Upload File

molecular)biology,) dna) - cgiarhpc.ilri.cgiar.org/.../molecular_biology_imbb_2014.pdf ·...

  • Home
  • Documents
  • Molecular)biology,) DNA) - CGIARhpc.ilri.cgiar.org/.../Molecular_biology_IMBB_2014.pdf · Molecular)biology))is)the)branch)of)biology)thatdeals)with)the)manipulaon) of)DNA)or)RNA)so)thatitcan)be)sequenced,)detected,)modified,)or)expressed.)))
20
Molecular biology, DNA IMBB 2014

Upload: others

Post on 10-May-2020

2 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

Report

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Molecular)biology,) DNA) - CGIARhpc.ilri.cgiar.org/.../Molecular_biology_IMBB_2014.pdf · Molecular)biology))is)the)branch)of)biology)thatdeals)with)the)manipulaon) of)DNA)or)RNA)so)thatitcan)be)sequenced,)detected,)modified,)or)expressed.)))

Molecular  biology,  DNA  

IMBB  2014  

Page 2: Molecular)biology,) DNA) - CGIARhpc.ilri.cgiar.org/.../Molecular_biology_IMBB_2014.pdf · Molecular)biology))is)the)branch)of)biology)thatdeals)with)the)manipulaon) of)DNA)or)RNA)so)thatitcan)be)sequenced,)detected,)modified,)or)expressed.)))

What  is  Molecular  Biology?  

Page 3: Molecular)biology,) DNA) - CGIARhpc.ilri.cgiar.org/.../Molecular_biology_IMBB_2014.pdf · Molecular)biology))is)the)branch)of)biology)thatdeals)with)the)manipulaon) of)DNA)or)RNA)so)thatitcan)be)sequenced,)detected,)modified,)or)expressed.)))

Molecular  biology  is  the  study  of  biology  at  a  molecular  level,  especially  DNA  and  RNA    Molecular  biology  is  the  study  of  molecular  underpinnings  of  the  processes  of  replicaDon,  transcripDon,  translaDon,  and  cell  funcDon.  The  central  dogma  of  molecular  biology  where  geneDc  material  is  transcribed  into  RNA  and  then  translated  into  protein,  despite  being  an  oversimplified  picture  of  molecular  biology,  sDll  provides  a  good  starDng  point  for  understanding  the  field.      Molecular  biology  chiefly  concerns  the  understanding  of  the  interacDons  between  the  various  systems  of  a  cell.    Molecular  biology  overlaps  with  other  areas  of  biology  and  chemistry,  parDcularly  geneDcs  (effect  of  geneDc  differences  on  organisms)  and  biochemistry  (chemical  substances  and  vital  processes  occurring  in  living  organisms).      Molecular  biology  is  the  convergence  of  various,  previously  disDnct  biological  and  physical  disciplines:  biochemistry,  geneDcs,  cell  biology,  microbiology,  virology  and  physics.  

Page 4: Molecular)biology,) DNA) - CGIARhpc.ilri.cgiar.org/.../Molecular_biology_IMBB_2014.pdf · Molecular)biology))is)the)branch)of)biology)thatdeals)with)the)manipulaon) of)DNA)or)RNA)so)thatitcan)be)sequenced,)detected,)modified,)or)expressed.)))

Molecular  biology    is  the  branch  of  biology  that  deals  with  the  manipulaDon  of  DNA  or  RNA  so  that  it  can  be  sequenced,  detected,  modified,  or  expressed.      The  techniques  of  molecular  biology    are  applied  to  many  fields      

–  Genomics  –  Cell  biology  –  Microbiology  –  Biotechnology  –  DiagnosDcs  –  TherapeuDcs  –  Forensics  –  Agriculture  

   

Page 5: Molecular)biology,) DNA) - CGIARhpc.ilri.cgiar.org/.../Molecular_biology_IMBB_2014.pdf · Molecular)biology))is)the)branch)of)biology)thatdeals)with)the)manipulaon) of)DNA)or)RNA)so)thatitcan)be)sequenced,)detected,)modified,)or)expressed.)))

