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Monitoring and Evaluation

Framework

Short Term Action Plan for Conservation and

Management of Loktak Lake

Monitoring and Evaluation Framework

November 2009

Conservation and Management of Loktak

and Associated Wetlands Integrating

Manipur River Basin

Wetlands International - South Asia

Acknowledgements: This work is dedicated to Late Dr. C.L. Trisal (Founder Director, Wetlands

International – South Asia) who laid the foundation of conservation of

Loktak Lake.

The guidance and support provided by Mr. D.S. Punia (Chief Secretary,

Govt. of Manipur) and Mr. A.N. Jha (Finance Secretary, Govt. of Manipur) is

gratefully acknowledged.

The participants of two workshop held at Manipur provided invaluable

input to the process which is acknowledged with thanks.

Special mention is made of technical input and support provided by Mr. Th.

Ibobi Singh (Project Director, Loktak Development Authority) and Mr. Ng.

Sanajaoba Meitei (Loktak Development Authority), which is highly

appreciated and thankfully acknowledged.

Suggested Citation: Kumar, R., Maitra, M.K. and Kumar, S. 2009. Monitoring and Evaluation

Plan – Short Term Action Plan for Conservation and Management of Loktak

Lake. Technical Report submitted to Loktak Development Authority.

Wetlands International – South Asia, New Delhi, India

Wetlands International – South Asia

A-25, Second Floor, Defence Colony

New Delhi – 110024, INDIA

Tel: +91 11 24338906, 32927908

Fax: +91 11 24338906

Email: [email protected]

URL: www.wetlands.org

Disclaimer:

The presentation of material in this report and geographical designations employed do not imply the

expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of Wetlands International –South Asia concerning

the legal status of any country, area or territory, or concerning delimitation of boundaries or

frontiers. Usual disclaimers apply.

Contents

1. Introduction 1

Report Scope and Purpose 1

Terms of Reference 3

Approach and Methodology 3

Report Structure 4

2. STAP Results Based Management Framework 5

3. Monitoring and Evaluation Mechanisms 11

Institutional Arrangements 11

Tier I: Activity based monitoring and evaluation 11

Tier II: Performance indicators based monitoring and evaluation 12

Tier III: External Evaluation 19

Terms of Reference 19

List of External Agencies 19

Annexes

Annex 1: Global scheme for monitoring and evaluation of ecological character i

Annex 2: STAP inception and project management workshop report iii

Annex 3: Project management unit xii

Annex 4: Format for activity based reporting - Catchment Management xiii

Annex 5: Format for activity based reporting -Water and Phumdi Management xvi

Annex 6: Format for activity based reporting - Water Management Planning xviii

Annex 7: Format for activity based reporting - Water Quality Management xx

Annex 8: Format for activity based reporting - Sustainable Livelihoods xxi

Annex 9: Format for activity based reporting - Project Management xxiii

Annex 10: Water quality monitoring strategy xxv

Annex 11: Lake fisheries assessment strategy xxvi

List of Tables

Table 1: Logical framework analysis 7

Table 2: Work breakdown structure 9

Table 3: Details for outcome monitoring 15

Table 4: Details for output monitoring 17

Table 5: Suggested list of agencies for external evaluation 20

List of Figures

Fig 1: Management planning framework for Loktak and associated wetlands 2

Fig 2: Prioritization of management plan into short term and long term action 2

plan

Fig 3: Purpose and functions of monitoring and evaluation 5

Fig 4: Results chain and project cycle 6

Fig 5: Linkages between monitoring mechanisms and project organization 12

List of Maps

Map 1: Water quality stations 13

Map 2: Location of sediment monitoring stations 14

Abbreviations

AQC Analytical Quality Control

BPL Below Poverty Line

CBOs Community Based Organisations

CEPA Communication Education Participation and Awareness

Cr. Crore (1 crore = 10 million)

DO Dissolved Oxygen

DRDA District Rural Development Agency

FD Forest Department

FsD Fishery Department

GB Governing Body

GIS Geographical Information System

Ha. Hectare

ICEF India Canada Environment Facility

ID Irrigation Department

JFM Joint Forest Management

JFMC Joint Forest Management Committee

Kg. Kilogram

KLNP Keibul Lamjao National Park

L cum Lakh Cubic Meter ( 1 lakh = 0.1 million )

LDA Loktak Development Authority

LFA Logical Framework Analysis

LTAP Long Term Action Plan

M & E Monitoring and Evaluation

MOUs Memorandum of Understanding

MSF Multi Stakeholder Forum

NGOs Non Governmental Organisations

NHPC National Hydro-electric Power Corporation

NRSA National Remote Sensing Agency

pH Percentage of Hydrogen ion

PHED Public Health Engineering Department

PIC Project Implementation Committee

PIT Project Implementation Team

PMU Project Management Unit

PPM Project Planning Matrix

R&D Research and Development

RBM Result Based Management

RD Rural Development

RM Running meters

Rs. Rupees

SC Steering Committee

SHGs Self Help Groups

Sq. km Square Kilometre

STAP Short Term Action Plan

TSC Total Sanitation Campaign

WISA Wetlands International South Asia

WS Watersheds

1

1. Introduction

Report Scope and Purpose

The Short Term Action Plan (STAP) for Loktak Lake was formulated by Wetlands International – South Asia (WISA) in March 2009 as a response to the Planning Commission’s review and direction for focus on achieving ecological restoration of Loktak Lake as a priority within the ambit of overarching Management Action Plan for Loktak Lake and associated wetlands. The STAP aims at conservation and sustainable utilization of Loktak Lake integrating Manipur River Basin for ecological security and livelihood improvement of local communities. An investment of Rs. 374 crore over two years is entailed to achieve stipulated objectives through action plans on phumdi management, water management, catchment conservation, biodiversity conservation, livelihood improvement and institutional development (Figure 1 & 2).

Central to success of STAP is an integrated monitoring and evaluation system that is able to inform project management of the status of implementation and provide evidence of why certain objectives were achieved or not / under achieved. Conventionally, monitoring and evaluation system represents a combination of two distinct but complementary processes to support project management. Monitoring is focused on providing information on where a program or activity stands at a given point of time. It is largely descriptive in intent. Evaluation on the other hand gives evidences of why targets or performance indicators have or have not been achieved. It therefore addresses causality. Monitoring involves linking activities and their resources to outputs and outcomes; translating objectives into performance indicators and setting targets; routine collection of data on indicators and comparing actual results with targets; reporting to management and alerting them to problems. Evaluation analyzes why intended results were not achieved; assesses specific causal contribution of activities to results; examines implementation processes; explores unintended results and provides lessons and recommendations for improvement (Global Environment Facility, 2007).

Design of monitoring and evaluation system also needs to be referenced to the overall purpose of the exercise. Within the context of lake management planning, monitoring and evaluation systems are expected to guide decision making towards “wise use” defined as the “the maintenance of their ecological character, achieved through implementation of ecosystem approaches, within the context of sustainable development”. Ecological character is the “combination of ecosystem components, processes and benefits / services that characterize the wetland at any given point of time”. Changes in ecological character form the basis of management actions. The role of monitoring and evaluation, therefore, is directed towards assessment of changes in ecological character, a global scheme for which is presented at Annex -1. Monitoring and evaluation of this scope is expected to be a continuous function of Loktak Development Authority, and has been in place to various extents since the implementation of ICEF funded project on ‘Sustainable Development and Water Resources Management of Loktak Lake’.

2

Ecosystem Conservation

Sustainable Resources

Development & Livelihood

Improvement

Conservation & Management of

Loktak and Associated Wetlands

Institutional Development

(policy, regulation, capacity building & CEPA)

Community & Stakeholder Partic

ipation

Sustainable Fisheries

Development

Management of Aquatic

vegetation and Utilization

Catchment Conservation

Water Management

Biodiversity Conservation Livelihood Improvement

Ecosystem Conservation

Sustainable Resources

Development & Livelihood

Improvement

Conservation & Management of

Loktak and Associated Wetlands

Institutional Development

(policy, regulation, capacity building & CEPA)

Community & Stakeholder Partic

ipation

Sustainable Fisheries

Development

Management of Aquatic

vegetation and Utilization

Catchment Conservation

Water Management

Biodiversity Conservation Livelihood Improvement

Fig 1: Management Planning Framework for Loktak and associated wetlands

Ecosystem ConservationSustainable Resources Development &

Livelihood Improvement

Conservation & Management of Loktak and Associated Wetlands

Catchment

ConservationWater

Management

Biodiversity

Conservation

1. Loktak

2. Thoubal

3. Heirok WS

1. Khuga WS

2. Iril Lower and Upper

WS

3. Imphal WS

1. Phumdi Management –

Loktak

2. Selective desilting and

dredging

3. Water allocation policy

1. Regulator at Ungamel

2. Solid Waste

Management

3. Sewage treatment

1. Waterbird monitoring

2. Capacity building

1. Alternate home for

Sangai

2. Conservation of

floristic species

3. Re-establishment of

migratory fish species

STAP

LTAP

Fisheries

Development

Livelihood

Improvement

Ecotourism

Development

1. Construction of new

hatcheries around

Loktak

2. Operationalization of

existing hatcheries

1. New hatcheries around

Pumlen , Waithou,

Ikop, Kharung

2. Post harvest and value

addition

1. Focus on Loktak

1. Focus on Pumlen, Ikop,

Kharung, Waithau

1. Interpretation center

2. Education and

recreation

infrastructure

development

3. Marketing

STAP

LTAP

Ecosystem ConservationSustainable Resources Development &

Livelihood Improvement

Conservation & Management of Loktak and Associated Wetlands

Catchment

ConservationWater

Management

Biodiversity

Conservation

1. Loktak

2. Thoubal

3. Heirok WS

1. Khuga WS

2. Iril Lower and Upper

WS

3. Imphal WS

1. Phumdi Management –

Loktak

2. Selective desilting and

dredging

3. Water allocation policy

1. Regulator at Ungamel

2. Solid Waste

Management

3. Sewage treatment

1. Waterbird monitoring

2. Capacity building

1. Alternate home for

Sangai

2. Conservation of

floristic species

3. Re-establishment of

migratory fish species

STAP

LTAP

Fisheries

Development

Livelihood

Improvement

Ecotourism

Development

1. Construction of new

hatcheries around

Loktak

2. Operationalization of

existing hatcheries

1. New hatcheries around

Pumlen , Waithou,

Ikop, Kharung

2. Post harvest and value

addition

1. Focus on Loktak

1. Focus on Pumlen, Ikop,

Kharung, Waithau

1. Interpretation center

2. Education and

recreation

infrastructure

development

3. Marketing

STAP

LTAP

Fig 2: Prioritization of Management Plan into Short Term (STAP) and Long Term Action Plan (LTAP)

