (million USD)

Original CIP budget 2012 Revised (in 2013) CIP budget 2012 Revised (in 2014) CIP budget 2012

CIP programme

Total CIP

Financed (ongoing and completed) Pipeline projects Total

CIP


CIP


GoB DPs Total Total Priority GoB DPs Total Total Priority GoB DPs Total Total Priority

A=D+E B C D E F A=D+E B C D E F A=D+E B C D E F

1 Sustainable and diversified agriculture 1170 189 110 299 871 720 916 173 75 248 668 543 908 173 78 251 657 534

2 Improved water management 2068 1369 354 1723 345 235 1990 1303 262 1564 426 292 1980 1299 262 1561 419 287

3 Improved quality of input and soil fertility 1114 145 124 270 844 599 1106 141 51 193 913 655 1106 141 51 193 913 655

4 Fisheries and aquaculture Development 466 100 31 131 335 231 367 122 29 151 216 148 378 134 29 163 215 147

5 Livestock development 297 26 44 70 227 139 192 25 38 63 129 90 186 25 38 63 123 86

Availability 5115 1829 664 2493 2622 1924 4571 1764 454 2219 2353 1728 4558 1773 458 2231 2327 1710

6 Improved access to markets 1759 781 271 1052 706 369 1711 788 276 1065 646 336 2254 1202 424 1626 628 325

7 Implementation and monitoring of NFP and CIP actions 108 0 5 6 103 72 91 0 14 14 77 54 66 0 14 14 52 36

8 Enhanced Public Food Management Systems

538 157 202 359 179 126 261 135 0 135 126 88 261 135 0 135 126 88

9 Effective safety nets 1150 454 534 988 162 129 1129 404 412 816 314 234 1105 379 412 791 314 234

Access 3555 1392 1012 2405 1151 695 3192 1328 702 2030 1162 712 3686 1716 850 2567 1119 683

10 Community based nutrition 384 57 243 300 84 76 327 32 178 209 117 106 320 32 178 209 111 100

11 Orient food and nutrition program through data

30 5 19 24 6 3 17 2 8 11 6 3 23 2 8 11 13 6

12 Food Safety and Quality Improvement 56 4 10 14 42 21 46 4 12 15 30 16 46 4 12 15 30 16

Utilization 471 66 272 338 133 100 389 38 198 235 154 125 389 38 198 235 154 122

Total 9141 3287 1948 5235 3906 2719 8153 3130 1354 4484 3669 2565 8633 3527 1505 5033 3600 2516

152

Annex 3.1.c: Original and revised CIP budget 2013 (million USD)

Original CIP budget 2013 Revised (in 2014) CIP budget 2013

CIP programme

Total CIP


CIP


GoB DPs Total Total Priority GoB DPs Total Total Priority

A=D+E B C D E F A=D+E B C D E F

1 Sustainable and diversified agriculture 1097 307 154 461 635 523 1107 326 158 484 623 513

2 Improved water management 1989 1433 264 1697 292 200 1980 1430 264 1693 287 197

3 Improved quality of input and soil fertility 2124 395 660 1055 1069 762 1625 395 660 1055 569 412

4 Fisheries and aquaculture Development 374 145 33 178 196 133 402 175 33 208 194 133

5 Livestock development 207 26 42 68 139 95 225 50 42 92 133 91

Availability 5790 2306 1153 3459 2331 1712 5338 2375 1156 3531 1807 1346

6 Improved access to markets 1772 871 298 1169 603 315 2354 1325 446 1770 583 303

7 Implementation and monitoring of NFP and CIP actions 65 0 17 17 47 33 50 0 17 17 33 23

8 Enhanced Public Food Management Systems 451 144 30 175 276 199 451 144 30 175 276 199

9 Effective safety nets 1272 466 568 1034 238 181 1304 453 614 1067 237 181

Access 3560 1482 913 2395 1165 728 4158 1922 1107 3029 1129 705

10 Community based nutrition 363 60 251 311 52 47 357 59 246 305 52 46

11 Orient food and nutrition program through data 22 6 9 15 6 3 28 7 15 21 6 3

12 Food Safety and Quality Improvement 43 4 12 15 27 14 43 4 12 15 27 14

Utilization 428 70 272 342 86 64 427 70 272 342 85 64

Total 9777 3859 2338 6196 3581 2505 9923 4367 2536 6903 3021 2114

153

Annex 3.2: Number and average budget of projects in CIP 2014 by sub-programme

CIP programme Subprogrammes

Prio

rity

rank

ing Number of projects

(as of June 2013) Average budget

(million USD, as of June 2013) Completed Ongoing Pipeline Completed Ongoing Pipeline

Avai

labi

lity

1

Sust

aina

ble

and

dive

rsifi

ed

agric

ultu

re

1.1 Enhance research & knowledge generation and adoption to increase agricultural productivity and diversity in a sustainable manner

H 7 31 7 2.0 5.4 1.7

1.2

Improve extension services to propagate knowledge & practices, supported by community-based experimentation & learning and indigenous knowledge

H 11 24 4 4.0 6.6 10.4

1.3 Promote the development of responses to adapt agricultural systems to climate change T 0 11 7 NA 25.4 12.5

TOTAL 18 66 18 3.2 9.2 7.8

2

Impr

oved

wat

er

man

agem

ent

2.1 Improve water management in water distribution systems and at farm level

M 4 12 2 7.9 24.7 3.7

2.2 Improve & increase efficiency of surface water irrigation, in particular in the south H 7 22 13 9.1 25.3 45.8

2.3 Reduce impact of saline water intrusion in the South H 0 1 1 NA 45.4 134.7

2.4 Enhance river water flow to the South T 1 9 0 0.2 82.6 NA

TOTAL 12 44 16 8.0 37.3 46.1

3

Impr

oved

qua

lity

of i

nput

an

d so

il fe

rtili

ty

3.1 Enhance availability of agricultural inputs, tested and certified for quality of diversified crops

H 9 11 7 10.1 82.3 307.0

3.2 Develop public private partnerships through capacity development T 0 2 2 NA 20.0 13.2

3.3 Improve and increase sustainability of soil fertility management H 3 4 0 1.1 4.2 NA

3.4 Facilitate access to credit and other financial services by smallholders and the rural poor T 0 0 0 NA NA NA

TOTAL 12 17 9 7.8 56.6 241.7

4

Fish

erie

s an

d aq

uacu

lture

De

velo

pmen

t

4.1 Develop small scale aquaculture, through access to quality inputs, advice and skills

H 1 8 7 0.8 4.9 7.3

4.2 Improve management of fisheries resources H 2 21 11 5.6 8.8 15.5

4.3 Develop public private partnerships in support of infrastructure and services development

M 0 0 1 NA NA 1.5

4.4 Promote production in the South through sustainable shrimp and prawn development and community based co management of wetlands

L 0 2 2 NA 4.9 4.9

TOTAL 3 31 21 4.0 7.5 11.1

5

Live

stoc

k de

velo

pmen

t

5.1 Strengthen animal health services, including better diagnosis and surveillance systems to mitigate disease outbreaks

M 1 4 5 13.0 4.8 10.2

5.2 Strengthen husbandry capacity at household level through community based improved knowledge and advisory services

H 1 5 4 0.1 3.7 11.3

5.3 Improve availability and quality of inputs through public private partnerships H 0 2 0 NA 3.1 NA

5.4 Research on livestock development, including genetic improvement L 3 6 10 5.2 8.1 6.8

TOTAL 5 17 19 5.7 5.4 8.6

Availability 50 175 83 5.8 20.2 41.6

Acce

ss

6

Impr

oved

acc

ess

to

mar

kets

6.1 Improve physical access to markets, facilities and information M 9 37 4 14.2 55.1 16.2

6.2 Mobilize and promote producer & marketing groups for improved market access and knowledge

T 1 3 2 0.6 4.5 2.3

6.3 Develop adequate storage, processing and value addition and reduce waste through public-private partnerships

H 0 3 4 NA 4.5 13.4

154

CIP programme Subprogrammes

Prio

rity

rank

ing Number of projects

(as of June 2013) Average budget

(million USD, as of June 2013) Completed Ongoing Pipeline Completed Ongoing Pipeline

6.4 Promote and assist the development of off farm activities and rural businesses M 1 6 3 3.6 9.2 7.4

TOTAL 11 49 13 12.0 43.3 11.2

7

Impl

emen

tatio

n an

d m

onito

ring

of N

FP a

nd C

IP

actio

ns

7.1 Strengthen capacities to implement, monitor and coordinate National Food Policy-Plan of Action and CIP

H 2 1 0 0.2 13.8 NA

7.2 Strengthen national capacities for design, implementation and monitoring of CIP operations H 0 1 1 NA 2.2 3.1

7.3 Strengthen capacities of civil society organisations to contribute to CIP development and implementation

H 0 1 0 NA 0.8 NA

TOTAL 2 3 1 0.2 5.6 3.1

8

Enha

nced

Pub

lic F

ood

Man

agem

ent S

yste

ms 8.1

Enhance efficiency and effectiveness of Public Food Management Systems and improve its impact on price stabilization

T 0 0 0 NA NA NA

8.2 Build capacities of Ministry of Food and Disaster Management and Directorate of Food to better manage the food systems

T 0 0 0 NA NA NA

8.3 Increase and modernize public storage and handling facilities, including in disaster prone areas

H 2 6 1 17.4 35.5 106.4

TOTAL 2 6 1 17.4 35.5 106.4

9

Effe

ctiv

e sa

fety

ne

ts

9.1

Strengthen institutional capacities to effectively operate social safety net programmes and formulate a new integrated strategy for social safety net programmes

T 0 1 2 NA 5.4 130.7

9.2 Investment in employment and income generation of social safety nets (including in ADP)

H 10 23 4 6.8 47.5 24.9

TOTAL 10 24 6 6.8 45.7 60.2

Access 25 82 21 9.4 42.1 29.3

Util

izat

ion

10

Com

mun

ity b

ased

nut

ritio

n

10.1 Community based livelihood and nutrition programmes, building on the National Nutrition Service (NNS)

T 3 21 2 27.0 10.8 7.9

10.2 Support community based efforts of homestead gardening, rearing small livestock, aquaculture and awareness building for improved nutrition

H 1 0 1 0.1 NA 26.4

10.3 Link long term with immediate treatment of acute malnutrition, in particular through therapeutic and supplementary feeding

T 0 1 1 NA 5.2 0.2

TOTAL 4 22 4 20.3 10.6 10.6

11

Orie

nt fo

od a

nd n

utrit

ion

prog

ram

thro

ugh

data

11.1 Undertake updated & comprehensive national survey of food consumption & food composition M 0 1 0 NA 0.9 NA

11.2

Undertake study of dietary diversification & supplementation needs and advocacy, awareness & educational materials to facilitate behavioural change in eating habits & practices

H 2 1 0 0.0 4.7 NA

11.3 Strengthen national capacities in surveying and analysis to facilitate evidence based decisions M 3 5 0 0.5 3.1 NA

TOTAL 5 7 0 0.3 3.0 NA

12

Food

Saf

ety

and

Qua

lity

Impr

ovem

ent

12.1 Improve surveillance system of food borne illnesses M 1 1 1 3.0 1.2 12.2

12.2 Develop and enhance capacities of laboratories and systems for food quality assurance and safety and control of food

M 1 2 0 2.0 4.0 NA

12.3 Support the development of a modern food control management system H 2 3 1 4.0 1.5 4.3

TOTAL 4 6 2 3.2 2.3 8.3

Utilization 13 35 6 7.4 7.6 9.8

Total 88 292 110 7.0 24.8 37.5

155

Annex 3.3: CIP budget 2014 and delivery in fiscal year 2012/13 by sub-programme (million USD)

CIP pprogramme Subprogrammes Priority ranking

CIP Completed and ongoing projects Pipeline projects Delivery in 2012/13

Total % GoB DPs Total % Requires % Priority GOB DPs Total

Availability

1

Sustainable and diversified agriculture

1.1 Enhance research & knowledge generation and adoption to increase agricultural productivity and diversity in a sustainable manner

H 192.9 1.6 137.3 43.8 181.1 2.3 11.8 0.3 8.3 35.5 10.2 45.8

1.2 Improve extension services to propagate knowledge & practices, supported by community-based experimentation & learning and indigenous knowledge

H 243.9 2.0 146.6 55.6 202.3 2.6 41.7 1.0 29.2 31.2 17.5 48.7

1.3 Promote the development of responses to adapt agricultural systems to climate change T 366.9 3.1 108.8 170.9 279.7 3.6 87.2 2.1 78.5 16.2 14.5 30.7

13 TOTAL 803.7 6.7 392.7 270.3 663.0 8.4 140.7 3.4 115.9 82.9 42.2 125.1

2

Improved w

ater managem

ent

2.1 Improve water management in water distribution systems and at farm level M 335.3 2.8 214.2 113.8 328.0 4.2 7.3 0.2 3.7 31.4 20.0 51.4

2.2 Improve & increase efficiency of surface water irrigation, in particular in the south H 1,216.8 10.1 474.1 147.0 621.1 7.9 595.7 14.4 417.0 47.3 25.9 73.2

2.3 Reduce impact of saline water intrusion in the South H 180.1 1.5 45.4 - 45.4 0.6 134.7 3.3 94.3 9.3 - 9.3

2.4 Enhance river water flow to the South T 743.6 6.2 719.3 24.4 743.6 9.4 - - - 101.4 - 101.4

14 TOTAL 2,475.8 20.6 1,452.9 285.2 1,738.1 22.1 737.7 17.9 514.9 189.4 45.9 235.3

3

Improved quality of input and soil

fertility

3.1 Enhance availability of agricultural inputs, tested and certified for quality of diversified crops H 3,145.0 26.2 355.2 641.0 996.2 12.7 2,148.9 52.1 1,504.2 24.2 184.8 209.0

3.2 Develop public private partnerships through capacity development T 66.5 0.6 40.0 - 40.0 0.5 26.5 0.6 23.8 9.8 - 9.8

3.3 Improve and increase sustainability of soil fertility management

H 20.1 0.2 9.6 10.5 20.1 0.3 - - - 0.9 3.4 4.4

3.4 Facilitate access to credit and other financial services by smallholders and the rural poor T - - - - - - - - - - - -

15 TOTAL 3,231.6 26.9 404.8 651.5 1,056.2 13.4 2,175.3 52.7 1,528.0 34.9 188.2 223.1

156




4

Fisheries and aquaculture Developm

ent

4.1 Develop small scale aquaculture, through access to quality inputs, advice and skills

H 91.3 0.8 35.8 4.5 40.2 0.5 51.0 1.2 35.7 3.9 0.9 4.8

4.2 Improve management of fisheries resources H 365.7 3.0 150.0 45.3 195.3 2.5 170.4 4.1 119.3 21.0 10.5 31.4

4.3 Develop public private partnerships in support of infrastructure and services development

M 1.5 0.0 - - - - 1.5 0.0 0.8 - - -

4.4 Promote production in the South through sustainable shrimp and prawn development and community based co management of wetlands

L 19.7 0.2 9.9 - 9.9 0.1 9.8 0.2 3.9 0.8 - 0.8

16 TOTAL 478.1 4.0 195.6 49.8 245.4 3.1 232.7 5.6 159.6 25.6 11.4 37.0

5

Livestock development

5.1 Strengthen animal health services, including better diagnosis and surveillance systems to mitigate disease outbreaks

M 82.9 0.7 17.3 14.8 32.1 0.4 50.8 1.2 25.4 1.1 4.4 5.4

5.2 Strengthen husbandry capacity at household level through community based improved knowledge and advisory services

H 63.9 0.5 6.4 12.3 18.7 0.2 45.2 1.1 31.7 0.9 3.1 4.0

5.3 Improve availability and quality of inputs through public private partnerships H 6.1 0.1 6.1 - 6.1 0.1 - - - 1.6 - 1.6

5.4 Research on livestock development, including genetic improvement L 132.0 1.1 44.8 19.3 64.1 0.8 67.9 1.6 27.2 6.6 4.9 11.5

17 TOTAL 285.0 2.4 74.6 46.4 121.1 1.5 163.9 4.0 84.2 10.2 12.4 22.5

Availability 7,274.2 60.6 2,520.6 1,303.2 3,823.9 48.6 3,450.3 83.6 2,402.7 343.0 300.1 643.1

Access

6

Improved access to m

arkets

6.1 Improve physical access to markets, facilities and information M 2,231.8 18.6 1,559.4 607.5 2,166.9 27.5 64.9 1.6 32.5 373.5 122.4 495.8

6.2 Mobilize and promote producer & marketing groups for improved market access and knowledge

T 18.5 0.2 9.8 4.2 14.0 0.2 4.5 0.1 4.1 1.8 1.2 3.0

6.3 Develop adequate storage, processing and value addition and reduce waste through public-private partnerships

H 67.3 0.6 13.6 - 13.6 0.2 53.7 1.3 37.6 1.2 - 1.2

6.4 Promote and assist the development of off farm activities and rural businesses M 80.8 0.7 52.1 6.6 58.7 0.7 22.1 0.5 11.0 4.7 1.6 6.3