Some  core  tools  of  molecular  biology  

DNA  purificaDon  

Polymerase  chain  reacDon  

Gel  electrophoresis  

RestricDon  analysis  

DNA  sequencing  

BioinformaDcs  

Page 6: Molecular)biology,) DNA) - CGIARhpc.ilri.cgiar.org/.../Molecular_biology_IMBB_2014.pdf · Molecular)biology))is)the)branch)of)biology)thatdeals)with)the)manipulaon) of)DNA)or)RNA)so)thatitcan)be)sequenced,)detected,)modified,)or)expressed.)))

DNA  structure  and  replica6on  

Page 7: Molecular)biology,) DNA) - CGIARhpc.ilri.cgiar.org/.../Molecular_biology_IMBB_2014.pdf · Molecular)biology))is)the)branch)of)biology)thatdeals)with)the)manipulaon) of)DNA)or)RNA)so)thatitcan)be)sequenced,)detected,)modified,)or)expressed.)))

•  Deoxyribonucleic acid

•  Macromolecule (average human chromosome has 5 cm of DNA)

•  Contains genetic instructions for development and functioning of all known living organisms (with the exception of RNA viruses)

•  Long-term storage of information

•  Contains the instructions needed to construct RNA molecules and proteins •  DNA segments that carry this genetic information are called genes

•  Other DNA sequences have structural purposes, or are involved in regulating the use of the genetic information.

DNA  

Page 8: Molecular)biology,) DNA) - CGIARhpc.ilri.cgiar.org/.../Molecular_biology_IMBB_2014.pdf · Molecular)biology))is)the)branch)of)biology)thatdeals)with)the)manipulaon) of)DNA)or)RNA)so)thatitcan)be)sequenced,)detected,)modified,)or)expressed.)))

Figu

re 4

-3 M

olec

ular

Bio

logy

of t

he C

ell (

© G

arla

nd S

cien

ce 2

008)

Page 9: Molecular)biology,) DNA) - CGIARhpc.ilri.cgiar.org/.../Molecular_biology_IMBB_2014.pdf · Molecular)biology))is)the)branch)of)biology)thatdeals)with)the)manipulaon) of)DNA)or)RNA)so)thatitcan)be)sequenced,)detected,)modified,)or)expressed.)))

•  DNA is normally double stranded •  Two strands held together by H bonds between bases •  A single strand of DNA has an orientation (5’ → 3’) •  In double stranded DNA, the two strands have opposite orientation •  There are four bases A (adenine), C (cytosine), G (guanine), T (thymine) •  Specific base pairing

- Base A always pairs with T - Base C always pairs with G

•  The sequence of one strand defines the sequence of the second strand. The two strands are said to be ‘complimentary’

•  Information is stored in the sequence of bases •  Double stranded DNA resembles a ladder

- Rails = sugar/phosphate - Rungs = base pairs (bp)

•  DNA building blocks = 4 nucleotides (phosphate/sugar/base)

Page 10: Molecular)biology,) DNA) - CGIARhpc.ilri.cgiar.org/.../Molecular_biology_IMBB_2014.pdf · Molecular)biology))is)the)branch)of)biology)thatdeals)with)the)manipulaon) of)DNA)or)RNA)so)thatitcan)be)sequenced,)detected,)modified,)or)expressed.)))

•  DNA  is  a  nucleic  acid,  made  of  long  chains  of  nucleoDdes  

DNA  is  a  polymer  of  nucleoDdes  

Nucleotide

Phosphate group

Nitrogenous base

Sugar

Polynucleotide Sugar-phosphate backbone DNA nucleotide

Phosphate group

Nitrogenous base (A, G, C, or T)

Thymine (T)

Sugar (deoxyribose)

Campbell  et  al.  (2003)  BIOLOGY  concepts  and  connecDons.  

5’  END  

3’  END  

Page 11: Molecular)biology,) DNA) - CGIARhpc.ilri.cgiar.org/.../Molecular_biology_IMBB_2014.pdf · Molecular)biology))is)the)branch)of)biology)thatdeals)with)the)manipulaon) of)DNA)or)RNA)so)thatitcan)be)sequenced,)detected,)modified,)or)expressed.)))

3’  and  5’  ends  of  DNA  movie  

h\p://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p835L4HWH68    

Page 12: Molecular)biology,) DNA) - CGIARhpc.ilri.cgiar.org/.../Molecular_biology_IMBB_2014.pdf · Molecular)biology))is)the)branch)of)biology)thatdeals)with)the)manipulaon) of)DNA)or)RNA)so)thatitcan)be)sequenced,)detected,)modified,)or)expressed.)))

