monash magazine, edition 3 (feb 2013)

7/29/2019 Monash Magazine, Edition 3 (Feb 2013)

1/36

AustrAliAuChinAu indiAu itAlyuMAlAysiAusouth AfriCA

Delivering impact february 2013

ld


2/36

urbAn infrAstruCture

04 Wa wa ca cagWords Lynne Blunell

Aun the glbe, city welle an

planne ae ethinking the way we

captue, te an manage wate.

MediCAl reseArCh

07 i maka ag gWords Bianca NgayImpving the helf life f ynthetic

inulin cul make a iffeence t

millin f peple with iabete.

CoMMunity heAlth

08 Aids g awp m a cWords Lina Vegnani

A health expet 28-yea eicatin

t peventin i cntibuting t the

pmie f a change f the bette.

Cover story sCienCe

10

P a ga:

a p gWords r Mye anAlexana rginkisalt that exit in a liqui tate at m

tempeatue cul heal a wave f

new utainable technlgie.

AstroPhysiCs

12 t ac aw ea-k paWords Ba Clli

Atphyicit ae getting cle t

knwing whee, in u galaxy f 400

billin ta, t lk f the life.

GlobAl GovernAnCe

16og w mcac

Words Ba ClliNn-gvenment cmmunitie ae

tepping int the cente f pwe n

many cntentiu glbal iue.

AdvAnCed teChnoloGy

18 e nw hzWords d Gi Baittisme f Autalia geatet min

ae meeting in a cutm-built pace

eigne f cllabatin.

20 Masaprea abut uttaning eeach fm new

theie an ancient icveie t changing

attitue an ecgniing billiance.

history

22 fg c a ack a wWords Lina VegnaniGeate cmplexity i being ae

t the way we unetan a maj

chapte f Afican-Ameican hity,

thank t eicvee manucipt.

MoleCulAr bioloGy

24 sw a,PC ackWords Alexana rginkiFace with iing antibitic eitance,

cientit ae tuying pecialie vial

aain that emlih angeu bacteia.

inforMAtion teChnoloGy

27 Ma mac:a gcWords Catheine Nw

Ae upecmpute getting mate

jut me pweful?

MiGrAtion

28 l w ac a aWords Ba ClliGvenment plicie n iegula migatin

nee t be bette infme abut the

cmplex caue f iplacement.

heAlth

31

ea

aa gWords Melia Banagh-McCnachyreeach int pxviu mlecule i a tep

cle t a whle new family f antivial ug.

PhArMACeutiCAl reseArCh

32 lg, p,acWords Bianca Ngay

A eeache in nanmeicine i

cafting technlgy that package

theapeutic, en them int the by

an eleae them a equie.

heArt surGery

34 hp w agg aWords Liz PteThe miacle f eplacing atic valve

withut pen-heat ugey will etun

quality f life t the elely.

03b

35rw

universityresearchin the century

aheaDDspit t putati acadmics a stubbl

sisti ca, uisitis a cad ctiuall

t ctuis ad as a csuc u ldst

uisitis a am t lst-lid istitutis i

t wld. S w d w d usls tda? A uuisitis i stp wit ti scitis at t bii

t 21st ctu is ca cssa t btt abl

us t mt utu ds? Mas Uisit is l 50

as ld, but i ts 50 as t a b majcas i i ducati ad spciall i t wa

applid scic, mdici ad ii sac is

cductd. It is t latt tat I wis t discuss .

Pss i appli scic t past ctu

as a cdd ati tat wt b. I tdlpd wld, uma lispa as m ta

dubld, ad matt w w a i t wld

t mst distat plac u plat is m

ta a das ju awa. W ca talk wit aaw i t wld ad s wat t a di.

Littl tis was pssibl 50 as a ad it wuld

all a b uimaiabl a udd as a. T

ctiu t pac adacmt ad spad ts

bts t t Tid Wld, w, uisitis willa t d m t d pactical applicatis w

scic ad d tis i cllabati wit idust.

Tis is bcaus lbalisati as icasdcmptitiss, ducd cmpais pt maisad tb ducd t udi sac.

Ma cmpais w l pusu sac i

suppt pducts. Basic sac t scic

udli t tclis usd i ti pducts

as all but disappad. Mst succssul cmpaisa tud t uisitis t ll t ap.

Mnah deliveing Impact

ISSUe #3, feBrUAry 2013 PUBLISheD 3 TIMeS A yeAr By MonASh UnIverSITy

Bildig H, Level 9, 900 Dadeg Rad, Caleld East, VIC 3145, Astralia

CrICoS ProvIDer nUMBer: 00008C ISSn2200-386X (PrInT) ISSn2200-4459 (onLIne)

enqUIrIeS

MAnAgIng eDITor: dthy Albecht ASSoCIATe eDITor: samantha BlaiTeLePhone: +61 3 9903 4840 eMAIL: [email protected]

SUBSCrIBe To The MonASh MAgAzIne:www.mnah.eu/mnahmag/ubcibe WeBSITe:www.mnah.eu/mnahmag

WrITTen AnD DeSIgneD By:Cetext, www.cetext.cm.au

The InforMATIon In ThIS PUBLICATIon WAS CorreCT AT The TIMe of goIng To PreSS.

vIeWS exPreSSeD WIThIn The MAgAzIne Are noT neCeSSArILy The vIeWS of MonASh UnIverSITy.

CoPyrIghT MonASh UnIverSITy. ALL rIghTS reServeD.

AustrAliAuChinAuindiAuitAlyuMAlAysiAusouth AfriCA

Delivering impact february2013

lqd sss o ow

ona sh.AF _1 302_p 01-36.ind d 1 17/01 /13 2:59 P

Cover PhoTo: PAUL JoneSfebruary 2013

feBrUAry 2013 Ma u

Ae u

univeitie in

tep with thei

cietie at the

beginning f the

21st cetr r is

change neceay

t bette enable

u t meet futue

nee?

Pfe Alec Be


3/36

3

laa ap cmp gThee Mnah Univeity eeache wh have been awae highly petigiu

Autalian Laueate Fellwhip by the Autalian reeach Cuncil will cntibute

t the cmpetitive eeach capacity nt nly f Mnah, but al f Autalia.

Pfe dugla MacFalane, bae at the Mnah schl f Chemity,

ha been ecgnie f hi invetigatin f new chemical technlgie t ait

the tanitin t a me utainable ciety. Yu can ea me abut Pfe

MacFarlaes research it reewable eerg geerati page 10 f this isse.

Pfe Michael Fuhe, a fellw f the Ameican Phyical sciety an

fmely f the Univeity f Maylan, ha plan t amatically expan hi

wk n new electnic mateial, uch a gaphene, which will evlutinie

electnic f ue in cmputing, en an la pwe geneatin.

Pfe Nichla Wmal bing t Mnah fm the Univeity f

Watel hi expetie in pbabilitic cmbinatic, which ha applicatin in

cmpute cience, phyic, cing they f cmmunicatin an genetic.

The three fellwships ttal A$7.3 milli ver five ears.

A Ma gaa r ga agA pain f iea an technlgy that can hape the futue f tanpt ha helpe

lan Geffey Pace a rhe schlahip, allwing the Mnah Univeity gauate t

puue hi inteet in ne f the wl femt btic labatie. Afte tackli ng

eeach pject in machine leaning an btic uing hi unegauate tuy

at Mnah, M Pace will unetake a ctate in engineeing cience at theoxf Mbile rbtic Gup at the Univeity f oxf in the UK. He hpe hi

wk thee will help him ealie hi gal f tanfming tanptatin technlgy

an fining way t euce pllutin, cngetin, accient ate an tavel time.

Thi i nt nly the futh yea in a w that a Mnah gauate ha

wn the Victian rhe schlahip, but al Mnah Univeity

eighth wi i 10 ears. I appladig Mr Pasces achievemet, Mash

Vice-Chacellr ad Pres idet Prfessr Ed Bre a ls said this recrd

inicate the talent we attact an nutue, an the fact that Mnah

Univeity ieal align with the f the chlahip pgam.

Applicant f rhe chlahip ae expecte

t emntate exceptinal acaemic achievement,

chaacte, leaehip an cmmitment t evice.

daa w p gA pject abut tanmitting ata thugh light ha wn ne f the fit maj

eeach gant t aie fm the patnehip between Mnah Univeity an

the Univeity f Wawick. Pfe Jean Amtng f Mnah an Wawick

Prfessr Rger Gree have bee awarded a A$410,000 (269,000) Discver

Gant by the Autalian reeach Cuncil. They ae lking at ptical wiele

cmmunicatin technlgie, in which ata ignal tavel thugh light.

Thi technlgy ffe eveal aitinal benefit t me

mainteam meth f ata tanfe. Pfe Amtng an

Geen aim t evelp new ht-ange cmmunicatin ytem

with vitually unlimite banwith that will cmbine the pee f

ptical cmmunicatin with the cnvenience f wiele.

Applicatin f thei wk i nclue api ata wnla t

ptable evice uch a matphne, an cmmunicatin

within vey high-pee cmpute within ca aeplane.

Thi pject initially benefite fm MnahWawick

ee funing, which enable the tw acaemic t lay

the funatin f thei cllabatin. The Mnah

Warwic Alliace was frmalised earl i 2012,

etablihing bth patne a glbally cnnecte intitutin,

an builing n a lng an puctive elatinhip.

T a als plt ictis uisitist wk wit idust. o t past 50 as sac

i ma subjcts as icasd i cmplit ad

cst, placi it bd t sucs uisitis.

eampls a all aud us. Ladi uisitis usdt mak ti w cmputs, but tis ad t b

abadd i t 1960s w t l ad t

sucs t kp up wit adacs i smicduct

itatd cicuits ad matic sta. Uss als

watd t ca data ad pams ad dmaddstadadisati. Idust cisd t d,

stablisd t stadads ad supplid t cmputs.

Ad l a t das w uisit sacs

mad ti w scitic istumts suc as lctmicscps ad i-spd lctic masui

sstms. T mai cmptiti, dcads a, t

ad t stat bui tm m idust ad wki

clsl wit idust t btai wat t dd.

T a ictis bt sids uisitisad idust t wk tt. I t UK s w

tcl iati cts, calld Catapults, a

bi stablisd t pmt suc cllabati,

ad i Austalia t Cmmwalt Scitic adIdustial rsac oaisati, CSIro, is alad

di tis. It is utl cssa t bi tt

sacs m sal disciplis. T mdl

uisitis as cmmuitis sclas, all wm

act idpdtl, wil apppiat ma tactiitis uisitis, is t cti i tis cas.

Istad ds maamt stuctus tat

iclud si acadmics w ca t spsibilit

maki su tat t uisit acts i a ctma kpi i mid t itsts t istituti

ad all its mmbs. T as b sm ptst

aaist wat is s as wi maaialism iuisitis, but w it cms t wki wit idust

t su cmptiti applid scic sac, apssial, cdiatd appac is sstial.

f t past tw as I a ad t piil

spdi tim at Mas as a Si Luis Mats

Pss ad a lat abut sal MasUisits succssul cllabatis wit idust. I

a als s tat suc cllabatis a wi

apac. Bt ts bsatis wuld sm t

idicat tat Mas Uisits ac stuctus

a apppiat t 21st ctu, as is wii aplac i t tp 100 uisitis i t wld.

Alec Be

LordBroersisasirLouisMatheson

distinguishedVisitingProfessor,

MonashuniVersity

Ma u feBrUAry 2013

ProfeSSor

DoUgLAS MACfArLAne

ProfeSSor

MIChAeL fUhrer

ProfeSSor

nIChoLAS WorMALD

rhoDeS SChoLAr

geoffrey PASCoe

(rIghT) WITh The

governor of vICTorIA,

ALex Chernov AC qC.


4/36

4 urban infrastructure feBrUAry 2013 Ma u

water waysthe city liveabilitychallengead , d d , d . a a , a$100 d x , d d .

ILLUSTrATIon: JUSTIn gArnSWorThy


5/36

5urban infrastructure

Words Lynne Blunell

B t middl tis ctu, t umb

ppl lii i uba aas will ac 6.3

billi. Uitd natis mdlli tlls us tat

t wlds ual ppulac will sik duitis pid, wil t cts cct adstl w t accmmdat m ta 70

p ct t wlds ppulati ad appl

icasi uma pssu t plat.