18 TOTAL 2,398.5 20.0 1,634.8 618.4 2,253.2 28.6 145.2 3.5 85.2 381.2 125.2 506.4

157




7

Implem

entation and monitoring

of NFP and CIP actions

7.1 Strengthen capacities to implement, monitor and coordinate National Food Policy-Plan of Action and CIP H 14.2 0.1 0.2 14.051 14.2 0.2 - - - - 2.9 2.9

7.2 Strengthen national capacities for design, implementation and monitoring of CIP operations H 5.3 0.0 - 2.2 2.2 0.0 3.1 0.1 2.2 - - -

7.3 Strengthen capacities of civil society organisations to contribute to CIP development and implementation

H 0.8 0.0 - 0.8 0.8 0.0 - - - - - -

19 TOTAL 20.3 0.2 0.2 17.0 17.2 0.2 3.1 0.1 2.2 - 2.9 2.9

8

Enhanced Public Food M

anagement System

s

8.1 Enhance efficiency and effectiveness of Public Food Management Systems and improve its impact on price stabilization

T - - - - - - - - - - - -

8.2 Build capacities of Ministry of Food and Directorate of Food to better manage the food systems

T - - - - - - - - - - - -

8.3 Increase and modernize public storage and handling facilities, including in disaster prone areas H 354.4 3.0 217.7 30.3 248.0 3.2 106.4 2.6 74.5 54.9 6.1 61.0

20 TOTAL 354.4 3.0 217.7 30.3 248.0 3.2 106.4 2.6 74.5 54.9 6.1 61.0

9

Effective safety nets

9.1

Strengthen institutional capacities to effectively operate social safety net programmes and formulate a new integrated strategy for social safety net programmes

T 266.7 2.2 0.1 5.3 5.4 0.1 261.4 6.3 235.2 0.0 1.6 1.7

9.2 Investment in employment and income generation of social safety nets (including in ADP) H 1,259.9 10.5 528.3 631.9 1,160.2 14.7 99.6 2.4 69.8 159.0 143.3 302.3

21 TOTAL 1,526.6 12.7 528.5 637.2 1,165.6 14.8 361.0 8.8 305.0 159.0 144.9 303.9

Access 4,299.9 35.8 2,381.1 1,302.9 3,684.0 46.8 615.8 14.9 466.8 595.2 279.0 874.1

Utilization

10

Comm

unity based nutrition

10.1 Community based livelihood and nutrition programmes, building on the National Nutrition Service (NNS)

T 324.6 2.7 59.2 249.5 308.7 3.9 15.9 0.4 14.3 8.3 26.0 34.2

10.2 Support community based efforts of homestead gardening, rearing small livestock, aquaculture and awareness building for improved nutrition

H 26.5 0.2 0.1 - 0.1 0.0 26.4 0.6 18.5 - - -

10.3 Link long term with immediate treatment of acute malnutrition, in particular through therapeutic and supplementary feeding

T 5.4 0.0 1.7 3.5 5.2 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.2 - 0.6 0.6

158




22 TOTAL 356.5 3.0 61.0 253.0 314.0 4.0 42.5 1.0 33.0 8.3 26.6 34.8

11

Orient food and nutrition program

through data

11.1 Undertake updated & comprehensive national survey of food consumption & food composition

M 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.9 0.0 - - - - 0.2 0.2

11.2

Undertake study of dietary diversification & supplementation needs and advocacy, awareness & educational materials to facilitate behavioural change in eating habits & practices

H 4.8 0.0 1.5 3.3 4.8 0.1 - - - 0.4 0.5 0.9

11.3 Strengthen national capacities in surveying and analysis to facilitate evidence based decisions M 16.8 0.1 5.5 11.3 16.8 0.2 - - - 0.3 2.2 2.5

23 TOTAL 22.6 0.2 7.0 15.6 22.6 0.3 - - - 0.7 2.9 3.6

12

Food Safety and Quality

Improvem

ent

12.1 Improve surveillance system of food borne illnesses M 16.4 0.1 0.4 3.8 4.2 0.1 12.2 0.3 6.1 - 0.5 0.5

12.2 Develop and enhance capacities of laboratories and systems for food quality assurance and safety and control of food

M 10.0 0.1 7.5 2.5 10.0 0.1 - - - 0.1 0.3 0.5

12.3 Support the development of a modern food control management system H 16.8 0.1 3.1 9.4 12.5 0.2 4.3 0.1 3.0 0.8 0.9 1.7

24 TOTAL 43.3 0.4 11.0 15.7 26.7 0.3 16.5 0.4 9.1 0.9 1.7 2.7

Utilization 422.3 3.5 79.1 284.3 363.3 4.6 59.0 1.4 42.1 9.9 31.1 41.0

Total 11,996 100 4,981 2,890 7,871 100 4,125 100 2,912 948 610 1,558

159

Annex 3.4: Ongoing and completed CIP projects as of June 2013 - updated annex 4.5 of CIP 2011 (in lakh taka)

Programm

e

Subprogramm

e

Included in CIP 2011



Gob Agency

Project title

Project status

Project start

Project end

Project budget for the period July 2010 - June 2015

Delivery in FY 2012/13 Total delivery since Jul'10

DP

Total GoB PA Total GoB PA Total GoB PA

1: Sustainable and diversified agriculture

1.1: Enhance research & know

ledge generation and adoption to increase agricultural productivity and diversity in a sustainable m

anner

No

Pipeline

Ongoing

BADC

Mujibnagar Integrated Agricultural Development Project

Ongoing

Jul-11

Jun-13

14931 14931 0 3011 3011 0 4106 4106 0

Ongoing

Ongoing

Ongoing

BARC

National Agricultural Technology Project

Ongoing

Jul-07

Dec-13

16415 651 15764 3211 0 3211 8882 111 8772

IDA

Ongoing

Ongoing

Ongoing

BARI

Agricultural Sector Programme Support 2nd Phase (BARI Part)

Completed

Oct-07

Jun-13

110 0 110 16 0 16 110 0 110

No

Ongoing

Ongoing

BARI

Continuation and expansion of pesticide research in pesticide analytical laboratory at BARI

Ongoing

Jul-10

Jun-15

859 859 0 106 106 0 507 507 0

Ongoing

Ongoing

Ongoing

BARI

Development project for quality Seeds for Rice, Wheat and Maize

Ongoing

Mar-09

Dec-13

3732 3732 0 3075 3075 0 3075 3075 0

Pipeline

Ongoing

Ongoing

BARI

Farm Machinery Technology Development and Dissemination

Ongoing

Jul-10

Jun-13

1462 1462 0 469 469 0 1299 1299 0

No

No

Pipeline

BARI

Improving the Research and Research infrastructure of BARI

Ongoing

Jan-12

Jun-16 12436 12436 0 100 100 0 100 100 0

Pipeline

Pipeline

Ongoing

BARI

Integrated Agriculture Productivity Project (IAPP)

Ongoing

Jul-11

Jun-16

1759 226 1533 496 150 346 640 181 460

GAFSP

Pipeline

Ongoing

Ongoing

BARI

Integrated Quality Horticulture Development Project (2nd phase)

Ongoing

Jul-10

Dec-13

5481 5481 0 1400 1400 0 3299 3299 0

No

Pipeline

Ongoing

BARI


Ongoing

Jul-11

Jun-13

665 665 0 160 160 0 314 314 0

160 Program

me

Subprogramm

e




Gob Agency

Project title

Project status

Project start

Project end



DP


Ongoing

Completed

Completed

BARI

Orange Development Project

Completed

Jul-06

Jun-11

108 108 0 0 0 0 128 128 0

No

No

No

BARI

Pirojpur-Gopalgonj-Bagherhat Integrated Agriculture Development Project (BARI part)

Ongoing

Jul-12

Jun-17

324 324 0 283 283 0 283 283 0

Pipeline

Ongoing

Ongoing

BARI

Tuber Crop Development Project

Ongoing

Jul-10

Jun-13

2752 2752 0 965 965 0 2060 2060 0

Pipeline

Ongoing

Ongoing

BARI

Upgrading of Pulses Research Sub-Station, Madaripur to Regional Pulses Research station (RPRS)

Ongoing

Jan-11

Jun-14

1816 1816 0 599 599 0 1335 1335 0

Pipeline

Pipeline

Ongoing

BFRI


Ongoing

Jul-11

Jun-16

1076 62 1014 292 48 244 434 73 360

Ongoing

Ongoing

Ongoing

BINA

Strengthening Research Activities and Sub-Stations Development of BINA

Ongoing

May-10

Jun-13

11292 11292 0 4709 4709 0 8789 8789 0

Pipeline

Ongoing

Ongoing

BJRI Basic & Applied Research in Jute (BJRI)

Ongoing

Sep-10

Aug-13

6593 6593 0 1532 1532 0 4737 4737 0

No

Ongoing

Ongoing

BLRI

Strengthening research and on farm trial programs of BLRI regional stations

Ongoing

Jul-10

Jun-14

1138 1138 0 112 112 0 1106 1106 0

Pipeline

Ongoing

Ongoing

BRRI

Biotechnology Research Facility Development at BRRI project

Completed

Jul-11

Jun-13

609 609 0 495 495 0 593 593 0

No

No

Ongoing

BRRI

Development of Research capacity of BRRI

Ongoing

Jan-12

Dec-13

2366 866 1500 1226 361 865 2009 509 1500

161 Program

me

Subprogramm

e




Gob Agency

Project title

Project status

Project start

Project end



DP


Pipeline

Ongoing

Ongoing

BRRI


Ongoing

Jul-10

Jun-13

1412 1412 0 435 435 0 990 990 0

Pipeline

Pipeline

Ongoing

BRRI


Ongoing

Jul-11

Jun-16

1644 287 1357 518 100 418 713 205 508

Pipeline

Ongoing

Ongoing

BRRI Minimizing Rice Yield Gap

Ongoing

Jan-11

Dec-13

252 252 0 104 104 0 228 228 0

Pipeline

Pipeline

Ongoing

BRRI


Ongoing

Jul-11

Jun-13

958 958 0 90 90 0 238 238 0

Pipeline

No

No

BRRI

Perojpur-Goplganj-Bagerhat Integrated Agriculture Development Project

Ongoing

Jul-12

Jun-17

415 415 0 28 28 0 28 28 0

Ongoing

Completed

Completed

BRRI

Research and Development of Hybrid Rice in Bangladesh

Completed

Jul-05

Jun-11

297 297 0 0 0 0 275 275 0

Ongoing

Ongoing

Completed

BRRI

Strengthening and Capacity Building of Biotechnology Laboratory in BRRI

Completed

Jul-07

Jun-13

534 534 0 152 152 0 501 501 0

Pipeline

Ongoing

Ongoing

BSRI

Date palm,Palmyra Palm and Golpata Development Pilot Project

Ongoing

Nov-10

Dec-14

862 862 0 250 250 0 533 533 0

No

Pipeline

Ongoing

BSRI

Pilot project for development of sugarbeet cultivation technologies in Bangladesh

Ongoing

Jul-10

Jun-14

345 345 0 100 100 0 198 198 0

Pipeline

Ongoing

Ongoing

BSRI

Strengthening of Biotechnology of Sugarcane Research Institute

Ongoing

Jul-10

Dec-13

884 884 0 245 245 0 709 709 0

162 Program

me

Subprogramm

e




Gob Agency

Project title

Project status

Project start

Project end



DP


Pipeline

Ongoing

Ongoing

DAE

Construction of Krishibid Institution Bangladesh (KIB) Complex

Completed

Mar-10

Jun-13

7632 7632 0 3585 3585 0 5631 5631 0

Ongoing

Ongoing

Completed

DAE

Modernization and capacity upgrading project for national agricultural training institute (NATA- former SERDI)

Completed

Jul-07

Jun-12

429 429 0 0 0 0 368 368 0

No

No

No

DAE

PCU: Pirojpur Gopalganj Bagerhat integrated agricultural development project (PCU)

Ongoing

Jul-12

Jun-17

228 228 0 15 15 0 15 15 0

No

Ongoing

Ongoing

DAE

upgradation of Aaraihajar Horticulture Center to training institute

Ongoing

Jul-10

Jun-13

1954 1954 0 507 507 0 522 522 0

No

Pipeline

Ongoing

DoF

Establishment of fisheries diploma institute in Gopalgonj, Kishoreganj

Ongoing

Jul-11

Jun-15

12313 12313 0 1449 1449 0 1449 1449 0

Ongoing

Ongoing

Ongoing

KGF

National Agricultural Technology Project (KGF)

Ongoing

Jul-07

Dec-13

5200 144 5056 976 11 965 2867 80 2788

IDA

Ongoing

Ongoing

Ongoing

MoA

National Agricultural Technology Project (PCU)

Ongoing

Jul-07

Dec-13

4467 351 4116 1074 79 996 2237 139 2098

IDA

No

Ongoing

Ongoing

SRDI Minimizing Rice Yield Gap

Ongoing

Jan-11

Dec-13

93 93 0 30 30 0 80 80 0

1.2: Improve extension

services to propagate know

ledge & practices,

supported by com

munity-based

experimentation &

learning and indigenous

knowledge

Ongoing

Completed

Completed

AIS Agriculture Sector Programme Support

Completed

Jul-07

Jun-11

98 4 94 0 0 0 0 0 0

DANIDA

Ongoing

Ongoing

Ongoing

AIS

Intensification of agriculture information service in 10 agriculture regions

Ongoing

Jul-08

Jun-13

576 576 0 207 207 0 522 522 0

163 Program

me

Subprogramm

e




Gob Agency

Project title

Project status

Project start

Project end



DP


Pipeline

Pipeline

Pipeline

AIS

Promotion of Digital Krishi and Livelihood Improvement through Agriculture & communication Center

Ongoing

Jan-12

Jun-14

1880 1880 0 496 496 0 496 496 0

Pipeline

Pipeline

Ongoing

BADC

Chittagong Hill Tracts Integrated Agricultural Development Project (Phase III)

Ongoing

Jul-11

Jun-14

1452 1452 0 518 518 0 718 718 0

Ongoing

Ongoing

Ongoing

BADC

Greater Bogra-Rangpur-Dinajpur Integrated Agricultural Development Project ( Phase II)

Ongoing

Jul-09

Jun-14

1831 1831 0 424 424 0 1599 1599 0

Ongoing

Ongoing

Ongoing

BADC

Greater Khulna-Jessore-Kushtia Integrated Agricultural Development Project ( Phase II)

Ongoing

Jul-09

Jun-14

2012 2012 0 326 326 0 1948 1948 0

Ongoing

Ongoing

Ongoing

BADC

Greater Mymensingh-Tangail Agricultural Development Project-2nd Phase

Ongoing

Jul-09

Jun-14

2039 2039 0 622 622 0 1770 1770 0

Pipeline

Ongoing

Ongoing

BADC


Ongoing

Jul-10

Dec-13

2770 2770 0 969 969 0 2247 2247 0

Pipeline

Ongoing

Ongoing

BADC

Tuber Crop Development Project

Ongoing

Jul-10

Jun-13

23292 23292 0 5350 5350 0 10247 10247 0

Ongoing

Ongoing

Ongoing

DAE

Agriculture Sector Programme Support (1st revised) Agricultural Extension Component (AEC) under ASPS-II

Completed

Oct-06

Jun-13 5702 801 4901 2512 1329 1184 5675 1842 3833

DANIDA

Ongoing

Ongoing

Ongoing

DAE

Construction of Rubber Dams in Small & medium River for Increasing Food Production

Ongoing

Jul-09

Jun-14

1106 1106 0 83 83 0 445 445 0

Ongoing

Ongoing

Completed

DAE

Enhancement of Crops Production through Farm Mechanization

Completed

Jan-10

Jun-12

14903 14903 0 0 0 0 13256 13256 0

164 Program

me

Subprogramm

e




Gob Agency

Project title

Project status

Project start

Project end



DP


Pipeline

Ongoing

Ongoing

DAE


Completed

Jul-10

Jun-13

320 320 0 91 91 0 278 278 0

Pipeline

Pipeline

Ongoing

DAE

Farmer’s Training at Upazila level for Transfer of Technology (2nd Phase)

Ongoing

Jan-11

Dec-13

11651 11651 0 3457 3457 0 3886 3886 0

Ongoing

Ongoing

Completed

DAE

Greater Rangpur Agriculture & Rural Development (DAE-LGED)

Completed

Jul-06

Jun-13

1165 78 1087 68 -186 253 722 17 705

IDA

Ongoing

Ongoing

Completed

DAE

Improvement of ATI( quality development project) in Sherpur, Gaibandha, and Khulna (doulatpur)

Completed

Jul-08

Jun-12

1410 1410 0 0 0 0 1375 1375 0

No

Pipeline

Pipeline

DAE

Integrated agricultural development project of East region

Ongoing

Jul-12

Jun-16

1420 1420 0 20 20 0 20 20 0

No

Ongoing

Ongoing

DAE

Integrated Agricultural Extension Approach for poverty Reduction and Food Security Project (IAPRFP)