3

Implementation of STAP however, requires a much narrower and specific scope of monitoring and evaluation framework largely aimed at guiding effective achievement of project objectives. It mandates a framework wherein project management is able to track collectively the outcome of implementation of several component action plans in unison and take a decision on project’s progress. It also mandates a shift from the routine ‘physical and financial targets’ based monitoring system to monitoring by results. Underlying the proposition is the need to make project management accountable for overall successes and failures during project implementation. The STAP monitoring and evaluation process, however, stands nested within the overall ecological character monitoring function of the Loktak Development Authority.

The current report outlines a monitoring and evaluation framework in the context of STAP within the overall project management cycle. It is presumed and stressed that the management planning process would strengthen the ongoing ecosystem monitoring which would serve as the long term guidance for conservation and management of Loktak and associated wetlands.

Terms of Reference

The key purpose of the present report is to outline a monitoring and evaluation framework with specific emphasis on the following:

� Formulation of a project logframe � Identification of monitoring indicators � Identification of monitoring mechanisms � Providing list of agencies that could undertake monitoring and evaluation

Approach and Methodology

Monitoring and evaluation framework for STAP has been developed based on a Results-Oriented Logical Framework Analysis (LFA) which is widely accepted by developmental agencies as a key tool for project planning and monitoring. The LFA provides a snapshot of project results and risks and therefore is an important tool for monitoring and evaluation.

The process for development of a monitoring and evaluation framework was led by a Results Based Management expert. A participatory approach to formulation of plan was adopted. An orientation workshop was held at Imphal, Manipur during July 2-3, 2009 with an objective to introduce the results based management concept and the importance of focusing project management on results rather than stand -alone activities. The orientation workshop also involved discussions on overall project, components and implementation approaches. The workshop report is attached as Annex – 2. The orientation workshop was followed by a two-day Results Based Management workshop also held at Imphal, Manipur during September 7-8, 2009. The workshop aimed at development of a logical framework matrix together with the implementing organizations defining the results statements and performance indicators.

4

Subsequently Loktak Development Authority co-ordinated finalization of a work breakdown structure to support logical framework matrix. The drafts were presented for review by all the concerned departments and agencies before final incorporation into these monitoring and evaluation framework.

Report structure

The report is organized into three sections. The introductory section sets out the background and scope of monitoring and evaluation plan for the Loktak STAP. The second section presents results based management framework for the Loktak STAP, including definition of results hierarchy for the project. The third section highlights monitoring indicators and mechanisms for the project. Detailed terms of reference and list of agencies that could undertake monitoring and evaluation is also presented in this section.

5

2. STAP Results Based Management Framework

The primary purpose of setting up a results based framework for Loktak STAP is to improve project management effectiveness and accountability by “defining realistic expected results , monitoring progress towards their achievement, integrating lessons learned into management decisions and reporting on overall performance”(Fig 3). Project management refers to the entire chain of decision makers involved in implementation of STAP. Results are meant to refer “a describable or/and measurable change in state derived from a cause and effect relationship”. In this sense results reflect consequences of actions taken to meet certain purpose. Results are also meant to be SMART (Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant and Time bound) and are measured through use of performance indicators.

Accountability

Lesson

Learning

Informed Decision

Making

Capacity

Building

Accountability

Lesson

Learning

Informed Decision

Making

Capacity

Building

Fig 3: Purpose and Functions of Monitoring and Evaluation

Within the result based framework, the overall project objectives are seen at two levels, i.e. Goal and Purpose. Goal is the long term desired “ultimate” state, but is not a project promise. This often requires contribution from several other projects and initiatives. However, it is a strong guide to planning any management intervention or processes. Purpose is the immediate objective which the project implementation agency is stipulated to achieve, and ideally should result based on successful achievement of outputs.

The framework uses the following hierarchy of results in the context of project management:

Impact A broad – long term effect that is expected at the end of STAP

implementation. However, impacts are not likely to be fully visible at the end of initiative

Outcome Medium term result that is the logical consequence of combination of outputs achieved within the duration of STAP

Output Short term result that is achieved as a logical consequence of completed project activities

6

Achievement of output depends on the following logical linkages:

Activity A process representing all actions planned and completed within the

project. A number of smaller related activities culminate into a major activity. A set of related major activites planned and accomplished successfully produce the desired outputs. It is important to qualify “completed activity” which is an outcome of the activity and represents a planned process that has been finished.

Input The human, organizational, physical and financial resources contributed directly or indirectly by the stakeholders of STAP, and represent the resources required for implementation.

Assumptions External factors or conditions which must be fulfilled for successful implementation of STAP.

Problem Analysis

Plan

(Goal, Purpose,

Results and

Activities)

ImpactProject

Rationale

Project

Design

Implementation

ProcessInputs Activities Outputs Outcomes

Problem Analysis

Plan

(Goal, Purpose,

Results and

Activities)

ImpactProject

Rationale

Project

Design

Implementation

ProcessInputs Activities Outputs OutcomesInputs Activities Outputs Outcomes

Fig 4: Results chain and project cycle

The logical framework is built upon the following sequence:

- If the required “Inputs” are applied, the desired “Activities” will take place - If the desired “Activities” take place, the desired “Outputs” will be produced - If the desired “Outputs” are produced, the purpose of the STAP will be

achieved - In the long run, achievement of purpose contributes to “Goal” The LFA for STAP which presents a snapshot of results at various levels, performance indicators and risks and assumptions is presented as Table 1. Table 2 describes the work breakdown structure; a representation of the results with reference to various activity components.

7

Table 1: Logical Framework Analysis

Narrative Summary Results Performance Indicators Risks and Assumptions

Goal: Impacts: Conservation and wise use of Loktak Lake within Manipur River Basin

Enhanced ecosystem health of Loktak lake within river basin and sustained livelihoods of dependent communities

a) Ecosystem organization, integrity and resilience

b) Livelihood organization, integrity and resilience

Purpose: Outcomes:

1) Soil erosion from priority catchments is controlled

a) Reduction in silt load in major streams of priority catchments

b) Improvement in seasonal water turbidity at selected hill - valley confluence*

2) Improved lake hydrological regimes for human and ecological purposes

a) Better water circulation and flushing in Loktak as well as Keibul Lamjao National Park

b) Improved water quality c) Reduced nutrient leaching

from settlements d) Sustainable generation of

hydropower e) Reduced stakeholder conflicts

resulting from water use 3) Communities utilize the lake and

catchment resources sustainably a) Increase in capture fisheries b) Diversification of livelihoods

within lakeshore communities c) Diversification of livelihoods

within catchment communities

d) Complete abolition of athaphums

e) Reduction in area under shifting cultivation

Integrated management of Loktak Lake for sustainable resource utilization and livelihood improvement of dependent communities

4) Broad-based capacitated institutional arrangements in place to manage Loktak Lake and its catchments

a) Knowledgebase in place to guide lake and catchment management

b) Improvement in co-ordination between line departments and stakeholder for integrated management

c) Improvement in project delivery mechanisms and performance

1) LDA retains the mandate of Government of Manipur and Planning Commission to coordinate implementation of STAP and LTAP

2) Decision making and

project management systems are in place and able to operate effectively

3) Policy focus on achieving

eco-restoration of Loktak Lake is maintained

4) Ecosystem inventory

assessment and monitoring systems at river basin level are in place to guide management planning, including factoring in the impacts of climate change on wetland features and factors governing the features

5) Effective inter-

departmental coordination and communication is achieved

Inputs: Outputs: 1) Improved vegetative cover in

selected watersheds through treatment, creation of new plantation, soil and moisture conservation and promotion of alternate ‘forest-friendly’ livelihoods

a) Extent and nature of increase in vegetative cover

b) Extent and nature of watershed treatment

c) Extent of diversification in incomes through community based ‘forest-friendly’ micro-enterprise

1) Financial Support through Planning Commission

2) Project management unit co-ordinated by Loktak Development Authority, mandated by Government of Manipur

3) Dedicated nodal

2) Increased open water surface in central sector of Loktak through removal and economic utilization of phumdis and desiltation and dredging at critical locations

a) Extent of restoration of open water area

b) Quantity of phumdi removed mechanically

c) Quantity of phumdi flushed

1) Project implementation team is maintained and strengthened throughout the project cycle

2) Law and order situation

remains conductive for implementing departments and communities to participate freely into the management plan implementation

8

manually through barrage gates

d) Quantity of phumdi converted to compost / organic manure

e) Extent of desiltation and dredging

3) Ithai barrage operation regime

balancing water needs for ecological and human purposes is in place

a) Quality and comprehensiveness of water management plan

b) Stakeholder endorsement of water management plan

c) Implementation of revised barrage schedule

d) Hydropower generation e) Grounding of phumdi in

Keibul Lamjao National Park during lean seasons

4) Enhanced water quality due to reduction in nutrient loading from the peripheral settlements around the lake

a) Reduction in nutrient loading from island and peripheral settlements

b) Extent of population using hygienic and ecologically safe sanitation means

5) Reduced livelihood dependence on lake resources through diversification and creation of additional / alternate sources of income

a) Increase in fish production from culture sources in lakeshore villages

b) Number of fingerlings re-stocked into Loktak

c) Diversification in income-sources in lakeshore villages

officers from various state government departments responsible for implementing project components