Wat plas a ctal l i tis massalmati. W d it t kp us

ali, but it als tats u sat i t

m cataclsmic ts suc as t

fakstm tat stuck ad iudatd nw

yk i 2012. T muc t littl wat: btca b dadl t mtplita citi.

epts suc as Mas Uisits

Pss T W, a ciil i ad

lad i wat-ssiti uba dsi, acusi slutis tat adicall ca

t wa citis alu, us ad maa wat.

nt l is t lbal cmmuit

ui ut wat, but t plluti

wat is als icasi, ad t wiuba tpit ad dsit ma t

liabilit u citis is bcmi

icasil ulabl t climatic ts

ad tms, Pss W sas.

Ma u feBrUAry 2013

h is t ci cuti t

Cpati rsac Ct WatSsiti Citis, a itdisciplia

aisati wit t sac ubs i

Austalia ad i Siap. fudd wit

a stat-up sum A$30 milli m tAustalia gmt ad a ut A$90milli m idust, uisitis ad stat

ad lcal mts, t ct

is dli it pjcts i Austalia capital

citis as wll as Siap, t ntlads,Austia ad Dmak.

Its aim, sas Pss W, is t

cat a kwld bas maai

wat sucs it t utu. It is

aisd aud u sac tms scit, wat-ssiti ubaism,

utu tclis ad adpti

patwas ad daws ptis

i scil, cl, cmics,bipsical scics, ii

ad tclis. All a itatd

tu uba plai ad dsi.

Tcl al is t i t dli

t utcms w d, Pss W sas.Csid is isi wat-ssiti

citis 50 as m w. T will a

cmpltl tasmd ti wat us:

ccli wastwat; asti aiwat;cati cids wat clasi

ad d cultiati; ad sti atual

watwas t cua bidisit

ad dal m ctil wit ds.

Mst ppl a amilia wit

cids stips udlpd lad

tat pid bati spac i spawli

citis but Pss W als spaks blu cids, atual watwas.


6/36

6 urban infrastructure

T tw suld b maad tt

t btt ptct cmmuitis, sas,t l t pid i ad wat

clasi but als t m d patwas.

ou citis paks will b pits t wic

stmwat is dictd tu cids. Ts i tu will b likd t tatual watwas, t blu cids.

T cpati sac ct

w ut t Mas-basd Ct

Wat Ssiti Citis, stablisd i al2010 b Pss W ad cllaus

Pss Aa Dltic, w spcialiss

i l tcl t maa

uba stmwat, ad Pss rbka

Bw, w lads t cts sac iumaitis, cmics ad scial scics.

All t sacs a csidabl

itatial pic i ti lds.

Pss W was amd Ciil ei t ya i 2010 b eis Austalia, ad

as w umus awads itatial

pjcts. I 2012, Pss Dltic bcam

t st wma t ci a pstiius victia

Pi Scic ad Iati

acimts i psical scic. PssBw, iiall a ciil i w wt

t PD studis i scial scics, is kw

aud t wld pii a sci-tcical appac i uba wat studis.

Pss Bw sas tat a ital pat imaii a wat-ssiti cit is its

psical dic m a cit w kw

tda. T iastuctu is dit ad

t wa w tik abut wat cas,s sas, addi tat it will t app

witut cas t t ulat ad

lislati amwk tat w

wat is tatd, dlid ad usd.

Tis will ui baiual ca;alui wat t as a cmmdit but

as a suc tat is udamtal t

cmmuit wllbi ad liabilit.

Wat-ssiti uba dsi lis adisit wat sucs, Pss Dltic

sas. W d t dlp tclis

t abl acd wat asti,

icludi ccli wastwat ad

dsaliati. W must t put all u si baskt, bcaus w dt kw

actl wat will app i t utu.

Pss Dltic ads tMlbu sac ub, wki tst a sac cultu basd

sai imati ad isits acss

discipli ad pjct budais.

T cllabati wit u sac

pats i Austalia ad sas willb citical t u succss, s sas. I

Austalia w ad 14 as dut,

wil Dmak ad t ntlads

a ptis i di. Siapds a lt wat ccli ad as

sm adacd sstms tis.T ct will als cat cctis

pjcts wit idust ad cmmuitis stat

acis, lcal mts, wat autitisad uisitis t lp icpat

sustaiabl wat-maamt statis

it uba dsi ad lad dlpmt.

Ad i a bst t l timt but als t cm,

Pss W stimats t sac

will uid m ta A$100 billi i

wat istmts ad A$550 billi

i piat sct uba istmts iAustalia t t 15 as.

As publisd wks stat mi m

tis twk cllabatis, it will t b

uusual t ad wk tuci watii, uba plai, cmmcial

ad ppt law, uba cl, climat

scic, scial ad istitutial scic

ad aisatial baiu, t t

mti ca maamt, twat cm, isk assssmt, scial

makti ad cmmuit alt.

nw a acapT wat-ssiti cit tmw willd t cmbi a mi ctalisd

ad lcal wat maamt,

Pss Bw sas.

Wastwat will l b wast,but a suc, alud as a suc utits, ati ad -

diki wat. W will a t lt

taditial was dlii wat

sics, s sas.W a usd t la ctalisd

iastuctu, wic is ituall iisibl.

e sic t idustial luti w

a catd dams, st wat m

ts dams t t citis, ditid it adt pumpd it it u watwas.

Dspit its csidabl ads

imtal impact, tis sstm as

udamtall impd public altad mad wat adabl. But t

wld as cad ad t sics

ca l b dlid tis wa.

Istad bi sll liat

pumpi wat i, w d t astuba stm wat ad stp it ui

t pllut u is, ad w d t us

u wastwat, Pss Bw sas.

Just as w a tw t tps aba bis, w mit a dit

tps taps diki ad

at -diki pupss suc

as usi tilts wati ads.

W will als a dit tps p spacs ad atu stips. Tis

iastuctu will b usd t

captu, tat ad cla wat. T will

cat a micclimat tat will duct at ct i citis ad mab

pid aas uba d

pducti t supplmt u dsuppl. It is abut clsi t lp.

S sas tat bii scic t tpublic ad mpwi ppl t paticipat

i dlpi lcal slutis is udamtal

t t cts succss. o

pams pjcts icluds was t icast wat litac lcal cmmuitis.

o t ast sabad Austalia

w s scital ca i wat

us i sps t ducati abut

dut, Pss Bw sas.A su scial ca will b

dd t sacs t s t

pd- tasmd uba ladscap

b t tim udi ds i 2021.husld wat csumpti as

b siicatl ducd wit a i

cmmuit awass ad acti wat

csati, Pss Bw sas.

W d t captu tat ad tak itmuc ut. It is abut aski ppl t

ca abut smti t a t ad t

tik abut i t past.

feBrUAry 2013 Ma u

thirsty Cities

B 2050, the glbal pplati will icrease b 2.3 billi peple

t 9.3 billi. Almst all f this rise will be i rba areas.

There are 23 rba areas i the wrld with at least 10 milli peple

each, csidered megacities. With a pplati f 37.2 milli i2011, T is the biggest. B 2025 there will be 37 megacities.

Glbal wate ue inceae at me than uble the

ate f ppulatin gwth ve the pat centuy.

B 2025, tw-thirds f peple Earth ma

expeience wate te cnitin.

60 per cet f cities i Erpe with pplatis higher tha 100,000

ae uing gunwate fate than it can be eplenihe.

SoUrCeS: fAo, WorLD BUSIneSS CoUnCIL for SUSTAInABLe DeveLoPMenT, WorLD WATer

ASSeSSMenT ProgrAMMe AnD World urbanization prospects: the 2011 revision

We neet evelp

technlgie t

enable enhance

wate haveting,

incluing

ecycling f

watewate an

ealinatin. We

mut nt put all

u egg in ne

baket, becaue

we nt knw

exactly what will

happen in the

futue.

Pfe Ana deletic

PhoTo: PAUL JoneS

The eeache

behin Mnah

Univeity Cente

f Wate senitiveCities, (frm left)

Pfe Tny

Wng, Pfe Ana

deletic an Pfe

rebekah Bwn.


7/36

7Ma u feBrUAry 2013 overline in here 7Ma u feBrUAry 2013 meDical research

Pss rbis sas. Tat cats

a listical pblm w it cms tdistibuti isuli t aas suc as mt

Austalia ad muc t dlpi wld.

At i tmpatus, t isuli

mlculs sap cas ad it ca

l itact wit cpts clls t ulat lucs mtablism.

A k t udstadi tis istabilit

ca b ud i isulis disuld amwk.

I a ts sulu bids baks, tisuli mlcul uals it a m tat t

l pss it t t isk baki dw,

but als mas it ca l itact

wit its cpt i t bd ad actiat

t uid isuli sps. T sam

s sttic isuli, t li-sai

Words Bianca Ngay

natu ma a cm up wit a

bautiul dsi i t isuli mlcul, but

tat dst ma it cat b impd, sas

Assciat Pss Ada rbis m

Mas Uisits Scl Cmist.rula dss isuli a

sstial t t alt almst 300

milli ppl aud t wld w

a diabts. Ti bdis pduclittl isuli, wic is dd t

tu lucs m d it .

But isuli i its atual m, i t

aailabl sttic ms, must b kpt

at 4C it lss i ts ptc. I u cat

kp milk, u cat kp isuli, Assciat

placmt ppl ws bdis

d t pduc a u isuli.Ts sulu atm bids pid

Assciat Pss rbis wit a

idal tat i ust t stt

t isuli mlcul. Dlpmtsi t wk tis ustabl mlculma tat t culd s b a m

sttic isuli tat ca sist i

tmpatus, a act tat culd simpli

t sta taputic isuli.o t past as w a

dlpd a ic tlb cmical

actis tat abls us t tak pptid

[small pti mlcul] stuctus

atus dsi ad t plac pats ts mlculs tat a ustabl ad

a i t b dadd uick l,

Assciat Pss rbis sas.

T stt t isuli mlcul,t sacs a placi t sulu

atms wit cab. W us cmist t

plac t sulu acss t bids ad

w put i cab istad. Tis maks t

bds stabl ad t cat dadia t ula wa tat atu wuld

mall us, sas Assciat Pss

rbis, w is cllabati wit t

Uisit Adlaids D Bi fbsad Assciat Pss S Adikpuls

m t Uisit Mlbu. T

sulti isuli wit its dicaba bids

is a m stabl ta isti ms.

Ts isulis a amai psicalstabilit, bcaus w ca at tm t

90C ad t tai t i stuctu,

Assciat Pss rbis sas.

T is als at pttial bt patits. T d its wk, isuli bids

t a ait cpt mlculs lcatd

t suac clls, lik Tv atascalli cpti. Cut sttic

isulis actiat a bad amil cpts,icludi t isuli-lik wt act

cpt tat is assciatd wit cllula

pliati ad t, pttiall,

cac. T altd isuli m clusiltats l t isul i cpt.

Assciat Pss rbiss wk

wit dicaba bids als as applicatis

i impi t stabilit ad ptc

at pttial taputic wit disuldbids: ctis did m mai

c sails. Tis wk, a cllabati

wit Pss ra nt m Mas

ad rMIT Uisits Pss DaidAdams, culd lad t t dlpmt

tatmts ma mdical cditis

wit acti pai us.

Ctis a ptt aalsics

ad t t addicti lik mpi,sas Assciat Pss rbis. S

t a at pttial t tatmt

cic pai.

t

,

90c

d .

Aciate Pfe Anea rbinn

molecularmakeover

targetsinsulinlongevity

INsULIN i ahmne that

manage gluce

in the cell f the

by. It i eential

f vacula, live,

mucle an bain

functin.


8/36

8 feBrUAry 2013 Ma ucommunity health

aiDs fighterDraws hope

from a crisisPREVEnTInG AIDS ISMoRE EFFECTIVE THAnTREATInG IT, SAyS ASouTH AFRICAn WHoSE28-yEAR DEDICATIonTo THE CAuSE HAS

BRouGHT THE PRoMISEoF A TUrNAroUNd IN THIsDEVASTATInG PAnDEMIC.

