mongols establish empire - mr. roman · 2018. 12. 17. · descendants of genghis khan on the earth....
TRANSCRIPT
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Name:__________________________________________ Date:_____________
Aim:HowdidtheMongolsestablishtheirempire?
DoNow:Belowisaseriesofmapsinchronologicalorder.Whatareyourobservations?Whatquestionsdoyouhave?
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1. IfyouwereGenghisKhan,whatstrategieswouldyouusetounitetheMongolclans
andensuretheirunityandloyaltytoyou?
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In1200CE,theMongolslivedonthegrasslandsofCentralAsiainsmall,pastoral-nomadicclans.Theseclanswereledbyachieftainandoftenfoughtwitheachotheroverdisputesabouthonor,theiranimals,andrightstograzingandhuntingterritory.TothesouthofMongolia,China’brilliantSongdynastywasprospering,andtoitswest,theIslamiccaliphatesandsultanateswererenownedcentersofcultureandlearning.In1206,aMongolwhobecameknownasGenghisKhanunitedtheclansandbeganadecadeslongprocessofconquest.By1294theMongolempirebecamethelargestevercontiguouslandempireinworldhistory.
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2. Theabovepicturesdepictsomeofthegeographicalcharacteristicsthatshapedthe
ancientMongols’lives.Writedowngeographiccharacteristicsthatyouobserve,then
foreachanalyzehowitmayhavebenefittedorchallengedtheirlifestyle.
GeographicCharacteristic Benefits Challenges
3. WhatcanyougatherabouttheMongols’militarytacticsfromthepicturebelow?
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4. Basedontheaboveaccount,howdidtheMongols’wayoflifeandmilitarytactics
makethemsosuccessfulinconquest?
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5. Thegreenareaintheabovemapshowsthesteppe,alargeexpanseofrelativelyflatandunforestedgrasslandstretchingthroughoutEasternEuropeandAsia.Givenwhat
youknowabouttheMongols’wayoflife,howdidtheexistenceofthesteppeimpact
theirextremelyrapidandvastexpansionoftheMongolianempire?
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“Their arms are bows, iron maces, and in some instances, spears; but the first is the weapon at which they are the most expert, being accustomed, from children, to employ it in their sports. They wear defensive armor made from buffalo and hides of other beasts, dried by the fire, and thus rendered extremely hard and strong. They are brave in battle, almost to desperation, setting little value upon their lives, and exposing themselves without hesitation to all manner of danger. Their disposition is cruel. They are capable of supporting every kind of privation, and when there is a necessity for it, can live for a month on the milk of their mares, and upon such wild animals as they may chance to catch. Their horses are fed upon grass alone, and do not require barley or other grain. The men are trained to remain on horseback during two days and two nights, without dismounting…. No people on earth can surpass them in fortitude under difficulties, nor show greater patience under wants of every kind. They are most obedient to their chiefs, and are maintained at small expense.”
--Travels by Marco Polo (a European traveler). Written in 1298 based on his travels from 1274 to 1290.
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6. ThequotesintheaboveboxesdemonstratetheMongolrulingstyle.Comparethe
quotesintheleftboxtothequotesontherightbox.Whatdifferentkindsofruling
stylesdidtheMongolshave,andhowmighttheirrulingstyleshavehelpedthem
establishcontroloveranarea?
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“Ifyoudonotpayhomage,wewilltakeyourprosperity.Ifyoudonothaveprosperity,Wewilltakeyourchildren.Ifyoudonothavechildren,Wewilltakeyourwife.Ifyoudonothaveawife,Wewilltakeyourhead.” --GenghisKhan’staxlaws“ThatsummerGenghisKhanpitchedhiscampontheSnowymountain.HesentsoldiersoutagainsttheTangqutpeoplewhohadrebelledagainsthim…Thewholetribewascompletelywipedout.Thenheshowedfavortohisgenerals,saying:“Takewhatyouwant,untilyoucancarrynomore…Maketheirfinesonsfollowbehindyou,holdingyourfalcons.Bringuptheirdaughterstoarrangeyourwives’skirts.