4) Expert support of WISA

5) Expert support of consultants

6) Implementation support from NGOs and CBOs

6) Enhanced capacity of LDA to implement and monitor integrated wetland management initiatives

a) LDA Monitoring and Evaluation division in place

b) Comprehensive inventory, assessment and monitoring system in place to guide management planning

c) Result based monitoring and evaluation system in place to guide STAP implementation

d) Effective communication systems are established between the implementing departments and external stakeholders

3) Funds are made available in time commensurate with the physical targets and seasonality

* Monitoring at Stream-lake confluence would bring in additional influence of catchment disturbance within valley/foothills for

which the project does not intervene at present

9

Table 2: Work Breakdown Structure

Impacts:

Enhanced ecosystem health of lake within river basin and sustained livelihoods of dependent communities

Outcome 1: Outcome 2: Outcome 3: Outcome 4:

Soil erosion from western catchments is under control

Improvement in lake hydrological regimes for human and ecological purposes

Communities utilize the lake and catchment resources sustainably

Broad based capacitated institutional arrangements for management of lake and catchments

Output 1: Output 2: Output 3: Output 4: Output 5: Output 6:

Improved vegetative cover in lake catchments

Increased open water surface in central sector

Ithai barrage operational regime balancing water uses for human and ecological purposes is in place

Enhanced water quality

Livelihoods of lake dependent communities improved

Enhanced capacity of LDA to implement and monitor integrated wetland management initiatives

Major Activity Set 10 Major Activity Set 20

Major Activity Set 30

Major Activity Set 40

Major Activity Set 50 Major Activity Set 60

Activity 11: Establish JFM committees and finalize microplans

Activity 21: Remove Phumdi by mechanical and manual methods

Activity 31: Develop flow scenarios

Activity 41: Education and awareness create demand to ecologically safe sanitation

Activity 51: Operationalize hatcheries (formation of hatchery management committees, infrastructure support, hatchery operations and lake restocking)

Activity 61: Establish Monitoring and Evaluation division with LDA

Activity 12: Provide alternate / additional ‘forest friendly’ livelihoods, specifically targeted at jhum farmers

Activity 22: Restore Phumdi within northern and southern sectors

Activity 32: Identify preferred options

Activity 42: Identify beneficiary toilet users within lake communities

Activity 52: Provide alternate livelihoods for fishers

Activity 62: Develop knowledgebase for integrated inventory, assessment and monitoring

Activity 13: Watershed treatment – afforestation, aided regeneration, small scale engineering measures

Activity 23: Utilize phumdi for compost and manure

Activity 33: Develop barrage operation rules

Activity 43: Finalize community MoUs and construction of toilets

Activity 53: Provide support for sustainability of livelihood interventions

Activity 63: Capacity building (including training for park management)

Activity 24: Desilt and dredge at critical locations

Activity 34: Barrage operations

Activity 44: Water quality assessments

Activity 64: Communication, education and public awareness

Activity 35: Review & adaptation

Project Management and Administration

o Establish Project Steering Committees o Formulate and Operationalize Project Monitoring and Evaluation System o Project Monitoring and Evaluation (including third party monitoring and evaluation) o Technical and Financial Reporting o Review and adaptation

Index to colour coding:

References to Action Plan as per Project Proposal

Component 3: Catchment Conservation

Component 1: Phumdi Management and Component 2: Water Management

Component 5: Sustainable Resource Development and Livelihood Improvement

Component 4: Biodiversity Conservation and Component 6: Project Management and Administration

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3. Monitoring and Evaluation Mechanisms

Institutional Arrangements

Monitoring and Evaluation of STAP within the results based framework would be based on performance indicators. A three tiered monitoring and evaluation mechanism is proposed for the purpose. At the base is the activity based physical and financial monitoring and evaluation by the heads of line departments responsible for implementation of various actions plans. The next level of monitoring and evaluation is based on performance indicators at output, outcome and impact levels to be co-ordinated by the LDA Monitoring and Evaluation Division. At the apex is the independent evaluation engaging external experts.

The three tiers of monitoring and evaluation are linked with the current project organization. Presently, the Governing Body of the LDA serves as the executive board responsible for the overall direction and performance of management planning. Loktak Steering Committee (SC) which is the high level empowered committee with the chief Secretary, Government of Manipur as the Chairperson oversees project implementation, co-ordination between various line agencies and liaison with the funding agency. The Project Implementation Committee (PIC), comprising the senior officers from implementing state government departments and agencies is responsible for developing specific action plans. Project Management Unit (PMU) is a small project management group within LDA which assists completion of operational plans, undertaking financial and physical monitoring and providing co-ordination support as and when required (for detailed structure and terms of reference, Refer Annex 3). Field implementation is by the various departments and agencies, which constitute the Project Implementation Team (PIT).

Under the current framework, the PIT would provide the Tier I activity based monitoring. The PMU through the LDA Monitoring and Evaluation Team would undertake the Tier II monitoring based on performance indicators. The SC would engage an independent agency for project evaluation, and provide the necessary changes to the project based on the evaluation outcomes. The linkages of the monitoring mechanism and the project organization are schematically presented in Fig 5.

Tier I: Activity based Monitoring and Evaluation

The activity based monitoring and evaluation is aimed to ensure adherence to implementation of component action plans and timelines. The frequency of this monitoring is proposed to be quarterly, using the following reporting formats1:

Activity Set 10 - Catchment Management: Annex 4 Activity Set 20 - Water and Phumdi Management: Annex 5 Activity Set 30 - Water Management Planning Annex 6 Activity Set 40 - Water Quality Annex 7 Activity Set 50 - Livelihoods Annex 8 Activity Set 60 - Project Management Annex 9

1 The data in the reporting formats are indicative, and needs to be modified by the line departments.

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Fig 5: Linkages between monitoring mechanisms and project organization These formats are recommended to be filled in within the first fortnight of every quarter and sent to LDA PMU. An internal evaluation meeting should be organized to identify issues and assess overall work progress. These formats would also form the basis for compiling physical and financial progress reports for funding organization, and other administrative purposes.

Tier II: Performance Indicators based Monitoring and Evaluation

The focus of performance indicators based monitoring and evaluation would be to assess the achievements of various results. The primary responsibility of undertaking Tier II monitoring and evaluation would be of the LDA Monitoring and Evaluation Division. Necessary infrastructure to be operationalized for this purpose includes:

a) Lake monitoring laboratory at Ningthoukhong

b) Water quality stations within lake (suggested locations in Map 1) c) Sediment Monitoring stations (suggested locations in Map 2) d) Lake level monitoring stations established jointly with NHPC e) Procurement of satellite imageries f) Recruitment of monitoring personnel with skill in ecological, hydrological &

socio-economic monitoring.

Table 3 and 4 provide details for undertaking this monitoring at output and outcome levels including information on data sources, methods of data collection and analysis, frequency of data collection and analysis and monitoring responsibility.

It is recommended that LDA PMU provides a half yearly report on the performance indicators, which should be discussed within the PIT at the first level and then subsequently forwarded to the SC for information & requisite action.

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Map 1 : Water Quality Stations

Kilometers

0 22

Map 1 : Water Quality Stations

Kilometers

0 22

Kilometers

0 22

Kilometers

0 22

14

Map 2 : Location of Sediment Monitoring Stations

Meteorological Station

Rain gauge Station

Silt monitoring Station

Wetlands

Down Stream, Below Ithai Barrage

Heirok / Wangjing

Imphal River Watershed

References

Iril River Watershed

Kongba River Watershed

Loktak River Watershed

Pumln River Watershed

Sekmai River Watershed

Thoubal River Watershed

Waithou River WatershedKuga River WatershedWater level monitoring Station

Drainage

010 10

Kilometers

20020

Chindwin

R.

Manipur R.

Mani pur R.

Map 2 : Location of Sediment Monitoring Stations

Meteorological Station

Rain gauge Station

Silt monitoring Station

Wetlands

Down Stream, Below Ithai Barrage

Heirok / Wangjing

Imphal River Watershed

References

Iril River Watershed

Kongba River Watershed

Loktak River Watershed

Pumln River Watershed

Sekmai River Watershed

Thoubal River Watershed

Waithou River WatershedKuga River WatershedWater level monitoring Station

Drainage

010 10010 10010 10

Kilometers

20020

Kilometers

20020

Chindwin

R.

Manipur R.

Mani pur R.