Words Lina Vegnani

At tati is st hIv ad AIDS

patits i 1985, Pss g Stswalisd wuld a t stp ut t

sa cs t Impala Platium mi

spital i rustbu, Sut Aica,

w was wki as a us.Ts w al istacs a

idiscimiat disas tat wuld s

ac padmic pptis i is ati

Sut Aica, w 5.6 milli ppl a

ictd 11 p ct t ppulati.Ma ppl tat I w up wit did

b t culd ac t a 30,

ts b t culd ac t a

40, sas Pss Stsw, w a

pti spcialist ad ad t Scl halt Scics at Mas Sut Aica.

T spad t disas am is

mi patits i t 1980s altd PssStsw t t pssibilitis di a wa

t itupt t ccl tasmissi.I t cas Impala Platium, ma

t mis w isiti t sam

lcal s wks, ad cdm us was

spadic at bst. Wit cllaus, tu us statd a imal pam

t pmt cdm us t ts s

wks, ad i ctati t

alt autits plic distibuti

cdms l m cliics ba aditm ut w mis catd.

T, as w, is cus was

alt ppl. I 11 p ct t

ppulati is hIv-psiti, tat taslatst 89 p ct t ppulati bi

If 11 per cet f the pplati is HIV-psitive,

that tanlate t 89 pe cent f the ppulatin

being HIV-negative. We hul pvie peventin

prgrams t esre these 46 milli peple remai

HIV-negative, ay Pfe Geffey setwe,

pictue in a ettlement utie Jhannebug.

PhoTo: gUy STUBBS


9/36

9Ma u feBrUAry 2013 community health

hIv-ati. W suld pid pti

pams t su ts 46 millippl mai hIv-ati, sas.

I am a pacti ps, a pactical

ps ad I wat tis tat wk ut. It

lpd m t alis tat pti as ta bi pw ta just waiti pplt t ictd ad t t ad put tm

tatmt. I ts tatmt t di

ad ts ti u ca d tm.

Citical t tis appac is baiuca, smti tuall saw wit

t mis. At st sistat t t ida

bs cdms bi placd i tilt

blcks, t tmsls ultimatl statd

putti t bs t ti cllaus.Wil I tik its a d ti t a a

d tatmt pam, I als tik t

suld b a d pti pam,

wt its hIv/AIDS ptsi, diabts, a t disas.

Pss Public halt at Mas

Uisit Austalia ( is basd i Sut

Aica) ad ud t Uisit t

Witwatsads AIDS rsac Istitut,Pss Stsw as plad a k l i

iuci Sut Aicas plic hIv/

AIDS pti. Am is pjcts

is a jit oam Austalia ad Mas-udd pjct t cua cmmuit

amt i Sut Aicas w

natial halt Isuac scm. At

Mas Sut Aica as itducd

cuss suc as a pstaduat diplmai maamt hIv/AIDS ad alt.

Sic 2008, Pss Stsw as

sd as c-cai t Tcical

Task Tam rsac, Mitiad ealuati t Sut Aica

natial AIDS Cucil (SAnAC). W

lp t mt t idti sactat as b cductd hIv ad

latd matts ad t taslat sacdis it plicis ad pams

spdi t AIDS, sas.

f ampl, sac idc

swd tat cicumcisi m culdduc t tasmissi hIv/AIDS.

T tam cmmdd a mass

mdical cicumcisi pam, wic

t mt as adptd.

Pa ack m aa aAIDS acd padmic lls i SutAica dui t lat 1990s ud t

psidc Tab Mbki. M Mbki

id scitic idc abut AIDS

ad usd t allw atitialst b distibutd i t public alt

sstm. But is mt was cd

t mak t dus aailabl t AIDS

patits at tw ladmak cut cass

laucd b t Tatmt Acti

Campai btw 2000 ad 2004.

nw 1.7 milli Sut Aica ppl lii

wit hIv/AIDS a cii atitials i

t last tatmt pam i t wld.T is a bad sid t t st, but t

is als a psiti tuaud i t past

tw t t as. T icidc wcass is i dw ad t palcis llli , Pss Stsw sas.

Sic tatmt as bcm aailabl,

hIv/AIDS l as suc a stima.

fm 2010 t 2011, w t mt

d hIv tsti cmbid witsci diabts ad ptsi, 20

milli tsts w p md. Wil 11 p

ct t ttal ppulati is hIv psiti,

ct sac swd tat am tsuall acti up ppl ad 15 t

49 as ld, t palc is 18 p ct.

It is paticulal i am ctai isk

ups, wit 29 p ct pat wm

tsti hIv-psiti. I sm twsips iKwazulu-natal pic m ta 40 p

ct pat wm a actd.

T plit ts pat wm

dis m t alit tat i ti pttial pats is ictd wit hIv/

AIDS. P ad wit lw lls ducati,

ma wm a scat kwld abut

w t aid t disas. Ti patsma us cdms al icsisttl.Wit umplmt i, t m td

t miat t citis suc as Jasbu

t wk, w t ma a aais

l s wks, ad t tum t ict ti wis pats.

Makg a cB admiisti dual tap (tw

atitials) t hIv-psiti pat

wm, alt wks ca duc b

96 p ct a babs cacs bib wit t disas, Pss Stsw

sas. Its t miacl sac tat

w a abl t d tat cild.

But matal mtalit is stilluaccptabl i, ad ma mts w

di dui dli a hIv-psiti a

AIDS. Pss Stsw sas it cts a

bad pblm wit t public alt

sstm, wic dals wit 85 p ct patits but is stuli wit lack udi,

lss sta ad p admiistati.

T piat alt sct tats l15 p ct patits but mpls mta 65 p ct dcts, 90 p ct

dtists, 80 p ct pamacists

ad m ta 40 p ct uss.

I u t a piat spital i Sut

Aica, u t all t spcialists audu u t t bst mdical ca

tat u ca t i t wld. I ctast,

t public alt sic is tibl.

T w Miist halt as itducd

a 10-pit pla dali wit pblms i

t public alt sstm. fuds m Sut

Aicas w natial halt Isuac

scm, bi pasd i 14 as, will

b usd t scal up t ualit t publicalt sstm, t build spitals ad tai

alt pssials as spital Ceos.W a t jack up t public alt

sstm t cm t t ll t piatalt sstm, Pss Stsw sas.

Tis icluds cuiti m alt

pssials ad pi 105 usi

clls tat w clsd dw.

I t jit pjct wit oamAustalia, Pss Stsw ad is tam

a taid ngos t ld cmmuit

csultati mtis abut t alt

isuac scm. As wll as allwit cmmuit t ld mt

accutabl, Pss Stsw sas it as

als sultd i a plai laua, usti-

ad-asw-stl uid t scm.

l j

T ust 10 cild a dmsticwk, Pss Stsw md

m a pt-stick backud i

Swt. his pats spaatd s

at was b ad w is mt

culd t ad t ca im, a ldlid d t adpt bab g.

h stad wit util was 12,

w is w mt was abl t lk at

im. his ld siblis lpd pa isscli m ti ma salais ad

was t st i is amil t maticulat.

Altu watd t t mdical

scl, black ppl at tat sta ad tappl t t apatid mt a

pmit t attd t pdmiatl wit

mdical scls. S I accptd ti plitics

b i stait it taii as a us atImpala Platium mis i rustbu.

At is pipa tati ppl

wit AIDS, studid pat-tim a

d ad bcam a lctu i usi.

I 1996, tw as at nls Madlawas lctd psidt a dmcatic

Sut Aica, Pss Stsw w a

fulbit Sclasip t d a Mast

Public halt i t US. h cmpltd a

dctat i public alt i Sut Aica.As ad t Scl halt

Scics at Mas Sut Aica, ssis spsibilit as dlpi a w

ati alt pssials w willctibut t t pti hIv ad

alt pblms. h as itducd w

ds, icludi a Bacl Public

halt ad ds i pscl.

S wil w a taii dctsad uss t tat disas, I wuld als

lik t s ma u ppl tti

taid i t sam appac tat I a

t pti disas.

3434 milli pepleaun the wl

wee living with HIV

at the ed f 2011.

59Between 2009 an

2011, the rates f ew

infectin in chilen

ppe by between

40 ad 59 per cet i

ix cuntie, incluing

in suth Afica.

13The ate f new HIV

infectin veall fell

b at least half i 25

cuntie between

2001 ad 2011. of

thee cuntie,

13 were i sb-

sahaan Afica.

2.5Infectin ate f

wmen in maginalie

pplatis are 2.5

time highe than in

the geneal ppulatin.

SoUrCe: unaids report

on the Global aids

epidemic 2012


10/36

10 science

positives anD negativesfeBrUAry 2013 Ma u

PhoTo:PAULJoneS

cmmcialisd tcl cst-cittacti d as a ul suc.

h plais tat liuid salts, wic lk

at lik wat alcl t t akd ,

a m cmicall maaabl ta salts

i a slid stat ad a i stabilit tatpts tm m apati baki

dw. T ca als b usd as slts.

W a lat w t mak ts

salt mlculs bi ad m awkwadl

sapd, s t a lss abl t t tt

it a cstalli stuctu. Tis mas ti

mlti pit cms dw ad t cab liuid at m tmpatu, sas.

T tackl t pblm t lctic

cas, Pss Macfala ad is tam

a dlpi pcsss usi iic liuids

t imp la battis, cutl mad

litium. Impi sat is t st al.Iic liuids at ammabl

plsi, s tat pblm s awa.

T t sta t pcss will b

t dlp a w kid litium batt

tat ca st a m . T bi

SALTS THAT EXIST InA LIquID STATE ATRooM TEMPERATuRECouLD Soon CHAnGETHE CARS WE DRIVE,IMPRoVE ouRREnEWABLE EnERGySouRCES AnD HELPWEAn InDuSTRIALCHEMISTRy oFFPETRoLEuM.

Words r Mye an

Alexana rginki

hbid icls cstitut a siicat

pat t autmti makt. But sat

ccs abut t tcl tat

pws ts cas ti battis a

m likl ta stadad s t iit is a maj idac t duci t

cab missis ad taspt.

f Dulas Macfala, Pss

Cmist at Mas Uisit,t tdc suc ca battis t

pld i damad is a pactical pblm

tat blis ca b mdid b

assi a makabl cducti

matial tat is muc m stabl. Iicliuids, csisti salts tat a a lw

mlti pit, ca b tud t dis

applicatis tu t maipulati

ti psiti ad ati mlculs adatms, cmpts kw as is.

Taks t a Austalia Lauat

fllwsip m t Austalia rsacCucil (ArC), t t as will

ctiu a ambitius sac pam i ts iic liuids, ladi abut 30

sac cmists ad matials is.

W dlp w kids cmical

tclis sustaiabl applicatis, pimail sta,

but als ati, suc as i

sla clls, sas Pss Macfala,

ws 15 as wki wit iic liuids

as ld t umus patts ad w a


11/36

11science

issu wit lctic icls, ad t as

tat w dt t a ull lctic cas

i u aas, is tat u cat all

put u pw bad t diut ta abut 150 t 200 kilmts,

was mst us a usd t 500 t

600km a i a tak ptl. Ad

t as w cat d tat is tat tbattis just dt pack u .

Bcaus litium is latil scac

ad t psi, Pss

Macfalas sacs a als

wki battis mad t am abudat lmt sdium.

T p is tat t i csts

sustaiabl pcsss ad pducts

culd tuall b but lw ut ial ts tat us taditial uls.

o t pblms w ac is tat

ssil uls a s cap. W a alwas

awa tat w ca dlp altati,

m sustaiabl tclis, but ticmics a ultimatl t bi issu.

Appca a caaPss Macfalas sac up

at Mas is als wki sla clls

tat pat m lik a batt ta a

taditial ptltaic cll. Taks t t

stabilit iic liuids, ts will alslast l allwi m tim t us

t c csts.

But i pusui is passi wabl

sucs, Pss Macfalaswk acs a bd Mas. h is a

lad aius Austalia ad itatial

cllabatis wit sacs ad idust.

I a tu wit t Uisit

nt Calia, is dlpi cmpl,pups-catd salts tat st

sla tmal pw plats.

Mawil, is patts a

pcss tat ca pduc plastics msuaca wast usi iic liuids as a

slt a b sld t a Austaliacmical tclis cmpa.

o is bist ilmts

is wit t ArC Ct ecllc

elctmatials Scic (ACeS),a cllabati ili si Austalia

sac aisatis, icludi Mas.