Ongoing

Jul-08

Jun-13

1500 1500 0 638 638 0 1225 1225 0

Pipeline

Pipeline

Ongoing

DAE


Ongoing

Jul-11

Jun-16 8789 3938 4852 2089 789 1300 2860 1212 1648

Pipeline

Ongoing

Ongoing

DAE

Integrated Pest Management (2nd phase, 1st revised)

Completed

Jul-10

Jun-13

2189 2189 0 793 793 0 2184 2184 0

Pipeline

Ongoing

Ongoing

DAE


Ongoing

Jul-10

Dec-13

7863 7863 0 1694 1694 0 4163 4163 0

Pipeline

Ongoing

Ongoing

DAE

Minimizing Rice Yield Gap Project (1st revised)

Ongoing

Jan-11

Dec-13

2076 2076 0 630 630 0 1663 1663 0

165 Program

me

Subprogramm

e




Gob Agency

Project title

Project status

Project start

Project end



DP


Pipeline

Pipeline

Ongoing

DAE

Mujibnagar integrated Agriculture Development Project

Ongoing

Jul-11

Jun-13

3829 3829 0 372 372 0 837 837 0

Ongoing

Ongoing

Ongoing

DAE

National Agricultural Technology Project, Phase I, 2nd revised

Ongoing

Jul-07

Jun-13

10697 611 10086 4006 225 3782 8408 478 7929

IDA

Ongoing

Completed

Completed

DAE Orange Development Project

Completed

Jul-06

Jun-11

552 552 0 0 0 0 490 490 0

No

Pipeline

Pipeline

DAE

Pirojpur Gopalganj Bagerhat integrated agricultural development project

Ongoing

Jul-12

Jun-17

1936 1936 0 28 28 0 28 28 0

Ongoing

Ongoing

Ongoing

DAE

Strengthening Mushroom Development Project

Completed

Jul-08

Jun-13

3405 3405 0 767 767 0 2943 2943 0

Ongoing

Ongoing

Completed

DAE

Support to Assist Landless, Marginal and Small Farmers to Overcome Soaring Input and Food Prices in Impoverished Areas of Bangladesh

Completed

Jan-10

Aug-11

320 0 320 0 0 0 320 0 320

Pipeline

Ongoing

Ongoing

DAE Tuber Crop Development Project

Ongoing

Jul-10

Jun-13 837 837 0 250 250 0 626 626 0

Ongoing

Completed

Completed

DAE

Increase production and creation of employment for rural people through engineering technology expansion

Completed

Jul-10

Jun-11

625 625 0 0 0 0 605 605 0

Pipeline

Ongoing

Ongoing

DAM

Integrated Quality Horticulture (standard garden) Development Project (2nd phase)

Ongoing

Jul-10

Dec-13

2470 2470 0 1560 1560 0 1938 1938 0

No

No

Ongoing

DAM


Ongoing

Jul-11

Jun-13

772 772 0 360 360 0 404 404 0

166 Program

me

Subprogramm

e




Gob Agency

Project title

Project status

Project start

Project end



DP


No

Pipeline

Pipeline

DAM

Pirojpur Gopalganj Bagerhat integrated agricultural development project

Ongoing

Jul-12

Jun-17

449 449 0 22 22 0 22 22 0

Ongoing

Ongoing

Ongoing

LGED

Community Based Resource Management Project.

Ongoing

Jul-02

Jun-14

9122 900 8223 2208 -237 2445 8236 825 7411

IFAD

Pipeline

Pipeline

Ongoing

MoA


Ongoing

Jul-11

Jun-16

9517 417 9100 3273 84 3190 3739 104 3635

1.3: Promote the developm

ent of responses to adapt agricultural systems to clim

ate change

No

Pipeline

Pipeline

DDM

Construction of flood shelters in the flood prone and river erosion areas (2nd phase)

Ongoing

Jan-13

Dec-15

14527 14527 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

No

No

Pipeline

DDM

Vertical Extension of Disaster Management and Relief Bhaban and Construction of Relief Godowns in the Disaster Prone Districts

Ongoing

Jul-12

Dec-14

1640 1640 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

No

ongoing

Ongoing

DoForestry

Char Development and Settlement Project-4 (Do Forest Part)

Ongoing

Jan-11

Dec-16

2385 121 2264 507 37 470 507 37 470

IFAD, N

etherlands

Ongoing

Ongoing

Ongoing

DoForestry

Community based adaptation to climate change through Coastal Afforestation in Bangladesh

Ongoing

Jul-09

Nov-12

6797 1015 5782 980 -20 1000 2556 150 2406

UN

DP

No

No

No

LGED

Coastal Climate Change Resilient Infrastructure Improvement Project.

Ongoing

Jul-12

Jun-17

73760 15342 58418 159 97 62 159 97 62

ADB, KfW, IFAD

No

No

No

LGED

Feasibility Study in term of Hydrological and Morphological Study, Economic Analysis and Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

Ongoing

Jul-12

Jun-13

186 186 0 186 186 0 186 186 0

167 Program

me

Subprogramm

e




Gob Agency

Project title

Project status

Project start

Project end



DP


No

Pipeline

Ongoing

LGED

WFP Assisted Enhancing Resilience to Disaster and the Effects of Climate Change Project.

Ongoing

Jan-12

Dec-16

72552 37003 35549 18877 10330 8547 18877 10330 8547

WFP

No

No

Pipeline

MoA

Integrated Environmental Friendly Project for Hill Tracts

Ongoing

Jul-12

Jun-15

1451 1451 0 600 600 0 600 600 0

No

No

Pipeline

MoDM

R

Procurement of saline water treatment plant

Ongoing

Jan-13

Dec-14

18906 4268 14637 0 0 0 0 0 0

No

Pipeline

Ongoing

MoEF

Climate change Capacity building and knowledge management - a technical assistance grant project

Ongoing

Jan-12

Jun-13

454 83 371 10 0 10 10 0 10

ADB

Ongoing

Ongoing

Ongoing

MoEF

Supporting Implementation of the Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan – a technical assistance grant project BCCSP

Ongoing

Jul-09

Jun-14

1724 0 1724 3 0 3 422 0 422

ADB

2: Improved w

ater managem

ent

2.1: Improve w

ater managem

ent in water distribution

systems and at farm

level

No

No

Pipeline

BADC

Eastern Integrated Irrigated Area Development Project

Ongoing

Jan-13

Jun-17

5659 5659 0 370 370 0 370 370 0

Pipeline

Ongoing

Ongoing

BADC

Enhancing Agricultural Production and Poverty Alleviation by introducing Force mode Tubewell Irrigation

Ongoing

Jul-10

Jun-14

2583 2583 0 875 875 0 2568 2568 0

Pipeline

Pipeline

Ongoing

BADC

Integrated Agriculture Productivity Project (BADC - seed and water management component)

Ongoing

Jul-11

Jun-16 8297 3970 4327 2036 653 1383 2341 857 1484

Pipeline

Ongoing

Ongoing

BADC

Pabna - Natore - Sirajgang Irrigation Area Development Project (3rd Phase)

Ongoing

Mar-11

Jun-14

15174 15174 0 2899 2899 0 4998 4998 0

Ongoing

Completed

Completed

BADC

Pilot Project for Agricultural Production In Monga Prone Area Through Modern Minor Irrigation Practices (BADC part)

Completed

Jul-07

Jun-11

688 688 0 0 0 0 625 625 0

168 Program

me

Subprogramm

e




Gob Agency

Project title

Project status

Project start

Project end



DP


Pipeline

Pipeline

Ongoing

BADC

Survey and Monitoring Project for Development of Minor Irrigation (3rd Phase)

Ongoing

Jul-11

Jun-14

2221 2221 0 1001 1001 0 1566 1566 0

Ongoing

Ongoing

Ongoing

BMDA

Activating Inoperable Deep Tube wells for Irrigation

Ongoing

Jul-08

Jun-13

12179 12179 0 2250 2250 0 10950 10950 0

Ongoing

Ongoing

Completed

BMDA

Barind Integrated Area Development Project (Phase-III)

Completed

Jul-07

Jun-12

10660 10660 0 0 0 0 10657 10657 0

Ongoing

Ongoing

Ongoing

BMDA

Command Area Development & Training Project (2nd Phase)

Completed

Jul-08

Jun-13

9154 9154 0 3124 3124 0 9124 9124 0

Pipeline

Ongoing

Ongoing

BMDA

Command Area extension and Development

Ongoing

Jan-10

Jun-13

5125 5125 0 2234 2234 0 5074 5074 0

Ongoing

Ongoing

Ongoing

BMDA

Deep Tubewell Installation Project phase II

Ongoing

Jan-10

Dec-13

24585 24585 0 2315 2315 0 10815 10815 0

Pipeline

Ongoing

Ongoing

BMDA

Panchagarh,Thakurgaon, Dinajpur and Joypurhat Integrated Agricultural Development Project

Ongoing

Jul-10

Jun-13

27095 27095 0 2400 2400 0 4665 4665 0

No

Pipeline

Pipeline

BRDB

Irrigation expansion programme

Ongoing

Jan-13

Dec-15

1650 1650 0 64 64 0 64 64 0

Ongoing

Completed

Completed

BWDB

IPSWAM – Integrated planning for sustainable water management

Completed

Jul-99

Jun-11

1582 443 1139 0 0 0 1140 353 787

Netherlands

Ongoing

Ongoing

Ongoing

LGED

development of Small Scale Water Resources Project in Greater Mymensingh, Sylhet and Faridpur Areas

Ongoing

Jul-07

Jun-13

43323 13028 30295 8488 1488 7000 20449 4792 15658

JBIC

169 Program

me

Subprogramm

e




Gob Agency

Project title

Project status

Project start

Project end



DP


Ongoing

Ongoing

Ongoing

LGED

Participatory Small Scale Water Resources Sector Project

Ongoing

Jan-10

Jun-17

57973 14623 43350 7643 2143 5500 15084 4911 10173

ADB, IFAD, N

etherlands

2.2: Improve &

increase efficiency of surface water irrigation, in particular in the south

Pipeline

Ongoing

Ongoing

BADC

Activating Inoperable Deep Tube wells for Irrigation

Ongoing

Jul-10

Jun-13

17086 17086 0 3819 3819 0 7755 7755 0

Ongoing

Ongoing

Ongoing

BADC

Asuganj-Polash Agro Irrigation (4th Phase)

Ongoing

Jan-09

Dec-13

1684 1684 0 350 350 0 1488 1488 0

Ongoing

Ongoing

Ongoing

BADC

Construction of Rubber Dams in Small & medium River for Increasing Food Production

Ongoing

Jul-09

Jun-14

5705 5705 0 255 255 0 1799 1799 0

Ongoing

Ongoing

Ongoing

BADC

Expansion of Irrigation Through Utilization of Surface Water by Double Lifting ( 2nd Phase)

Ongoing

Jul-09

Jun-14

8254 8254 0 1699 1699 0 5903 5903 0

Pipeline

Ongoing

Ongoing

BADC

Greater Dhaka Irrigation Development Project-2nd Phase

Ongoing

Jul-10

Dec-13

9931 9931 0 2866 2866 0 7080 7080 0

Pipeline

Pipeline

Ongoing

BADC

Greater Faridpur Irrigation Area Development project

Ongoing

Jul-11

Jul-15

8782 8782 0 2956 2956 0 5328 5328 0

Ongoing

Ongoing

Ongoing

BADC

Innovative Use of Surface Water Project (2nd Phase)

Ongoing

Jul-09

Jun-14

1672 1672 0 180 180 0 1416 1416 0

Pipeline

Ongoing

Ongoing

BMDA

Barind Rain Water Conservation and Irrigation Project (Phase II)

Ongoing

Mar-11

Jun-14

23895 23895 0 2000 2000 0 3000 3000 0

170 Program

me

Subprogramm

e




Gob Agency

Project title

Project status

Project start

Project end



DP


Ongoing

Ongoing

Ongoing

BWDB

Area integrated Water Resources Management Project Southwest

Ongoing

Jul-05

Jun-14

25546 4738 20809 6108 964 5144 16991 2835 14156

ADB

No

Ongoing

Completed

BWDB

Dhepa river left bank flood control, drainage and irrigation project

Completed

Aug-10

Jun-12

2286 2286 0 0 0 0 1551 1551 0

Ongoing

Ongoing

Completed

BWDB

Dhepa-Punarbhaba Water Management under Biral Upazila in Dinajpur District

Completed

Jul-07

Jun-12

1692 1692 0 0 0 0 1393 1393 0

Ongoing

Ongoing

Ongoing

BWDB

Gazner Bill Link River Excavation, Development of Irrigation Facilities and fish cultivation project at Sujanagar Upazila in Pabna District (BWDB part)

Ongoing

Jan-10

Jun-13

36123 36123 0 1400 1400 0 5109 5109 0

Ongoing

Ongoing

Ongoing

BWDB

Kurigram Irrigation Project ( South Unit)

Completed

Jul-06

Jun-12

19480 19480 0 0 0 0 225 225 0

Ongoing

Ongoing

Ongoing

BWDB

Kurigram Irrigation Project (North Unit)

Completed

Jul-06

Jun-11

9537 9537 0 0 0 0 10 10 0

Ongoing

Ongoing

Ongoing

BWDB

Matamuhuri Irrigation Project

Ongoing

Jul-05

Jun-13 850 850 0 217 217 0 847 847 0

Ongoing

Ongoing

Completed

BWDB

Muhuri-Kahua Flood Control, Drainage and Irrigation Project

Completed

Jul-04

Jun-12

10688 10688 0 0 0 0 9378 9378 0

No

Pipeline

Ongoing

BWDB

Pre-monsoon Flood Protection and Drainage Improvement in Haor Areas

Ongoing

Jul-11

Jun-15

68494 68494 0 2495 2495 0 3230 3230 0

171 Program

me

Subprogramm

e




Gob Agency

Project title

Project status

Project start

Project end



DP


No

Pipeline

Ongoing

BWDB

Surma Right Bank Flood Control, Drainage and Irrigation Project

Ongoing

Jul-11

Jun-14

4571 4571 0 746 746 0 996 996 0

Ongoing

Ongoing

Ongoing

BWDB

Tarail Pachuria Flood control, Drainage and Irrigation Project

Ongoing

Jul-09

Jun-13

28045 28045 0 2500 2500 0 7657 7657 0

Ongoing

Ongoing

Ongoing

BWDB

Teesta Barrage Project,2nd Phase

Ongoing

Jul-06

Jun-15

22549 22549 0 1282 1282 0 6979 6979 0

Ongoing

Ongoing

Ongoing

BWDB

Water Management Improvement Project (special revised)

Ongoing

Jul-04

Jun-15

89891 8516 81375 13149 284 12865 34155 2893 31262

IDA, Netherlands

No

Ongoing

Ongoing

DAE

Re-excavation of connecting rivers, Development of irrigation facilities and Fish culture project of Gazner Beel area and Sujanagar Upazila in Pabna District

Completed

Jul-10

Jun-13

460 460 0 319 319 0 319 319 0

Ongoing

Ongoing

Ongoing

DLS


Completed

Jan-10

Jun-13

165 165 0 52 52 0 152 152 0

Ongoing

Ongoing

Ongoing

DoF


Ongoing

Jan-10

Jun-13

491 491 0 200 200 0 293 293 0

Ongoing

Ongoing

Ongoing

DoForestry


Ongoing

Jul-11

Jun-13

85 85 0 42 42 0 90 90 0

Ongoing

Ongoing

Ongoing

LGED

Construction of Rubber Dams in Small & Medium Rivers for increasing Food Production (LGED)

Ongoing

Jul-09

Jun-14

23654 23654 0 4467 4467 0 12720 12720 0

172 Program

me

Subprogramm

e




Gob Agency

Project title

Project status

Project start

Project end



DP


Ongoing

Ongoing

Ongoing

LGED


Ongoing

Jan-10

Jun-13

3544 3544 0 2691 2691 0 3481 3481 0

No

Ongoing

Ongoing

RDA

Action research on integrated water management

Ongoing

Jan-11

Dec-13

5894 5894 0 1099 1099 0 2284 2284 0

Ongoing

Ongoing

Ongoing

RDA

Action research project on command area development using surface water for rural livelihood improvement by replacing RDA technology