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Table 3: Details for Outcome Monitoring

Results Performance

Indicators

Data Sources Method of data

collection /

analysis

Frequency of data

collection and

analysis

Monitoring

Responsibility

a) Reduction in silt load in major streams of western catchments

Soil erosion from western catchments is controlled

b) Improvement in seasonal water turbidity at selected hill- valley confluence

Sediment gauging stations (proposed locations at Map 1)

a) Establishment of stream gauging stations

b) Assessment of suspended silt load, discharge and turbidity

Fortnightly

LDA M & E Division Forest Dept. Validation by External Evaluation

a) Better water

circulation and flushing in Loktak as well as Keibul Lamjao National Park

b) Improved lake water quality

c) Reduced nutrient leaching from settlements

Water quality stations (proposed locations in Map 2)

Physical, chemical and bacteriological monitoring. Refer water quality monitoring strategy and parameters (Annex -10)

Fortnightly

d) Sustainable generation of hydropower

NHPC To be collected through inter-agency cooperation mechanisms

Monthly, aggregated from weekly data

Improved in lake hydrological regimes for human and ecological purposes

e) Reduced stakeholder conflicts resulting from water use

Stakeholders – Communities, Departments of agriculture, irrigation, NHPC, wildlife & fisheries

Consultation meetings

Once a year / as on needs basis

LDA M & E Division NHPC ( Lake levels and hydropower generation) Validation by External Evaluation

a) Increase in capture

fisheries Fisheries Statistics Primary Survey as

per procedure in Annex -11

Annually

b) Diversification of livelihoods within lakeshore communities

c) Diversification of livelihoods within catchment communities

Communities Socioeconomic survey within representative communities

Annually

d) Complete abolition

of athaphums

Communities

utilize the lake

and catchment

resources

sustainably

e) Reduction in area under shifting cultivation

Remote sensing imagery ( National Remote Sensing Agency)

a) Procurement of IKONOS Imageries from National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA)

b) Imagery analysis as per standard procedures

c) Ground truthing

Annually

LDA M & E Division Department of Fisheries DRDA Validation by External Evaluation

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a) Knowledgebase in

place to guide lake and catchment management

Database management systems on ecological, hydrological, socioeconomic and institutional features of wetlands and catchments

b) Improvement in co-ordination between line departments and stakeholder for integrated management

Assessment of communication records , timeliness of decision making and stakeholder involvement

Broad-based capacitated institutional arrangements in place to manage Loktak Lake and its catchments

c) Improvement in project delivery mechanisms and performance

Loktak

Development

Authority

Effectiveness in project cycle management

Monthly (through internal mechanisms) Midterm and Final Evaluation

External Evaluation

17

Table 4: Details for Output Monitoring

Results Performance

Indicators

Data Sources Method of data

collection /

analysis

Frequency of data

collection and

analysis

Monitoring

Responsibility

a) Extent and nature of increase in vegetative cover

b) Extent and nature of watershed treatment

a) Physical and Financial Reporting

b) Remote Sensing and GIS

c) Field visits2

a) Quarterly physical and financial reporting as per Annex – 4 to 9

b) Remote Sensing and GIS Analysis as per established protocols

c) Field visits to regeneration sites

a) Physical and Financial Reporting – Quarterly

b) Remote Sensing and GIS Analysis – Annual

c) Site visits – Atleast once in fortnight

LDA M & E Team Forest Department (Lead Implementing Agency) Validation by external evaluation

1)Improved vegetative cover in selected watersheds through treatment, creation of new plantation, soil and moisture conservation and promotion of alternate ‘forest-friendly’ livelihoods

c) Extent of diversification in incomes through community based ‘forest-friendly’ micro-enterprise

Local communities Socioeconomic survey

Annual LDA M & E Team Validation by external agency

a) Extent of restoration of open water area

Remote Sensing and GIS

Imagery analysis as per standard protocols

Annual

b) Quantity of phumdi removed mechanically

Physical verification Volumetric measurements

Monthly

c) Quantity of phumdi flushed manually through barrage gates

Physical verification Area measurements of phumdi chunks flushed

Monthly

d) Quantity of phumdi converted to compost / organic manure

Physical verification Volumetric measurements

Monthly

2)Increased open water surface in central sector of Loktak through removal and economic utilization of phumdis and desiltation and dredging at critical locations e) Extent of desiltation

and dredging Physical verification Volumetric

measurements Monthly

LDA M & E Team Validation by external evaluation agency

a) Quality and comprehensiveness of water management plan

Water management plan

Expert assessment Within the external evaluation process

b) Stakeholder endorsement of water management plan

Stakeholders ( Park Management; NHPC; Departments of irrigation, public health engineering, wildlife, fisheries; local communities

Community consultations

Half yearly (as per internal co-ordination mechanisms)

3)Ithai barrage operation regime balancing water needs for ecological and human purposes is in place

c) Implementation of revised barrage schedule

NHPC Barrage operation schedule

Daily

LDA M & E Team NHPC, Wildlife and Fisheries Department Validation by external agency

2 Each field visit is expected to result in: a) Monitoring report detailing specific activities verified,

measurements, issues and concerns etc.; b) Field photographs with dates and co-ordinates / ground

markers. The monitoring report should be submitted within three days of the visit, with copies to

LDA project management team and the head of the project implementing department.

18

Results Performance Indicators

Data Sources Method of data collection / analysis

Frequency of data collection and analysis

Monitoring

Responsibility

d) Hydropower generation

NHPC To be collected through inter-agency cooperation mechanisms

Monthly, aggregated from weekly data

e) Grounding of phumdi in Keibul Lamjao National Park during lean seasons

Hydrometric Stations

Assessment of water levels

Daily / Weekly (with appropriate modifications as required)

a) Reduction in nutrient loading from island and peripheral settlements

Water quality stations

a) Physical, chemical and bacteriological monitoring. Refer water quality monitoring strategy and parameters (Annex -10)

Fortnightly 4)Enhanced water quality due to reduction in nutrient loading from the peripheral settlements around the lake

b) Extent of population using hygienic and ecologically safe sanitation means

User Communities

Socioeconomic survey Annually

LDA M & E Division PHED Validation by external evaluation

a) Increase in fish production from culture sources in lakeshore villages

Fish farms Survey of culture fish production

Monthly

b) Extent of fingerlings re-stocked into Loktak

Fish farms a) Restoring Records (Actual fingerlings released into lake)

b) Periodic physical verification

Monthly

5)Reduced livelihood dependence on lake resources through diversification and creation of additional / alternate sources of income

c) Diversification in income-sources in lakeshore villages

Local communities

Socioeconomic survey Annually

LDA M & E Division Department of fisheries Validation by external evaluation

a) LDA Monitoring and Evaluation division in place

LDA Government orders, contracts, terms of reference

b) Comprehensive inventory, assessment and monitoring system in place to guide management planning

Database management systems within LDA

Physical Verification

c) Result based monitoring and evaluation system in place to guide STAP implementation

LDA Physical verification of monitoring protocols, infrastructure and monitoring records

6)Enhanced

capacity of

LDA to

implement and

monitor

integrated

wetland

management

initiatives

d) Effective communication systems are established between the implementing departments and external stakeholders

LDA, Implementing departments, NGOs, CBOs

Interviews and consultations with stakeholder departments, NGOs and local communities

External Midterm

and Final evaluation

External

Evaluation

19

Tier III: External Evaluation

The third and apex level of monitoring and evaluation would be through external agencies with specific expertise in lake management. This evaluation would be commissioned by the SC and would build on the information generated at the first two levels, validation of the processes, and additional information gathering as may be required. The Terms of Reference and suggestive list of agencies is presented in this section. The report of the external evaluation would be reviewed by the SC and appropriate changes in project implementation would be ensured through the GB, LDA which is overall in-charge of strategic direction and performance.

Terms of Reference

� Review and validate the physical progress of the STAP in the context of stipulated timeline and component actions

� Review and validate financial progress in terms of cost – effectiveness and quality of results

� Assess STAP institutional mechanisms in terms of co-ordination between various agencies and effectiveness and efficiency in decision making

� Assess the extent of enhancement in project delivery mechanisms within LDA

� Review STAP progress in terms of achieving results with reference to the indicators identified in the project logframe, specifically addressing the following:

o Extent of reduction in soil erosion from lake catchments o Extent of enhancement of water quality o Extent of reduction in phumdi proliferation in central sector o Extent of operationalization of stakeholder endorsed water management plan o Extent of diversification of livelihoods within lake and catchments and

reduction in pressure on natural resources o Extent of capacity building within LDA to undertake integrated

management of lake and its catchments

� Suggest modifications to the STAP logframe as appropriate � Validate project progress as represented by the monitoring and evaluation

carried by the PMU

� Recommend strategies for enhancing effectiveness of project implementation

List of external agencies

Monitoring and Evaluation of STAP would require the following range of skills:

� Remote sensing & GIS � Wetland hydrology � Wetland ecology � Socioeconomics � Institutional arrangements � Result based management

It is recommended that the SC constitute a panel of expert agencies, as it is unlikely

that a single organisation would be qualified to undertake the entire monitoring on

its own. A suggestive list of organizations and their core strengths is presented at

table 5.

20

Table 5: Suggested list of Agencies for External Evaluation

Remote Sensing & GIS

Wetland hydrology

Wetland ecology

Socio- economics

Institutional arrangements

Result based management

Center for Water Resources Development and Management Kunnamangalam, Kozhikode- 673 571, Kerala Tel: +91 495 2357151, 2351803, 2351804

X X X X

National Institute of Hydrology Roorkee, Haridwar – 247667, Uttarakhand Tel: +91 1332 272106

X X X X

Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur-721 302, West Bengal Tel : +91 3222 255221

X X

Central Soil and Water Conservation Research and Training Institute 218, Kaulagarh Road, Dehra Dun, Uttarakhand - 248 195 Tel: + 91 0135 2758564

X X X

Development Alternatives 111/9-Z, Kishangarh, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi - 110070 Tel :+ 91 011 26134103, 26890380

X X X

Wildlife Institute of India Post Box:18, Chandrabani, Dehradun - 248001, Uttarakhand Tel : +91 135 2640111 -15

X X

Space Applications Centre, Jodhpur Tekra, Ambawadi Vistar P.O. Ahmadabad – 380015, Gujarat Tel: +91 079 26913402

X

Annamalai University Department of Hydrology Annamalai Nagar - 608 002, Tamil Nadu Tel: +91 044 238248/263/796

X X X

Karunya University, Water Institute - A Centre of Excellence Karunya Nagar, Coimbatore - 641114, Tamil Nadu Tel : + 91 0422 2614478