Witi ACeS, Pss Macfala

lads t pam, cllabati

clsl wit sacs m tUisit Wll ad Daki

Uisit, als ACeS mmbs.

bg mmmT pams al is t dlp d

as t ultimat -cab ul ad st

sla , ad its ct succsss icludimpd was t split t wat mlcul

it its cstitut pats d ad

. hd is usd i ma cmical

ad d idustis ad culd ultimatl

pw icls ad ms, but is tactdusi icit pcsss ad ssil uls.

Usi iic liuids i tw spaat stas

t pcss, Pss Macfala ad

llw sacs a mad wat-splitticla ad m cit. T liuids a

usd t ppa t catalst tat tis

t wat-splitti. Lat i t pcss,

t wat mlcul splits m citli it is dissld i a iic liuid sluti.

Pats t wat-splitti pcss a

w wki at cls t t 75 p ct

cic tat t US Dpatmt e stimats is cssa tmak d pducti cmicall

asibl us as a ul i cas.

Cmmcial applicati tis

tcl is immit, wit tucapital istmt m Cica-basd

Tu nt vtu Pats i t US

t spd tis pcss tu a

spi-ut cmpa Auahd.

Bi abl t dlp d as aul suc as b talkd abut sic

I was at scl, Pss Macfalasas, but as t b pssibl util w

du t t icic t pcss.h ss tis as a maj stp twads

buildi cmmcial ad scitic

mmtum a cla utu,

ad ps t da will cm w

d is adabl u t callssil ul us i t cas w di.

I tis w t app, sas wit

satisacti, It wuld ma ssil uls culd

sta i t ud.

Ma u feBrUAry 2013

one f the

pblem we face

i that fil fuel

ae cheap.

We ae alway

awae that we

can evelp

altenative, me

utainable

technlgie, but

thei ecnmic

ae ultimately the

big iue.

Pfe

dugla MacFalane

ic A il upplie

winle an

petleum-bae

fuel becme

me expenive,

the wl nee

cience t pvie

altenative.

Inic liqui ae

an exciting new

fiel f utainable

enegy eeach with

paticula elevance

t futue autmtive

enegy technlgie.

An inic liqui i a

alt in a liqui tate.

Inic liqui ae nn-

cive an nn-

flammable, making

them afe f ue

in me pweful

batteie an

capacit that

ffe an altenative

t petleum

a the wl

pimay autmtive

enegy uce.


12/36

12 feBrUAry 2013 Ma uastrophysics


13/36

13astrophysics

Words Ba Clli

o t m impbabl aids

pli a distat spac i t p

lcati tatstial li is a map: a cat

tat, i tak a w udd millikilmts, sas tis is w t alis li.

gi tat a si sial st m

pspcti ibus i u Milk Wa

ala culd b a billi s as ld bt tim w saw it, t map wuld m

likl b tlli us w t alis usd t

li. But suc a map wuld still b a lap

wad astms saci sis

t li, wic is w astpsicists iMlbu ad t UK a dawi .

T pjct is a cllabati btw

t Uisit Ctal LacasisPss Bad gibs ad t dict t Mas Ct Astpsics,

Pss J Lattai, al wit

Mas Uisit us studt Kat

hkl. It aiss m a wid istiati

ala luti, paticulal cmicalluti, ski kwld abut

w ad w i spac ad tim stas

simila t u su a ld wit t

capabilit suppti eat-lik plats.

T tis wk is cati a scitic

basis t l pdi t istc

t li, but als piti t w it

mit b. I a ala 120,000 lit as idiamt ad m t btw 200 billi

ad 400 billi stas, tat is ma at.

Pss Lattai plais tat tk t wat t a di is t impikwld u w Milk Was

luti: its iis i stlla plsis

calld supa; w t stas pduc

dit lmts m ucla usi

i ti cts; ad w tis matt istud t t ala w t sta

dis ad is subsutl icpatd

it t t ati stas.

A plats tat m wit tsstas as ti sts will ct t sta

cmpsiti. Tis mas tat as tcmpsiti t ala cas

its 12-billi-a ist, s ds t

cmpsiti t plats witi it.S wat w a all mappi

is t ist t cmpsiti

t ala as it cas i spac ad

tim, Pss Lattai sas.It is a siicat stp, pits

ut, bcaus util abut 50 as a

littl scic was ild i t sac

tatstial li. Pilsps,

mstl, dlpd assumptis ad

aumts, suc as t pmis tat

t s umb stas mad t

istc t li lical. But twas scic t tst tis; data.

It tk t dlpmt twlds scic, astpsics ad

lutia bil, Pss Lattai

sas. T luti ba w wstatd t la uatitatil abut t

stuctu ad mati stas ad

plats, tt wit t stuctu ad

dlpmt lii aisms.

t dak aA ampl t pss bi mad

is t mc data t suppt t

Dak uati, a tl calculati tumb tatstial ciilisatis it Milk Wa wit wm cmmuicati

mit b pssibl. It was ccid i

t al 1960s b fak Dak, w is

w emitus Pss Astm adAstpsics at t Uisit Caliia.

It all wast muc pactical

us but w sm t aiabls

i t uati a bi uatid,

Pss Lattai sas.

T uati a lt sti

Ma u feBrUAry 2013

o x 120,000 d.i 400 d

, , .

PhoTo:iSToCKPhoTo.CoM


14/36

14 feBrUAry 2013 Ma uastrophysics

smbls tat tails msmisil acss a

witbad bis wit t aa at sta mati p a, multiplid b t

acti ts stas tat a plats,

multiplid b t aa umb plats

p sta tat ca pttiall suppt li,multiplid b t acti ts tat t actuall dlp li, multiplid b t

acti ts tat dlp itllit li.

Tis l taks us midwa it t

uati, but t imptat pit is tatt a w actual umbs ts

al aiabls. Astpsics as maiul

us t at sta mati ad

t acti stas wit plats (20 t

30 p ct). Wit adacd kwld

b abl t build adi tlscps;

ad i act m ti ca wld, a

ti spac t si t uis.

A m a ma

T sac tat t MasLacasicllabati is udtaki is basd Pss gibss udbaki 2003

wk alactic luti (t ii

t maps) ad ws muc t Mas

Uisits pasi its m Ct Stlla ad Plata Astpsics it

t w Mas Ct Astpsics.

T cllabati was cmtd i

2012 w Pss gibs spt i

mts at t ct as t st cipit t Ki Wstld Distiuisd

visit Pam, amd at MasUisits st Pss Astm.

At t at t sac iscmput mdlli abl t cat a

damic pstati t alas

luti, usi data l ctl

aailabl t astpsicists. Tis cms

m tlscps suc as t twi gmiiobsat i hawaii ad Cil, t

v La Tlscp i Cil, ad spac

platms suc as hubbl ad Kpl.

Ts istumts ca pm i-sluti spctscp ait stas.

Addd t tis is a w suc

imati p-sla mtit ais.

Ts a mic-sid pics dust tat

md i t ut atmsp stas.W ts ais d up isid mtits

tat all t eat, scitists a abl t

dissl t mtit ad aals t ais,

aii cucial data abut t cmpsiti t sta tat catd t ais.

Its actuall a pic t sta

tat w a i t lab ad it isus atasticall accuat ad dtaild

imati, Pss Lattai sas.Data suc as tis as allwd t

sacs t mak mdls swi

w stas w md m t matial

plld m pius atis stas.ou mdls a t ct tis. T

must b damic, bcaus w als w

kw tat alais a t li i

islati but a ctiuall accti as

m is btw alais, sas.

W stas di w t abud up ti d ad lium

ad cllaps ad pld t pus

matt back it t ala, ad t tati stas ms m tis as ad

t pimdial matial mad b t Bi

Ba tat is still wi it t ala.

All tis caslss cmist is cai

t cmpsiti t t ati stas, ad acti t tual distibuti

mtals dd t m tstial

plats plats wic cditis

Thi i ne f the map puce by Pfe Ba Gibn

uing cmpute melling by Pfe Jhn Lattanzi an

Kate Henkel. The map hw cnitin within the galaxy

at iffeent time an place. The x-axi i the itance

fm the cente f the galaxy, an the y-axi hw the

vaiatin f time fm the bith f the galaxy at the bttm

t the peent time at the tp. At bttm left we have a

e egin, epeenting an intene but f upenvae

maive ta expling at the en f thei live which

wul be ba new f life becaue the gamma aiatin

they puce wul mt likely kill life n neaby planet.

In the blue egin the ma in the galaxy i till

mtly hygen an helium nt cnucive t the

fmatin f cky, teetial planet. such planet

nt fm until thee i ufficient buil-up f magneium,

ilicn, in an xygen mae by vaiu ta.

A time pgee, upenvae till keep the

cente f the galaxy teile, an the ute egin i t

metal-p, until ta that ae pucing metal have

evlve. Finally, a we each the geen aea, abut

seve billi ears ag ad eight ilparsecs (abt

26,000 light ears r 247,000 trilli ilmetres) frm

the cente, thee i nt t much upenva aiatin

an thee ae enugh metal t fm cky planet.

Thi i the pitin in time an itance fm

the cente f the galaxy whee yu begin t fin the

cditis eeded fr the existece f Earth-lie

wl. That i whee u un an la ytem ae.

M Henkel ay that beyn thi even futhe in time

but tating cle t the cente befe peaing utwa

the cnitin eteiate again becaue thee i t

much metal. Planet can becme big that, a they mve

thrgh their slar sstems, the cld destr a Earth-

like planet in thei path again, nt a place t lk f life.

It wul be like Jupite becming big that, a it bit

the s, the smaller plaets, icldig Earth, evetall

en up in it path an ae etye, ae linght ut

f the la ytem by the gavitatinal inteactin.

abut t alas cmical luti,

scic as bu t b abl t stimatt umb plats, ad spcicall,

eat-lik plats tat culd suppt li.

Tis tatalisi dlpmt bis

scic ad scic cti clstt, altu as Pss Lattailiks t mid studts, li ds t

cssail uat t itllic.

T Dak uati spcicall s

t li tat is abl t build adi tlscpstat ca talk t us. Tat is a a c m li

tat is succssul but t itllit

as w udstad it, suc as bactia.

e catus lik dlpis tat w d

csid il itllit, ampl, will

t map a

Now

2

4

6

8

10

5 10

GALACTOCENTRIC DISTANCE (kiloparsecs)

TIMEPRESENT(Gigayear)

15 20Galaxy

formation

Too metal rich

Too metal poor

Too many supernovae

Too little time

Age distribution of complex life

OUR SUN


15/36

15astrophysics

AustrAliAuChinAuindiAuitAlyuMAlAysiAusouth AfriCA

Delivering impactfebruary2013

lqd sss o ow

M . FR_1 _ 1- 6.i 1 17/ 1/1 :5 PM

DELIVERING IMPACT

AUSTRALIA CHINA INDIA ITALY MALAYSIA SOUTH AFRICA

Ma u feBrUAry 2013

ca dlp t cat li. Ad b tis,

w ma li tat is pbabl cab-basd, ds wat, ad is killd b t

sam tis li k supa adiati.

Tis lutia cai is w

t ctal lmts t sacas b abut di w ad wmtals a md. T t sta is

aalsi w ad w t will b

plats wit i pctas cab,

, masium ad silic.Ms hkl plais tat ts cmpsits

allw t sacs t stat aalsi

t likss t plats t eat. T

plats tmsls a bd t ac

cut tcl, but ti cmpsitica b dducd b aalsi t lit m

ti sta. f ampl, t eat as asimila cab-t- ad masium-

t-silic ati t t su, Ms hkl sas.T cab-t- ati is

paticulal imptat bcaus it dtmis

t tp cks u t, ad ca als b

a idicat t liklid wat. I t

cab-t- ati is 0.8, tu t silicats ad t eats cust

[al wit mst ck plats ad ms]

mstl cmpiss silicats ad ids.

oc w a idtid, m tis,

t pid ad lcati i t alasluti w t is i t b a i

cctati suitabl ck plats,

w ca bi t csid t pssibilitis li ad, b tsi, itllit li.

