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Geochemistry in Understanding and Exploration of

Unconventional/ Alternate Energy Resources

Biofuels from micro algae

and higher plants

Coal Bed Methane

Shale Gas

Gas Hydrates

Underground CoalGasification

Vitrinite

Inertinite

Liptinite

Coal Maceral Characterization for CBM

Gas Hydrate

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Bio-Fuels

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3/25/2012 Technical Services 3

Bio-diesel the future fuel

In Bio-diesel country has a ray of hope.

Bio-diesel is made from vegetable oil through aprocess trans-esterification.

It is produced by all tree borne oilseed plants like:

1) Jatropha Curcas

2) Rapeseed

3) Sunflower4) Soyabean etc

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Bio-Diesel

Advantages of Jatropha Curcas.

1) It has 35-40% oil content

2) Oil extraction is upto 90%.

3) It can provide energy security to remote

and rural areas.

4)It has superior lubricity than diesel.

5) Lower exhaust emissions from engines

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Bio-Diesel

6) It has practically no sulphur.

7) Healthy environment.

8) No net CO2 addition to the

atmosphere.

9) It can extend engine life.

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3/25/2012 Technical Services 6

COAL BED METHANE

Methane, a greenhouse gas, is released to the atmosphere

during and after the mining of coal, contributing to climate

change.

Methane is adsorbed in coal seams. This coal bedmethane usually escapes into the atmosphere when coal is

mined.

The estimated potential of CBM in the country is in the

range of 1400-2600 billion cu. meters

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Fields

1.Raniganj

2. Jharia

3. E. Bokaro & W. Bokaro

4. Satpura

5. Singrauli

6. Sohagpur

7. Talcher

8. Chanda-Wardha9. Godavari Valley

10. Tertiary Coal fields of NE 11. Gujarat

(Sub-Surface Coal) 12. Neyveli Lignite

13. J & K Coal Fields

14. Palana-Rajasthan

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CBM: Indian Scenario

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UNDER GROUND COAL GASSIFICATION

India is richly endowed with coal reserves, with around

300 billion tones of reserves, out of which only 50 billiontones are recoverable .

In-situ coal gasification at abandoned coal mines mayprovide an economically attractive option for full extraction

of energy from in-place reserves.UCG involves converting un-mineable coal into

combustible gases by gasifying the coal in-situ.

It is a chemical process in which coal is subjected to

gasification by igniting coal and sustaining ignition byinjecting oxygen and steam into the coal seam.

CG C

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UCG.Cont.

Produced gases are mixture of gases like carbon monoxide,hydrogen and methane and non combustible gases as well.

The gases thus produced can be utilized as fuel gas and forpower generation and as a feed stock for liquid fuels andpetrochemicals.

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Gas Hydrates

A gas hydrate consists of a water lattice in which light

hydrocarbonmolecules are embedded resembling dirty ice.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocarbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moleculehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moleculehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocarbon

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Naturally occurring gas hydrates are a form ofwater ice

which contains a large amount of methane within its crystalstructure.

They are restricted to the shallow lithosphere

With pressurization, they remain stable at temperatures upto 18C.

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The average hydrate composition is 1 mole of methanefor every 5.75 moles of water.

The observed density is around 0.9 g/cm3.

One liter of Hydrate solid would contain 168 liters ofmethane gas (at STP).

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Where are gas hydrates located?

It is present in oceanic sediments along continental margins

and in polar continental settings.

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CHARACTERIZATION GAS HYDRATE SAMPLES FROM

EASTERN OFFSHORE

1

10

100

1000

10000

100000

1000000

-90 -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30

d13C m ethane (%o),PDB

C1

/C2+C3

10D-7X 2-63-68

10D-8X 1-140-150

10D-10X 4-75-80

21A-9X 3-3021A-9X 136-146

21A-12X 3-130

17A-68X 3-131

17A-69X 3-23

17A-72X 3-68

17A-74X 3-118

17A-80X 4-1

17A-82X 4-1

17A-83X 2-63

18A-16X 4-123

18A-18X 5-1

19A-17E-T1

19A-17E-T219A-30X 5-8

19A-31X 5-6

19A-37X 5-1

Thermogenic gas

Mixed gases

Bacterial gas

Carbon and Hydrogen Isotope Ratios in CH4 are

Effective Tools for Identifying the Specific Origin of

Methane ( Microbial vs. Thermogenic) Pore water salinities reducedrastically in gas hydrate zones

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Shale Gas

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Shale Gas is gas produced from Shale Rocks

Shale gas meets 17% of natural gas demand of USA.

In coming years shale gas shall be a major contributor of

Natural Gas in India also

India is the only country apart from USA and Canada to

have discovered shale gas.

Shale rocks have low permeability.

Shale gas production involves horizontal drilling and

hydro fracturing.

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