Ongoing

Jul-07

Jun-14

598 598 0 0 0 0 570 570 0

2.3: Reduce impact of

saline water intrusion in

the South

Pipeline

Ongoing

Ongoing

BWDB

Rehabilitation of BWDB infrastructure affected by Alia cyclone in coastal area

Ongoing

Jul-10

Jun-13

31538 31538 0 6481 6481 0 20152 20152 0

2.4: Enhance river water flow

to the South

Pipeline

Ongoing

Ongoing

BWDB

Buriganga River Restoration Project

Ongoing

Jul-10

Jun-14

94409 94409 0 4322 4322 0 6426 6426 0

Ongoing

Ongoing

Ongoing

BWDB

Capital Dredging of River Systems in Bangladesh

Ongoing

Mar-10

Jun-14 102111 102111 0 30337 30337 0 40573 40573 0

No

Ongoing

Ongoing

BWDB

Excavation of Chanda-Barasia River O

ngoing

Jul-10

Jun-18

3720 3720 0 1500 1500 0 3537 3537 0

Ongoing

Ongoing

Ongoing

BWDB

Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Ganges Barrage project

Ongoing

Jul-05

Jun-14

3514 3514 0 941 941 0 2742 2742 0

No

Ongoing

Completed

BWDB

Feasibility Study and Survey of Surashar FCDI project

Completed

May-10

Jun-12

156 156 0 0 0 0 141 141 0

173 Program

me

Subprogramm

e




Gob Agency

Project title

Project status

Project start

Project end



DP


Ongoing

Ongoing

Ongoing

BWDB

Gorai River Restoration Project

Ongoing

Jul-09

Jun-14

92930 92930 0 25530 25530 0 49668 49668 0

No

Ongoing

Ongoing

BWDB

Kalni-Kushiara River Management

Ongoing

Apr-11

Jun-14

60983 60983 0 837 837 0 1003 1003 0

No

Ongoing

Ongoing

BWDB

Procurement of 6 Dredgers and Ancillary Crafts and Accessories for MoWR and MoShipping

Ongoing

Aug-10

Jun-13

23782 6848 16934 0 0 0 0 0 0

India

Pipeline

Ongoing

Ongoing

BWDB

Procurement of dredgers and ancillaries for river dredging

Ongoing

Jul-10

Jun-14

130988 130988 0 6789 6789 0 6928 6928 0

No

Ongoing

Ongoing

BWDB

Re-excavation of Bemelia, Lagan Balbhadra river under Nasirnagar upazila in Brahmanbaria and Habiganj District

Ongoing

Nov-10

Jun-13

4242 4242 0 198 198 0 392 392 0

3: Improved quality of input and soil fertility

3.1: Enhance availability of agricultural inputs, tested and certified for quality of diversified crops

No

Ongoing

Ongoing

BADC

Development and multiplication of agricultural seeds (Phase II)

Ongoing

Jul-10

Jun-13

551 551 0 0 0 0 407 407 0

Pipeline

Pipeline

Ongoing

BADC

Enhancing quality seed supply project

Ongoing

Jul-11

Jun-14

18646 4050 14596 1127 -200 1327 2022 600 1422

IDB

Ongoing

Ongoing

Ongoing

BADC

Improvement and quality seed production of rice, wheat and maize

Ongoing

Mar-09

Dec-13 18671 18671 0 2900 2900 0 16543 16543 0

Ongoing

Completed

Completed

BADC

Modernization Facilities to increase Supply of Quality Seed

Completed

Jul-06

Jun-11

3549 3549 0 0 0 0 3540 3540 0

No

Ongoing

Ongoing

BADC

Private sector seed development

Ongoing

Jan-11

Dec-13

1746 1746 0 509 509 0 1028 1028 0

174 Program

me

Subprogramm

e




Gob Agency

Project title

Project status

Project start

Project end



DP


Ongoing

Ongoing

Ongoing

BADC

Pulse and Oils Seed (2nd Phase)

Ongoing

Jul-09

Jun-14

8573 8573 0 2200 2200 0 5948 5948 0

Pipeline

Pipeline

Ongoing

BARI

Enhancing Quality Seed Supply

Ongoing

Jul-11

Jun-14

5954 1547 4407 395 75 320 620 275 345

IDB

Ongoing

Ongoing

Completed

BCIC

Restoring original rated production capacity by repairing of Polash Urea Fertilizer Factory Ltd.

Completed

Jan-08

Jul-11

3533 3533 0 0 0 0 3403 3403 0

Ongoing

Ongoing

Completed

BCIC

Second phase rehabilitation of Natural Gas Fertilizer Factory Ltd

Completed

Jul-06

Dec-11

5157 5157 0 0 0 0 4720 4720 0

No

Pipeline

Ongoing

BCIC

Shahjalal fertilizer project

Ongoing

Jan-12

Jun-15

540900 142292 398608 133580 10000 123580 190759 12179 178580

China

Ongoing

Ongoing

Ongoing

BCIC

Sustaining the original rated production capacity by repairing Ashuganj Fertilizer and Chemical Complex Ltd.

Completed

Jul-06

Jul-12

41702 41702 0 0 0 0 9414 9414 0

Ongoing

Completed

Completed

BMDA

Improved Quality Seed Production at Farmers Level

Completed

Jul-06

Jun-11 553 553 0 0 0 0 52 52 0

Pipeline

Pipeline

Ongoing

BRRI Enhancing Quality Seed Supply (BRRI) O

ngoing

Jul-11

Jun-14

5828 447 5381 122 93 29 179 141 38

IDB

Ongoing

Ongoing

Completed

BRRI

Strengthening of Rice Breeder Seed Production & Maintenance of Nucleus Stock

Completed

Jul-07

Jun-13

776 776 0 229 229 0 757 757 0

175 Program

me

Subprogramm

e




Gob Agency

Project title

Project status

Project start

Project end



DP


Ongoing

Ongoing

Ongoing

DAE

Emergency 2007 Cyclone Recovery & Restoration Project: Recovery of Agriculture Sector (Crops) & Improvement (1st revised)

Ongoing

Jul-08

Jun-13

9257 0 9257 1642 0 1642 7212 0 7212

WB

Ongoing

Ongoing

Completed

DAE

Production, Preservation, Distribution of Quality Rice, Wheat and Jute Seeds at Farmers Level

Completed

Jul-07

Jun-12

5312 5312 0 0 0 0 5235 5235 0

Ongoing

Ongoing

Completed

DAE

Production, preservation, Distribution of Quality Seeds of Pulse, Oil, and Onion at Farmers Level

Completed

Jul-07

Jun-12

1942 1942 0 0 0 0 1866 1866 0

Pipeline

Ongoing

Ongoing

DAE Second Crop Diversification Project

Ongoing

Jul-10

Jun-16

18665 6246 12418 2380 1000 1380 3327 1510 1817

ADB

Ongoing

Ongoing

Ongoing

MoA

Agriculture Sector Programme Support (Seed Wing)

Completed

Sep-07

Jun-13

537 0 537 30 0 30 521 0 521

DANIDA

Pipeline

Pipeline

Ongoing

SCA


Ongoing

Jul-11

Jun-16

480 216 264 146 21 124 238 106 133

3.2: Develop public

private partnerships through capacity

development

Pipeline

Pipeline

Ongoing

BADC

Establishing seed augmentation (multiplication) farm in the South West Coastal region

Ongoing

Jan-12

Jun-14 24497 24497 0 5680 5680 0 5985 5985 0

No

Pipeline

Ongoing

BADC

Kurigram Integrated seed cold storage establishment project

Ongoing

Jul-11

Jun-14

3286 3286 0 1119 1119 0 1417 1417 0

3.3: Improve

and increase sustainability

of soil fertility

managem

ent

Ongoing

Completed

Completed

DAE

Granular Urea Technology Extension Project in 80 additional Upazilas

Completed

Sep-08

Jun-11

501 0 501 0 0 0 500 0 500

USDA

176 Program

me

Subprogramm

e




Gob Agency

Project title

Project status

Project start

Project end



DP


Ongoing

Completed

Completed

DoE

Coastal and Wetland Biodiversity Management Project (CWBMP)

Completed

Apr-02

Jun-11

1082 225 858 0 0 0 805 24 781

UN

DP, G

EF

Ongoing

Ongoing

Completed

DoE Sustainable Land Management Project

Completed

Jul-07

Jun-12

699 237 462 0 0 0 654 235 419

Pipeline

Pipeline

Pipeline

SRDI

Establishment of soil and fertilizer testing laboratories and research centres

Ongoing

Jul-12

Jun-15

3115 3115 0 140 140 0 140 140 0

Ongoing

Ongoing

Ongoing

SRDI

Food Security Programme 2006, Soil Fertility Component

Ongoing

Jan-08

Dec-14

5889 402 5487 2475 81 2393 5841 116 5726

EC

Pipeline

No

No

SRDI

Human resource development of SRDI, DAE & AIS for judicious and profitable use of land and soil resources,

Ongoing

Jul-11

Dec-14

691 691 0 162 162 0 162 162 0

Pipeline

Pipeline

Pipeline

SRDI

Soil Resource Management and Farmers Service Project (SMFS)

Ongoing

Jul-12

Jun-15

2000 2000 0 259 259 0 259 259 0

4: Fisheries and aquaculture Developm

ent

4.1: Develop sm

all scale aquaculture, through access to quality inputs, advice and skills

Pipeline

Ongoing

Ongoing

BARI

Improvement and quality seed production of rice, wheat and maize

Ongoing

Mar-10

Jun-14

3732 3732 0 583 583 0 3075 3075 0

No

No

No

BFDC

Establishment of fish landing centers with ancillary facilities in 3 coastal districts at 4 selected areas

Ongoing

Jan-12

Dec-16

2796 2796 0 80 80 0 80 80 0

Ongoing

Ongoing

Ongoing

BFRI

Impact of Aquaculture Drugs and Chemicals on Aquatic Ecology

Ongoing

Jul-09

Jun-13

1570 1570 0 11 11 0 669 669 0

Ongoing

Ongoing

Ongoing

DoF

Expansion of Aquaculture Technology Services up to Union Level

Ongoing

Jul-09

Jun-14

2476 2476 0 300 300 0 1934 1934 0

177 Program

me

Subprogramm

e




Gob Agency

Project title

Project status

Project start

Project end



DP


No

Pipeline

Ongoing

DoF

Fish production, conservation and strengthening management at Kaptai Lake (component B)

Ongoing

Oct-11

Dec-15

271 271 0 150 150 0 266 266 0

Ongoing

Completed

Completed

DoF

Infrastructure Development for Flood Plain Aquaculture in Comilla District

Completed

Jul-06

Jun-11

530 530 0 0 0 0 114 114 0

Pipeline

Pipeline

Ongoing

DoF


Ongoing

Jul-11

Jun-16

3379 281 3098 756 118 639 1058 124 934

No

No

Ongoing

DoF

Rehabilitation and development of fisheries infrastructure to increase production of quality fish seed and fingerlings

Ongoing

Jan-12

Jun-15

12187 12187 0 1231 1231 0 1231 1231 0

Ongoing

Ongoing

Ongoing

DoF

Restoration of Natural Breeding Habits of the Halda River

Ongoing

Jul-07

Jun-14

1030 1030 0 240 240 0 762 762 0

4.2: Improve m

anagement of fisheries resources

No

No

Ongoing

BFDC

Fish Production Conservation and Strengthening Management at Kaptai Lake (BFDC Part)

Ongoing

Oct-11

Dec-13

1707 1707 0 150 150 0 630 630 0

Pipeline

Pipeline

Pipeline

BFRI

Development and Dissemination of Pearl Culture Technology

Ongoing

Jul-12

Jun-17

741 741 0 29 29 0 29 29 0

No

Pipeline

Ongoing

BFRI

Fish production, conservation and strengthening management at Kaptai Lake

Ongoing

Oct-11

Dec-13

307 307 0 135 135 0 248 248 0

Ongoing

Ongoing

Ongoing

BFRI

Jatka Conservation, Alternate Income Generation for the Jatka Fishers and Research Project (BFRI part)

Ongoing

Jul-08

Jun-13

323 323 0 37 37 0 274 274 0

Ongoing

Ongoing

Ongoing

BFRI

Support to Sustainable Development of the Bay of Bengal Large Marine Ecosystem (BOBLME)

Ongoing

Sep-08

Jun-14

432 432 0 30 30 0 192 192 0

178 Program

me

Subprogramm

e




Gob Agency

Project title

Project status

Project start

Project end



DP


Ongoing

Ongoing

Ongoing

DoF

Aquaculture and Fisheries Management in Bhabodha Area, Jessore

Ongoing

Jul-09

Jun-14

948 948 0 77 77 0 602 602 0

Pipeline

Ongoing

Ongoing

DoF

Aquaculture and fisheries management project in haor area

Ongoing

Oct-10

Jun-14

2229 2229 0 300 300 0 959 959 0

No

Pipeline

Pipeline

DoF

Aquaculture development and fisheries extension project in CHT (3rd phase)

Ongoing

Jul-12

Jun-17

4106 4106 0 25 25 0 25 25 0

Ongoing

Ongoing

Ongoing

DoF

Bangladesh marine fisheries capacity building project

Ongoing

Jul-06

Jun-13

12380 5009 7370 230 155 75 508 269 239

IDB

Ongoing

Ongoing

Completed

DoF Brood Bank Establishment Project

Completed

Jul-06

Jun-13

572 572 0 134 134 0 567 567 0

Ongoing

Ongoing

Ongoing

DoF

Emergency 2007 (Sidr) Cyclone Recovery and Restoration Project (ECRRP)

Ongoing

Jul-08

Jun-13

5997 0 5997 1252 0 1252 2592 0 2592

WB

No

Ongoing

Ongoing

DoF

Fisheries development and management of identified degraded water bodies and conservation of small indigenous fishes

Ongoing

Jul-10

Jun-14

3942 3942 0 896 896 0 3370 3370 0

No

ongoing

Ongoing

DoF

Fisheries registration and issuing of identity card project

Ongoing

Jan-11

Jun-15 8452 8452 0 1086 1086 0 1086 1086 0

Ongoing

Ongoing

Ongoing

DoF

Greater Faridpur Fisheries Development Project

Ongoing

Jan-10

Jun-14

7531 7531 0 988 988 0 4437 4437 0

Ongoing

Ongoing

Ongoing

DoF

Greater Pabna fisheries development project

Ongoing

Jan-09

Dec-13

871 871 0 150 150 0 681 681 0

179 Program

me

Subprogramm

e




Gob Agency

Project title

Project status

Project start

Project end



DP


No

No

Ongoing

DoF

Hura Sagor Aquaculture and Fisheries Management Project

Ongoing

Jul-11

Jun-15

1880 1880 0 200 200 0 250 250 0

Ongoing

Ongoing

Ongoing

DoF

Jatka Conservation Alternate Income Generation for the Jatka Fishers and Research Project (DoF part)

Ongoing

Jul-08

Jun-13

1667 1667 0 184 184 0 1626 1626 0

Ongoing

Ongoing

Ongoing

DoF

National Agricultural Technology Development Project (Fisheries Component)

Ongoing

Jul-07

Jun-13

4397 1442 2955 1462 333 1130 3667 917 2750

IDA

Ongoing

Ongoing

Ongoing

DoF

Regional Fisheries and Livestock Development Project (Barisal Component) Barisal

Completed

Jul-07

Jun-13

7217 495 6722 3294 213 3081 6295 490 5805

DANIDA

Ongoing

Ongoing

Ongoing

DoF Wetland biodiversity rehabilitation project

Ongoing

Jul-09

Jun-13

7236 300 6936 1436 180 1256 3405 229 3176

Ongoing

Ongoing

Ongoing

LGED

Greater Faridpur district rural infrastructure Development Project (Phase I)

Ongoing

Jul-09

Jun-13

49667 49667 0 6498 6498 0 27950 27950 0

No

No

Pipeline

MoEF

Community based sustainable management of Tanguar Haor Phase - III

Ongoing

Jul-12

Jun-15

1656 131 1525 486 0 486 486 0 486

SDC

No

Pipeline

Ongoing

MoFL

Integrated fisheries and livestock development project in flood control and command area (drainage and irrigation project area) and other water bodies (4th phase)

Ongoing

Jul-11

Jun-14

11488 11488 0 2775 2775 0 4613 4613 0

4.4: Promote

production in the South through

sustainable shrimp

and prawn

development and

comm

unity based co m

anagement of

wetlands

Pipeline

Ongoing

Ongoing

BFRI

Infrastructural Development and Research Strengthening of Fisheries Research Institute Bagerhat

Ongoing

Jul-10

Jun-13

3597 3597 0 500 500 0 2042 2042 0

No

Pipeline

Pipeline

DoF

Fresh water prawn culture extension project

Ongoing

Jul-12

Jun-17

3263 3263 0 35 35 0 35 35 0

180 Program

me

Subprogramm

e




Gob Agency

Project title

Project status

Project start

Project end



DP


5: Livestock development

5.1: Strengthen animal health services, including better

diagnosis and surveillance systems to m

itigate disease outbreaks

No

No

Ongoing

BLRI

Foot and mouth disease and PPR research in Bangladesh

Ongoing

Jul-11

Jun-16

553 553 0 498 498 0 548 548 0

Ongoing

Ongoing

Ongoing

DLS

Avian Influenza Preparedness & Response Project

Completed

Jul-07

Jun-13

9019 937 8082 1720 -890 2610 6731 -229 6960

IDA, WB

No

No

Ongoing

DLS

Establishment of Upazila Livestock Development Centre (3rd Phase)

Ongoing

Jul-11

Jun-16

6472 6472 0 462 462 0 528 528 0

Ongoing

Ongoing

Ongoing

DLS

Modernization of Vaccine Production Technology & Extension of Laboratory Facilities Project