Pss Lattai adds tat

itllit li did t bi eat util

t plat was abut billi asld. But ti stud ala luti

sws simila cditis t ts u

su ba ccui lsw abut

i billi as a, wic mas t

ldst itllit li i u ala culdb u billi as aad us.

Tis is as w Pss

Lattai is t l cdt tat t isitllit li t b ud: i it istd t t

tt tat it culd cmmuicat, it as ad

a l tim t d s. M uss is t a

pbabl a lt bactia i spac but t

s ma ds, ampl. I t wds,t ma wll b littl ut t tat is la

ta a micb. hpull w will la m

i t a utu.

All thi ceaele

chemity i

changing the

cmpitin

f the next

geneatinf ta, an

affecting

the eventual

itibutin f

metal neee

t fm teetial

planet planet

n which

cnitin can

evelp t ceate

life.

Pfe

Jhn Lattanzi

Pfe Jhn Lattanzi

an Kate Henkel

PhoTo:CAroLInePA

nKerT


16/36

16 feBrUAry 2013 Ma uglobal governance

oiling thewheels ofDemocracyTHE PoWER oF THEConSuMER BoyCoTTIS TuRnInG SoMEMAJor CorPorATIoNsInTo unLIkELy CHAMPIonSoF A nEW FoRM oFPoLITICAL BArGAINING.

catc ati stats b supis wit

its capacit t bak tu plitical

itia cpat itasic b

assi tati t ass t pw t wlds csums.

It is a pm still ui its cus

ad a talli spctacl a plitical

scitist suc as Assciat Pss hlnsaduai m t Scl Ats ad ScialScics at Mas Uisits Suwa

campus, a Kuala Lumpu. Malasia is

t last pducs palm il,

ii Assciat Pss nsaduai at-w sat t tis sismic sit i t

wa -mtal cmmuitis,

t wki wit cpatis, a

stti uls tat w c t pic

cpat ad plitical piil.Assciat Pss nsaduai, w

als cllabats wit sclas m tUisit Wawick i t UK (wic as

a mal alliac wit Mas) ad as

csultd t Assciati Sutast

Asia natis sctaiat ad t AsiaDlpmt Bak, sacs t plitics

ad plitical cm ac

b -stat, ciil scit ups adpiat ms. S ss t pssibilitis

a w wld d a asstsdmcac at wk altu it is t

witut its tsis ad as a l wa

t , spciall i Sut-east Asia.

T st ba uldi duit 1990s, w il palm uickl ba

placi t, lss pducti il cps.

Wl aist csstms w clad

platatis il palm, m wic t il

bcam a stapl idit mauactud

Words Ba Clli

nt s l a, ati a biscuit

cclat ba, appli lipstick, mat,i all liklid, tat u w lpi

t dst ti tpical ladscaps.

Tda, just as uwittil, u ma istad

b lpi t di a scial ad pliticalluti tat is di t uls itatial cpat baiu ad

ii dmcac a passi llip.

At t ct wat was a mi

imtal cisis ad tat as w bcma bcmak ppl pw, is palm il.

It suds icuus u but tis

simpl aicultual pduct, mstl m

Sut-east Asia, as bcm t cal

pit a w ti lbal ac, ul maki. Palm il ctius t


17/36

Fehly havete palm

kenel in Papua New Guinea.

PhoToS: PAUL JoneS

17Ma u feBrUAry 2013 global governance

evolution of the roundtAble on sustAinAble PAlM oil (rsPo)A ca pp-pw aa2003 Fit meeting f key upply-chain takehle in Kuala Lumpu, Malayia.

2004 rsPo fme in Zuich, switzelan an rsPo ecetaiat et up in Kuala Lumpu.

2005 Priciples ad criteria adpted b 14 cmpaies ad sppl-chai traceabilit std cmmeced.

2006 rsPo Ce f Cnuct apte an Inneia liain ffice pene in Jakata. A tak fce n epeentatin f

smallhlder prdcers (village cmmities) frmed.

2007 Tae an taceability ptcl etablihe.

2008 Ageement eache f Inneia, Malayia an Papua New Guinea n natinal intepetatin f the geneic pinciple

an citeia. Maien hipment f the fit rsPo-cetifie palm il aive in rtteam, the Nethelan. Fit suth

Ameica rsPo meeting hel in Clmbia.

2009 rsPo supply Chain Cetificatin sytem fmally launche.

2010 orgaisatial review cdcted b PricewaterhseCpers. RSPo certificati grated t 25,000 prdcers fr five

cmpanie an fit rsPo cetificate iue in Clmbia.

2011 Glbal prdcti f Certified Sstaiable Palm oil (CSPo) reached five milli tes 10 per cet f glbal prdcti.

First RSPo certificati ccrred i Brazil. Mre tha 1000 attedees frm 20 ctries atted the ith RSPo rdtable.

2012 RSPo membership reached 1000 frm 50 ctries. CSPo prdcti reached 14 per cet f glbal palm il prdcti.

t mst illumiati cas stud w

cmmuitis ws its mit twisb idd a bi mpwd.

gmts i tis pat t wld a

ai t balac a dlpmt ada wit

a sustaiabilit ad scial-justic ada. It isdicult ad t dt lik bi iddb aamts mad at t ngo ll.

But Assciat Pss nsaduai sas

itatial ms clal a csum

pssu. Wil t culd id bid lssus mt uls, mst a abidi

b t m stit imtal ad lad

acuisiti uls itducd at t ngo ll.

It mit l b bcaus it is t

cmpais a ic labl, ad t mitappil abad ti amts, i

t cac but t ngos a watci.As a csuc t palm il

udtabl, piat cmpais a uidt a wit cmmuitis ad lad

ws, paticulal idius lad ws,

b a w platatis a dlpd.

Cmpais a blid t d ut i t

a pi lad claims, adlss watt mt as said. Tis ld t

cmpa i Idsia ai t tu

1000 ctas t a lcal cmmuit.

I at istac, a w t ngopus t pibit palm il platatis pat

lad (wic ma cmpais alad ad

i ti lad bak) ld t Idsia Palm

oil Idust gup t la t udtabl.

Tis ilitd t da a udtablcllapsi i tad-s cat b tiatd.

Cmpmis is t k but, iicall,

it is als w t udtabls attact

scpticism, bcaus t ngos als at bd. I nt Amica ad eup,

ulat sstms impsd b t

piat sct ad ngos ais i smppls mids a usti tust: is it just

wasi, a imtal tat masks usustaiabl pactics?

Assciat Pss nsaduai sas a

itiui lmt i wat s bss

is tat ngos di ti autit mt mal als t spus. Tis

is tm t citical licpi l tat

is ad ppts t cut.

gmts ad piat cmpais

dt all lik tm, but a ai

t wk wit tm bcaus t wat a psitid tmsls as t

pit ccti all patis.

T udtabls bak dadlcksad aci pss bcaus

bd ild as a ic.

But Assciat Pss nsaduai sas

tat t mai da t tis w, damic

ad iclusi appac culd b its succss;tat it mit spaw its w buaucacis.

It culd bcm tald, wic is w

its luti is asciati t stud.

Gvenment in

thi pat f the

wl ae having

t balance a

evelpment

agena with a

utainability an

cial-jutice

agena. It i

difclt ad the

nt like being

veien byaangement

mae at the NGo

level.

Aciate Pfe

Helen Neauai

ds ad pducts suc as csmtics.

fsts w bulldd, ad s w tlilids taditial cmmuitis liat

st plats, aimals ad watwas.

I cam t tis issu bcaus m

itst i lad cicts, ad t smiimpssibilit sli ts cicts wmts a cmplicit i t cict,

Assciat Pss nsaduai sas.

Tis cmplicit cam m t act tat,

b t al 2000s, palm il was puibillis dllas it t cmis

cutis suc as Malasia ad Idsia.

Lcal cmmuit ad idius itsts

w lst i t sadw tis upcdtd

aicultual ad idustial dlpmt.But t a makabl ti appd.

Pmit ngos oam ad WWfmd i, ad ad willi t ulas t

wap ad mst b lbal cmpais:t csum bctt. T ngos usd

tis t bi palm il cmpais t t

tiati tabl, al wit lbal

tads, tails, baks, ists ad

pstatis actd cmmuitis.I 2004, t rudtabl Sustaiabl

Palm oil (rSPo) was catd, lai dw

w uls imtal maamt

ad ptcti taditial ladldsits uls ad t i a pcss

tat lal sidlid mts.

Assciat Pss nsaduai as

sic bsd tis paadim bi

plad ut tu simila udtablsstablisi w tis -stat

ac i t aas aictd b -

plitati, suc as sts ad sis.

Sm tis -stat acba b t rSPo, w idustis

alisd t d t sl-ulat, it t

spd t a cmmuit backlas, t p-mpt a cmmuit csum acti,

Assciat Pss nsaduai sas.But t palm il udtabl as bcm


18/36

18 feBrUAry 2013 Ma uaDvanceD technology

eyes on new horizonsSoME oF THE CounTRyS GREATEST MInDS

ARE MEETInG In A SPACE CuSToM-BuILT FoRCoLLABoRATIon AnD THE PoSSIBILITIES ARE EnDLESS.

ad tat psicists a lai t buildmacis wit implicatis all r&D. Tut ul suc cllabati tus,

it dcidd t build t nw his

Ct (nhC), w sacs m

multipl dpatmts ca cabit admil t plit adical w pssibilitis.

T k sac itsts

a basd wat t ad t

Dpatmt Matials eii,

Pss g Sim, s t ast ad calls t utu.

Ts a issus uii m cit,smat ad sustaiabl matials ad

tclis i idust, mauactui, ad mdical sac.

T nhC is uiu i t wa tat

it as tak ppl m a umb

dit acultis ad dpatmts ad

put tm tt i buildi tatis t diidd up it dpatmts, but

it sac tms, Pss Sim

sas. Als ild a sacs

Words d Gi Baitti

humas a askd wat matt is

millia. Tdas sacs a

is t t accumulatd asws t tat

usti ad ca dam adacdw matials tat will lp alis

tadia tclical adacs.

Am pssibilitis bi pld b

is i a w cmpl i Austalia asla clls s ti t ca b pitd t

plastic i a l-t-l piti pcss,

putti sla tap all sts suacs. T a matials tat allw

t uma bd t at w disasd bs ad as. Psicists

ca cat a til w stat matt

wit uusual pptis, wit a ast a

bts icludi atmtics tatwuld lp lcat mial dpsits.

T ladsip at Mas Uisit

is wll awa its is ca mak

massi ctibutis t mdici,

PhoTo:PAULJoneS

Pfe

Gege simn


19/36

PolyMers

MAnufACturinG

quAntuMMeChAniCs

MediCine

19Ma u feBrUAry 2013 aDvanceD technology

Mas Ct elct Micscp adt victia oaic Sla Cll Cstium.

At a cst m ta A$150 milli

ad udd b t Austalia gmt,

Mas ad CSIro t nhC is t st

sac buildi its maitud ad dsit i Austalia t aci a 6

g Sta educati Dsi ati.

Abut 400 Mas sta ad studts

will wk t as wll as 100 mCSIros Diisi Matials Scic

ad eii, wic is spsibl

lbal adacs i catis, cmpsitsad rAfT a pcss maki

btt plms (ad spsibl t wlds st plm bakt.

Pil Cas, lad CSIros

Plm ad Mlcula Scic

rsac Pam, sas t lcatisacs (w als iclud mmbs

CSIros Suacs ad nascic

rsac Pam) a substatiall

ad wit multipl idustis.

CSIros stt is addssi bicalls tat t ui ptis

at t itscti bil, cmist,

matmatics ad psics, M Cas sas.

S w kw w t bi multidiscipliatams tt t wk a pblm.

As wll as applid scic, t nhC

als maitais st udatis i basic

blu sk sac. f t Mas

Scl Psics, wic will cduct allits pimtal wk at t nhC, tis

mas btt acilitis t pl a til

w stat matt, am t wk.

t k mAssciat Pss Mical Ma, ad

t Mas Scl Psics, sas issacs uid t nhC labatis

t mt t mst stit spcicatis

tmpatu ctl ad ibati islati.