--Anonymouseyewitnessprimarysourceaccount
“Temujin(GhenghisKhan’soriginalname)hadareputationofbeinggeneroustothosewhojoinedhis,givingthemfursandhorsesandallowingthemtokeeptheirreligion.Manywhoweresufferingunderunkindleadersswitchedtheirallegiancetohimsaying,‘Temujindresseshispeopleinhisownclothes;hepermitsthemtoridehisownhorses.” --GenghisKhanbyMichelHoang“Ogedei(thesonofGenghisKhan)allowedhissublimethoughtstooverflowlavishlyintothemostjustandcharitableofgooddeeds,intotheeradicationofinjusticesandenmity,intothedevelopmentofcitiesanddistricts,aswellasintotheconstructionofvariousbuildings.Heneverneglectedanymeasuredesignedtostrengthentheframeworkofpeace,andtolaythefoundationofprosperity.
--HistoryoftheMongolsbyRashidal-Din,approximately1241.Al-DinwasaMongolofficial.
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Crash Course World History #17 “Wait for it… The Mongols!”
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=szxPar0BcMo
Watch the above following 11-minute clip on the Mongols, filling out the worksheet below as you watch. John Green talks quickly, so it’s helpful to turn the subtitles on and be prepared to
rewind if necessary.
1. TheMongolswerenomads.Nomadsmigrateaccordingtoclimateconditionssothey
canfeedtheir____________________.
2. Nomadsdon’tgenerallyproducemanufacturedgoods,whichmeanstheyneedto
___________________,sotheyalmostalwayslivenearsettledpeople.
3. Pastoralnomadstendtobemore_________________________,especiallywhere
womenareconcerned.
4. GenghisorC____________________Khanwasbornaround1162withthename
_____________________toalowlyclanchief.
5. Heunitedthetribesbypromotingpeoplebasedonm________________,andby
bringingl_________________classesofconqueredpeopleintohisowntribe.
6. AfterGenghisdiedin1227,hissonO_________________Khanexpandedtheempire
evenmore.Genghis’grandson,MongkeKhan,capturedBaghdad,thecapitalofthe
A__________________Empire.Anothergrandson,K_________________Khan
conqueredChina’sSongDynastyin1279.
7. Historiansbelievetherearecurrentlyabout___________________milliondirect
descendantsofGenghisKhanontheearth.
8. AfterGenghis’death,theMongolempirewassplitintofourpiecescalled
K_______________,whichmeantitdidn’tstayunified.
9. GenghisKhan’sarmywasbuiltons_______________anda________________.
10. TheMongolsadoptedg_____________________,probablyintroducingitto
Europeans.
11. TheMongolsreinvigoratedcross-EurasianS____________R___________trade,which
theyvaluedbecausetheycouldtaxit,sotheymadetravelverysafe.
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12. TheMongolsincreasedcommunicationthroughEurasiabydevelopingthey_______
system,usingroadsidereststopsorrelaystationsaswellasakindofpassport.
13. TheMongolswerenotskilledatrecord-keepingorotherwriting-basedkindsofskills,
sotheyforciblyr__________________administrators,whowerefrequentlyMuslim,
tootherpartsoftheempire.
14. TheMongolswereunprecedentedly___________________ofdifferentreligionsand
didnotexpectconqueredpeopletoadopttheirownshamanisticreligion.
15. GenghisKhanwasseriouslybrutal,believing,“Thegreatest______________________
istovanquishyourenemies,tochasethembeforeyou,torobthemoftheirwealth,to
seethosedeartothembathedintears,toclasptoyourbosomtheirwivesand
daughters.”
16. TheMongolempiredidn’tlastlong–eitherlosingitsMongolidentitythroughcultural
integration,orthroughbeingreplaced.Within_________yearsthey’dleftChinaand
beenreplacedbythe___________Dynasty.
17. Becausetheyopenedupcross-Eurasiantrade,theMongolswereprobablyresponsible
forthespreadofthe_______________________________.
ChooseoneofJohnGreen’sconcludingquestionsbelow,andanswerwithyourwell-
supportedopinion.
- TheMongolspromotedreligiousdiversitybutalsocaredverylittleforpromoting
societalartisticoutput.Whichismorevaluable?
- TheMongolsusedaparticularlybrutalformofimperialism,butitonlylasteda
shorttime.Isthisbetterorworsethanotherconquerors’formsofmilder
imperialismthatmaintainedcontroloverareasformanycenturies?
- ArecertainkindsofwarfarethattheMongolsparticipatedininherentlywrong,or
dotheiraccomplishmentsoutweightheirmethods?
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Aim:HowdidtheMongolsestablishtheirempire?