Ongoing

Jul-08

Jun-14

3974 3974 0 678 678 0 2795 2795 0

Ongoing

Ongoing

Ongoing

DLS

Strengthening of Support of combating Avian Influenza (HPA1) in Bangladesh Project

Ongoing

Jan-08

Nov-13

2315 91 2224 424 0 424 2097 0 2097

USAID

5.2: Strengthen husbandry capacity at household level through com

munity based im

proved knowledge and advisory services

No

No

No

BLRI

Conservation and improvement of native sheep through community farming and commercial farming project (component A) (2nd phase)

Ongoing

Jul-12

Jun-17

880 880 0 122 122 0 122 122 0

No

No

No

DLS

Conservation & Improvement of Native Sheep Through Community Farming & Commercial Farming Project (component A) 2nd phase

Ongoing

Jul-12

Jun-17

1723 1723 0 178 178 0 178 178 0

Ongoing

Completed

Completed

DLS

Conservation and improvement of native sheep through community farming system (component A)

Completed

Jul-06

Jun-11

84 84 0 0 0 0 82 82 0

Ongoing

Ongoing

Ongoing

DLS

Emergency 2007 (Sidr) Cyclone Recovery and Restoration Project (ECRRP)

Ongoing

Jul-08

Jun-14

6014 0 6014 1777 0 1777 2745 0 2745

WB

Pipeline

Pipeline

Ongoing

DLS


Ongoing

Jul-11

Jun-16

2597 43 2554 402 -6 408 890 27 863

181 Program

me

Subprogramm

e




Gob Agency

Project title

Project status

Project start

Project end



DP


Pipeline

Ongoing

Ongoing

DLS

Support Service for Small holder Dairy and Poultry Farmers at 22 Selected Districts

Ongoing

Oct-10

Jun-14

1715 1715 0 322 322 0 1342 1342 0

5.3: Improve

availability and quality of inputs through

public private partnerships

No

No

No

BLRI Fodder research and development project

Ongoing

Jul-12

Dec-17

1516 1516 0 14 14 0 14 14 0

No

No

Pipeline

Milk Vita

Establishment of Cattle Feed Plant for Enhancing Milk Production

Ongoing

Jul-11

Jun-14

2728 2728 0 1078 1078 0 1078 1078 0

5.4: Research on livestock development, including genetic im

provement

Ongoing

Ongoing

Ongoing

BLRI Buffalo Development Project

Ongoing

Jan-10

Jun-14

1770 1770 0 360 360 0 851 851 0

Ongoing

Ongoing

Ongoing

DLS

Artificial Insemination & Embryo Transfer Technology Project

Ongoing

Jan-10

Dec-13

5074 5074 0 1300 1300 0 3908 3908 0

Ongoing

Ongoing

Ongoing

DLS

Breed Upgradation Through Progeny Test Project phase II

Completed

Jul-08

Jun-13

811 811 0 608 608 0 932 932 0

Ongoing

Ongoing

Ongoing

DLS Buffalo Development Project

Ongoing

Jan-10

Jun-14

1925 1925 0 396 396 0 1366 1366 0

No

No

No

DLS

Establishment of national institute of livestock and poultry management and disease diagnostic laboratory

Ongoing

Jul-12

Jun-15

2785 2785 0 50 50 0 50 50 0

No

No

Ongoing

DLS

Establishment of Regional duck breeding farm along with hatchery (3rd phase)

Ongoing

Jul-11

Jun-15

16328 16328 0 1599 1599 0 1599 1599 0

Ongoing

Ongoing

Ongoing

DLS National Agricultural Technology Project

Ongoing

Jul-07

Dec-13

5839 359 5480 1991 82 1910 5238 152 5086

IDA

182 Program

me

Subprogramm

e




Gob Agency

Project title

Project status

Project start

Project end



DP


Ongoing

Ongoing

Completed

DLS

Regional Fisheries and Livestock Development Project (Noakhali Component)

Completed

Jul-07

Jun-13

7977 1045 6932 1671 204 1467 7878 901 6977

DANIDA

Ongoing

Ongoing

Completed

DLS

Second Participatory Livestock Development Project

Completed

Jul-04

Dec-11

2045 1052 993 0 0 0 1646 1047 599

ADB

6: Improved access to m

arkets

6.1: Improve physical access to m

arkets, facilities and information

No

Ongoing

Ongoing

AIS

Enhancement of Rural Communication service through community Radio for Development of Agriculture

Completed

Jul-10

Dec-12

386 67 319 6 6 0 284 31 253

FAO

No

Ongoing

Ongoing

BMDA

Marketing of Agricultural Products through Development of Rural Communication Project

Ongoing

Oct-10

Jun-13

29980 29980 0 2800 2800 0 5600 5600 0

No

Ongoing

Ongoing

DDM

Construction of bridge/culvert (up to 12 m long) on the rural roads at Chittagong Hill Tracts region

Ongoing

Jul-10

Jun-13

9910 9910 0 4302 4302 0 9505 9505 0

No

Ongoing

Ongoing

DDM

Construction of multipurpose cyclone shelter in the coastal belt of Bangladesh

Ongoing

Mar-11

Dec-13

18168 18168 0 495 495 0 684 684 0

Pipeline

Pipeline

Pipeline

DDM

Construction of small bridge/culvert (up to 12 m long) on the rural roads (3rd phase)

Ongoing

Jul-12

Jun-15 69500 69500 0 13984 13984 0 13984 13984 0

Ongoing

Ongoing

Ongoing

LGED

Agriculture Sector Programme Support (ASPS) Phase-II Rural Road & Market Access Infrastructure Development Project (3) Patuakhali, Borguna, Noakhali,Laxmipur

Ongoing

Jul-06

Jun-13

23711 14625 9086 5758 1854 3904 19671 10587 9084

DANIDA

Ongoing

Ongoing

Completed

LGED

Construction and Reconstruction of Rural Road, Bridges and Culverts in Rural areas on Priority Basis

Completed

Jan-09

Jan-14

7771 7771 0 0 0 0 7745 7745 0

183 Program

me

Subprogramm

e




Gob Agency

Project title

Project status

Project start

Project end



DP


Pipeline

Ongoing

Ongoing

LGED

Construction of two bridges on the river Brahmaputra under Islampur Upazila of Jamalpur District

Ongoing

Aug-10

Jun-13

7305 7305 0 67 67 0 187 187 0

No

No

No

LGED

Development of Important Rural Infrastructure Project

Ongoing

Jul-12

Jun-15

52830 52830 0 2766 2766 0 2766 2766 0

Ongoing

Completed

Completed

LGED

Development of Integrated Infrastructure Project

Completed

Jul-06

Jun-11

2666 450 2217 0 0 0 2617 409 2208

Pipeline

Ongoing

Ongoing

LGED

Development of Rural Communication and other infrastructure of the Greater Rangpur and Dinajpur District

Ongoing

Apr-10

Jun-13

55592 55592 0 5500 5500 0 13299 13299 0

ongoing

ongoing

ongoing

LGED

Emergency 2007 Cyclone Recovery and Restoration Project (ECRRP)

Ongoing

Aug-08

Jun-14

89530 372 89158 47145 172 46973 47145 172 46973

WB

No

Ongoing

Completed

LGED

Feasibility study for construction of 500 m bridge on the Dhakeshari River at Nagarpur Upazila in Tangail and construction of 500 m long girder bridge n Andharmanik river at Kolapara upazila in Patuakhali District

Completed

Sep-10

Dec-11

88 88 0 0 0 0 67 67 0

Ongoing

Ongoing

Ongoing

LGED

Greater Barisal District and Rural Communication and Hat Bazaar infrastructure development (Barisal, Pirojpur, Bhola and Jhalokati)

Ongoing

Jul-09

Jun-14 37773 37773 0 3863 3863 0 15529 15529 0

Ongoing

Ongoing

Ongoing

LGED

Greater Comilla rural infrastructure development (2nd Phase)

Ongoing

Jul-10

Jun-13

17861 17861 0 2952 2952 0 8094 8094 0

Pipeline

Ongoing

Ongoing

LGED

Greater Faridpur rural infrastructure development (2nd Phase)

Ongoing

Jul-10

Dec-13

41750 41750 0 6597 6597 0 13986 13986 0

184 Program

me

Subprogramm

e




Gob Agency

Project title

Project status

Project start

Project end



DP


No

ongoing

ongoing

LGED

Greater Jessore District Infrastructure Development Project. (Jessore, Jhenaida, Magura & Narail districts).

Ongoing

Mar-11

Jun-15

39850 39850 0 3596 3596 0 3596 3596 0

No

No

ongoing

LGED

Greater Kushtia District Infrastructure Development Project: (Kushtia, Chuadanga & Meherpur District).

Ongoing

Jan-12

Jun-16

26452 26452 0 1271 1271 0 1271 1271 0

ongoing

ongoing

ongoing

LGED

Greater Noakhali Rural Infrastructure Development Project.

Ongoing

Jul-08

Jun-13

30314 30314 0 20866 20866 0 20866 20866 0

ongoing

ongoing

ongoing

LGED

Greater Rajshahi Division Integrated Rural Development Project (1st Revised).

Ongoing

Jul-06

Jun-14

20535 6805 13730 16377 5159 11218 16377 5159 11218

IDB

Ongoing

Ongoing

Completed

LGED

Greater Rangpur Agriculture & Rural Development (DAE-LGED)

Completed

Jul-06

Jun-13

381 58 322 0 0 0 182 15 167

IDB

Ongoing

Ongoing

Ongoing

LGED

Market Infrastructure Development Project in Charland Regions

Ongoing

Feb-06

Jun-13

17169 3287 13882 3602 839 2763 20559 6885 13674

IFAD, N

etherlands

ongoing

ongoing

ongoing

LGED

Project for Improvement of Rural Road, Hat-Bazaar Infrastructures on Priority Basis.

Ongoing

Jul-08

Jun-15 49666 49666 0 37247 37247 0 37247 37247 0

Ongoing

Ongoing

Ongoing

LGED

Public priority Rural Communication and Hat-Bazaar Development & Rehabilitation part 2

Ongoing

Jul-05

Jun-14

42183 42183 0 3993 3993 0 14185 14185 0

No

Ongoing

Ongoing

LGED

Rehabilitation of Aila affected rural infrastructure

Ongoing

Jan-11

Jun-13

14025 14025 0 2498 2498 0 4697 4697 0

185 Program

me

Subprogramm

e




Gob Agency

Project title

Project status

Project start

Project end



DP


Ongoing

Ongoing

Completed

LGED

Rural Development Project: Infrastructure Development-26 (2nd Revised)

Completed

Jul-03

Jun-12

53255 18662 34592 0 0 0 52995 18544 34451

IDA

Ongoing

Completed

Completed

LGED

Rural Infrastructure Development in Eastern Region of Bangladesh: Greater Chittagong, Noakhali and Sylhet District

Completed

Jul-04

Jun-11

9286 3505 5780 0 0 0 7552 1871 5681

JBIC

Ongoing

Completed

Completed

LGED

Rural Infrastructure Development Project (GIDP) (2nd Revised)

Completed

Jul-02

Jun-11

6967 6967 0 0 0 0 6930 6930 0

No

Ongoing

Ongoing

LGED

Rural infrastructure development project (Greater Dhaka, Tangail and Kishorganj District)

Ongoing

Mar-11

Jun-13

44100 44100 0 1997 1997 0 4276 4276 0

Ongoing

Ongoing

Ongoing

LGED

Rural Infrastructure Development Project (Khulna, Bagerhat & Satkhira District)

Ongoing

Jul-08

Jun-13

10795 10795 0 1493 1493 0 4804 4804 0

ongoing

ongoing

ongoing

LGED

Rural Infrastructure Development Project : Chittagong Hill Tracts.

Ongoing

Jan-09

Jun-13

10567 10567 0 11486 11486 0 11486 11486 0

Ongoing

Ongoing

Ongoing

LGED

Rural road hat bazaar infrastructure development

Ongoing

Jul-04

Jun-14 40691 40691 0 4489 4489 0 19379 19379 0

Ongoing

Ongoing

Ongoing

LGED

Rural Road, Bridge/ Culvert & other Infrastructure development of backward Upazilla of North West Bangladesh (Pabna, Sirajgonj, Natore, Naogaon, Rajshahi, Nawabgonj, Bogra)

Ongoing

Jul-10

Jun-13

41651 41651 0 7483 7483 0 27389 27389 0

Ongoing

Ongoing

Ongoing

LGED

Rural Roads and hat/bazaar Development Project : Greater Sylhet District.

Ongoing

Jul-08

Jun-14

16185 16185 0 4483 4483 0 11537 11537 0

186 Program

me

Subprogramm

e




Gob Agency

Project title

Project status

Project start

Project end



DP


No

Pipeline

Pipeline

LGED

Rural Transport Improvement Project (RTIP-2)

Ongoing

Jul-12

Jun-17

200473 55539 144935 3508 999 2509 3508 999 2509

IDA

Ongoing

Ongoing

Ongoing

LGED

Second Rural Infrastructure Development (RIIP-II)

Ongoing

Jul-06

Dec-12

99290 37535 61755 25288 11597 13691 97660 37251 60409

ADB, DFID

, KfW, G

IZ

No

Ongoing

Ongoing

LGED

Sustainable rural infrastructure improvement project (SRIIP)

Ongoing

Jan-11

Jun-16

61535 18428 43107 4980 1980 3000 6981 2246 4735

ADB, KfW

No

Pipeline

Ongoing

LGED

Sylhet Division Rural Infrastructure Development Project

Ongoing

Jul-11

Dec-14

44723 44723 0 7776 7776 0 8754 8754 0

ongoing

ongoing

ongoing

LGED

Union Connecting Road & Other Infrastructure Development Project : Greater Comilla District (Comilla, Chandpur & B-Baria District) (1st Revised).

Ongoing

Jul-08

Jun-13

16414 16414 0 16310 16310 0 16310 16310 0

ongoing

ongoing

ongoing

LGED

Union Connecting Road and Infrastructure Development Project (Greater Bogra, Rajshahi & Pabna Districts).

Ongoing

Jul-08

Jun-13

19494 19494 0 19494 19494 0 19494 19494 0

ongoing

ongoing

ongoing

LGED

Union Connecting Road Infrastructure Development Project : Greater Mymensingh District.

Ongoing

May-09

Apr-14

37416 37416 0 23788 23788 0 23788 23788 0

ongoing

ongoing

ongoing

LGED

Union Infrastructure Development (Khulna, Bagerhat & Satkhira District) Project.

Ongoing

May-10

Jun-14

27650 27650 0 6704 6704 0 6704 6704 0

Ongoing

Ongoing

Completed

LGED

Union infrastructure Development Project (Dinajpur, Panchagarh, Thakurgaon, Rangpur, Lalmonirhat, Kurigram, Gaibandha and Nilphamari).

Completed

Jul-07

Jun-12

7799 7799 0 0 0 0 7684 7684 0

187 Program

me

Subprogramm

e




Gob Agency

Project title

Project status

Project start

Project end



DP


ongoing

ongoing

ongoing

LGED

Union link Road & Infrastructure Development Project : Greater Chittagong (Chittagong & Cox's Bazar) District.

Ongoing

Mar-10

Jun-13

32652 32652 0 8968 8968 0 8968 8968 0

ongoing

ongoing

ongoing

LGED

Union Road & Other Infrastructure Development Project : Greater Jessore & Kushtia District Project.