Tis icludd lai smtd cct

slabs 1.55 mts tick tat a dcupldm t st t buildi t pt

ibatis iti wit il ssiti

pimts Bs-eisti cdsats.Tis is csidd t mst citilds pi up i psics. It ils a

tasiti t a w stat matt i wic

atms ls ti idiidualit ad cds

it t sam uatum stat, wic is

it slid liuid, as plasma.fudamtal discis i psics

a a tdc t taslat it makabl

tclis, Assciat Pss

Ma sas. I cdsd mattpsics, w a lki lutia

m t Cmmwalt Scitic adIdustial rsac oaisati (CSIro),

Austalias mt-udd r&D bd.rsac i t buildi is stuctud

aud r&D tms slctd ti

atial ad itatial imptac: utu

mauactui, bilical ii,wabl , ad mdlli ad

simulati, Pss Sim sas.

Addd t tis is Mas Uisits

st mdical ad biscics acult

tat allws us t pusu adacs at t

itscti mdici ad ii.Ts sis a spcial

itst t Pss K huia, w

ads t Mas Diisi Bilicaleii ad as lstadi

latisips wit mdical sacs,

cliicias ad psicists. his al: adacs

i idtii ad tati disas.

o wa is tu dlpi msatil imai tcl. f ampl,

at disas tu atsclsis

t bis i t t as, but

smptms ma t appa util dcadslat. Similal, disass suc as cstic

bsis ad lu cac t d al

itti tatmt t b succssul.

rsac ud dlpmt

t addss tis icluds 3-D x-aimai tcl, t simulati

bld w ad tissu dmati.

But it is t l imai. Tatmts

basd apaticls a bi dlpdt dli dus dictl ad spcicall t

t disasd tissu, icludi cacs.W a paticulal itstd i

tissu ii ad ati

mdici, wic is a aa tat als tapsit Austalia cllc i stm cll

sac, Pss huia sas.

W wat t dlp t abilit t pai

b, at muscl, bai ual tissuad lus b dpli w bimatials

t us as scalds. Ts wuld allw

sdd clls t w it a uctial

placmt tissu. oc md, t

ida is t scald t dad awa.

A m wa zT nhC buildi, wit its stiki

diaall slatd acad, is basd i

Mlbus pmi sacdisticts adacd mauactui

Mas Uisits campus i sut-

ast Mlbu. It is alsid t CSIro

campus ad is pat a ub tat alsicluds t Austalia Sct, t

Mlbu Ct naabicati, t

reeach in

the builing

i tuctue

aun r&dtheme electe

f thei natinal

an intenatinal

imptance: futue

manufactuing,

bilgical

engineeing,

enewable enegy,

an melling an

imulatin. Ae

t thi i Mnah

Univeitytng meical

an bicience

faculty that allw

u t puue

avance at the

inteectin f

meicine an

engineeing.

Pfe

Gege simn

enerGy w applicatis, icludi w adupctd matials, lit sucs, mpcis istumts ad t capacit t

maipulat ad plit idiidual atms.

Tis sac aa is attacti

itatial psicists t Mas suc asPss Kis hlms, w ctl

md m t natial Istitut

Stadads ad Tcl i t US.

At Mas, Pss hlms

built ad is w ti t miiatuis uipmt tat ca m, isualis ad

maipulat Bs-eisti cdsats.T uipmt ils a tal

lass ad sucs matic ldstat a usd t maipulat t wa-

aspct matt, slwi dw ad

captui atms i a camb w

t atms a cld t tmpatus

abut 50 billits a d ababslut ( 50 akli).

W u a a as atms at suc

lw tmpatus, u t a macscpic

maistati its uatum pptis,wic t allws us t ima ts

pptis ad plit tm, Pss

hlms sas. o applicati is i

atmtics dics assi t

uatum pptis atms tatpmiss lutia tclis,

aalus t w t las lutiisd

lit ptics i t past 50 as.

W usd i sss simila t a lasscp, Bs-eisti cdsats

a pi a m ssiti ta

lass t tati ad acclati,allwi psicists t masu ad

map miut cas i ait.Ts ait maps a pactical

applicatis, Pss hlms

sas. f istac, t ca b usd

t lp lcat mial dpsits.Accdi t Pss Sim,

suc iatis mak t nhC

a tucst actiit i t

suudi mauactui pcict.

Matials a a k pat t dsi

paltt i a w pduct pcssad w a t abilit t lk at ad

maipulat matials at all si scals

m t mac ll dw t t atmicscal, sas. W wat t us ts

capabilitis t mt icasi dmad

matials tat a smat, m uctial

ad iclud w pptis suc as t

abilit t sl-al ad t ss tiimt, ad tat a cap lit

ad st pabl a umb ts

simultausl.


20/36

feBrUAry 2013 Ma u

ancient eraglimpseD infossil forest

A 100-milli-ear-ld fssil frest discvered b chace

n an ilan eat f New Zealan pvie new inight

int ancient life cle t the suth Ple. reeache fun

large trees, earl werig plats, seed ces ad rare

inect peeve in ck in the Chatham Ilan. Thee ae

believed t be the rst recrds f life clse t the Sth Ple

uing the Cetaceu pei, a time f exteme geenhue

cditis frm 145 milli t 65 milli ears ag.

Palaentlgit Aciate Pfe Jeffey stilwell an

Words Nicla Maku

Sic lbal wami md t t public ada,scial makts a b ti t t ppl t us lss

lcticit, mst wic is atd b bui ssil uls.

Altu u ppl wit as li aad tm a t mst likl t b actd b climat ca,

t a t alwas iclid t duc ti pw us.I act, Mas Uisit dctal studt Samata Smit sas

mmbs g y appa t b addictd t dics tat us la

amuts lcticit. Cstat cmmuicati usi smatps

ad laptps as bcm pat dali u ppl, w a likl t

a tlisis ad cmputs at t

sam tim. f tm, usi lss lcticit

wuld ma ducd cmmuicati

wit ti scial twks.Ms Smit is studi

mssas aimd at alti

csumpti ad ski m

cti was t iuc tis up tduc its csidabl tpit.

gtti a t cs pw

t imts sak is dicult but

scial makts ac additial pblms

wit g y, wic is csidd lusi ad lssspsi ta t ups t taditial makti.

It is als a latil ill-dd up, sas Pss

St Wtit m Mas Uisits Dpatmt Makti, w is supisi Ms Smits sac.

g y is all csidd t csist ppl smw

btw 19 ad 34, Pss Wtit sas. Its a wid

a as ad t up s a at dal cmplit.

Its t dicult t pitc a mssa at tm.

Altu g ys claim t b ccdabut t imt, sas, tat ds

t alwas taslat it acti ad Ms

Smits ualitati sac cmd

t t ma tm assciatdwit bi imtall idl.

f sm paticipats, t tut ai ti lcticit stictd als

smd t sca tm, spciall w it

cam t t bi abl t accss t itt,Ms Smit sas. g ys a a itsl tibal

d t b cstatl cctd t ti ps, ad

facbk ds tis. ni ut t sud ad a acti

facbk accut ad accssd it dail, ma m ta c.Altu uslds ctaii g ys

a t ist umb multimdia dics, Ms Smit sas

tat l g ys lii awa m ti pats us siicatl

m lcticit ta t ups: patal iuc appas t

talking aboutthe powergeneration

20

lp su switcs a tud . h sac als ud tat

uslds add b g ys a last likl t cs -

cit appliacs tu dics w t i us.

T k t ca is udstadi t bst pssiblals mssas, Pss Wtit sas.

Its a matt tappi it t wa g ys tik.

Wat a t ti pits tat will t tm t ca

baiu? Ad t pbabl ist just ti pit,but a a tm, ad u a t pimt t s

wat wks wit aius pats tis cmpl up.

o pssibilit t aisd as a lcticit-

sai icti is iliti t csts ild.

Ms Smit sas t g ys s studidw m itstd i sai m

ta t imt. Tappi it tis

culd b a icti t cua g

ys t cat a w, simpl, lcticit-sai abit; w, tti tm t

cs pw t imts

sak still mais a bi call.oc cmpltd, sac suld

bt aisatis wki t di scialca tat will lp t imt.

T applicatis t dis culd

bd lcticit us: baiu ca

appacs tat wk duci lcticitculd als iuc u ppl t

tik ti us t sucs,

suc as as ad wat, wic a

icasil t tat mt

sustaiabilit pams.

ILLUSTrATIon:JUSTIngArnSWorThy

reeache

fun lage

tee in thei

iginal living

pitin, ealy

werig plats,

ee cne an

ae inect

peeve in a

ck fmatin

in the Chatham

Ilan.

AUSTrALIA

neW zeALAnD

Catam Islad


21/36

21Ma u feBrUAry 2013

an australian first forJohn J. abel awarD

palaebtanit d Chi May fm Mnah Univeity schl

f Gecience, le the eeach team, which inclue Pfe

davi Cantill fm the ryal Btanic Gaen Melbune.

Aciate Pfe stilwell ay the fil thwlight n the fmely unknwn life f the Cetaceu

pei, when many uthen cntinent incluing New

Zealad ad the Chatham Islads (Zealadia), Astralia,

Antactica an suth Ameica wee till mt ly jine

tgethe a pat f the uthen lanma Gnwana.

oe hdred milli ears ag, the Earth was i the grip

f a geenhue effect a planet f exteme heat with minimal

ice (except i the high altitdes) ad sea levels f p t 200

mete highe than tay, Aciate Pfe stilwell ay.

rainfet inhabite by inau exite in ubpla

latitue an pla ecytem wee aapte t lng

mnth f winte akne an umme aylight. Nevebefe have we ha evience abut what life exite

ear the Sth Ple 90 milli t 100 milli ears ag, the cnitin that life n lan expeience.

The icvey wa mae in ne f the mt emte

knwn fil lcatin in the suthen Hemiphee while

eeache wee invetigating a bne be n Chatham

Ilan an plant emain n neaby Pitt Ilan.

The icvey attet t a cmpletely iffeent type f

ecsstem ard 100 milli ears ag, revealig the rst isights

it specic strategies these plats ad aimals evlved t cpe

with exteme geenhue cnitin, an mnth f light an

altenating akne, d May ay.

small gobygets the girlWords Claia Clli

Bi, st mals a t bst cacs mati adpduci d t? Pu mal s calld Dst gbis,

wic, dspit ti small si, a alwas ad t pick a

t, a lpi t t Dawiia tiki tat sapd

t scitic picipls sual slcti i luti.T small b mit a a cac tti t il

at all, sas bilist D Bb W m Mas Uisit,

a pt i baiual ad lutia cl.

T ti Austalia Dst gb, cyg ,

uss blu a i-assi stat t dispatc laials tat mit twis tak its tit.

D W sas tis i-assi stat ma caus wuld-b calls t tat b t ca ppl si up ti

ppt aluat t tit at stak. Tis ids ti abilit tcalculat t pbabilit dat (ad tus suial) b ti.

Wki wit sacs i Swd ad filad, D

W ud tat small mals attack ituds s ad wit

at itsit ta a la ppt, adlss t t

mals si, susti tat t uts stat is tic.Cals Dawi tut t tw mai pcsss sual

slcti mal cmptiti ad mal mat cic

wkd i uis. f ampl, t s mutai sp

a usd t sduc mals as wll as t t ials.D W sas t cmm assumpti as b tat

mals suld p, as Dawi statd, t mst ius

ad wll-amd mals. I t wds, mals wat la,

dmiat mals tat a btt at bati up ials.

But t b sac is swi tat itimidati ca aca small mals pducti pptuitis b allwi im t aid

ts is likl t ls. Tis ps up t itiui pspct tat

tis ma als b t cas t aimal spcis.

Alad, scitists a ud a jumpi spidad a swat Swdtail s tat us b-lik

blu t ld ti ud aaist la mals.

D W sas tis sws tat mals d tcssail p mals tat a dmiat bcaus

t a bi. I act, la mals culd pt malsm aii accss t a pd pat paps

t small mal bis tat t studis

idicat als mak btt dads.

The tiny

Autalian

deet Gby

ue bluff a

high-aggein

tategy t

ipatch lage

ival that might

thewie take

ve it teity.