X X X X

Annexes

i

Annex 1

Proposed global scheme for describing ecological character

Ecological components Ecological processes Ecosystem services#

1 Geomorphic setting: in the landscape,

catchment or river basin, including

altitude, upper/lower zone of

catchment, distance to coast where

relevant, etc

2 Climate: overview of prevailing climate

type, zone and major features

(precipitation, relative humidity,

temperature, wind)

3 Habitat types (including comments on

particular rarity etc), and Ramsar

wetland types

4 Habitat connectivity

5 Area, boundary and dimensions: site

shape (cross-section and plan view),

boundaries, area, area of water / wet

area (seasonal max / min where

relevant), length, width, depth (seasonal

max / min where relevant)

6 Plant communities, vegetation zones

and structure (including comments on

particular rarity etc)

7 Animal communities (including

comments on particular rarity etc)

8 Main species present (including

comments on particular

rare/endangered species etc);

population size and proportion where

known, seasonality of occurrence, and

approximate position in distribution

range (eg whether near centre or edge of

range)

9 Soil: geology, soils and substrates; and

soil biology

10 Water regime: water source (surface and

groundwater), inflow / outflow,

evaporation, flooding frequency,

seasonality and duration; magnitude of

flow and /or tidal regime, links with

groundwater

11 Connectivity of surface waters and of

groundwater

12 Stratification and mixing regime

13 Sediment regime (erosion, accretion,

transport and deposition of sediments)

1 Primary production (S)*

2 Nutrient cycling (S)*

3 Carbon cycling

4 Animal reproductive

productivity

5 Vegetational productivity,

pollination, regeneration

processes, succession, role of

fire etc

6 Notable species interactions,

including grazing, predation,

competition, diseases and

pathogens

7 Notable aspects concerning

animal and plant dispersal

8 Notable aspects concerning

migration

9 Pressures, vulnerabilities and

trends concerning any of the

above, and / or concerning

ecosystem integrity

1 Drinking water for humans and /or

livestock (P)*

2 Water for irrigated agriculture (P)*

3 Water for industry (P)*

4 Groundwater replenishment (R)*

5 Water purification / waste treatment or

dilution (R)*

6 Food for humans (P)*

7 Food for livestock (P)*

8 Wood, reed, fibre and peat (P)*

9 Medicinal products (P)*

10 Biological control agents for pests /

diseases (R)*

11 Other products and resources, including

genetic material (P)*

12 Flood control, flood storage (R)*

13 Soil, sediment and nutrient retention (R)*

14 Coastal shoreline and river bank

stabilization and storm protection (R)*

15 Other hydrological services (R)*

16 Local climate regulation / buffering of

change (R)*

17 Carbon storage/sequestration (R)*

18 Recreational hunting and fishing (C)*

19 Water sports (C)*

20 Nature study pursuits (C)*

21 Other recreation and tourism (C)*

22 Educational values (C)*

23 Cultural heritage (C)*

24 Contemporary cultural significance,

including for arts and creative inspiration,

and including existence values (C)*

25 Aesthetic and “sense of place” values

(C)*

26 Spiritual and religious values (C)*

27 Important knowledge systems, and

importance for research (C)*

ii

14 Water turbidity and colour

15 Light - reaching the wetland (openness

or shading); and attenuation in water

16 Water temperature

17 Water pH

18 Water salinity

19 Dissolved oxygen in water

20 Dissolved or suspended nutrients in

water

21 Dissolved organic carbon

22 Redox potential of water and sediments

23 Water conductivity

* Ecosystem Services are categorized as “provisioning” (P), “regulating” (R), cultural (C) or “supporting” (S)

according to the categorization in the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. Some may appear in the “processes”

section as well as the “services” section above.

#(For nature conservation value as an ecosystem ‘service’ (S)*, see items under ‘components’ and ‘processes’)

iii

Annex: 2

STAP Inception and Project Management Workshop Report,

Imphal, Manipur July 2 -3, 2009

Brief Report

Participation

A total of 43 Participants, predominantly from Loktak Development Authority (LDA) and two each from Fishery, Forest, Rural Development and Public Health Engineering Department attended the workshop. The representatives from National Hydro-electric Power Corporation attended only partly.

Inauguration

Mr. D.S Punia, Chief Secretary, Government of Manipur, inaugurated the session. In his brief speech, he reminded that STAP was the fourth large project as far as the restoration and conservation of Loktak Lake was concerned. The implementation of the present project would require adequate synergy amongst the functioning of various departments leading to necessary convergence to achieve results. To this end, sub-committees had been formed under the Hon’ble Chief Minister. Additional activities particularly those associated with livelihoods could also be undertaken under the National Rural Employment Guarantee Schemes. While reminding that conservation of Loktak is a much larger and important task, he wished success to the present endeavor. Dr. C.L.Trisal, Director, WISA informed that ICEF project helped in preparing the ground work through conducting scientific studies, data collection,

preparing status reports and initiating community mobilization which helped in formulation of the management plan. Conservation of the lake through ecological management had become important considering ecological and economic security of the entire basin. In the STAP, actions had been prioritized for implementation in the first two years. He reminded that while implementing, monitoring and evaluation would be critical to achieving stipulated outcomes. Mr. A. N. Jha, Finance Secretary, Government of Manipur emphasized the need for convergence not only amongst the departments but also amongst the communities within and outside the project area. He stated that conservation of Loktak was no longer the

Inaugural Session: Mr. D.S. Punia addresses the

participants; seated from L to R: Ch Gojendro Singh,

A.N. Jha, C.L. Trisal, Anil Kumar and M.K. Maitra

iv

responsibility of LDA alone but also of fishery, forest, PHED and other departments. He recommended organizing motivational programmes for the communities. Mr. Anil Kumar, Conservator of Forest Government of Manipur, emphasized again the critical need for synergy and convergence of departmental activities. He shared his experience in forestry management and the benefits of training and capacity building of the communities. He also advised that though the present project was for two years only, it should form a part of the long term plan extending up to say 2020. Dr. Mihir Maitra, former Senior Project Manager, ICEF agreed that the earlier project contributed more towards scientific studies to understand the lake physiography and preparation of reliable data to be used as the base line and capacity building of LDA than so much on investment on physical infrastructure. This eventually culminated in the preparation of the present long term management action plan. He emphasized on the need to adopt a Result Based Management (RBM) approach while implementing the present project. He also recommended formation of a Multi Stakeholder forum to address conflicting issues. Mr. Gojendro Singh, Director, LDA, clarified that the short term action plan was a part of the long term action plan. The action to be taken in these two years was to be reviewed critically to see what had been achieved from over and above what existed today. The focus would, therefore be on how each department implemented their part of the project to support to the cause of conservation of Loktak Lake. For this one nodal officer had been ear-marked from each associated line departments for the entire project period. He also added that Loktak should not be seen as merely a water body per se, but as a part of Irrawaddy River Basin of which Manipur River Basin is a sub-system.

Session - I: Presentation and Discussions

Mr. Ritesh Kumar made a power point presentation to the participants highlighting the salient features of the proposed STAP initiating open discussion and inviting feed back on specific issues like implementation strategy, capacity building, targets, progress monitoring etc. At the end of the session, the workshop could identify the following questions and critical issues that demanded further attention and redress. Catchment Conservation

� Is forest department equipped to take up such huge work in Joint Forest Management (JFM) mode.

� Will a shift from physical plantation activities to livelihood improvement of the forest dwellers lead to better ecological outcomes.

� How will plantation activities be linked with the local land holders. � How will forest department contribute in reduction of silt load in to the lake while

implementing catchment area conservation works.

v

Water quality (Total Sanitation)

� Need for a shift from construction of toilets to usage of the same. � Critical role of investment on soft engineering - from construction to usage. � Monetory contribution, does it happen in reality, does it works. � The implication of unit cost of latrines @ Rs. 2500/ Rs.17000. � What other water quality improvement projects will contribute to water quality

improvement. � How will water quality be monitored? � How will the coordination between LDA, PHED and DRDA be achieved.

Fisheries development

� Is the target of operating 16 artificial hatcheries realistic? � How to ensure availability of 50% of fingerlings for lake stocking � How to ensure sustainability of the fingerling production line. � How to integrate fishery activities in to livelihood programmes. � How fishery department will coordinate with LDA and DRDA.

Phumdi Removal

� Is the present strategy of compensating athaphum owners effective and viable? � Is there a need for investing in alternative livelihoods for the athaphum owners? � How to promote the need and demand for open water surface to the communities. � What would be the extent of dredging activities? � How to deal with the resistance from phumdi dwellers. � How will LDA coordinate with DRDA and Fishery?

Water Management

� Can the engineering interventions for regime enhancement be achieved in time? � Has the issue of water allocation been presented to the stake holders? � How will the coordination amongst NHPC, LDA, Fishery, Agriculture, Irrigation,

departments be achieved?

Other over-reaching concerns

� Viability of targets. � Timelines. � Role of nodal officers vis a vis their department. � Integrated monitoring plan – establishment of a process. � Effectiveness of present institutional arrangements.

vi

Session – II: Observations and Recommendations

Based on the discussions in the workshop, the following observations, suggestions, conclusions and issues were identified. Catchment conservation

� JFM approach can not be applied to a large scale due land ownership pattern where most of the lands are owned by the communities.

� Forest department will adopt JFM approach where ever applicable. � For other areas Forest Department will play the role of a promoter of

environmentally sustainable land use practices amongst the tribal land owners. � Large scale formation of Self help Groups (SHGs) and their federations will be

required with development of selected natural resource based livelihood activities. � STAP should also include a budget component for awareness creation and capacity

building activities. � Land management practices are to be linked with land based livelihood improvement

activities. � Stabilization of jhum cultivation is to be done as far as possible through introduction

of horticulture and other cash crops e.g ginger, cardamom, turmeric, pineapple, banana and other plantation crops e.g tea, coffee by establishing linkages with Tea and Coffee Boards respectively.