Ongoing

Jul-08

Jun-13

15945 15945 0 9684 9684 0 9684 9684 0

No

No

No

RDA

Making Markets work for the Jamuna, Padma and Teesta Chars (M4C)

Ongoing

May-13

Nov-16

3719 362 3357 996 10 986 996 10 986

SDC

6.2: Mobilize and prom

ote producer & m

arketing groups for im

proved market access and know

ledge

Ongoing

Ongoing

Completed

BFDC

Establishment of Fish Marketing Facilities in Dhaka Metropolis

Completed

Jul-08

Dec-11

409 409 0 0 0 0 261 261 0

Pipeline

Pipeline

Ongoing

DOC

Ensuring Cooperative based Milk Production

Ongoing

Jul-11

Jun-14

2302 2302 0 994 994 0 1462 1462 0

Pipeline

Pipeline

Pipeline

DOC

Poverty reduction and socio economic development by Expansion of Milk Producers Cooperative in greater Faridpur, Barisal and Khulna District for Reduction of Poverty

Ongoing

Jul-11

Jun-15

3924 3924 0 210 210 0 210 210 0

Ongoing

Ongoing

Ongoing

Hortex foundation

National Agricultural Technology Project (Hortex)

Ongoing

Jul-07

Dec-13 3090 162 2928 899 67 831 1543 85 1458

IDA

6.3: Develop

adequate storage, processing and value addition and reduce

waste through public-

private partnerships

No

No

No

DAE

Strengthening Bangladesh phytosanitary capabilities

Ongoing

Jul-12

Jun-17

8323 8323 0 630 630 0 630 630 0

Pipeline

No

No

DAM

Agricultural commodity storage development project

Ongoing

Jul-13

Jun-15

849 849 0 153 153 0 153 153 0

188 Program

me

Subprogramm

e




Gob Agency

Project title

Project status

Project start

Project end



DP


Pipeline

No

No

DAM

Promoting groups / contract marketing projects

Ongoing

Jul-13

Jun-15

280 280 0 34 34 0 34 34 0

6.4: Promote and assist the developm

ent of off farm activities and rural businesses

No

Pipeline

Ongoing

BRDB

Poverty reduction through minor crop production, preservation, processing and marketing program (2nd phase)

Ongoing

Jul-11

Jun-14

5258 5258 0 454 454 0 510 510 0

No

Pipeline

Pipeline

BRDB

Rural livelihood project (RLP) 2nd phase

Ongoing

Jul-12

Jun-17

19874 19874 0 459 459 0 459 459 0

No

No

Ongoing

DAE

Food Security through Enhanced Agriculture Production diversified sources of income value addition and marketing in Bangladesh (FSMSP)

Ongoing

Jul-11

Jun-15

2604 480 2124 1397 283 1114 1555 290 1265

Italy

Ongoing

Ongoing

Completed

DAM

Agribusiness Development Project in Bangladesh

Completed

Jan-06

Dec-11

2490 0 2490 0 0 0 27005 637 26368

PPCCTF

Pipeline

No

No

DAM

Development of agroprocessing in homestead level

Ongoing

Jul-13

Jun-15

2740 2740 0 964 964 0 964 964 0

Pipeline

No

No

DAM

Strengthening agricultural market information development project

Ongoing

Jul-13

Jun-15

400 400 0 138 138 0 138 138 0

No

Pipeline

Ongoing

RDA

Integrated Rural Employment Support Project for the Poor Women(RESPPW)

Ongoing

Jan-12

Jun-13

7455 7455 0 998 998 0 1330 1330 0

7: Implem

entation and m

onitoring of NFP and CIP

actions

7.1: Strengthen capacities to im

plement, m

onitor and coordinate N

ational Food Policy-Plan of Action

and CIP

Ongoing

Completed

Completed

DG Food

Strengthening the Government Institutional Capacity of DG Food for Improving Food Security (Component-A)

Completed

Sep-08

Dec-10

211 25 186 0 0 0 125 5 119

ADB

Ongoing

Ongoing

Ongoing

Mo Food

National Food Policy Capacity Strengthening Program (II)

Ongoing

Jan-10

Dec-13

9582 78 9504 1986 0 1998 6216 0 6228

EU, U

SAID

189 Program

me

Subprogramm

e




Gob Agency

Project title

Project status

Project start

Project end



DP


Ongoing

Completed

Completed

MoA

Strengthening the Government Institutional Capacity of MoA for Improving Food Security (Component-B)

Completed

Sep-08

Dec-10

87 11 75 0 0 0 59 3 57

ADB

7.2: Strengthen national

capacities for design,

implem

entation and m

onitoring of CIP operations

Pipeline

Pipeline

Ongoing

MoA


Ongoing

Jul-11

Jun-16

1495 0 1495 0 0 0 94 0 94

7.3: Strengthen capacities of civil

society organisations to contribute to CIP developm

ent and im

plementation

Pipeline

Pipeline

Ongoing

MoA


Ongoing

Jul-11

Jun-16

556 0 556 0 0 0 35 0 35

8: Enhanced Public Food Managem

ent Systems

8.3: Increase and modernize public storage and handling facilities,

including in disaster prone areas

Pipeline

Ongoing

Ongoing

DG Food

Construction of 0.84 lakh MT Capacity Food Godown at Halishar CSD campus

Ongoing

Jul-10

Jun-13

23797 23797 0 6729 6729 0 15008 15008 0

Ongoing

Ongoing

Completed

DG Food

Construction of 1.10 lakh MT Capacity Food Godown in the Northern region of the Country

Completed

Jul-09

Jun-12

22425 22425 0 0 0 0 17146 17146 0

Pipeline

Ongoing

Ongoing

DG Food

Construction of 1.35 lakh MT capacity Godowns

Ongoing

Jul-10

Jun-13 30542 30542 0 12838 12838 0 27209 27209 0

No

Pipeline

Ongoing

DG Food

Construction of 25,000 mt capacity mutlistoried warehouse at Santahar Silo Premises , Bogra

Ongoing

Jan-12

Jun-14

26456 6219 20237 4398 186 4212 4398 186 4212

JAICA

Ongoing

Ongoing

Ongoing

DG Food

Construction of a Concrete Grain Silo of 50,000 MT capacity at Mongla Port with Ancillary Facility

Ongoing

Jan-10

Dec-13

53513 53513 0 18126 18126 0 19720 19720 0

Pipeline

Pipeline

Pipeline

DG Food

Construction of Flour Mill at Postagola, Dhaka

Ongoing

Jul-12

Jun-15

13020 13020 0 281 281 0 281 281 0

190 Program

me

Subprogramm

e




Gob Agency

Project title

Project status

Project start

Project end



DP


Ongoing

Completed

Completed

DG Food

Reconstruction of Dilapidated Food Godowns and Ancillary Infrastructures of DoF

Completed

Jul-09

Jun-11

1769 1769 0 0 0 0 1245 1245 0

Pipeline

Pipeline

Ongoing

Mo Food

Bangladesh Modernized Food Storage Study Project (BMSFP)

Ongoing

Feb-12

Sep-13

840 0 840 0 0 0 0 0 0

9: Effective safety nets

9.1: Strengthen institutional capacities to effectively operate social safety net program

mes

and formulate a new

integrated strategy for

social safety net program

mes

Pipeline

Ongoing

Ongoing

DDM

Operation Support to the employment generation programme for the poorest (EGPP)

Ongoing

Jan-11

Dec-13

3747 87 3660 1150 23 1127 2420 38 2382

IDB

9.2: Investment in em

ployment and incom

e generation of social safety nets (including in ADP)

Ongoing

Ongoing

Ongoing

BRDB

Employment Guarantee Scheme for Hardcore Poor of Northern Region

Ongoing

Jul-07

Jun-13

2839 2839 0 1416 1416 0 2719 2719 0

No

No

No

BRDB

Initiative for Development, Empowerment , Awareness and Livelihood Project(IDEAL)

Ongoing

Jul-12

Jun-16

1532 1532 0 95 95 0 95 95 0

Pipeline

Pipeline

Ongoing

BSRI

Create Employment Opportunity of Char Dwellers in Greater Rangpur District through Sugarcane Cultivation

Ongoing

Jul-10

Jun-15 821 821 0 130 130 0 379 379 0

No

Pipeline

Ongoing

DAE

Char development and settlement project-4

Ongoing

Jan-11

Dec-16

506 52 454 113 3 109 215 22 193

IFAD, N

etherlands

No

No

No

DAE

Emergency Support for immediate rehabilitation of most vulnerable in five upazilas of Satkhira District of southern Bangladesh

Completed

Aug-12

Feb-13

164 0 164 164 0 164 164 0 164

191 Program

me

Subprogramm

e




Gob Agency

Project title

Project status

Project start

Project end



DP


Ongoing

Ongoing

Ongoing

DDM

ECRRP-Disaster Risk Mitigation and Reduction

Ongoing

Aug-08

Jun-13

6662 0 6662 1128 0 1128 3136 0 3136

WB

Ongoing

Ongoing

Completed

DOC

Livelihood improvement of the Garo community

Completed

Jan-10

Jun-12

636 636 0 0 0 0 629 629 0

Pipeline

Ongoing

Ongoing

DoF

Poverty reduction and livelihood security for the people of economically depressed areas

Ongoing

Apr-10

Dec-13

9150 9150 0 1069 1069 0 5139 5139 0

Ongoing

Ongoing

Ongoing

DoForestry

Poverty reduction through social forestry

Ongoing

Mar-10

Dec-13

4470 4470 0 51 51 0 3386 3386 0

Ongoing

Ongoing

Ongoing

DPE EC Assisted School Feeding Programme

Ongoing

Jan-09

Dec-14

20213 7517 12697 2122 288 1834 10211 364 9847

EC

Pipeline

Ongoing

Ongoing

DPE

School feeding programme in poverty prone areas

Ongoing

Jul-10

Dec-14

157793 87575 70219 42966 22867 20099 75290 32750 42539

WFP

Ongoing

Ongoing

Completed

DSS

Rehabilitation and Training Centre for Orphan Children, Mosa: Sabera Khatun Islamia Shishu Residence

Completed

Jan-10

Jun-13 938 938 0 0 0 0 739 739 0

Ongoing

Ongoing

Ongoing

DSS Services for Children at Risk (SCAR) O

ngoing

Jan-09

Dec-14

8928 78 8849 453 11 442 646 25 621

WB, IDA

No

Pipeline

Pipeline

DSS

Support services programme for the vulnerable group SSVG 2nd part

Completed

Dec-11

Jun-13

2000 2000 0 1477 1477 0 1477 1477 0

Pipeline

Pipeline

Ongoing

DWA

Food and Livelihood Security (FLS)

Ongoing

Jan-12

Jun-14

22333 540 21793 8965 51 8914 13412 212 13200

EU

192 Program

me

Subprogramm

e




Gob Agency

Project title

Project status

Project start

Project end



DP


Ongoing

Ongoing

Completed

DWA

Vulnerable Group Development of ultra poor women (VGDUP)

Completed

Jan-07

Dec-11

8154 209 7945 0 0 0 6969 183 6787

JICA

Ongoing

Ongoing

Ongoing

Jatio Mahila Sangstha

Urban Based Marginal Women Development

Ongoing

Oct-08

Sep-15

1713 1713 0 315 315 0 568 568 0

Ongoing

Ongoing

Completed

LGD

Rural Employment Opportunity for public Assets (REOPA)

Completed

Jul-06

Jun-12

11553 468 11085 0 0 0 6941 18 6923

UN

DP, EU

Ongoing

Completed

Completed

LGED

CDSP- Char Development & Settlement project 3

Completed

Jul-05

Dec-10

100 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0

Netherlands

No

Pipeline

Ongoing

LGED

Char Development & Settlement Project-4

Ongoing

Jan-11

Dec-16 17499 3742 13757 1639 411 1227 2757 690 2067

IFAD, N

etherlands

Ongoing

Ongoing

Completed

LGED

Enhancing Resilience under Bangladesh Country Programme

Completed

Jul-08

Jun-12

15042 4031 11012 0 0 0 13196 3688 9508

WFP

No

No

Ongoing

LGED

Infrastructure & Livelihood Improvement of living in Haor regions project.

Ongoing

Jan-12

Jun-19

44093 11922 32171 2192 240 1952 2192 240 1952

IFAD

193 Program

me

Subprogramm

e




Gob Agency

Project title

Project status

Project start

Project end



DP


Ongoing

Ongoing

Ongoing

LGED

Project for Poverty alleviation through urban participation

Ongoing

Jul-07

Jun-15

69223 4372 64851 15238 267 14971 42991 1595 41396

DFID, UN

DP

Ongoing

Ongoing

Ongoing

LGED

Rural Employment and Road maintenance Programme (RERMP)

Ongoing

Mar-08

Jun-13

57533 57533 0 25733 25733 0 54161 54161 0

Ongoing

Ongoing

Ongoing

MoDM

R

Comprehensive Disaster Management Programme (2nd Phase)

Ongoing

Jan-10

Dec-14

35890 601 35290 12023 63 11960 22090 175 21915

DFID, UN

DP, EU

No

Ongoing

Ongoing

MoSW

Support Service Program for the Socially Disadvantaged Women and Girls

Completed

Jul-10

Dec-12

642 0 642 219 0 219 558 0 558

UN

FPA

No

No

Pipeline

PDBF

Extension of Palli Daridro Bimochon Foundation (PDBF) Activities for Poverty Alleviation & Self Employment

Ongoing

Jul-12

Jun-16

20342 20342 0 2014 2014 0 2014 2014 0

Ongoing

Ongoing

Ongoing

RDA

Action research project on 'Poverty alleviation through RDA's IGA training and microcredit for livestock management, bottling of biogas and organic manure production at monga areas'

Ongoing

Jul-09

Jun-14

4656 4656 0 899 899 0 2346 2346 0

No

Pipeline

Ongoing

RDCD

Char Livelihoods Improvement Programme (CLP II)

Ongoing

Jul-11

Dec-16

57748 910 56838 17014 196 16818 45969 388 45581

DFID

Ongoing

Completed

Completed

RDCD

Char Livelihoods Programme - 1st revised

Completed

Jul-03

Jun-11

8164 447 7718 372 10 362 372 10 362

DFID

No

Ongoing

Ongoing

RDCD

Comprehensive Village Development Program 2nd phase

Ongoing

Jul-09

Dec-13

10593 10593 0 1388 1388 0 4181 4181 0

194 Program

me

Subprogramm

e




Gob Agency

Project title

Project status

Project start

Project end



DP


Ongoing

Ongoing

Ongoing

RDCD

Economic Empowerment of the Poorest in Bangladesh

Ongoing

Jul-07

Jun-15

77241 311 76931 19463 93 19371 43398 198 43200

DFID

Ongoing

Ongoing

Ongoing

RDCD

Ekti Bari Ekti Khamar

Ongoing

Jul-09

Jun-16

127307 127307 0 51409 51409 0 113842 113842 0

10: Comm


10.1: Comm

unity based livelihood and nutrition programm

es, building on the National N

utrition Service (N

NS)

Pipeline

Pipeline

Ongoing

DGFP

Community Based Health Care (CBHC) (HPNSDP-OP 3)

Ongoing

Jul-11

Jun-16

21866 5462 16404 6309 453 5856 6718 453 6265

WH

O,

UN

ICEF

Pipeline

Pipeline

Ongoing

DGFP

Information, Education and Communication (IEC) (HPNSDP-OP 23)

Ongoing

Jul-11

Jun-16

2094 795 1299 1759 847 912 2133 1061 1071

UN

FPA, USAID

Pipeline

Pipeline

Ongoing

DGFP

Maternal, Child, Reproductive and Adolescent Health (MCRAH) (HPNSDP-OP 18)

Ongoing

Jul-11

Jun-16

11880 2705 9175 11360 2753 8607 13382 3263 10118

UN

FPA

Pipeline

No

No

DGH

S

National Nutrition Services - NNS (HPNSDP - OP 17)

Ongoing

Jul-11

Jun-16

106848 18073 88776 6013 1531 4482 6013 1531 4482

WH

O

No

Ongoing

Ongoing

DGH

S

NNS-Community based Nutrition (CBN) in selected area

Ongoing

Jul-11

Jun-16 0 0 0 0 0 0

No

No

Ongoing

DGH

S

NNS-Consultancy Service

Ongoing

Jul-11

Jun-16

0 0 0 0 0 0

No

Ongoing

Ongoing

DGH

S

NNS-Control & prevention of Anaemia

Ongoing

Jul-11

Jun-16

-12 0 -12 0 0 0

No

Ongoing

Ongoing

DGH

S

NNS-Control of Iodine deficiency Disorder

Ongoing

Jul-11

Jun-16

0 0 0 0 0 0

195 Program

me

Subprogramm

e




Gob Agency

Project title

Project status

Project start

Project end



DP


No

Ongoing

Ongoing

DGH

S

NNS-Control of Vitamin-A deficiency disorder

Ongoing

Jul-11

Jun-16

-1811 -212 -1599 0 0 0

No

Ongoing

Ongoing

DGH

S

NNS-Establishment of Nutrition Services in CC & GMP

Ongoing

Jul-11

Jun-16

0 0 0 0 0 0

No

No

Ongoing

DGH

S

NNS-Food fortification (Salt Iodization, fortification of oil/other food with Vitamin ‘A’, iron etc.)

Ongoing

Jul-11

Jun-16

0 0 0 0 0 0

No

No

Ongoing

DGH

S

NNS-Food Quality and Food Safety

Ongoing

Jul-11

Jun-16

0 0 0 0 0 0

No

No

Ongoing

DGH

S

NNS-Human resource development (HRD)-HNPSP

Ongoing

Jul-11

Jun-16

-187 0 -187 0 0 0

No

No

Ongoing

DGH

S

NNS-Institutional Capacity Development a) Orientation / Advocacy of Division,District,Upazila managers.

Ongoing

Jul-11

Jun-16

-629 -36 -593 0 0 0

No

No

Ongoing

DGH

S

NNS-Multi sectoral collaboration

Ongoing

Jul-11

Jun-16

0 0 0 0 0 0

No

Ongoing

Ongoing

DGH

S

NNS-Nutrition in emergency

Ongoing

Jul-11

Jun-16 0 0 0 0 0 0

No

Ongoing

Ongoing

DGH

S

NNS-Other Micronutrient problems of Public Health importance ( zinc, vitamin ‘D,’ calcium etc.)