ProfeSSor

ArThUr ChrISToPoULoS

Mas Uisit Pss

Atu Cistpuls as bcm t

st Austalia t wi t pstiius

J J. Abl Awad i Pamacl,a salut t is udbaki

sac it dsii tatd w

dus wit w sid cts. T

Amica Scit Pamaclad epimtal Taputics is

t awad iial, utstadi

sac i pamacl ad/

pimtal taputics b

a sac ad 45 u.Pius wis, suc as Duk

Uisits D rbt Lkwit,

a t wi nbl Pis.T 2012 awad ciss

Pss Cistpulss

istiatis altati du

citi sits g pti-

cupld cpts i t uma

bd. Ts cpt ptis plaa l i ituall bilical

pcss ad mst disass,

icludi cadiascula disas,

bsit, diabts ad cac.Mdicatis t l t

cpts t aci ti ct,but Pss Cistpulss cus

paticula allstic sits t

cpts maks m tatddus pssibl. It wuld ma tata at tap, ampl, wuld

act l t at at ta

t pats t bd tat ctai

t sam cpts, ad s sid

cts wuld b ducd. PssCistpuls will ci is

awad at t epimtal Bil

cc i t US i Apil 2013.


22/36

22 feBrUAry 2013 Ma uhistory

LonG-LoST InTERVIEWS AnD THESToRIES oF SIDELInED InDIVIDuALSHAVE CoME To LIGHT In A PRojECTDESIGnED To unSETTLE THE

ACCEPTED unDERSTAnDInG oFonE oF THE MoST SIGnIFICAnTCHAPTERS oF AFRICAn-AMERICAnHIsTorY.

Words Lina Vegnani

I 1929, a u Aica-Amica

scial scitist amd oplia Sttlept ba itiwi m slas it sut stats t US, cdi

ti awi tals bi sld,

bat ad t m ti amilis.

Muc wat w kw tda abutt sla pic dis m t

wk Ms ept ad t itiws

w llwd lad. S was pat

a wa al ist ts tat

dlpd dui t 1920s ad 1930s,ad wic tk at mmtum

i 1936 wit t istiati a mass

tapic pjct b t Dpssi-a Wks Pjct Admiistati (WPA).

M ta 2000 itiws, mstl b

umpld wit ppl, w cductdwit m slas as pat t WPApjct. T sulti dcumts, cllctd

i 39 lums cmml d t as

t WPAs n, a bcm

a k suc imati abut sla,

wic al a ctu ad a al atits abliti ctius t pla a maj

l i US ac latis. I paticula,

its lac iucs discussis abut

issus scicmic disadatasuc as wla ad icacati.

D Cla Cbuld t Scl Pilspical, histical ad Itatial

Studis at Mas Uisit sas istias

m t 1970s wads a mid t

s n t d a w, -wit

pspcti t scial ist sla.

But littl is kw abut t cati tis

iutial wk. Miimal istiati asb mad it t k Aica-Amica

sacs w lpd bi abut tis

tadia cllcti, t pcsss

ad mtds t usd i ti wk.

Tis ctt is cucial t sapi uitptati t tstimis, wic

a t pduct t l t m

slas w tld ti stis, but als

t ppl w wt tm dw. fw t aatis w cdd at t

tim, s t a t actual tascipts; it

is t cla w t cam t ist i t

m i wic t a kw, wat

t ppl ild tut tm.D Cbuld is ski t stis

bid ts biapis as pat au-a sac pjct, udd b

t Austalia rsac Cucil wita futu fllwsip awad. S a, t

pics Ms ept bt as a

Aica-Amica sac ad as a

wma a ts bi mst bitl

illumiatd b D Cbulds dis.I 1929, Ms ept was wki

as a sac at fisk Uisit i

Tss a pmit Aica-

Amica scilist, Pss Cals

S. Js. S psuadd PssJs tat s suld itiw m

slas ad cd ti miisccs,

ad tuall ld a tam ld

sacs i cai ut tis wk.oplia ept was a taid scial

scitist ad a skilld itiw. S

was als a sut, aisd b

adpats w w -slastmsls, ad tat a a al

isit it ad ait wit t ppl

s itiwd, D Cbuld sas.

forgotte

n

voicesreve

al

history

Wke haveting cttn in Flia, uthen Us. Illutatin fm

Ryal Gegraphical Readers n. 5 f Asia, Africa, America and oceania,pblished b T. nels & Ss, Ld i 1883.

ILLUSTrATIon:iSToCKPhoTo.CoM


23/36

23Ma u feBrUAry 2013 history

o abut 100 tascipts tat md

m tat stud, 37 md t basis apublisd cllcti, uw hy fsy. Ms ept als usd t accuts i

rggy t, a scial ist sla

witt m t pspcti t slas.It was publisd ad, as a as skw, 63 iial tascipts w lst.

vc m D Cbulds aa ptis is

Aica-Amica ist; 2009 bk

bg af a: bk

p lf h, 19191939 w

awads i Austalia ad t US. Sbcam cuius abut Ms epts sla

sac at stumbli acss a cac

ltts i t Scmbu Ct rsac i Black Cultu i nw

yk ltts witt w Ms eptwas wki Pss Js.

D Cbuld sas Pss Js

lid is u sacs dis

at last a dcads wk publicatistat w ul iutial i sapi

idas abut ac latis ad t lac

sla. Tat Ms ept was wll awa

t uaiss tis is bius i

blut ltt, i wic s wt t itat Cals S. Js w isitd t

cut t tims ad w scud t

ustiai suld b i t

cdit t wk. S wt : I amaius t s i mtid t ld

wks w wt wit m da b da

ud a t su ad amid ma dicultis

t at t matial t stud.

T ltts mad D Cbuld dcidt cus t sclasip t 1920s

ad 1930s. W u a a si

scial scitist usi a jui sacs

ctibuti t a pjct, t a alwas

issus w did t wk, s sas. Itut, wat apps t tat scai

w u a a u, mal, Aica-Amica sac wit lit tl pw,

wki Js, w is a wll-kw u i Aica-Amica ist?

Ms ept lt fisk Uisit i 1933

ai cid citi

ctibuti, ad bcam a pmit scial

wk. S kpt up wk rggyt, w, ad dui t 1960s,

sal as at Pss Jss

dat, askd fisk Uisit i s culd us

t tascipts iial itiws.

S was stwalld at st, t allt pmissi, D Cbuld sas. S

was als ti t t ld t maii

63 itiws, wic t culd d.

C ac

Dii tu 20 bs Ms eptspaps i t acis at hwad Uisit

i Wasit, DC, D Cbuld ud

dats t rggy t mauscipt.

T w sis t t missiitiw tascipts, but i t cus

US acial platis, s did disc

upublisd itiws ad lms m

slas m t a t lat Pss

rsc e. Lwis, dict t Aica-Amica uit t viiia Wits Pjct

t WPA. Sm t lm is cumbli

wit a, but s ps tat cspdc

wit a cuat t w natial Musum Aica Amica hist ad Cultu

i Wasit, DC, will ma it ca b

A nAtionAl nArrAtive1500: The Atlantic

lave tae begin,

tanpting peple

fm thei native Afica

t lan clnie by

Erpea pwers

the Bitih, spanih,

Ptugee, dutch

an Fench.

1619: Fit Afican

lave bught t

Jametwn, Viginia,

by dutch mechant.

1600 a 1700:

The pactice f

lavey gw. By

1790, the America

cenu ec

a ttal f nealy

700,000 lave,

17.6 per cet f the

veall ppulatin.

177583:Ameican

Wa f Inepenence.

slave belnging t

Patit mate ae

emancipate if they

jin fce lyal t

the Bitih. Gege

Wahingtn allw

the enlitment f

black lie in

the Patit amy.

17771804:

slavey i utlawe

mae

uncntitutinal in

evey tate nth

f the ohi rive,

al knwn a

the Mandixn

line, with gaual

ablitin legilate

f in me tate.

1852: Haiet

Beeche stwe

ablitinit nvel

Uncle Tom Cabin

i publihe.

1860: Cenu

recrds 3,953,760

slaves, 14 per cet

f the ppulatin.

1861: Ameican

Civil Wa begin

fllwing the suth

eciin t ecee.

dipute ve lavey

i a cental tigge.

1865: The

Thiteenth Amenment

t the Us Cntitutin

i atifie, utlawing

lavey in the Us.

1866: The Civil

right Acti pae

an the Futeenth

Amenment t the Us

Cntitutin mae.

Black Ameican ae

eclae citizen an

guaantee equal

ight an ptectin.

la 1800

a 1900: race

it, lynching

an egegatin

cntinue t ppe

Afican Ameican.

1877: The Us

Gvenment make

a eal with suthen

leae, withawing

civil ight ptectin

f Afican Ameican

in uthen tate.

1909: Natinal

Aciatin f

the Avancement

f Cle Peple

i fme.

1929: ophelia settle

Egpt, a researcher

at Tenneee Fik

Univeity, intigate

a pject inteviewing

fme lave abut

thei expeience.

1936: In the

the f the Geat

depein, the Us

Wk Pge

Aminitatin

Wite Pject tat.

The fit inteview

with fme lave

ae cnucte by

paticipating wite.

The wk cntinue

til the earl 1940s,

amunting t abut

4000 al hitie.

1954: The bet-

knwn phae f the

Afican-Ameican Civil

right mvement

begin with the

1954 Spreme Crt

eciin f Bown v

Bard f Educatin,

which eclae law

f egegate chl

uncntitutinal.

1964: The Civil

right Actpae

t utlaw acial

iciminatin.

1965: The Voting

right Actenue

equal acce t

vting, which ha

been hinee in

me tate by

iciminaty

pactice uch

a liteacy tet

f Afican

Ameican.

1972: The fit f

the lave naative

ae publihe in a

eie that will amunt

t 41 vlmes,

incluing tw f Fik

Univeity

inteview.

Hitian

ue thee

a they eek

altenative

t the

taitinal

view f

hity.

std ad t imas tasd t DvD.

T itiws tat Pss Lwissall-black uit cductd wit m ta

300 m slas w usd i t ng

vg i 1940. his ustatd acti

mplis w udstadi t ctt tis kid matial is s imptat.

h tut t bk was dadul

ad subjct t all sts itc b

t wit dits, D Cbuld sas. h

spt t st is li, abut 18 as,ti t wit a dit ist sla.

D Cbuld itds t wit, t at

ist sla, but a scial ist abut

sm ts sacs w cllctd

m sla tstimis, ad w tisbd kwld was pducd.

I tat, s will b lpd b d a maic b i t acis at fisk

Uisit, w s wt t sactu 600 bs dcumts m t

lat Pss Js, w ad bcm

t uisits st Aica-Amica

psidt i 1946. Am tat mass

matial, s ud t b ctaiisal Ms epts l-missi

itiws, a mmt at citmt

tis 21st-ctu sac. T

w t iial dats ad dats titiws tat oplia ept did ad tat

lat bcam t basis udstadi

sla m t slas pit iw.

At t bst pat a ctu, ts

makabl dcumts will b i acac t tw w lit tis pital

capt US ist. d Clae Cbul, Becoming Afican

Americans: Black Public Life in Harlem, 1919-

1939(Harvard uiversit Press), 2009

SoUrCeS:US

LIBrAryofCongreSS,US

Cen

SUS

BUreAU

AnD

oTher

SoUrCeS

When yu ae

a eni cial

cientit uing a

juni eeache

cntibutin t

a pject, thee

ae alway iuef wh i the

wk. I thught,

what happen

t that cenai

when yu have

a yung, female,

Afican-Ameican

eeache with

vey little pwe,

wking f

Jhnn, wh

i a vey well-

w gre i

Afican-Ameican

hity?

d Clae Cbul


24/36

24 feBrUAry 2013 Ma umolecular biology

WITH SCIEnTISTS on THE ALERT FoR nEW THERAPEuTICS In THE FACE oFRISInG AnTIBIoTIC RESISTAnCE, THE FoCuS IS SHIFTInG To SPECIALISEDVIRAL ASSASSInS THAT CAn DEMoLISH DAnGERouS BACTERIA.

Words Alexana rginki

PlC as b likd t a i

sauc, a duut ad Pac-Ma bscitists m t US ad Austaliasac tams tat a spt m

ta si as ti t tak its pictu

a cucial stp i it is t b listd i

t ut altatis t atibitics.

fud i a Milwauk, US, sw i1925 w it was asti its mal

cic, s, PlC is a pti

m a bactipa a tp ius

tat as ld millis as tkill bactia, ad wit at spcicit.