� Forest department staff will require additional capacity building inputs (training, Exposure visits etc.) to undertake these challenging tasks.

� As most forest activities are seasonal in nature, there has also to be a match between the amount of fund released and targets to be achieved.

� Result monitoring should be focused more on outcomes than so much on hectares covered.

� Selected catchment area treatment will help in natural regeneration and reduce silt load to the lake.

Total sanitation

� Total Sanitation is a centrally sponsored programme being implemented all over the Manipur State, following the Central guidelines.

� A contribution of Rs 300 by BPL communities usually in kind and a limit of construction cost of Rs. 3500 in terms of central subsidy may jeopardize the quality of the programme.

� The programme in Manipur will be required to have focus more on demand creation than construction of toilets.

� Assistance of local NGOs will be sought in creating demand particularly for the lake shore villages.

� LDA has recommended a construction cost of Rs. 17000 per toilets considering a high quality construction. This estimate should be reviewed by an expert and provision of suitable beneficiary contribution be brought in.

vii

Fishery development

� Supply of fingerlings for meeting local needs of culture fishery is met by private suppliers and the Government firm.

� An appraisal of the status of the latest demand and supply of fingerlings by fishery department will be necessary.

� Separate community based hatcheries are to be operationalized for stocking the lake with at least 50% of the fingerlings.

� The fishery department will be required to prepare a proposal for stocking the lake. � Phumdi removal, fishery, toilets and micro-enterprise are to be integrated through

community based organizations (CBOs) and SHGs.

Phumdi management

� Payment of an incentive money to athaphum owners for removal of athaphum is counter productive and hence must be discontinued with immediate effect.

� Scope for alternative livelihood for traditional athaphum practitioners should be identified and extended to these communities.

� Mechanical removal of phumdi must be linked with phumdi composting which would further be used as organic manure.

� Pilot trials have indicated the feasibility of using phumdi compost as organic manure in agriculture opening up a many opportunities.

� Conversion of the phumdi compost in to useful bio fertilizer for various uses. would require addition of other micro-nutrients in controlled quantity as per need.

� Establishment of R&D facilities for improving the composting techniques and further use of phumdi based fertilizer is an over-riding priority.

� The practice of removal of phumdi through open barrage gate should continue as far as possible.

� A short term plan for how much dredging is intended at what locations needs to be prepared by LDA.

Water management

� Water management will be trickiest of all as it involves multiple stake-holders, particularly the NHPC.

� Based on the past assessment of flow regimes and water budget studies, it is apparent that the ecological needs of the lake and the people of the valley can be met without affecting power generation through planned operation of the barrage gates.

� WISA will prepare a water management plan separately for consideration of all concerned.

Institutional arrangements

� Present institutional arrangements needs further fine tuning. � While the LDA Steering Committee is expected to be functioning at policy level, a

separate State level project monitoring committee represented by the Chief Functionaries of all associated departments will be necessary.

viii

� There should be at least two identified nodal officers from each associated department instead of one as at present.

� Although, implementation of project activities will be carried out by the department as before, the nodal officers shall act as the interface between LDA and other departments.

� Each department shall establish a monitoring committee and review their progress monthly to feed progress to LDA.

� LDA shall establish a nodal data base centre for monitoring and to feed the State level monitoring committee.

� GIS tools will be introduced in LDA to improve reporting and supplementing monitoring.

� There is the need to invest under each departmental programmes to establish and nurture related Community Based organizations.

� This short term action plan is a part of the long term action plan and hence should be viewed more as the “preparatory phase” with larger emphasis on institutional arrangements than so much on actual implementation.

� Considering the complexity in resource usages and divergence in stakeholder’s priorities, it has become apparent that establishment of a “multi stakeholder’s forum” is imperative for effective management of Manipur River Basin.

Session – III Presentation of the Concepts of Result Based Management (RBM) Considering the over-riding concern of the Planning Commission for the need to introduce a simple and effective progress and performance monitoring plan, it was decided that the project will be designed, implemented, monitored and evaluated following a result based management approach. Since the project is large and complex, it has been decided to first prepare a core project planning matrix (PPM) of the entire project to present a birds eye view of the project intents and then consider each major components of the project as sub-projects to be dealt with in details for their implementation and monitoring. After having shared the basic concepts of RBM with the participants, a very basic project planning matrix providing a broad overview of the project was arrived at (annex – I) through facilitation of Dr. Mihir Maitra, Consultant. Based on the logical flow of this project approach, the project can be divided in to four sub-projects which are to be designed separately for implementation by each department. The elements of livelihood improvement and institutional development would be an integral component of each sub-project. Larger Institutional development will be spear-headed by LDA with advice from the Steering Committee and assistance from WISA.

ix

Mr. Ibobi Singh, Dr. C. L. Trisal and Dr. M.K. Maitra in the session

Project Planning Matrix (PPM) presenting a birds eye view of the project

Narrative Summary

Results Indicators Risk & Assumptions

Goal Conservation of Loktak lake

Impacts 1. Ecological security 2. Better life

1. Improvement in Environment

2. Improvement in quality of living

Purpose Sustainable utilization of lake resources.

Outcomes 1. Biodiversity conserved 2. Livelihood Improved

1. Improvement in ecological parameters

2. Improvement in income

1.Good political situation

Inputs LDA Planning Commision WISA Consultants

Outputs 1. Catchment managed 2. Phumdi managed 3. Water managed 4. Fishery managed 5. Institutions developed

1a. Increase in hectarage 1b.Improvement in land based income

1c.Reduction in silt load 2. Reduction in phumdi. 3a.Improve in water quality 3b.Reduction in flood 4a. Increase in fish 4b.Increase in lake based income

5. Performance of departments

1.Groups cooperate 2.State shows political will

Multi Stakeholders Forum

A brief presentation on the basic concepts, functions and steps in forming a “multi stake holder’s forum (MSF)” was presented to the participants. The need for establishing a MSF arises in situations when attempts are made to conserve common natural resources and at the same time provide controlled benefits to the various groups dependant on these common resources. Basic premises upon which the MSF functions is the assumption that although different groups have different interests but a common optimum solution may be worked out through joint discussions and negotiations that will be acceptable to all. The MSF provides such a platform for various interest groups to share their concerns and work out a mutually acceptable solution.

x

Primary Stakeholders

• Representative(s) of the flood affected areas

• Representative(s) of the catchment areas • Representative(s) of fishing communities

• Local representative(s) from law and order

• National Hydro-electric Power Corporation (NHPC)

Secondary Stakeholders

• Funding Agency (Central Government)

• Government of Manipur • Loktak Development Authority

• Irrigation and Flood Control department

• Fishery department • Forest department

• Public Health Engineering department • Agriculture department • Wetlands International

Other Stakeholders • Local academicians like university professor/school teachers

• Local representative from Human Rights organization

• Local opinion maker(s) like press and eminent citizen(s) • Meira Paibe

Expected Functions

The MSF is expected to perform the following functions.

• Provides a platform to resolve conflicts in a democratic manner.

• Acts as a buffer organization between the stakeholder groups and Loktak Development Authority in dealing with contentious issues.

• Provides feedback to the communities about the efforts being made by LDA to conserve the lake and the vice versa.

• Conducts studies / research to identify priorities of different stakeholder groups.

• Forms community groups and promote skill based income generating activities. • Deals with local conflicts acting as a mediator to bring about the necessary trade offs

amongst the conflicting groups. • Shares scientific and dependable information to all concerned. • Helps in builds capacity of all the stakeholders through training and other means.

• Assists in project implementation. • Acts as a repository of the cultural and political history of the lake through

documentation of lessons.

xi

Major steps in the formation of MSF

• Prepare a draft proposal on the objectives and modus operandi of the MSF.

• Conduct a launching workshop to share the objectives and receive feed back. • Establish a Secretariat for the MSF with infrastructure and funding support.

• Identify leaders representing each stakeholder groups including that of NHPC.

• Negotiate to elect/select office bearers of the MSF.

xii

Annex 3

Project Management Unit

LDA, within the current institutional set up, is entrusted with implementation responsibilities as

well as with supporting and coordinating implementation of STAP. Considering the strategic role

of project management, and the risk imposed by multiple responsibilities, it is recommended that

a dedicated Project Management Unit is created within LDA.

Terms of Reference

• Coordinate project implementation through ensuring information exchange amongst all line

departments and technical support to SC and PIC

• Coordinate project monitoring and evaluation, especially at output and outcome levels

• Collate project technical and financial reporting

• Undertake risk analysis and keep the project management informed of likely impacts

• Be responsible for external communications on project implementation, including providing

regular updates for stakeholders

• Coordinate capacity building workshops

• Develop and monitor terms of reference(s) for consultants

Organization

• In-charge : Project Director, LDA

• Co-ordinator: Senior officer of LDA with experience in water management (preferably with

knowledge of various lake management issues)

• Technical Officer, Remote Sensing and GIS (recommended to be recruited)

• Technical Officer, Ecology (recommended to be recruited)

• Technical Officer, Livelihoods (recommended to be recruited)

• Support Officer , Database Management(recommended to be recruited)

• Administration and Finance Officer

xiii

Annex 4

Format for Activity Based Reporting - Catchment Management

Major Activity Set/ Milestone Activities

Annual Target (09-10) and Budget

Planned target this quarter

Target achieved previous quarter

Total Target achieved (09-10)

Remarks

Output 1: Improved vegetative cover in selected watersheds through treatments, new plantation, and alternate ‘forest-friendly’ livelihoods. Total Budget: Rs. 93.33 cr Activity 11: Establish JFM Committees and finalize micro-plans 111 Create awareness and form JFMCs/SHGs in the catchment areas

Total Target: 500 Committees Budget: 10 lakhs

120 JFM / SHGs Budget: 2.30 lakhs

60 55 Committees formed

1 village is not interested.. Alternatives are being sought.

