mongolia, witold krassowski
DESCRIPTION
Urbanisation of mongoliaTRANSCRIPT
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URBA
NISA
TION
OF
MON
GOLIA
2004WITOLD KRASSOWSKI
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PEOPLE GATHER FOR A CURE AT A SPRING WITH MEDICAL PROPERTIES IN THE WESTERN
PART OF THE HUVSGUL LAKE . WATER FROM FIVE SEPARATE SOURCES IS SUPPOSED TO
CURE FIVE DIFFERENT KINDS OF DISEASES . THE WOMAN ON HORSE TRIED TO CROSS THE
WATER BUT THE ANIMAL REFUSED DUE TO NOISE AND STRONG CURRENT
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VOTERS PULLING THE BOAT WITH T EIR C ANDIDATE GUNDALAI ON SHORE BEFORE AN
ELECTORAL MEETING PREPARING FOR ELECTIONS IN JUNE 2004
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A CONSTRUCTION OF A WOODEN HOUSE IN THE STEPPE. ON THE HORIZON A CARAVANE
OF YAKS MOVING THE YOURTA TO OTHER LOCATION FOR BETTER PASTURE.
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IN THE SUM OF TSAHIR A CARAVANE OF YAKS MOVING THE YOURTA TO OTHER LOCATION FOR
BETTER PASTURE. TRADITIONAL NOMADIC LIFE INVOLVED CHANGING PASTURES UP TO FOUR
TIMES A YEAR. TODAY RICHIER PEOPLE USE TRACTORS.
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LOCAL PRIMARY SCHOOL IN BAYANHONGOR. 45% OF THE POPULATION IS UNDER THE AGE OF 15.
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LAST DAY OF SHOOL IN A SMALL PROVINCIAL SUM TOWN OF BUUTSAGAAN. (SUM (PLURAL
SOMON)=SECOND LEVEL, AFTER AYMAG, ADMINISTRATIVE ENTITY. ON AVERAGE, EACH SUM AD-
MINISTERS A TERRITORY OF 4,200 KM2 WITH ABOUT 5,000 INHABITANTS, PRIMARILY NOMADIC
HERDERS. EACH SUM IS AGAIN SUBDIVIDED INTO BAGA (SINGULAR BAG). MOST BAGA ARE OF AN
ENTIRELY VIRTUAL NATURE. THEIR PURPOSE IS TO SORT THE FAMILIES OF NOMADS IN THE SUM
INTO GROUPS, WITHOUT A PERMANENT HUMAN SETTLEMENT.)
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ELECTORAL MEETING OF THE OPOSITION LEADER, MR GUNDALAJ, WITH WOTERS OF HIS CONSTIT-
UENCY, IN THE NOTHERN PART OF THE CONTRY, NEAR THE LAKE HUVSGUL, BEFORE THE PARLIA-
MENTARY ELECTIONS IN JUNE 2004
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A SINGER PERFORMS IN A YOURTA AS PART OF ELECTORAL CAMPAIGN OF THE RULING REVO-
LUTIONARY PARTY, BEFORE THE ELECTIONS IN JUNE 2004. TRADITIONAL SONGS ARE STILL VERY
POPULAR AND PEOPLE JOIN IN THE SINGING.
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AFTER ELECTORAL MEETING WITH OPOSITION LEADER MR GUNDALAI THE VOTERS PREPARE LOT-
TERY COUPONS, TO PARTICIPATE IN A DRAW, IN A SMALL VILLAGE IN NOTHERN PART OF THE
COUNTRY, NEAR LAKE HUVSGUL
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ELECTORAL MEETING OF THE DEMOCRATIC OPOSITION LEADER, MR GUNDALAJ, WITH WOTERS OF
HIS CONSTITUENCY. THE NOTHERN PART OF THE CONTRY, NEAR THE LAKE HUVSGUL IS MR GUN-
DALAJ’S STRONGHOLD AS HE RUNS THE LOCAL VODKA AND JAM FACTORIES. HE WAS REELECTED
IN THE PARLIAMENTARY ELECTIONS IN JUNE 2004
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ON THE SQUARE IN FRONT OF GANDAN LAMAIST BUDDHIST TEMPLE IN ULAN BATAAR PEOPLE
PICK UP HOLY GRAINS CALLED ARVA THAT BRING PROSPERITY AND HAPPINESS IF KEPT AT HOME,
AFTER A RELIGIOUS CEREMONY A PRIEST SPREAD THEM ON THE GROUND.