Bactipas, cmml calld

pas, w discd i t al

20t ctu ad uickl attactd

t itst dcts as pttialtapis. T w usd dui Wld

Wa II t tat battlld ictis.

But t disc picilli, a

du tat tackls m ta tp bactia, dampd tusiasm

ts il spcialisd iuss. fast

wad t pst da, w t tat

a tu t a p-atibitic a lms,ad pas a aai lki itsti.

Kg pago all kw pa ptis, PlC kw as a bactipa lsi is ki,

acti at last 100 tims ast ta its

ps t tackl stais s,

t bactia tat caus tat ictis,at disas, pumia, tic sck

sdm ad tpical ski ictis i

umas, as wll as sm aimal disass.

But t i a ts atualatibactials it uma tapis,sacs st a t kw wat t

lk lik a task ili ast amuts

cmpl sac at a stuctual ll.

T a litall tusads tstps mlculs ut t, all dictd

aaist dit bactia, sas Mas

Uisits D Sa Mcgwa, lad

aut t pg f n

ay f s (pnas) paptat ald t stuctu PlC.

D Mcgwa ad Mascllaus Pss Jams Wisstck

ad Assciat Pss Asl Bucklusd x-a cstallap t dtmi t

stuctu tis mlcul i 3-D. T tam

cllabatd wit Assistat Pss Dailnls m t Uisit Malad

ad Pss vict fisctti m t

rckll Uisit, i t US, bt

wm a l istis saci PlC.Picilli ad all u atibitics

a maict dus; w, w d

t b tiki abut a w ati

taputics, D Mcgwa sas.

Wit bactipas w t apti m atu. T ida is tat

i sistac tim statd t build

up aaist tm, w a tis

wl a ts t cs m.I additi, bcaus bactia ad iuss

a b battli sic t daw li,

pas a atuall ld t cm w

bais sistac i ti bactial sts.

As t tam ud ut, t pw PlCis i its cmplicatd stuctu: it as i

spaat pti cmpts. Its bas is ai wit it pats tat dck t cpts

t cll wall t stptcccal bu(t kw pas a l dcki

pat). Tw cataltic sub-uits, t twi

waads, sitti tp t i t

lauc it acti t cw tu ad

ultimatl dst t bactial cll wall.I u kck ut t acti

sits t pti l as p ct

its mal actiit. But wit bt acti

sits, u a 100 p ct actiit

bcaus t act i s, AssistatPss nls sas. Its a mst.

h statd wki t mlcul

i 1999 as a pstdctal sac i

t rckll Uisit labat Pss fisctti, t ma w i 1968

puid PlC m t pa sucd

m t sw u dcads ali.

T ptis ptc is idt ma id lmd b rckll Uisit

sacs tat cmpas tw tst tubs

lld wit milk stptcccal sluti. A

dp PlC sluti is placd it

tst tub. Witi 30 scds t liuid

tus cla. At a micscpic ll, PlCas dckd t t stptcccal clls,cwd tu ti walls ad causd

ac cll t bust spctaculal.

W a bactipas ma

dit bactia sy,

s , l,

b, c, Assistat Pss

nls sas. But tis PlC m is

100 1000 tims m acti ta a

t ts. S i w ca s w PlCis s muc m acti, w ca us tat

kwld t mak t ms lik tat.

W Assistat Pss nls st

jid rckll as a pstdctal llw, ad Pss fisctti uickl ba

talki taputics tpical tat spas

ls wit PlC. I 2001, t publisd

dis i pnas tat swd w a ad-

ait tat icti clad witi us PlCs admiistati i aimal mdls.

T cac was cmplli but PlC

was c abut ali its stuctu.

Cag cao t tcius usd b mlcula

bilists t ima t stuctus

pttiall li-sai ptis, x-acstallap is t m damatic,

ad i wic Mas cls.

At a cc i 2006, Assistat

Pss nls t talki sp

wit Mas Uisits PssWisstck, a Austalia rsac

Cucil (ArC) fdati fllw.

PlC was s its wa t tMas labat Pss Wisstck,w pstd t stuctual pul t a

pstdctal sac i is up, D

Mcgwa, w a ArC futu fllw.

Pti cstallap lis a

cmbiati x-a tclis, cmputipw ad t dlicat at cuai

t pti t m miut cstals.

It stats i liuid m ad u ca it

t w a cstal, D Mcgwa sas. yuwat t cstal t all ut t sluti

sewer to saviour,

PhoTo:PAULJoneS


25/36

25Ma u feBrUAry 2013 molecular biology

pc is back

(Frm left) Dr

sheena McGwan,

Aciate Pfe

Ahley Buckle

an PfeJame Whitck

have ece

the tuctue f a

ptent mlecule

that taget an

ety angeu

bacteia.


26/36

26 feBrUAry 2013 Ma umolecular biology

ad bcm slid matt, but at ta

lts cstals, u d just .

T t t bst cstal,

cstallaps will t tusads dit cmical ccktails. Mas

w as a adacd cstallisati

acilit t gll ru fudatiCt Pti Stuctu

wic uss bts t autmat tcstallisati pcss. But back i

2006, D Mcgwa wkd b ad.

T cstals a tak t a sct,

w x-a bams a d at acidiidual cstal. T diactd x-a

patts a pcssd b a cmput

t calculat t stuctu t pti,

wic is t pstd as a ima.

D Mcgwa sas t lw i PlC pacticall imad itsl. It was

m st cstal stuctu ad t data

was suc i ualit tat w w

abl t us a autmatd pcss tdtmi t stuctu. At a w das

umb cuci, t Mas tam

was pstd wit a i-sluti

sauc sap wit a l i t middl.

sc a agwi a cstal tat ctaid PlC i

its tit tud ut t b calli,ad at tims smd impssibl. I st up

ad tstd m ta 1500 cstals

tw t as, sas D Mcgwa,

w tiks it was stubbss, atta patic, tat caid tu t

stul wit PlC (a tim dui wic

s ad Assistat Pss nls tk

ti w labatis at Mas ad

t Uisit Malad spctil).T cstals w stackd tt

ad u cat us tm lik tat. T l

wa w t tis paticula data st wasw a bit ll ad bk, ad I pickdit up. Tat was t l ti tat

diactd t a sluti w culd us.

T data m tis sad ildd

ti a l tim. Ad it was l

a last-ditc attmpt i 2010 wit a wcmput pam tat pidd D

Mcgwa wit t ait st a li,

wic, al wit at sts, is

t caactistic stuctus a pti.fm tis u data st, D

the next PhAse for PhAGesPlyC futue a a theapeutic peventive ug applie t human

an animal alike.

In chilen, e that caue by Gup Asteptococcu

cul be cue in hu with a imple PlyC pay, lzenge

muthwah. A tpical applicatin cul al be ue t teat

the kin infectin impetig.

In animal, PlyC tackle the teptcccal tain that caue

bvine matiti, a maj ct buen f the aiy inuty.

Anthe tagete tain caue tangle in he, an aptly

title cnitin that lea t btuctively wllen lymph

ne in the that. PlyC cul be ue t peventively teat

animal fee, , in the cae f he, f wabbing tall.

Univeity f Maylan Aitant Pfe daniel Neln feee

that any uch evelpment wul be enmu unetaking,equiing the backing f a bitech phamaceutical cmpany.

But step. i till petty well manage by antibitic, he

ay. What wee fining i that thee ae many the ieae

uch a staphylococcu aueu[knwn t mt a the hpital

upebug MrsA] f which the phage enzyme aent a active.

Futue wk might be tying t enginee thi enzyme t be active n

the pecie f bacteia. We cul ty t wap ut the PlyC ing

tuctue, an bienginee it t bin t the staph. aueucell wall.

PlyC newly eveale cmplexity make thi hae

than iginally anticipate. But the eeache have aleay

ientifie anthe phage vey like PlyC that cul be engineee

t taget step. mutan, a caue f tth ecay.

Yue talking abut a muthwah, tthpate, me kin

f tpical teatment, Aitant Pfe Neln ay. Thi i

ging t be a vey intenive aea f eeach f my lab.

A phage ug i at lea t a ecae fm cming nt the maket.

An f Mnah Univei ty d sh eena McGwan, tha t mean eeach

int the funamental ppetie f bacteiphage nee t tat

nw, while the wne ug f the 20th centuy till ptect u.

We have t tat while weve gt antibitic cveage in

sciet, she sas. Becase it ma be 10 r 30 ears befre

it un ut, but yu want that pipeline t be ticking.

Mcgwa picd tt a 3-D jisaw

pul t t 18 mts, lki

a c t stat m. Wki witmultipl cmput pams, s built i

smw cls t 10,000 atms mauall,

cati m lics ad sts. e

stp t wa, t cmput wuld iwt wat s was buildi wkd

m a matmatical pspcti. I t,

s wuld dismatl ad stat aai.

Assciat Pss Buckl, a natial

halt ad Mdical rsac Cucil Austalia Si rsac fllw,

ultimatl cam i t lp D Mcgwa

cct ts saps, appli pic

i cmist ad pti stuctu.W acd tw dicult calls. fist,

w ad t pic tt udds small

pti cai amts i a maiul wa

tat is, t build smti tat lkd lika pti, Assciat Pss Buckl sas.

Scd, w ad t assi t cct

ami acids t 20 pti buildi

blcks t t cct placs. I alit

u sl bt pblms simultausl ccti ad -suci,

aduall impi t mdl as u .

Tis tim-csumi ad its t

all succdd ad t sct t cstal

sad was ald: t busiss d tmlcul was a dubl-assault wap.

Just w PlC was s dicult tcstallis ma b aswd b a ida

m D Mcgwa ad Assciat PssBuckl tat t waads ca

cuati b t stat t cw

t cll wall. T Mas sacs

p t build t sac t captu

tis uldi pcss usi cmputsimulati tcl, pidi a mi

t bactipa di its dit wk.

But t matim, t ptap

is u.

X-ra crstal strctre f the PlC lsi, with the bttm part, which is the shape

f a dght, the ig sacer part f the mlecle, ad the tw cmplexes

f helice n tp epeenting the active pat cientit think unfl.

A bacterial cell dergig bacterial death (lsis),

captue uing an electn miccpe. PlyC i tiny

cmpae t the bacteia, i inviible n thi image.

But we can ee the hle it ha chewe thugh the

cell wall f the bacteria mlecle (the bttm blb),

eulting in the bige-like tuctue an the inie f

the cell pewing ut t fm the blb n the tp f the

image. Milliecn late, thi blb wul but an the

cell wul be ea.

IMAgeS: CoUrTeSy, SheenA McgoWAn


27/36

27Ma u feBrUAry 2013

Ae upecmpute

getting mate

jut me

pweful?

information technology

man versus machine:a question of intelligence

Words Catheine Nw

T Tita supcmput i t US stat

Tss was amd i nmb

2012 as t wlds mst pw ulcmput. It ca pcss uadillis

calculatis p scd 176,000 tims

t cmputi capacit 20 as a.

But is t Tita actuall tat mucsmat ta its pdcsss? Tis,

sa sacs istiati aticial

itllic, mais t b s.Basd at Mas Uisit i

Mlbu, Assciat Pss DaidDw is pat a itatial cllabati

tat as dlpd t Atim Uisal

Itllic (ayt) tst, itdd t b abl t

masu t pss a ticial itllic.It is t wlds st tst tis tp.

Ctal t tis t, sas Assciat

Pss Dw, is t usti wat

itllic is tat is, wat is t tst

ti t masu? Wil sacs astill ti t asw tis usti, t

bli tat t abilit t cis ad

spd t patts is a cucial lmt.

T is sm idc tat macisa bcmi smat at spcic tasks. I

1997 IBMs Dp Blu cmput datd

Wld Css Campi ga Kaspa

i a am css, ad i 2011 IBMs

Wats cmput w t US amswJy!, cmpti aaist tw

t ams uma ad campis.

But w it cms t masui alitllic ad t abilit t adapt tuamilia situatis, pss is lss ctai.

W ti t cm up wit sm

adstick tat culd b applid t

ad ti t macis, umas,

-uma aimals ad bids t,ad titis m t plats,

Assci

monash magazine, edition 3 (feb 2013)

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