112 Collect and organize the available data on demography, land use, livelihoods etc to prepare a socio economic cum resource inventory report for use by the implementing department in their Micro Plan Total Target: One report Budget: 10 lakhs

One consolidated working report based on micro-plans of JFMC villages Budget: 10 lakhs

Lumpsum (Mention what will be done)

10% Completed

10% Completed

e.g Most of the existing maps and data have been collected from WISA and related departments…….

113 Procure high resolution satellite/NRSA data of the catchments to prepare new thematic maps for monitoring future changes Total Target: X no thematic maps Total Target: Budget: 25 lakhs

Y no. thematic maps Budget: 7.50 lakhs

Lumpsum (Mention what will be done)

10% of Y no. maps completed

10% of Y no. maps completed

e.g Such and such have already procured and/or ordered to prepare 3 new thematic maps…

Activity 12: Provide alternate / additional ‘forest friendly’ livelihoods, specifically to jhum farmers 121 Design alternative/improved cultivation practices endorsed by the jhum farmers after intensive discussions

Total Target: 1215 ha Budget: 558.90 lakhs

5 meetings. 150 ha Budget: 69 lakhs

each in 10 villages About 60% completed Follow up necessary At least in 2 villages

xiv






Remarks

122 Undertake watershed treatment, alternative plantation, shade loving cash crops and other livelihood for jhum farmers.

Total Target: 16976 ha Budget: 1901.31 lakhs

Agro–forestry dev. 500 ha Budget: 28.60 lakhs

123 Provide JFMC/SHGs the necessary funds, inputs, linkages, supports etc. for undertaking micro-enterprises, smokeless chulhas, small livestock etc.

Total Target: 470 JFMC/SHGs and 11 units

Total Target: Budget: 146.40 lakhs

3 training (100 SHGs and 5 units) Budget: 23.43 lakhs

Advance training and linkages to be given next year

Activity 13: Watershed treatment : Afforestation, aided regeneration, small scale engineering measure 131 Treat drainage lines with bamboo spurs, gabions, gully plugs to reduce soil erosion

Total Target: 300 ha contour trench, 1400 cum Gabion check dams, 5000 RM Bamboo spurs, 5000 RM vegetative check dams and 300 units water harvesting structures Budget : 228 lakhs

50 ha contour trench, 300 cum Gabion check dam,1500 Rm Bamboo spurs, 1500 Rm vegetative check dams and 50 units of water harvesting structures structures. Budget: 49.20 lakhs

Z no. loose stone netted Gabions etc.

X ha contour bund, Y structures for streams.

Contour trenches with vegetation done since rocks are not available. Bamboo spars, and netted assorted stone Gabions are useful.

132 Construct contour trenches and apply other protection measures for aided natural regeneration

Total Target: 22,647 ha Budget : 228 lakhs

X m contour trenches will be constructed in Y village lands

133 Raise/procure nursery and propogative materials.

Total Target: 242.34 lakhs seedlings, 12 species Budget: 605.85 lakhs

85 lakhs tree seedlings Budget: 212.50 lakhs

X no Halak, Y no Oak being raised etc.

Z no. ginger, A no cardamom being procured.

XYZ saplings already available. ABC species will be procured from outside….

xv






Remarks

134 Plant desired tree species after necessary land preparation and follow up measures Total Target: 11,742 ha afforestation, Budget: 5797.58 lakhs

Affn: 5000 ha AR: 6000 ha + Budget: 1402.50 lakhs

X ha Preparation and ground works completed

Preparation and ground works completed

Land preparation was done 3 months ago plantation. Y species could not be procured / planted

135 Plant Horticulture crops Total Target: 250 ha Budget: 25 lakhs

Homestaed pln: 75 ha Budget:7.5 lakhs

X ha Ginger, Cardamom, Turmeric, citrus fruits

X ha completed. Done in conjunction with other plantation activities.

xvi

Annex 5

Format for Activity Based Reporting - Water and Phumdi Management

Activity Set/Major (milestone) Activities



Target achieved Previous quarter


Remarks

Output 2: Increased open water surface in central sector of Loktak through removal and economic utilization of phumdi and selective desiltation and dredging at critical locations. Total Budget: Rs. 228 cr. Activity 21 : Remove Phumdi by mechanical and manual methods

211 Collate available maps of Loktak together with data on phumdi and lake dependant communities in a format of working report by the department

Total Target: Budget: 15 lakhs (contingency)

One report 1 Completed Completed Additional data

collection on

livelihood will be

advantageous

Activity 22: Restore Phumdi within northern and southern sectors 221 Remove phumdi by mechanically

Total Target: 137.22 Lcum Budget: 5239.38 lakhs

Budget: 1148.02 lakhs

Negotiate contract

32.07 cum removed

Nil Activity will be speeded up after Z month

222 Remove phumdi manually and flush through barrage gates

Total Target: 63.48 Lcum Budget: 818.89 lakhs

223 Restore phumdi to KLNP for improving wild life habitat

Total Target: 80 Lsqm Budget:3794.40 Lakhs

Conduct feasibility study and relocate x sq metre of thick phumdi to KLNP Relocation to other areas Budget: 237.15 lakhs

Initiate feasibility study Relocation to Maibam Phumlak

Nil Nil KLNP area will be increased by X ha. Maibam Phumlak area will be increased by X ha

224 Procure NRSA digitized imagery data for present and future with 1years gap to monitor phumdi proliferation

Total Target: (615sqkm X 3) Budget: 6 lakhs (contingency)

615 sqkm Budget: 2 lakhs

Place order a) Received b)Orders placed

First set received. Order for future data will be placed in 2012...……

xvii

Activity Set/Major (milestone) Activities





Remarks

Activity 23: Utilize Phumdi for compost and manure 231 Transport and dispose phumdi properly at identified sites. Total Target: 126.4 Lcum Budget: 12806.85 lakhs

Budget:

2469.17 lakhs

24.37 lcum

Transported

Nil Activity will be

speeded up after Z

month

232 Convert phumdi into compost at a number of locations Total Target: 4sites Budget: 140.99 lakhs

X tons at 2 sites Budget: 58 Lakhs

Compost sites to be prepared Lab. To be upgraded

Nil Nil Y no. composting sites are yet to be operationalized

233 Conduct field trials of phumdi compost linking these with research and documentation Total Target: 10 ha Budget: 2 lakhs (contingency)

X no of trials in Y ha area.

Agriculture Dept contacted for trials. University for research

Nil Nil Farmers may need crop assurance before trial

Activity 24: Desilt and dredge at critical locations 241 Resurvey major channel, drainage and critically silted areas in consultation with communities. Total Target: Budget: 5.0 lakhs

242 Execute the channel, drainage, desiltation works (involving the local communities as far as possible) Total Target: 16.9 Lcum Budget: 972.50 lakhs

243 Construct water regulators and repair embankments Total Target: 6 units Budget: 57.87 lakhs

xviii

Annex 6

Format for Activity Based Reporting – Water Management planning


Annual Target (2009-10)




Remarks

Output 3 : Ithai barrage operation regime balancing water needs for ecological and human purposes is in place Activity 31: Develop flow scenarios 311 Develop flow scenario balancing ecological and human needs Total Target: Budget:

Data collection and analysis from x no Water balance of Manipur river basin to be prepared.

Activity 32: Identify preferred options 321 Prepare a water management plan for Loktak Lake integrating Manipur river basin Total Target: Budget:

322 Form an informal but organized multi stakeholder’s forum inviting identified community representatives in series of meetings to seek their concerns and suggestions. Total Target: Budget:

3 workshops / meetings.

Short listing of prospective members

Completed Members have been identified and invited in MSF meeting

Activity 33 & 34 : Development of barrage operation rules & barrage operations 331 Prepare a specific proposal on lake water level management schedule optimizing the needs of all concerned Total Target: Budget:

Consultant has been appointed to prepare a rainfall-water level model for Loktak at the barrage gate.

Nearing completion Would require further fine tuning based on data collected in the future.

Comment on actions taken by LDA and WISA and responses received from NHPC.

332 Engage in intensive discussions with NHPC to adopt the proposed barrage gate operation on trial basis for say 3 years. Target: 3 workshops Budget:

Organise a workshop with NHPC specifically to discuss lake gate operation

xix






Remarks

Activity 35: Review and adaptation 351 Formalize the barrage gate operation schedule endorsed by NHPC Total target: Budget:

352 Monitor ecological and socioeconomic outcomes Total target: Budget:

xx

Annex 7

Format for Activity Based Reporting – Water Quality Management






Remarks

Output 4: Enhanced water quality due to reduction in nutrient loading from the peripheral settlements around the lake Activity 41: Education and awareness create demand to ecologically safe sanitation 411 Undertake production of IEC materials for creating awareness on environmental sanitation amongst the prospective users (use NGOs / Consultants and other components of TSC) Total Target: Budget:

Activity 42: Identify beneficiary toilet users within lake communities 421 Conduct survey in the lakeshore villages Total Target: Budget:

Activity 43: Finalize community MoUs and construction of toilets 431 Construct toilets in the lakeshore villages for the identified users Total Target: Lakeshore villages (6760 nos) Budget: Central programme + STAP

Nil Nil Nil Nil Converging contribution of State Govt. towards project objectives

Activity 44: Water quality assessments 441 Get selected water samples analysed for chemical and colliform parameters through PHED/Private laboratory Total Target: Budget:

X sample for x test and Y samples for y test will be conducted per month.

18 X sample for x test and Y samples for y test conducted

Converging contribution of State Govt. towards project objectives

xxi

Annex 8

Format for Activity Based Reporting – Sustainable Livelihoods

Major Activity Set/

Milestone Activities

Annual

Target (09-10)

and Budget

Planned

target

this quarter

Target achieved

Previous quarter

Total Target

achieved

(09-10)

Remarks

Output 5 : Communities utilize the lake and catchment resources sustainably Activity 51: Operationalize of hatcheries (formation of hatchery management committees, infrastructure support, hatchery operations and lake restocking) 511: Prepare an up to date baseline report on the status of fish production, species, consumption, marketing, income etc. in Manipur in general and lake shore villages in particular.