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DUST STORM NEAR GANDAN. PEOPLE ENTER A TRADITIONAL DOCTOR WORKING HUT FOR A CON-
SULTATION
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A SMALL SHOP WINDOW IN A POOR DISTRICT NEAR GANDAN IN ULAN BATAAR
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A MOTORCYCLE REPAIRS WORKSHOP NEAR THE LOCAL BAZAAR IN THE CITY OF ALTAI, IN GOBI-AL-
TAI REGION (AIMAG)
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A COAL DRIFT NEAR THE TOWN OF NALEH. AFTER THE COLLAPSE OF THE STATE OWN INDUSTRY
PRIVATE COMPANIES EXTRACT COAL FROM SHALLOW PITS USING PRIMITIVE MACHINERY AND PRO-
VIDING WORK FOR LOCAL POPULATION
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MONGOLIAN MASSAGE IN THE TRADITIONAL MEDECINE CENTRE IN MANBA DATSAN MONASTERY,
IN ULAN BATAAR
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PEOPLE GO HOME TO THE SUBURBAN TOWN OF NALEH, FROM ULAN BATAAR, ON A CITY BUS
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A STREET CHILD
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ItmustbedIffIculttofIndacountrywIthlessergeographIcalfeaturesthanmongolIa.stretchIngsome1200
kIlometresfromnorthtosouthandtwIceasfarfromeasttowest,ItIscoveredInbestpartbysteppe,athInlayer
ofgrassspreadoveraseaofhIlls.occasIonallythereIsawhIteger,asymbolofhumandwellIngInthIsmonotonous
emptIness.butanytravellerInanygIvenpoIntInthesteppewIllfIndapIeceofdungwIthInfIvemetresofhIsperson,
atangIble(?)proofthatthecountrybelongstoanImals.for,for2,751,314mongolsthereIsabout26mIllIonanImals,
thepasturecapacItyofmongolIansteppebeIngestImatedat30mIllIon.thIs,togetherwIthextremeweathercondItIons
keptthenumberofInhabItantslow.ItalsoshapedtheentIreculture.
themongolIantradItIonIsbasedontwomaInactIvItIes:herdIngandconquest.whIletheformerprovIded
themeansofsubsIstence,thelatter-morepasturesandmoreproductofotherpeoplestomakesurvIvalpossIbleor
enjoyable.keepIngthepopulatIongrowthlow,bothpreventedtheagrIculturefromdevelopIng.theywerehelpedInthIs
matterbylamaIstIcdoctrInewhIchkeepsearthforsacredandproscrIbesdIggIngasequIvalenttowoundIng.(thusmak-
IngthetradItIonalmongolIanshoetIpsbendupwards).InthIstradItIonthelandbelongstosuchentItIeslIkeaIr,that
canneItherbequantIfIednorowned.forcenturIesItwasnotevenpublIc,ItwasthereandpeoplelIvedIncomplete
lIbertywIthnospacenortImelImIts.theIronlyworry,butofcrucIalImportance,wassurvIvalbyadaptatIontonature.
opportunIsmandfatalIsmweredomInant.InsocIallIfefactswereneverquestIoned,butacceptedlIkenaturalphenom-
ena,raInorhaIl.thestandIngofnatIonalheroeswasbasedonlegendsnotachIevements.besIdesthereIsacurIous
tendencyInnomadIcpsychetoaccepteItherevIlorsaIntandnothIngInbetween.whenthebolshevIksgaInedcontrol
ofmongolIaIn1924,ItwasveryeasyforthemtocreatestatesmanlIkefIguresfromcommoncrImInalsorblowtheIr
natIonalstandIngoutofproportIons.thecountrypaIdforthat:InthepurgesoflatethIrtIes20%ofadultpopulatIon
(90,000outof700,000totalpopulatIon)werekIlled,allbutonemonasterIes(1100approxImatIvely)destroyedand
morethan17500lamassenttogulagstoneverreturn.andallthelandwenttothestate.
