Vinodh Kumar,O.R and J. P. YadavDivision of Epidemiology

ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute

Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India

Ongoing , continuous, routine observation on health and production of animal

Ongoing efforts directed at assessing the health and disease status of a given population

Essential integral component of management planning. Direct relationship between the accuracy of condition that

management can deliver and the level of accuracy that a monitoring project is designed to measure.

Development of any monitoring strategy should be based on availability of resource and on a risk assessment.

(Martin et al., 1987; Thrusfield, 2005)

Surveillance is continuous scrutening or watchfulness over the distribution and spread of infection or disease for effective control and prevention of disease.

(Last, 2001)

Surveillance is a more intensive form of data recording than monitoring (Thrusfield, 2005)

Surveillance refers to a specific extension of monitoring where obtained information is utilised and measures

are taken if certain threshold values related to disease status have been passed (Noordhuizen et al. 1997)

Use:- Planning and assessment of disease control measures.

1374- Italy for control of Human plague. 1711-1774- Lansisi used Rinderpest surveillance. 1920 (Belgium)- check the spread of R.P. a committee is

formed, later known as O.I.E.

S.NO. Monitoring Surveillance

1 Specific and essential part of surveillance.

Broad term, Monitoring is one of constituent.

2 Carried out by any technician or any automated machine.

Require professional analysis and sofisticated judegement of data leading to recommendation of control action.

3 Formulated standard. Lacks formulated standards.

4 Differentiate between acceptable and unacceptable change.

Doesn’t differentiate between acceptable and unacceptable change.

Essential part of disease control Originally applied to individual/ primarily to contacts of

serious communicable diseases(Pneumonic Plague) Later includes diseases and related factors More intensive form of data recording than monitoring and

has three distinct element (Christensen, 2001).

o Gathering, recording and analysis of datao Dissemination of information to interested partieso Action can be taken to control the disease

Rapid detection of disease outbreak Early identification of disease problem Assessment of health status of a defined population Definition of priorities for a disease control and prevention Identification of new and emerging disease Evaluation of disease control programmes Provision of information to plan and conduct research Confirmation of options of a specific disease

Sentinel surveillance Serological surveillance(sero-surveillance) Passive surveillance Active surveillance Targeted surveillance Scanning surveillance

Entire national herd- Testing of Bovine brucellosis Few farms, Abattoirs, veterinary practices or laboratories Ex- sentinel equine premises for vesicular stomatitis virus

and Venezuelan equine encephalitis Stray dogs for canine parvo virus Domestic animals for Human environmental health hazards,

carcinogens and insecticides

Identification of patterns of current and past infection using serological test.

Ex- Food and mouth disease in European union

Continuous monitoring of the existing disease status of the population that are survived

Ex- reports of laboratory diagnosis, routine meat inspections finding and statutory notification of disease

Essentially monitoring with the intention of acting on its finding.

Disadvantage:- Uses data that may be biased, frequently lacking

denominator values and can’t give unbiased estimates of disease frequency.

(Thrusfield, 2005)

Collect information commonly by undertaking surveys of specific diseases.

Based on well diagnosed surveys.

Advantage:- Can produce the unbiased estimate

(Thrusfield, 2005)

Collect specific information about a defined disease so that its level in a defined population can be measured and its options monitored.

Focuses on population that are at increased risk of being affected. Ex :- Targeting of fallen stock for surveillance of B.S.E.

Continuous watch over endemic diseases Trigger a more detailed investigation to explore the

likelihood of a new disease occuring Also kwon as syndromic surveillance Inexpensive and faster than systems that requires laboratory

confirmation First kind of surveillance begun in developing country

Disadvantage:- Lack of specificity

(Thrusfield, 2005)

For Epidemiological surveillance program priority should be given to- Disease with higher case fatality rate Higher prevalance For which country has control measure Seriousness and economic importance Geographical distribution Potencial for spread in the country or region or in the world

Well organized health and Epidemiological services Adequately equipped and suitably staffed laboratory

diagnostic services A controlled agency to collect, annalyse and disseminate

consolidated information