TEACHERGUIDE&ANSWERKEY
DoNow:Belowisaseriesofmapsinchronologicalorder.Whatareyourobservations?Whatquestionsdoyouhave?Studentanswerswillvary.Possiblestudentquestionsmayinclude:Whatdotheredpartsmean?Doesthisshowacountryconqueringterritory/expanding?Whodidthis?Howdidtheygrowsomuchsofast?Whydidtheymostlyexpandhorizontallyandnotreallyvertically?Whathappenedafter1279?
1. IfyouwereGenghisKhan,whatstrategieswouldyouusetounitetheMongolclans
andensuretheirunityandloyaltytoyou?
Studentanswerswillvary.Commonstudentanswersinclude:aggressivemilitarytacticstogainpowerbyforce,forminganalliancewithanotherpowerfulclanthroughmarriage,givingrewardstothosewhoareloyaltoyou,etc.LetstudentsknowthatGenghisusedmostoftheirideas.Somebackgroundtosharewiththem:Whenhewasateenager(stillcalled“Temujin”atthatpoint,thenamehewasgivenatbirth)herosetoleadershipwithinhisowntribe.HefatherwaspoisonedandTemujinsoonkilledhisolderbrotherinanargumentoverpower.Abitlater,Temujin’sfirstwifeandhismotherwerekidnappedbyarivalclan.Whenhedaringlyrescuedhiswife,Temujinshowedhisstrengthandbecamehisclan’sleader.Establishingloyaltywasveryimportanttohim,whichheenforcedbybecoming“bloodbrothers”withimportantalliesbycuttingtheirfingersandmixingtheirbloodwitheachother.Heledhisclantomanyvictoriesoverrivalclansandbrutallykilledorimpoverishedtheirleaders.HealsoincreasedhispopularitythroughoutalltheMongolsbyallowinglowerstatuspeopletojoinhisclanandalsogivingtalentedpeoplefromotherclanshighpositionsinhisown,thusappointingbymeritocracyratherthanbyhigh-statusbirth.HewantedtoestablishunityasaMongolpeopleandnotjustacollectionofseparateclans,sowhennewclansjoinedhim,heseparateditsmembersandhadthemjoinwithotherpartsofhisgrowingorganization.In1206theMongolsheldacouncilcalleda“kurultai”andchoseTemujintobetheruleroveralltheclansandhewasdeclared“Genghis(orChinggis)Khan.”InMongolian,“khan”means“ruler”andtheclosesttranslationof“Genghis”seemstobe“oceanic”or“widespread.”Thetitle“GenghisKhan”mayhavemeant,then,“UniversalRuler.”
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2. Theabovepicturesdepictsomeofthegeographicalcharacteristicsthatshapedthe
ancientMongols’lives.Writedowngeographiccharacteristicsthatyouobserve,then
foreachanalyzehowitmayhavebenefittedorchallengedtheirlifestyle.GeographicCharacteristic Benefits Challenges
- Mountainous/highabovesealevel- Notdirectlynearwater/coast- Flatgrasslandsanddry,aridplains(steppe)- Lotsofgrazinganimalsandwildhorses
-Protectionfromenemies/invaders-adapteasilytoanomadiclifestyle;buildcollapsible,easilytransportablehomestofollowgrazinganimals-dependonhorsesandanimalherdsforsubsistence-becameextremelyskilledriders
-isolationfromotherculturesandinnovationsexceptforbrieftradinginteractions-dependenceonnomadicpastoralistherdinglifestylemeansMongolscan’teasilythriveoutsidethestepperegion-noadvancedbuildings/cities
3. WhatcanyougatherabouttheMongols’militarytacticsfromthepicturebelow?
ThehorsewasintegraltoMongolmilitarystrategy.Theyfoughtonhorsebackusingspearsandswordsandwerealsoveryskilledatarchery–abletorideandshootbackwardatthesametime.Theywouldbeabletocoverlargedistancesveryquicklyonhorsebackandattackfromadistancewithabowandarrow,butalsomowdownenemiesonfootbytramplingthemwiththeirhorseorattackingwithaswordfromhorseback.Theywouldhavebeenterrifyingmilitaryopponents.
4. Basedontheaboveaccount,howdidtheMongols’wayoflifeandmilitarytactics
makethemsosuccessfulinconquest?