thecommunIstsalsoImplementedInthecountryamentalItyofImItatIonofrussIans,theonlypossIblesurvIval
InthestalInIstperIod.atthetImeItevenhadaposItIvesIdeeffect:ItwastheonlypossIbIlItyformongolIatokeep
IntouchwIththeworldoutsIde;butwIththesuddencollapseofthesystemItcreatedmoreproblems.fIrst,Indeep
dIsbelIefthattheelderbrothercannotcopewIthrealItyanymore,themongolIancommunIstsrefusedtoIntroduce
perestroIkaandImplementreforms.second-ordInarypeoplewereInshockandInurgentneedofanexampletofol-
low.theunexpectedpassagetodemocracyIn1992dIdn’tofferanynewpattersofbehavIour.sothesocIetyturned
towardsthepast,towardstheancestorsandoldtradItIons.genghIskhanappearedeverywhere,evenonvodka.then
thedemographIcprocesseskIckedIn,changIngeverythIng.thepopulatIongrowthgavemongolIathenever-achIeved-In-
hIstory2,751,314InhabItants,outofwhIchsome45%areundertheageof15andfurther25%undertheageof35.
andtheyounggeneratIonrushedtotowns,theurbanlIfestylegenerallyperceIvedasbetter,notwIthoutthehelpof
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hollywoodandtensoftvchannelsavaIlable,thankstosatellItetechnology,Ineverybygodforsakenger.ulanbator
Itselfoffersrefugeto1mIllIonpeople.
twomaInsubculturesemerged,thenomadIcone,estImatedatbetween25-33%ofthepopulatIonandthe
urbanone.predIctablyItbroughtaboutthefallofnomadIcvaluesandtherIseofcosmopolItanIsmamongurbanyouth.
theneedforImItatIondIdn’tdIsappearhowever,ItwassImplyredIrectedtowardstheus.thetransItIonfromnomadIc
herdsmentosedentaryurbandwellerscreatednewsocIalproblemsreInforcedbysImultaneouscollapseofthestate
controlledeconomy.wIthonly44%ofeconomIcallyactIvepopulatIonbeIngactuallyemployedandtherealItyofurban
lIfenotexactlyalongthe“santabarbara”lInes,suchsocIalphenomenalIkepoverty(onethIrdofthepopulatIon),
alcoholIsm,crImerIse,prostItutIonandstreetchIldrenbecameomnIpresent.thefreshurbansocIetydIdn’thaveenough
tImenorskIllstodeveloporganIsatIonsandInstItutIonsthatwoulddealwIththeseproblems.theurbanpeoplealso
haveadIfferentattItudetowardslandproperty.theherdsmenposItIonIssImple-theyrefuseIttoguaranteefreedom
ofmovements.whentheurbansubculturegottheupperhand,achangeInmentalItyoccurredandeverybodybecame
landhungry.thIscreatedchaosatfIrst,astheprocesswasnotregulatedandwIld.thepIecesoflandclaImedby
peoplewereevennotregIstered.thedemocratIcgovernmentIntroducedthelawonlandIn1994,fIrstlegalattempt
toregulatethephenomenon.theIssueswIftlybecameanobjectofpolItIcalplaybetweentherulIngdemocratIcparty
andpostcommunIstopposItIon,wIthInthebackgroundanImportantpart(32%)ofthesocIetyopposedtotheIdea.an
exotIccoalItIonofherders,tradItIonalphIlosophersandpoetswasevenborn.todayeverymongolIanfamIlyIsentItled
to900sq.metresInthevIcInItyofatownandsome20,000hectaresareexpectedtobeprIvatIsedthIsway.
thespeedoftheseprocessespushedthemongolIanprImemInIstertodeclareIn2003thatwIthIn10to15
yearsthenomadIclIfestylewIllhavedIsappearedaltogether.heputtheblameonacompetItIveandfastdevelopIng
world.wIththeconstanterosIon,sIncethecollapseofthecommunIsm,ofnatIonalIdeologyandthepowerfulurbanIsa-
tIonprocess,thewholeofmongolIanIdentItyIsbeIngreshapedIfnotlost.anewneedemerged-ofIntegratIonIn
worldprocesses.unfortunatelyformongolIaItmadeItselffeltInapolItIcalvacuumInthIspartofasIa,wIthrussIa
perceIvednotasaserIousoptIon,chInaasapotentIalthreattonatIonalIdentItyandnootherpartnersororganIsatIons
ofstatespresent.theurgencyofthesItuatIonIsrecognIsedbythepolItIcalclass.thewholenatIonhastoIncreasetheIr
competItIvenessandorganIsatIonskIllstomatchthoseofmongolIa’sneIghbours.theveryexIstenceoftheIndependent
mongolIanstateIsatstakeandthesurvIvalofItsculture-saIdprImemInIster.andpeople,asusual,votewIththeIr
feet.
wItoldkrassowskI
[email protected]://wItoldkrassowskI.ekpIctures.com.pl