mollier diagrams
TRANSCRIPT
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MOLLIER Diagrams
P-h CHART
PRESSURE ENTHALPY CHART
![Page 2: Mollier Diagrams](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061117/546883b3b4af9f04718b47f0/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
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WHY IN REFRIGERATION?
• To determine accurately what is going on inside a refrigeration system
• Visualize the refrigerant behavior• Calculating capacities of refrigeration
system• Representing the condition of
equipment at any thermodynamic state.• TROUBLESHOOTING…
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Classic Refrigeration system
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Refrigerant regions
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Constant pressure line
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Constant temperature line
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Enthalpy line
![Page 9: Mollier Diagrams](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061117/546883b3b4af9f04718b47f0/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Constant specific volume line
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Entropy line
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How to plot a P-h chart?
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Data From the Unit
• Low pressure P1=3 bar• High pressure P2=14 bar• Suction temperature T1=0°C• Discharge temperature T2=70 °C• Condensing temperature T3=40 °C• Temperature at TXV T4=10 °C• Evaporating temperature T5=-6 °C
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P1
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P2
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T1
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T2
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T3
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T4
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T4
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Enthalpy
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Superheat
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Sub cooled
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High head
• Recycle cooling medium
• High cooling medium
• Poor cooling medium flow
• Fouled condenser• Non-condensable
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Over charge
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Low charge
• System leak• System incorrectly
charged
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Liquid line restriction
• Filter dryer chocked• Blocked particle
inside the system
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Poor Compressor
• Under sized compressor
• Unloaded compressor• Wrong compressor
pulley sizes• Bad compressor
valves, ring or pistons
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MOLLIER Calculation• Compression ratio=High pressure/Low pressure• Flash gas=(h4-h4’)/(h1-h4’)• Refrigerating effect=h1-h4• Circulation rate of refrigerant=Refrigerating
capacity/refrigerating effect• Power at compressor=circulation rate x (h2-h1)• COP=Refrigerating capacity/power at compressor
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MOTORSINGLE PHASE
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SINGLE PHASE MOTOR
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SINGLE PHASE MOTOR
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SINGLE PHASE MOTOR
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SINGLE PHASE MOTOR
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SINGLE PHASE MOTOR-testing
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SINGLE PHASE MOTOR-testing
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SINGLE PHASE MOTOR-testing
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SINGLE PHASE MOTOR-testing
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SINGLE PHASE MOTOR-testing
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SINGLE PHASE MOTOR-capacitor
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SINGLE PHASE MOTOR-capacitor
• Run (operating) - large dimension, low capacitance 30F
• Starting - small dimension, large capacitance (can
exceed 100 F)- 5 seconds, 20
start- ups/hour
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SINGLE PHASE MOTOR-capacitor
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SINGLE PHASE MOTOR-capacitor
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SINGLE PHASE MOTOR-capacitor
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SINGLE PHASE MOTOR-capacitor
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SINGLE PHASE MOTOR-capacitor
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SINGLE PHASE MOTOR-capacitor
• 240V, 2A
• Xc =240/2, = 120• C =1/(2**Hz*Xc) = 1/(6.28*50*120)
= 0.00002652 F
= 26.52 F
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SINGLE PHASE MOTOR-capacitor
• Normally 14 times of Amperage
• 2*14 = 28 F, if 10% 30.8 F or 25.2 F
• If out of range; change capacitor
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THREE PHASE MOTOR- general point
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THREE PHASE MOTOR- general point
• P =3*V*I*=1.732*220*1.7*0.8 = 520W
=1.732*380*1*0.8 = 520W
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THREE PHASE MOTOR- general point
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THREE PHASE MOTOR- general point
• 145W loss as heat• 375W/520W= 0.72
• 72% useful• 28% loss
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THREE PHASE MOTOR- general point
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THREE PHASE MOTOR- general point
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THREE PHASE MOTOR- delta
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THREE PHASE MOTOR- delta
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THREE PHASE MOTOR- star Y
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THREE PHASE MOTOR- star Y
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THREE PHASE MOTOR- ?
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THREE PHASE MOTOR- connections
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Protection DevicesProtection Devices
THERMAL OVERLOAD RELAYS
FUSE FOR DISTRIBUTION
FUSE FOR MOTORS
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Thermal RelayThermal Relay
Combination of a thermal overload relay with a contactor
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Electromagnetic Overcurrent Relay
Electromagnetic Overcurrent Relay
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Contactor - BreakerContactor - Breaker
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Isolator - BreakerIsolator - Breaker
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COMBINATIONS OF PROTECTION DEVICES
COMBINATIONS OF PROTECTION DEVICES
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COMBINATIONS OF PROTECTION DEVICES
COMBINATIONS OF PROTECTION DEVICES
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COMBINATIONS OF PROTECTION DEVICES
COMBINATIONS OF PROTECTION DEVICES
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SWITCHESSWITCHES
• Manual switch-on pushbutton
• Manual switch-off pushbutton
• Manual on-off pushbutton
S1
S2
S3
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SWITCHESSWITCHES
• Emergency stop pushbutton
• Color: Red – large mushroom head pushbutton
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Limit switches Limit switches
• Normally open contact • Operated by mechanical sensor (cam roller)
• Normally open contact • Operated by level
• Normally open contact • Operated by temperature
• Normally closed contact • Operated by pressure
•
S11
S11
S11
S11
S11
P
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Other switches Other switches
• Normally open contact • Operated by electromagnetic • Operating equipment designation: KM (contactor); KA
(relay)
A1
A2
KM1KM1
11
14
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ELECTRICAL DIAGRAMS & WIRING
ELECTRICAL DIAGRAMS & WIRING
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DIRECT ON LINE (D.O.L.)DIRECT ON LINE (D.O.L.)
• -The stator connected directly to the main supply
• -The motor starts with a high peak
• -Current peak 4 to 8 times of rated current
• -1 to 5 hp
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D.O.L.D.O.L.
• Main circuit
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D.O.L.D.O.L.
• Control circuit
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D.O.L… forward reverse D.O.L… forward reverse
• Main circuit wiring diagram
M
L1
L2
L3
F1
KM1
A1
A2
KM2A1
A2
U1 V1 W1
F2
X11
2
3
X2
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D.O.L… forward reverseD.O.L… forward reverse
• Control circuit wiring diagram
KM1 KM2
F1L1
S1
S21
S31
N
KM11
KM2
KM2 KM1
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D.O.L..block diagramD.O.L..block diagram
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STAR DELTA (YΔ)STAR DELTA (YΔ)
• -Motor having both ends of the three stator brought out-6 terminal
• -First step with Star- (main voltage/√3)
• -Second step with delta-normal voltage
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STAR DELTA (YΔ)..power circuit
STAR DELTA (YΔ)..power circuit
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STAR DELTA (YΔ).. Reverse rotation
STAR DELTA (YΔ).. Reverse rotation
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STAR DELTA (YΔ)..control circuit
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STAR DELTA (YΔ)..TNB control circuitSTAR DELTA (YΔ)..TNB control circuit
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STAR DELTA (YΔ)..TNB power circuit
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AUTO TRANSFORMER..control circuit
AUTO TRANSFORMER..control circuit
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AUTO TRANSFORMER..Power circuitAUTO TRANSFORMER..Power circuit
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SPECIFICATION
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POWER SUPPLY
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POWER SUPPLY
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Connection - fan
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Connection - condensing
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Connection - condensing
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Connection - condensing