TheMongols’wayoflifemadethemequallysuccessfulinmilitaryconquest.Livingindifficult,harshconditionsmadethemtoughwithexcellentendurance.Theyhadanorganizedclanstructurewithstrongloyaltyingrained,translatingwelltowarfare.Livingalifeonhorsebackhuntingandherdingtheiranimalsmadethemextremelyskilledatridingandshootingarrowsfromhorseback.Theyusedtheiranimalsforeverything:forfood,forshelter,evenformakingakindofarmorfromtheirhides.YoumaywanttosharewithstudentsafamousoldMongolproverb:“Ifthehorsedies,Idie;ifitlives,Isurvive”anddiscussitsmeaning.Besuretoalsodiscusswhatkindsofbiases/exaggerationsmaybeseeninMarcoPolo’swordsandwhyhemighthavethem.(StudentsmayalsofindfascinatingthemanystoriesofMongolsoldiersbeingsentonlong,gallopingjourneysacrossthesteppe.Theyweresaidtoridefordays,onlystoppingtosleepbriefly.Theytraveledverylightlyandiftheybecamethirstyorhungryalongtheway,thestoriessaytheywouldnickopenaveinintheirhorseanddrinkfromthebloodthatspurtedout.Thebloodwasrichinnutrientsandironandwouldsatisfytheirthirstandhungeralongtheway.Literalfastfood!)
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5. Thegreenareaintheabovemapshowsthesteppe,alargeexpanseofrelativelyflatandunforestedgrasslandstretchingthroughoutEasternEuropeandAsia.Givenwhat
youknowabouttheMongols’wayoflife,howdidtheexistenceofthesteppeimpact
theirextremelyrapidandvastexpansionoftheMongolianempire?
Alongthesteppe,therewasabsolutelynoonewhocouldstoptheMongols’rapidexpansionoftheirempire.Theirwayoflifeandmilitarytechniqueswereideallysuitedtoitsconditions.ItisinterestingthatthelocationofthesteppeinEurasiacorrelatesalmostexactlytothelocationoftheexpandingMongolianempire.Anywheretheirhorsesandherdswereabletoeasilytravel,theycouldconquerandmaintaingovernancethroughrelativelysophisticatedcommunicationsystems.Itwasmuchharderforthemtoconquerandmaintainruleinareassouthofthesteppe,wherethegeographywasnotconducivetotheMongolwayoflife–mountainousbarriers,marshy/swampy/jungle-likeconditions,ordeserts.TheMongolsdidlearnhowtoadaptquicklytodifferentenvironments,however.StudentsmaybeinterestedinthestoryoftheirattemptedinvasionofJapanaftertakingcontrolofSongdynastyChina.Forthefirsttimeever,thehorse-ridingMongolsbuiltafleetofshipstocrosstheseaintoJapan.Theytriedtwice,in1274and1281.Bothtimes,astrongtyphoonaroseandthestormsankmostoftheMongols’ships,causingtheinvasionstofailandtheJapanesetoremainfreeofMongolrule.TheJapanesecalledthesetyphoonsthatsavedthem“kamikaze”or“divinewinds.”Later,inWWII,theword“kamikaze”andallitshistoricalsignificancefortheJapanesewasusedastheformaltermforthesuicideattacksbyJapanesepilotsusingtheirplanesasbombstocrashintoAlliedships.
6. ThequotesintheaboveboxesdemonstratetheMongolrulingstyle.Comparethe
quotesintheleftboxtothequotesontherightbox.Whatdifferentkindsofruling
stylesdidtheMongolshave,andhowmighttheirrulingstyleshavehelpedthem
establishcontroloveranarea?
Thequotesintheleftboxshowarulingstylebasedonbrutality.PeoplewouldhavecompliedwiththeMongolsandobeyedoutoffear.ThereareaccountsofwholecitiessurrenderinginadvancewhentheyheardtheMongolswerecoming–theirreputationofterrorwasaneffectiverulingmechanism.Thequotesintherightbox,however,showtheMongolleadersasbeinggenerousandquicktorewardloyalty.Oncetheyhadconqueredanarea,theyseemednottobetyrannical,butaimedatmakinglifebetterfortheregularperson.This“badcop/goodcop”routineworkingintandemwasprobablyquiteeffectiveindisplacingrulersandalsowinningtheallegianceandcooperationofthelowerclassestheyruled.Besuretoalsodiscusstheimplicationsofpointofviewineachsourceexcerptexamined.Aretheyalltrustworthy?Howmighttheybebiased?Thefirstisataxlawonrecord,butit’sverypossibleitwasanexaggerationanddeclaredmoretoenforcecooperationthanmeanttobeenforcedexactly.Thesecondisaneyewitnessaccountostensiblyfromthetimeperiod,whichmakesitmoretrustworthy,butitisanonymousandthepersonwhowroteitdowncouldhavemadeituporhadmotivesimpactingthenegativeportrayaloftheMongolsitgives.Thethirdisaquotefromareputablesecondarysourceacademicbook,butnotaprimarysource–althoughitdoescontainaprimarysourcequote.Thefourthisadocumentedprimarysourcequotefrom
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thetimeperiodandalsofromanArabicMuslimwhoselandwasconqueredbytheMongols.Hestillwritespositivelyofthem,despitethisfact,whichseemstogiveitmorelegitimacy.However,hewasgivenapositionofauthorityundertheMongols,sohemayhaveabiasedreasontothinkfavorablyofthem.CRASHCOURSEWORKSHEETANSWERS:
1. TheMongolswerenomads.Nomadsmigrateaccordingtoclimateconditionssothey
canfeedtheir____flocks________________.