Ongoing

Jul-11

Jun-16

0 0 0 0 0 0

No

Ongoing

Ongoing

DGH

S

NNS-Protection, Promotion & Support of Breastfeeding/ Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) including BFHI & BMS Code

Ongoing

Jul-11

Jun-16

-158 0 -158 0 0 0

No

No

Ongoing

DGH

S

NNS-School Nutritional education Program

Ongoing

Jul-11

Jun-16

-142 0 -142 0 0 0

196 Program

me

Subprogramm

e




Gob Agency

Project title

Project status

Project start

Project end



DP


Pipeline

Pipeline

Ongoing

DGH

S

Non-Communicable Diseases and other public health intervention (NCD) (HPNSDP-OP 7)-HNPSP

Ongoing

Jul-11

Jun-16

5314 1415 3899 0 0 0 962 411 551

IDA

No

Ongoing

Ongoing

DoF

Strengthening of fisheries and aquaculture food safety and quality management system in Bangladesh

Ongoing

Jul-10

Dec-14

10256 5464 4792 1300 399 901 4001 1151 2850

EU, U

NIDO

Ongoing

Ongoing

Ongoing

ERD

Protecting and Promoting Food Security and Nutrition for Families and Children in Bangladesh

Completed

Mar-10

Mar-13

5549 0 5549 0 0 0 2292 0 2292

Ongoing

Completed

Completed

MoH

FW

Micro Nutrient Supplementation-HNPSP

Completed

Jul-03

Jun-11

2623 688 1935 0 0 0 1855 299 1556

IDA, UN

ICEF

Ongoing

Completed

Completed

MoH

FW

National Nutrition Programme NNP

Completed

Jul-03

Jun-11

48137 6538 41599 0 0 0 3731 1011 2720

IDA, CIDA, Netherlands

10.2: Support com

munity based

efforts of homestead

gardening, rearing sm

all livestock, aquaculture and

awareness building for

improved nutrition

Ongoing

Completed

Completed

DLS

Conservation & Improvement of Native Sheep Through Community Farming & Commercial Farming Project (component B)

Completed

Jul-06

Jun-11

80 80 0 0 0 0 74 74 0

10.3: Link long term

with im

mediate

treatment of acute

malnutrition, in

particular through therapeutic and supplem

entary feeding

No

Ongoing

Ongoing

DGH

S

NNS-Community & facility based management of severe acute malnutrition (SAM)

Ongoing

Jul-11

Jun-16

3599 1200 2399 390 0 390 450 0 450

197 Program

me

Subprogramm

e




Gob Agency

Project title

Project status

Project start

Project end



DP


11: Orient food and nutrition program

through data

11.1: Undertake

updated &

comprehensive

national survey of food consum

ption &

food com

position

Pipeline

Ongoing

Ongoing

BBS Nutritional surveillance component

Ongoing

Jul-09

Jun-14

640 4 636 142 0 142 413 0 413

EU

11.2: Undertake study of dietary

diversification & supplem

entation needs and advocacy, aw

areness &

educational materials to facilitate

behavioural change in eating habits &

practices

Pipeline

Ongoing

Ongoing

DGH

S

NNS-Nutrition Surveillance Program

Ongoing

Jul-11

Jun-16

3279 1040 2239 555 270 285 555 270 285

No

No

Ongoing

MoFood

Desirable Dietary pattern - BIRDEM, Dhaka, 2012-13

Completed

Nov-11

Apr-13

29 0 29 29 0 29 29 0 29

No

No

Ongoing

MoFood

Food Composition Table-INFS/CARS Dhaka University-2012-13

Completed

Nov-11

Apr-13

36 0 36 36 0 36 36 0 36

11.3: Strengthen national capacities in surveying and analysis to facilitate evidence based decisions

Ongoing

Completed

Completed

BBS Agriculture Census Project-2007

Completed

Jul-07

Jun-11

401 401 0 0 0 0 170 170 0

Ongoing

Completed

Completed

BBS

Assistance in the data processing and analysis of the Bangladesh census of agriculture

Completed

Jul-09

Jun-11

11 0 11 0 0 0 11 0 11

Pipeline

No

No

BBS

Harmonization and dissemination of unified Agricultural Production Statistics

Ongoing

Jul-12

Jun-14

352 64 288 140 16 124 140 16 124

FAO

Ongoing

Ongoing

Completed

BBS

Monitoring the situation of Children and Women (Phase 2)

Completed

Jul-07

Dec-11

587 25 562 20 0 20 478 17 461

UN

ICEF

No

No

Ongoing

BBS

Monitoring the situation of Children and Women (Phase 3)

Ongoing

Jan-12

Dec-13

685 29 656 474 13 461 474 13 461

UN

ICEF

198 Program

me

Subprogramm

e




Gob Agency

Project title

Project status

Project start

Project end



DP


No

No

Ongoing

DGH

S

NNS-Establishment of nutrition unit (NU) and strengthening of existing NU

Ongoing

Jul-11

Jun-16

3594 2102 1492 157 55 101 523 55 467

No

Ongoing

Ongoing

DGH

S

NNS-Monitoring, Evaluation, Operations Research, Survey

Ongoing

Jul-11

Jun-16

1839 400 1439 125 0 125 125 0 125

Pipeline

Pipeline

Ongoing

DGH

S

Planning, Monitoring and Research

Ongoing

Jul-11

Jun-16

4238 800 3439 815 137 678 1326 240 1085

WH

O

12: Food Safety and Quality Im

provement

12.1: Improve

surveillance system of

food borne illnesses

No

No

No

MoH

FW

Improving Food Safety in Bangladesh

Ongoing

Jul-12

Jun-15

854 0 854 356 0 356 356 0 356

Ongoing

Ongoing

Ongoing

MoH

FW

Improving Food Safety, Quality and Food Control in Bangladesh

Completed

Jan-09

Dec-12

2055 272 1783 0 0 0 456 15 441

EU

12.2: Develop and enhance capacities of

laboratories and systems for food quality

assurance and safety and control of food

Pipeline

No

No

DLS

Livestock disease control and prevention project

Ongoing

Jul-12

Dec-14

5045 5045 0 87 87 0 87 87 0

No

No

No

MoH

FW


Ongoing

Jul-12

Jun-15 570 0 570 237 0 237 237 0 237

Ongoing

Ongoing

Ongoing

MoH

FW


Completed

Jan-09

Dec-12

1370 181 1189 0 0 0 304 10 294

EU

12.3: Support the developm

ent of a m

odern food control m

anagement system

No

Ongoing

Ongoing

BARI

Development of safe vegetable production technology utilizing municipal organic waste in peri urban areas

Ongoing

Jul-10

Jun-13

919 919 0 370 370 0 765 765 0

No

Ongoing

Ongoing

DoF

Control of formalin use in fish preservation and mass awareness

Ongoing

Mar-11

Jun-14

770 770 0 202 202 0 532 532 0

199 Program

me

Subprogramm

e




Gob Agency

Project title

Project status

Project start

Project end



DP


Ongoing

Ongoing

Completed

DPHE

Strengthening capacity for water quality analysis and monitoring system in Bangladesh

Completed

Apr-09

Mar-12

2143 20 2123 0 0 0 2142 19 2123

No

No

No

MoH

FW


Ongoing

Jul-12

Jun-15

1424 0 1424 593 0 593 593 0 593

Ongoing

Ongoing

Ongoing

MoH

FW


Completed

Jan-09

Dec-12

3425 453 2972 0 0 0 760 25 735

EU

200

Annex 3.5: Projects in the CIP pipeline as of June 2013 (updated Table 4.6 of CIP 2011)

Programm

e

Sub program

me




GoB agency

Project title

Funds required between 2013-2015 (lakh taka) Suggested

DP

Funds required between 2013-2015 (million USD)

Total GoB PA Total GoB PA

1: Sustainable and diversified agriculture

1.1: Enhance research & know

ledge generation and adoption to increase agricultural productivity and

diversity in a sustainable manner

No No No BARI Citrus Development Project (BARI part) 529 529 0 1 1 0

No No No BARI Enhancement of pulses research and development in Bangladesh 999 999 0 1 1 0

No No No BARI Integrated agricultural development project for Magura, Jessore, Narail, Khulna and Satkhira (BARI part)

797 797 0 1 1 0

No No No BARI Strengthening of environmental stress research for sustainable crop production in the problem areas of Bangladesh

720 720 0 1 1 0

No No No BARI Strengthening of oilseed research and development in Bangladesh 975 975 0 1 1 0

No No No BARI Upgrading regional horticulture research station, Comilla to regional agriculture research station

2190 2190 0 3 3 0

Yes Yes Yes BJRI Development and Dissemination of Agricultural Technologies for Jute and Allied Fiber Crops 1993 1993 0 3 3 0

1.2: Improve extension services

to propagate knowledge &

practices, supported by

comm

unity-based experim

entation & learning and

indigenous knowledge

No Yes Yes BADC Magura- Jessore- Narail- Khulna- Satkhira Integrated Agricultural Development Project

18732 18732 0 27 27 0

Yes Yes Yes BADC Sylhet Division Integrated Irrigation Development Project 8429 8429 0 12 12 0

No No No BARI Crop Intensification through Fallow Land utilization in Sylhet (BARI part)

1199 1199 0 2 2 0

No No No BARI Technology development and dissemination of homestead and field crops in char areas for income generation and poverty alleviation

592 592 0 1 1 0

1.3: Promote the

development of responses to

adapt agricultural systems to

climate change

No Yes Yes DAE Agricultural adoption in climate risk prone area of Bangladesh 18665 0 18665 27 0 27

No Yes Yes DAE Agricultural support for smallholders in Southwestern region

8995 2111 6884 IDB 13 3 10

No No Yes DAM Strengthening of agriculture marketing to reduce climate change risk 2000 2000 0 3 3 0

No Yes Yes DLS Adaptation of poultry and livestock rearing in the context of climate change

3390 3390 0 5 5 0

No No No LGED Climate Change Adaptation Pilot Project. 2070 660 1410 DANIDA 3 1 2

No No Yes MoDMR Establishment of Bangladesh Disaster Management Training and Research Institute 11681 832 10849 17 1 16

201

Programm

e

Sub program

me




GoB agency

Project title


DP



No Yes Yes RDA Multipurpose use of sweet water for climate victims for livelihood improvement 13800 10316 3484 20 15 5

2: Improved w

ater managem

ent

2.1: Improve

water

managem

ent in w

ater distribution

systems and at

farm level

No Yes Yes BADC Project for irrigation expansion in poverty prone areas under Greater Rangpur district through modern minor irrigation practices

3173 3173 0 5 5 0

Yes Yes Yes BMDA Measuring usage and energy of pre-paid pump based on smart card

1909 1909 0 3 3 0

2.2: Improve &

increase efficiency of surface water irrigation, in

particular in the south

No No Yes BMDA Improving surface water irrigation through recharge well and maintenance of old deep tubewell

3860 3860 0 6 6 0

Yes Yes Yes BMDA Irrigation Programme Through Surface Water Augmentation 2060 2060 0 3 3 0

Yes Yes Yes BWDB Chandpur-Comilla Integrated Flood Control, Drainage and Irrigation Project

11238 11238 0 16 16 0

No Yes Yes BWDB Char Kukri-Mikri flood control, drainage and prevention of saline water intrusion project in the district of Bhola

13261 13261 0 19 19 0

No No No BWDB Construction of Hatia Nijhumdip cross Dam at Hatia upazila in Noakhali 9320 9320 0 13 13 0

No No No BWDB Construction of Sandwip Urir Char cross dam project at Sandwip upazila in Chittagong

68317 68317 0 98 98 0

No Yes Yes BWDB Flood control and development of Kamrangir Char 10440 10440 0 15 15 0

No Yes Yes BWDB Integrated water resources management of Chalan beel area including beel Haloti development project 36405 36405 0 52 52 0

No Yes Yes BWDB Kurigram Irrigation Project (North Unit) 42942 42942 0 62 62 0 No No No BWDB Kurigram Irrigation Project (South Unit) II phase 122930 122930 0 177 177 0 Yes No No BWDB North Rajshahi Irrigation Project 73353 0 73353 IDA, IDB 106 0 106 No Yes Yes BWDB Re-excavation of Kumar river 5294 5294 0 8 8 0

No Yes Yes BWDB Re-excavation/dredging of Mahananda river from Khalgat to Nasipur at Sadar Upazila in Chapainawabganj District

14580 14580 0 21 21 0

2.3: Reduce im

pact of saline w

ater intrusion in the South

No No No BWDB Coastal embankment improvement project Phase I (CEIP I) in Satkhira, Khulna, Bagerhat, Pirojpur, Barguna, and Patuakhali District

93641 0 93641 China, IDA 135 0 135

3: Improved

quality of input and soil

fertility

3.1: Enhance availability of agricultural

inputs, tested and certified for quality of

diversified crops

No No Yes BCIC Ashugonj Fertilizer Project-II 647689 129538 518152 932 186 746

No No Yes BCIC BMR of TSP Complex Ltd. (TSPCL) 45000 45000 0 65 65 0

202

Programm

e

Sub program

me




GoB agency

Project title


DP



No No Yes BCIC Construction of 13 new buffer godowns at different districts for facilitating fertilizer distribution 4052 4052 0 6 6 0

No No Yes BCIC North-west fertilizer project (NWFP) 273902 82674 191228 394 119 275

No No Yes BCIC Setting up of a Modern, energy efficient with higher capacity urea fertilizer factory in the vacant land of UFFL & PUFFL

398540 79708 318832 573 115 459

No No Yes BCIC Sustaining the Installed rated production capacity by repairing of Chittagong urea Fertilizer Ltd. (CUFL) 122222 26157 96064 JBIC, Japan 176 38 138

Yes Yes Yes BMDA Enhancing seed producing capacity of BMDA 2049 2049 0 3 3 0

3.2: Develop

public private

partnerships through capacity

development

No No Yes BADC Establishing Seed Processing Center and Enhancing Seed multiplication farm at Subarnachar in Noakhali 1439 1439 0 2 2 0

No No Yes BADC Maintenance and rehabilitation of existing fertilizer storage and strengthening fertilizer management

16962 16962 0 24 24 0

4: Fisheries and aquaculture Developm

ent

4.1: Develop sm

all scale aquaculture, through access to quality inputs, advice and skills

No No No BFDC Establishment of Fish Landing Centers in Haorand Baor Areas 5097 5097 0 7 7 0

Yes Yes Yes BFRI Establishing Haor Fisheries Research Station in Kishoreganj and Beel Fisheries Research Station in Gopalganj

8384 8384 0 12 12 0

No No No BFRI Mariculture research infrastructure development project

3942 3942 0 6 6 0

No Yes Yes DoF Community base baor fisheries management project 10709 10709 0 15 15 0

No No No DoF Feed the Future Aquaculture Project 4000 0 4000 FAO, USAID 6 0 6 No No No DoF Neemgasi community based aquaculture project 1445 1445 0 2 2 0 No No No DoF Value added fish product project 1874 0 1874 IDB 3 0 3

4.2: Improve m

anagement of fisheries

resources

Yes No No BFRI Genetic Improvement of Fish & Shrimp by biotechnological research 1746 1746 0 3 3 0

No Yes Yes DoF Cage and pen culture extension project 5287 5287 0 8 8 0 No No No DoF Establishment of brood bank project (3rd phase) 2298 2298 0 3 3 0

No Yes Yes DoF Establishment of beel nursery and fingerling stocking in inland open waters 11809 11809 0 17 17 0

No Yes Yes DoF Fisheries sector rural development project (2nd phase)

30740 30740 0 44 44 0

No No No DoF Fisheries development in greater Jessore project 2746 2746 0 4 4 0 No No No DoF Fisheries development in Rangpur division project 2090 2090 0 3 3 0 No Yes Yes DoF Inland capture fisheries development project 5847 5847 0 8 8 0

No Yes Yes DoF Integrated fish culture development project in unused water bodies 6358 6358 0 9 9 0

No Yes Yes DoF Integrated protected area co-management project 3803 278 3525 5 0 5

No No No DoF Sustainable Management and Value Chain Development in Fisheries Sector

45679 45047 631 IDB, WB 66 65 1

203

Programm

e

Sub program

me




GoB agency

Project title


DP



4.3: Develop

public private partnerships in

support of infrastructure and services developm

ent

Yes No No BFRI Improvement of Standardization of Species and Location Specific Cage Aquaculture Technology 1058 1058 0 2 2 0

4.4: Promote production in the

South through sustainable shrim

p and prawn developm

ent and com

munity based co

managem

ent of wetlands

No No No DoF Building trade capacity of Small scale shrimp and prawn farmers in Bangladesh - investing in the bottom of the pyramid approach

455 0 455 FAO, USAID 1 0 1

No Yes Yes DoF Project on development of coastal fisheries and socio economic status of coastal fishers 6371 899 5471 IDB, WB 9 1 8

5: Livestock development

5.1: Strengthen animal

health services, including better

diagnosis and surveillance system

s to m

itigate disease outbreaks

No No No BARI Strengthening of Vertebrate Pest Research and Development in Bangladesh 800 800 0 1 1 0

No No No BLRI FMD preparedness project 16779 16779 0 24 24 0 Yes No No DLS Emerging and reemerging disease control project 15295 15295 0 22 22 0

Yes Yes Yes DLS Strengthening of the Institutional Capacity and policy reform of DLS 784 58 726 1 0 1