•  Each  strand  of  the  double  helix  is  oriented  in  the  opposite  direcDon  

5ʹ′ end 3ʹ′ end

3ʹ′ end 5ʹ′ end

P

P

P

P P

P

P

P

Campbell  et  al.  (2003)  BIOLOGY  concepts  and  connecDons.  

Page 13: Molecular)biology,) DNA) - CGIARhpc.ilri.cgiar.org/.../Molecular_biology_IMBB_2014.pdf · Molecular)biology))is)the)branch)of)biology)thatdeals)with)the)manipulaon) of)DNA)or)RNA)so)thatitcan)be)sequenced,)detected,)modified,)or)expressed.)))

•  DNA  has  four  kinds  of  bases,  A,  T,  C,  and  G  

Pyrimidines

Thymine (T) Cytosine (C)

Purines

Adenine (A) Guanine (G)

Campbell  et  al.  (2003)  BIOLOGY  concepts  and  connecDons.  

Page 14: Molecular)biology,) DNA) - CGIARhpc.ilri.cgiar.org/.../Molecular_biology_IMBB_2014.pdf · Molecular)biology))is)the)branch)of)biology)thatdeals)with)the)manipulaon) of)DNA)or)RNA)so)thatitcan)be)sequenced,)detected,)modified,)or)expressed.)))

•  In  DNA  replicaDon,  the  strands  separate  –  An  enzyme  (polymerase)  use  each  strand  as  a  template  to  assemble  the  new  strands  

DNA REPLICATION

DNA  replicaDon  depends  on  specific  base  pairing  

Parental molecule of DNA

Both parental strands serve as templates

Two identical daughter molecules of DNA

Nucleotides

A

A

Campbell  et  al.  (2003)  BIOLOGY  concepts  and  connecDons.  

Page 15: Molecular)biology,) DNA) - CGIARhpc.ilri.cgiar.org/.../Molecular_biology_IMBB_2014.pdf · Molecular)biology))is)the)branch)of)biology)thatdeals)with)the)manipulaon) of)DNA)or)RNA)so)thatitcan)be)sequenced,)detected,)modified,)or)expressed.)))
Page 16: Molecular)biology,) DNA) - CGIARhpc.ilri.cgiar.org/.../Molecular_biology_IMBB_2014.pdf · Molecular)biology))is)the)branch)of)biology)thatdeals)with)the)manipulaon) of)DNA)or)RNA)so)thatitcan)be)sequenced,)detected,)modified,)or)expressed.)))

h\p://www.tokresource.org/tok_classes/biobiobio/biomenu/dna_replicaDon/index.htm  

Page 17: Molecular)biology,) DNA) - CGIARhpc.ilri.cgiar.org/.../Molecular_biology_IMBB_2014.pdf · Molecular)biology))is)the)branch)of)biology)thatdeals)with)the)manipulaon) of)DNA)or)RNA)so)thatitcan)be)sequenced,)detected,)modified,)or)expressed.)))

Start codon

RNA

Transcribed strand

Stop codon Translation

Transcription

DNA

Polypeptide

The  DNA  is  transcribed  into  RNA,  which  is  translated  into  the  polypepDde  

Page 18: Molecular)biology,) DNA) - CGIARhpc.ilri.cgiar.org/.../Molecular_biology_IMBB_2014.pdf · Molecular)biology))is)the)branch)of)biology)thatdeals)with)the)manipulaon) of)DNA)or)RNA)so)thatitcan)be)sequenced,)detected,)modified,)or)expressed.)))

Thank  you  

Page 19: Molecular)biology,) DNA) - CGIARhpc.ilri.cgiar.org/.../Molecular_biology_IMBB_2014.pdf · Molecular)biology))is)the)branch)of)biology)thatdeals)with)the)manipulaon) of)DNA)or)RNA)so)thatitcan)be)sequenced,)detected,)modified,)or)expressed.)))