2. Nomadsdon’tgenerallyproducemanufacturedgoods,whichmeanstheyneedto
_______trade____________,sotheyalmostalwayslivenearsettledpeople.
3. Pastoralnomadstendtobemore_______egalitarian__________________,especially
wherewomenareconcerned.
4. GenghisorChinggis____________________Khanwasbornaround1162withthe
name__Temujin___________________toalowlyclanchief.
5. Heunitedthetribesbypromotingpeoplebasedonmerit________________,andby
bringinglower_________________classesofconqueredpeopleintohisowntribe.
6. AfterGenghisdiedin1227,hissonOgedei_________________Khanexpandedthe
empireevenmore.Genghis’grandson,MongkeKhan,capturedBaghdad,thecapital
oftheAbbasid__________________Empire.Anothergrandson,
Kublai_________________KhanconqueredChina’sSongDynastyin1279.
7. Historiansbelievetherearecurrentlyabout_____sixteen____________milliondirect
descendantsofGenghisKhanontheearth.(Becauseherapedsomanywomen!!)
8. AfterGenghis’death,theMongolempirewassplitintofourpiecescalled
Khanates_______________,whichmeantitdidn’tstayunified.
9. GenghisKhan’sarmywasbuiltonspeed_______________andarchery____________.
10. TheMongolsadoptedgunpowder_____________________,probablyintroducingitto
Europeans.
11. TheMongolsreinvigoratedcross-EurasianSilk____________Road___________trade,
whichtheyvaluedbecausetheycouldtaxit,sotheymadetravelverysafe.
12. TheMongolsincreasedcommunicationthroughEurasiabydevelopingtheyam______
system,usingroadsidereststopsorrelaystationsaswellasakindofpassport.
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13. TheMongolswerenotskilledatrecord-keepingorotherwriting-basedkindsofskills,
sotheyforciblyrelocated__________________administrators,whowerefrequently
Muslim,tootherpartsoftheempire.
14. TheMongolswereunprecedentedly_____tolerant___________ofdifferentreligions
anddidnotexpectconqueredpeopletoadopttheirownshamanisticreligion.
15. GenghisKhanwasseriouslybrutal,believing,“Thegreatest____happiness__________
istovanquishyourenemies,tochasethembeforeyou,torobthemoftheirwealth,to
seethosedeartothembathedintears,toclasptoyourbosomtheirwivesand
daughters.”
16. TheMongolempiredidn’tlastlong–eitherlosingitsMongolidentitythroughcultural
integration,orthroughbeingreplaced.Within___80______yearsthey’dleftChina
andbeenreplacedbythe___Ming________Dynasty.
17. Becausetheyopenedupcross-Eurasiantrade,theMongolswereprobablyresponsible
forthespreadofthe___Black________________Death__________.
ChooseoneofJohnGreen’sconcludingquestionsbelow,andanswerwithyourwell-
supportedopinion.
- TheMongolspromotedreligiousdiversitybutalsocaredverylittleforpromoting
societalartisticoutput.Whichismorevaluable?
- TheMongolsusedaparticularlybrutalformofimperialism,butitonlylasteda
shorttime.Isthisbetterorworsethanotherconquerors’formsofmilder
imperialismthatmaintainedcontroloverareasformanycenturies?
- ArecertainkindsofwarfarethattheMongolsparticipatedininherentlywrong,or
dotheiraccomplishmentsoutweightheirmethods?
Studentanswerswillvary,butshouldbewell-written,well-supported,anddemonstrateunderstandingoftheMongols’lifestyle,culture,conquest,impact,etc.