No No No DoF Strengthening National Capacity to Respond to Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) and Emerging and Re-emerging Disease in Bangladesh

1626 0 1626 FAO, USAID 2 0 2

5.2: Strengthen husbandry capacity at

household level through com

munity

based improved

knowledge and

advisory services

Yes Yes Yes DLS Community Based Fodder & Other Unconventional Feed Production and Development for Animal Nutrition Project

1969 1969 0 3 3 0

Yes No No DLS Goat development in small and marginal families for poverty reduction

21154 21154 0 30 30 0

No No No DLS Small scale dairy farm development in the dairy pocket area in Bangladesh 4642 0 4642 IDB 7 0 7

Yes Yes Yes DLS Smallholder dairy development project in milk potential areas

3665 3665 0 5 5 0

5.4: Research on livestock

development,

including genetic

improvem

ent

No No No BLRI Establishment of dairy research development center project 3157 3157 0 5 5 0

204

Programm

e

Sub program

me




GoB agency

Project title


DP



No No No BLRI Red cattle development and conservation (2nd phase)

1376 1376 0 2 2 0

No Yes Yes BLRI Technology development of strategic control of foot and mouth disease 750 750 0 1 1 0

No No No DLS Beef Cattle development project 1703 1703 0 2 2 0

No No No DLS Breed Upgradation Through Progeny Test Project phase III

2217 2217 0 3 3 0

No No No DLS Establishment of livestock diploma institute project 24113 24113 0 35 35 0 No No No DLS Establishment of Sirajgonj Govt. Veterinary college 2719 2719 0 4 4 0 No No No DLS Khulna regional livestock development project 3257 3257 0 5 5 0 No No No DLS Livestock quality control lab. Establishment project 6260 6260 0 9 9 0

No No Yes Milk Vita Establishment of Buffalo Breading Station for Enhancing Milk Production 1650 1650 0 2 2 0

6: Improved access to m

arkets

6.1: Improve physical access to

markets, facilities and

information

Yes No No DAM Agricultural market infrastructure development project 990 0 990 FAO 1 0 1

No No Yes DAM Strengthening capacity building of department of agriculture marketing (DAM) in research and policy analysis of agriculture marketing information

624 624 0 1 1 0

No No No LGED Barisal Division Infrastructure Development Project. 25506 25506 0 37 37 0

No No No LGED Greater Noakhali Rural Infrastructure Development Project (Part-II). 17990 17990 0 26 26 0

6.2: Mobilize and

promote producer &

m

arketing groups for im

proved market

access and know

ledge

No No Yes DAM Strengthening marketing services of north-southern regional markets by strengthening Farmers Marketing Group (FMG) (Bangla)

1000 0 1000 FAO 1 0 1

No Yes Yes DOC Development of cooperatives based direct marketing system of agricultural products 2145 2145 0 3 3 0

6.3: Develop

adequate storage, processing and value addition and reduce

waste through

public-private partnerships

Yes Yes Yes BFDC Strengthening BFDC and development of fish marketing network including value added fish product

23834 0 23834 34 0 34

No No Yes DAM Ensuring food security through enhancing value addition and processing activities of agricultural commodities in 10 selected districts

3040 3040 0 4 4 0

205

Programm

e

Sub program

me




GoB agency

Project title


DP



No No Yes DAM Godown, wholesale market infrastructure of agricultural product and 6 regional training center renovation and preservation program (Bangla)

2340 2340 0 3 3 0

No No No LGED Bangladesh Agriculture Infrastructure Development Project.

8139 947 7192 USAID 12 1 10

6.4: Promote and assist

the development of off

farm activities and rural

businesses

Yes No No DAM Agricultural marketing extension service development project

980 0 980 FAO 1 0 1

No Yes Yes DOC Livelihood improvement of the disadvantaged women 6557 6557 0 9 9 0

No No No DoF Climate resilient ecosystem and livelihood project 7802 343 7459 USAID 11 0 11

7: Implem

entation and m

onitoring of N

FP and CIP actions

7.2: Strengthen national capacities

for design, im

plementation

and monitoring of

CIP operations

Yes Yes Yes MoFood Meeting the Undernourishment Challenge Program 2188 0 2188 3 0 3

8: Enhanced Public Food M

anagement

Systems

8.3: Increase and m

odernize public storage and

handling facilities, including in disaster

prone areas

No No No Mo Food Bangladesh Modern Food Storage Construction Project Phase 1 73959 0 73959 WB 106 0 106

9: Effective safety nets

9.1: Strengthen institutional capacities to effectively operate social safety net program

mes

and formulate a new

integrated strategy for

social safety net program

mes

No No No DDM Bangladesh Safety net Systems for the Poorest Project 146639 0 146639 211 0 211

Yes Yes Yes tbd Capacity development and institutional strengthening for more effective safety nets

35000 5000 30000 50 7 43

206

Programm

e

Sub program

me




GoB agency

Project title


DP



9.2: Investment in em

ployment

and income generation of social

safety nets (including in ADP)

No No Yes DOC Livelihood Improvement of the Indigenous Community through Cooperatives 3635 3635 0 5 5 0

No No No LGED Rural Employment and Road Maintenance Program-2 (RERMP-2). 44056 32512 11544 EU 63 47 17

No Yes Yes RDCD Comprehensive Village Development Program 3rd phase

15000 15000 0 22 22 0

No No Yes SFDF Livelihood Improvement of Ethnic and Marginal Population

6562 6562 0 9 9 0

10: Comm


10.1: Comm

unity based livelihood

and nutrition program

mes,

building on the N

ational Nutrition

Service (NN

S)

No No No DoF Integrated Agriculture Interventions for Improved Food and Nutrition Security in Selected Districts of Southern Bangladesh

2960 0 2960 FAO, USAID 4 0 4

No Yes Yes MoSW Poverty reduction of underprivileged poor people in the backward areas of the country through self employment generation project

8083 8083 0 12 12 0

10.2: Support com

munity based

efforts of homestead

gardening, rearing sm

all livestock, aquaculture and

awareness building

for improved nutrition

No No No DLS Improving food security of women and children by enhancing backyard and small scale poultry production in the southern delta region

18320 16488 1832 FAO, USAID 26 24 3

10.3: Link long term w

ith im

mediate treatm

ent of acute m

alnutrition, in particular through

therapeutic and supplem

entary feeding

No Yes No MoA Strengthening the capacity of BIRTAN on training and research

162 162 0 0 0 0

207

Programm

e

Sub program

me




GoB agency

Project title


DP



12: Food Safety and Quality Im

provement

12.1: Improve

surveillance system

of food borne illnesses

Yes Yes Yes tbd Improve surveillance system of food borne illnesses 8500 0 8500 12 0 12

12.3: Support the developm

ent of a m

odern food control

managem

ent system

Yes No No tbd Programmes aiming to support the development of a modern food control management system

2989 0 2989 4 0 4

208

Annex 3.6: Development partners’ contributions Annex 3.6a: DPs Contributions through the ADP and changes between July 2010 and June 2013 (million USD) - Table 4.2. in CIP 2011

CIP programm

e

Food Availability Food Access Food Utilization

Total CIP 2014

Budget beyond CIP period

1. Sustainable and diversified agriculture through integrated

research and extension

2. Improved w

ater resource m

anagement and infrastructure for

irrigation purposes

3. Improved quality of inputs and soil

fertility

4. Fisheries and aquaculture developm

ent

5. Livestock development, w

ith a focus on poultry and dairy production

subtotal Availability

6. Improved access to m

arket, value addition in agriculture and non farm

incom

es

7. Strengthened capacities for im

plementation and m

onitoring of N

FP and CIP actions

8. Enhanced public food managem

ent system

9. Institutional Developm

ent and Capacity D

evelopment for m

ore effective safety nets

subtotal Access

10. Comm

unity based nutrition program

mes and services

11. Orient food and nutrition actions

through data

12. Food safety and quality im

provement

subtotal Utilization

Change between

CIP 2014 and CIP 2013

Addition 2014

Revision on 2013 in 2014

ADB 10.3 53.6 22.2 - 5.1 91.2 287.9 0.3 - - 288.2 - - - - 379.5 117.3 117.3 238.0 China - - 560.0 - - 560.0 - - - - - - - - - 560.0 0.0 - - DANIDA 8.3 - - 7.9 6.3 22.5 12.2 - - - 12.2 - - - - 34.6 (23.9) (23.9) - DFAT - - - - 13.6 13.6 - - - 8.7 8.7 - - - - 22.3 0.7 0.7 3.5 DFID 97.8 - - - 103.4 201.2 42.5 - - 165.9 208.4 141.0 - - 141.0 550.6 (24.5) (24.5) 77.2 EKN - 90.8 - - - 90.8 - - - - - - - - - 90.8 31.2 9.0 22.2 58.1 EU 15.2 - 13.7 0.1 0.2 29.1 - 2.6 - 48.6 51.2 31.0 7.6 8.2 46.8 127.15 13.7 13.7 - FAO 0.6 - - 0.1 - 0.7 0.5 - - - 0.5 - 0.2 - 0.2 1.3 (6.3) 0.2 (6.5) - GAFSP 35.0 - 1.8 5.2 4.3 46.3 - 3.7 - - 3.7 - - - - 50.0 0.0 - - GIZ 8.2 - 8.8 - - 17.0 - - - - - - - - - 17.00 13.2 13.2 1.4 IDB 18.7 - 28.9 3.7 - 51.3 3.2 - - - 3.2 - - - - 54.6 9.6 8.8 7.0 IFAD 32.7 44.0 - 5.0 - 81.6 38.4 - - - 38.4 - - - - 120.0 51.5 51.5 62.4 Italy - - - - - - 3.0 - - - 3.0 - - - - 3.0 0.3 0.3 - JICA - 62.9 - - 2.5 65.4 186.0 - 3.5 - 189.5 - - - - 254.9 (16.5) 3.5 (20.0) 9.1 Norway 15.2 - - - - 15.2 - - - - - - - - - 15.2 (0.6) (0.6) - SDC 2.4 0.3 2.6 2.5 - 7.8 8.9 - - - 8.9 - - - - 16.7 10.6 8.6 1.9 5.1 Spain - - - - - - - - - - - 11.2 - - 11.2 11.2 3.3 3.3 18.8 UNDP 7.6 - - - - 7.6 - - - 1.7 1.7 0.5 - - 0.5 9.8 (7.6) (7.6) - UNICEF - - - - - - - - - - - 20.9 - - 20.9 20.9 16.8 17.3 (0.4) 4.7 USAID 4.9 - - - 2.5 7.4 13.0 10.4 - - 23.4 10.1 - - 10.1 40.9 (3.7) 4.9 (8.6) 3.1 WFP - - - - - - - - - 9.9 9.9 - - - - 9.9 (46.7) (46.7) 3.4 World Bank 37.3 84.5 30.8 - 12.2 164.8 115.0 - - 183.1 298.1 - - - - 462.9 84.9 115 (30.1) -

Total DP 294.1 336.0 668.8 24.5 150.1 1,473.5 710.6 17.0 3.5 417.9 1,149.1 214.8 7.8 8.2 230.7 2,853.3 223.2 158.5 64.7 491.7

Share on total 10.3% 11.8% 23.4% 0.9% 5.3% 51.6% 24.9% 0.6% 0.1% 14.6% 40.3% 7.5% 0.3% 0.3% 8.1% 100.0%

209

Annex 3.6b: Contributions outside the ADP and changes between July 2010 and June 2013 (million USD) - Table 4.3. in CIP 2011

CIP programm

e


Total CIP 2014

Budget beyond CIP period



2. Improved w

ater resource m


irrigation purposes


fertility


ent






incom

es


plementation and m

onitoring of N

FP and CIP actions


ent system


ent and Capacity D

evelopment for m


subtotal Access

10. Comm


mes and services


through data


provement


Change between


Addition 2014

Revision on 2013 in 2014

ADB - - 25.1 - - 25.1 0.2 - - - 0.2 - - - - 25.3 25.3 0.2 25.1 - DFAT - 2.0 - - - 2.0 - - - 63.9 63.9 - - - - 65.8 (15.5) (15.5) 4.7 DFID 9.0 - - - 131.8 140.8 12.0 - - 50.7 62.7 - - - - 203.5 (6.7) (6.7) 6.7 EKN 15.5 - - - - 15.5 - - - - - - - 10.3 10.3 25.7 19.6 19.6 4.7 EU 17.1 - - - 1.0 18.1 1.5 - - 35.5 37.0 9.4 - - 9.4 64.4 0.0 0.0 - FAO - 0.4 - - 0.1 0.5 - - - - - - 0.4 - 0.4 0.8 (0.4) (0.4) - IFAD - - - - - - 32.8 - - - 32.8 - - - - 32.8 (0.0) (0.0) - JICA - - - - - - - - 24.3 - 24.3 - - - - 24.3 2.6 2.6 3.7 Norway 0.5 - - - - 0.5 - - - - - - - - - 0.5 (0.1) (0.1) - SDC 1.4 - 2.9 1.5 0.7 6.5 2.9 - - - 2.9 - - - - 9.4 (6.1) 5.1 (11.2) - UNDP - - - - - - - - - 1.2 1.2 - - - - 1.2 0.9 0.9 - USAID 108.0 - 33.2 39.8 24.6 205.5 23.0 24.1 - - 47.1 127.7 - 0.9 128.6 381.3 88.1 13.8 74.3 40.6 WFP - - - - - - - - - - - 59.1 - - 59.1 59.1 49.2 49.2 24.1

Total DP 151.5 2.4 61.2 41.3 158.1 414.5 72.4 24.1 24.3 151.2 272.0 196.3 0.4 11.2 207.8 894.3 156.8 19.0 137.7 84.6 Share on total

16.9% 0.3% 6.8% 4.6% 17.7% 46.3% 8.1% 2.7% 2.7% 16.9% 30.4% 21.9% 0.0% 1.2% 23.2% 100.0% -

210

Annex 3.6c: Possible future contributions through and outside the ADP and non ADP (million USD) - Table 4.4. in CIP 2011

CIP programm

e


Total CIP 2014

Budget beyond June-2015



2. Improved w

ater resource m


irrigation purposes


fertility


ent






incom

es


plementation and m

onitoring of N

FP and CIP actions


ent system


ent and Capacity D

evelopment for m


subtotal Access

10. Comm


mes and services


through data


provement


Change between


added in 2014

Revision and/or change in project status

ADB - 67.1 46.8 - - 114.0 79.7 - - - 79.7 - - - - 193.7 (295.9) (295.9) 296.0 China - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - DANIDA 16.3 - - - 3.3 19.5 4.1 - - - 4.1 - - - - 23.6 (7.1) 3.3 (10.4) 33.4 DFAT - - - - 7.8 7.8 - - - 3.7 3.7 - - - - 11.4 11.4 3.7 7.8 2.0 DFID - - - - - - - - - 26.8 26.8 64.0 - - 64.0 90.7 (17.4) 12.4 (29.7) 32.7 EKN - 15.3 - - - 15.3 4.8 - - - 4.8 1.9 - - 1.9 21.9 (23.7) 21.9 (45.6) 6.8 EU - - - - - - - 8.2 - 3.5 11.7 35.2 0.5 - 35.7 47.4 43.4 43.4 (0.0) FAO 0.3 - - 0.5 - 0.7 - - - - - - - - - 0.7 (2.2) 0.5 (2.7) GAFSP - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - (50.0) (50.0) GIZ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - (6.1) (6.1) IDB 76.4 - - - - 76.4 - - - - - - - - - 76.4 76.4 76.4 - IFAD 20.0 - - - - 20.0 74.2 - - - 74.2 - - - - 94.2 (53.7) 35.0 (88.7) 40.8 Italy - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - JICA - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - (21.7) (21.7) Norway - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - SDC - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - (23.1) (23.1) Spain - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - (90.0) (90.0) UNDP - - - - - - - - - - - 32.0 - - 32.0 32.0 28.8 28.8 UNICEF - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - (6.1) (6.1) USAID 29.5 - 2.0 19.0 1.9 52.4 30.5 14.2 - - 44.7 7.5 - 1.3 8.7 105.8 (39.5) 43.3 (82.8) 40.3 WFP - - - - - - - - - 2.7 2.7 0.0 - - 0.0 2.7 (32.0) 0.8 (32.7) World Bank 150.0 - - - - 150.0 150.0 - 46.7 500.0 696.7 - - - - 846.7 434.7 800.0 (365.3) 163.3 Total DP 292.4 82.4 48.8 19.5 12.9 456.1 343.3 22.4 46.7 536.6 948.9 140.5 0.5 1.3 142.3 1,547.3 (73.7) 1,041 (1,114) 615.4 Share on total 18.9% 5.3% 3.2% 1.3% 0.8% 29.5% 22.2% 1.4% 3.0% 34.7% 61.3% 9.1% 0.0% 0.1% 9.2% 100.0% -

Published by FPMU, Ministry of Food

Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh

with technical and financial support by

National Food Policy Capacity Strengthening Programme

monitoring report 2014 - fpmu bangladesh...

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