•  RNA  is  also  a  nucleic  acid  – RNA has a slightly different sugar

– RNA has U instead of T

Phosphate group

Nitrogenous base (A, G, C, or U)

Uracil (U)

Sugar (ribose)

Page 20: Molecular)biology,) DNA) - CGIARhpc.ilri.cgiar.org/.../Molecular_biology_IMBB_2014.pdf · Molecular)biology))is)the)branch)of)biology)thatdeals)with)the)manipulaon) of)DNA)or)RNA)so)thatitcan)be)sequenced,)detected,)modified,)or)expressed.)))

Biology/DNA Quality Manual

Meta-DNA: Synthetic Biology via DNA Nanostructures …reif/paper/harish/metaDNA/MetaDNA.pdf · Meta-DNA: Synthetic Biology via DNA Nanostructures and Hybridization Reactions Harish

DNA Technology Mutations and DNA Technology Biology 3.3.3 Understand the application of DNA technology

Biology 9.3 Replication of DNA

Biology - Chp 12 - DNA & RNA - PowerPoint

Molecular Biology Chapter 10: DNA Replication Worksheet I ...mhc-12biology.wikispaces.com/.../CH+10+DNA+REPLICATION+WORKSHEET.pdf1 Molecular Biology Chapter 10: DNA Replication Worksheet

BIOLOGY Topic 6 Topic 6. Topic Outline DNA Structure DNA Structure DNA Structure DNA Structure DNA Replication DNA Replication DNA Replication DNA Replication

Chemistry to Biology Cells, RNA, & DNA

MB 207 – Molecular Cell Biology DNA Damage and Repair DNA recombination

Molecular Biology I: DNA Replicationfaculty.umb.edu/yvonne_vaillancourt/Biology/sp10... · DNA Replication You will now simulate the replication of this DNA molecule. 4) Prepare the

Biology Chapter 9 & Honors Biology Chapter 13 …€¦ · Biology Chapter 9 & Honors Biology Chapter 13 Frontiers Of Biotechnology. DNA TECHNOLOGY IS ABOUT: • Manipulating DNA for

Cell Biology: DNA

DNA REPLICATION Mrs. MacWilliams Academic Biology

THE STRUCTURE OF DNA - Biology

Biology DNA Analysis

LAB 14 - DNA Restriction Analysis - Goldie's Room Biology/AP Labs pdf/v2013/AP Lab 14 - DNA...Name: _____ AP Biology – Lab 14 LAB 14 – DNA Restriction Analysis Introduction: DNA

AP Biology DNA HISTORY, STRUCTURE, & FUNCTION. AP Biology ch. 16.1 HISTORY OF DNA

DNA Manipulation in Synthetic Biology. DNA structure Covalent bondsHydrogen bonds

DNA REPLICATION (semi-conservative method) MOLECULAR BIOLOGY – DNA replication, transcription

Introduction to Synthetic Biology - Our Story · Introduction to Synthetic Biology Discuss ... Recombinant DNA Technology • Genetically engineered DNA prepared by cutting DNA with

AP Biology 2008-2009 DNA The Genetic Material Biology---Yippee!

Biology unit 6 dna rna protein synthesis dna structure notes

Molecular Biology Chapter 10: DNA Replication Worksheet …10+DNA... · 1 Molecular Biology Chapter 10: DNA Replication Worksheet I. DNA Structure Things to keep in mind: • how

Course: Recombinant DNA Biology Course Code: MSLSC2003C04 · Course: Recombinant DNA Biology Course Code: MSLSC2003C04 Course Coordinator: Dr. Tara Kashav Topic: DNA Sequencing and

Chapter 21. DNA Biology and Technologyfaculty.hcc-nd.edu/.../Chapter-21(StudNotes).pdf · Chapter 21. DNA Biology and Technology DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) Structure. [Figure 21.1]

DNA REPLICATION MOLECULAR BIOLOGY – DNA replication, transcription

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY – Molecular biology techniques MOLECULAR BIOLOGY TECHNIQUES I. DNA isolation and fragmentation Recombinant DNA Gel electrophoresis Hybridization

DNA, RNA and DNA Replication IB Biology 2011-2012

SQL data manipulaon language

DNA Biology

PAP Biology DNA

Molecular Biology Working with DNA

Standard Biology Ch. 28 DNA- Life’s Code 28.1 The DNA Molecule

Biology Unit 6 Notes: DNA

Central Dogma of Biology. DNA Replication DNA Structure