Total Target: one report Budget:

A comprehensive report on fishery in Manipur.

Formation of study team

Nil Nil The report will be available in X month..

512 Establish/strengthen individual fish farmers/ cooperatives in lake shore villages to increase culture fishery

Total Target: Budget:

X new fish farmers, Y old pond renovation

12 X individuals took to cultured fishery

513 Operationalize community based hatcheries Total Target: 16 hatcheries Budget: 190.49 lakhs

6 million

6 month old

fingerlings

Budget:

34.50 lakhs

24 X millions released X million A species, Y

million B species were

released so far

Activity 52: Alternate livelihoods for fishers 521 Promote formation of working SHGs specifically in the lake shore villages to undertake varied income generating activities. Total Target: 1640 SHGs Action: Name(s)/LDA/ FsD/RD

1640 SHGs formed

6 Completed The SHGs are doing Y types of activities generating z amount of income

xxii






Remarks

522 Promote micro-enterprises giving special emphasis to those poor fisher folks depended fully on the lake. Total Target: 1640 SHGs + 300 ha paddy cum fish farming Total Target: Budget: 719 lakhs

1640 SHGs to be made functional and alternative livelihood for fishers started Budget: 339.50 lakhs

12 X SHGs are working well

Activity 53: Provide support for sustainability of livelihood interventions 531 Regular follow up and monitoring

532 Linking to formal marketing institutions as appropriate

533 Capacity building / micro enterprise training

534 Technical back- stopping

xxiii

Annex 9

Format for Activity Based Reporting – Project Management


Annual Target (09-10) & Budget




Remarks

Output 6: Enhanced capacity of LDA to implement and monitor integrated wetland management imperatives

Activity 61: Establish monitoring and evaluation division within LDA

611 Establish M &E cell through deputation and other resources

Activity 62: Develop knowledgebase for integrated inventory, assessment and monitoring

621 Operationalize each implementing department to review monthly progress and submit progress report to LDA/ID each month.

Target : 1 cell in each department Budget: 30 Lakhs

One monitoring cell is to be operationalized in each implementing department

Cell established in PHED/Fishery Department/Forest Department

RD is yet to officially form the cell.

622 Operationalize a nodal data repository centre for data consolidation, monitoring and analysis at IFC department

Total Target : 1 centre Budget: 30 lakhs

1 meeting

before STAP

Completed

623 Organize half yearly formal project Steering Committee workshop to inform progress and receive directions.

Total Target: 4 meetings. Budget: 5 lakhs

2 meetings Nil Nil State Level Project Monitoring Committee in place with a mandate to meet twice a year. First PSC meeting will be held in X month…..

624 Oprationalize Monitoring and Evaluation division with LDA for assessment of performance indicators

625 Conduct field survey / census for water bird and other wildlife in and around lake and KLNP.

Total Target: 4 reports Budget: 75 lakhs Action: ID / FD / NGO / WISA

4 waterbird studies

Contacted researchers / NGOs

Nil Nil First studies will be conducted in February ….

xxiv


Annual Target (09-10) & Budget




Remarks

Activity 63: Capacity building ( including training for park management )

631 Identify training needs and sponsor the officers to various ongoing training courses in the country

Total Target : As per need Budget: 15 lakhs

Entire training need is to be assessed for STAP and LTAP period

Completed X training to x staff in m subject, Y training to y staff in n subject at x place……

632 Conduct capacity building training for selected community based organization / selected NGO partners for data collection and community mobilization

Total Target: Budget:

633 Enhance capacity of Wildlife Wing (FD) through training and infrastructure development for conservation of KLNP.

Total Target: 2 Trainings & Procurement of Accessories Total Target: Budget: 52.7 lakhs

1 Training Procurement of Accessories Budget 26.7 lakhs

Contacted researchers / NGOs

Nil Nil Training will be conducted in ….

Activity 63: Communication, education and public awareness

631 Provide fund and action plan to an appropriate line department to undertake environmental awareness campaigns amongst school students, media and public in general through IEC and other means. Target : 100 participants Budget: 25 lakhs

xxv

Annex - 10

Water Quality Monitoring Strategy

Water Quality monitoring within LDA is done through a network of 18 stations in the lake (Map 1). The river monitoring stations are mostly located at the river mouths before confluence with the lake. As such the monitoring network does not consider monitoring water quality at the stretches in the unpolluted upstream stretches (Baseline stations) to observe background quality and to determine the level of pollution downstream for comparison and also to ascertain degree of treatment for pollution control. The lake monitoring stations are, however, appropriately located at strategic points keeping in view the designated – best – uses of the different area of the lake.

Since the rivers are sluggish and appear not to carry the entire sewage generated, pollution of the groundwater resource along the river is a possibility. It is, therefore, advisable to have water quality from some hand pumps / tube wells along the major rivers monitored.

There is necessity for conducting Analytical quality control (AQC) exercises, both ‘within – laboratory’ and ‘inter – laboratory’. The ‘within –laboratory’ AQC exercise conducted at the laboratory at regular intervals will imbibe confidence among the laboratory chemists to generate accurate data. The laboratory should also participate in the ‘inter – laboratory’ AQC exercises conducted by the central pollution control board, East Arjun Nagar , Delhi – 110032 for recognition of environmental laboratories under the provisions of the Environment Protection Act,1986. The detail of applying in prescribed form can be obtained from the Manipur Pollution Control Board. Participation in such AQC programmes will improve the reliability in data generation.

Parameters of analysis for surface water samples

General: Colour, Odour, Temp. pH, EC, DO, Turbidity, TDS

Nutrients: NO2 ++, NO3

+, total P

Organic matter: BOD

Major ions: K +, Na+, Ca++ , Mg++, CO3-, HCO3+, Cl-, SO4-

Other in organics: F, B and other location – specific parameter, if any

Microbiological: Total and faecal coliforms

xxvi

Annex 11

Lake Fisheries Assessment Strategy

Mechanism

• Systematic sampling at equal interval for selection of sampling days (4 sampling days per

month)

• Systematic sampling of boats at the landing centres, keeping 25% of the boats as sample size

• 100% coverage of landing centres

• 3 days sampling at the daily market per month

• Determination of average consumption of fish by active fishers

• Collection , processing, tabulation and interpretation of data

1. Sampling frame

• Location of area in sampling frame include fish landing centres, village markets, major

fishing area under central, north and southern sector

• Some fish are converted to dry fish products.

• 100% sampling of landing centres and village market is recommended in order to cover

the entire lake area and 100% percent catches for sampling purpose.

2. Estimation procedure

A. Estimation of catch for the 1st sampling day

Boats B -1 B -2 B -3 B -4 B -5 B -6 B -7 B -8 B -9 B -10

Total

Qty. Of fish observed (kg.)

4* 6* 3* 5* 4* 2* 3* 6* 3* 4* 40*Kg

Note: *Sample data

Estimated mean catch per one boat = 40/ 10 =4 kg.

Estimated catch for the day when 40 boats were landed in total on the day 40 × 4kg. =

160 kg.

xxvii

B. Estimation for 4 sampling days.

1st Sampling

day

2nd sampling

day

3rd sampling

day

4th sampling

day

Total

Total estimated

Catch for the day

160* 70* 80* 120* 430*

kg Note: *Sample data

C. Estimation of catch / landing for the month for one landing centre

Given, N = 30 fishing days in a month

K = Sampling interval under systematic sampling = 4 boats

N= Population of sample boats = 10

X = Mean of 4 sampling days (kg.) catch = 430/4 = 107.5 kg. (X) / day

X = Total landing for the month (N ×X) = 30 × 107.5 = 3225 kg.

Variance (V )=

Standard Error of the Estimate X = √S

D. Result of statistical analysis

Fish landing estimation for all landing centre and for the lake should be analysed

statistically to find the standard errors of the mean estimations.

E. Estimation of total landings for the lake

• The monthly estimated landings for the lake is determined by adding the monthly landing

(values) of all landing centre (LC).

• Estimated fish arrival in the village market for the month (Vm)

• Consumption of active fisherman in the lake (AFC) during each month which is a

constant quantity of 30mt.(sample)

Thus, estimation of fish landings for the whole lake for the whole year (12 months) is

made as under:

(LC1 +LC2 + LC3 + ....... LC12) = A

(Vm1 + Vm2 + Vm3 + ...... Vm12) = B

AFC = 30mt. ×12 = 360mt. = C

Annual Estimation = A+B+C

N2

(k-1) × n -1

× (X i +1 –xi) 2

2 nk (n-1) i = 1

xxviii

3. Type of data to be collected

• Selling price for economic fishes at the landing centres

• Species and size composition in the commercial landings

• Number of boats use in fishing

• Number of boats landed at the landing centre

• Category of boats coming to the landing centre

• Fishing area

• Name of place within the state where Loktak fish is sold

• Dry fish trade

• Name and type of gears used for different fishes

• Area of juvenile catches in the lake

Wetlands International Wetlands International Wetlands International Wetlands International –––– South AsiaSouth AsiaSouth AsiaSouth Asia

A A A A ---- 25, Second Floor, Defence Colony25, Second Floor, Defence Colony25, Second Floor, Defence Colony25, Second Floor, Defence Colony

New Delhi New Delhi New Delhi New Delhi –––– 110 024110 024110 024110 024

Telefax: +91 11 24338906

E-mail: [email protected]

URL: www.wetlands.org

To sustain and restore

wetlands, their

resources and

biodiversity for future

generation

Mission :Mission :Mission :Mission :

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