molecular state machines masami hagiya. finite state machines are the simplest formal computing...
DESCRIPTION
Molecular (DNA) State Machines Terminal-sequence machines –The terminal sequence encodes the state. –Our whiplash machine The machine gets longer as it changes the state. –Shapiro’s automaton The machine gets shorter as it changes the state. Conformational machines –The state is encoded as a structure. –Yurk’s molecular tweezers –Seeman’s PX-JX 2 Switch –Our hairpin-based machine…TRANSCRIPT
Molecular State Machines
Masami Hagiya
Finite State Machines• Are the simplest formal computing device• Have a finite number of states• Change their state autonomously or
according to inputs• May produce outputs• Are the first step towards general-purpose
computers• Have many kinds of applications
– Switch– Memory (both holding contents and addressing)
Molecular (DNA) State Machines
• Terminal-sequence machines– The terminal sequence encodes the state.– Our whiplash machine
• The machine gets longer as it changes the state.– Shapiro’s automaton
• The machine gets shorter as it changes the state.
• Conformational machines– The state is encoded as a structure.– Yurk’s molecular tweezers– Seeman’s PX-JX2 Switch– Our hairpin-based machine…
B AC
B
: stopper sequence
1)B
B AC
B
A2) B
A
Whiplash PCR (WPCR)
Whiplash PCR (WPCR)
B A C B
3)
B A
C
B A C B
4)B
A
Polymerization Stop
B A C B
B A
Back-hybridization
B A C B
BA
B A C
BB A
Competing Alternative Hairpin Forms
・ 8 M urea 8% PAGE
Temperature optimization for WPCR
incubated 62.2 69.9 78.0 86.1 92.2 (℃)not 59.8 65.9 74.0 82.1 89.8
in 1X Pfx buffer (the composition unknown) 1 mM MgSO4
0.2 mM dATP, dCTP, dGTP 1.5 units Platinum Pfx DNA polymerase
Thermal schedule 94 for 1 min.℃ ↓ x for 5 min.℃ x =59.8 ~ 92.2
Komiya, et al.
・ 12 % PAGE
65
8095
110125140
50
155
( bp )
Successful implementation of transitions
Komiya, et al.
Whiplash Machines
• The machine changes its state according to its own transition table.
• Various kinds of information can be encoded as a transition table.– Inputs to the machine can be a part of the table.
• Multiple-data Multiple-program
Shapiro’s DNA AutomatonIIS-type restrictionRestriction cite Spacer
<S,a><S,a>
a’ Rest of input
Rest of input
a’ Rest of input
<S’,a’>
S,a → S’Transition molecule
The input sequence for a’ contains <S’,a’> for each state S’.The transition molecule cuts the input at the right place by the spacer.
Shapiro’s DNA Automaton• Nature 2001• 2 input symbols, 2 states• FokI
a=CTGGCT b=CGCAGC
5’-p…22…GGATGTAC3’-GGT…22…CCTACATGCCGAp
5’-p…22…GGATGACGAC3’-GGT…22…CCTACTGCTGCCGAp
S0,a→S0
S0,a→S1
Yurke: DNA Tweezers
Seeman: PX-JX2 Switch
Multi-state Molecular Machineinput1
input2
input3
2
1
2
3
1
3
3 3
1
2
……
……
……Our goals:Successive state changeInput order sensitive
Hairpin-based Machine
Hairpin_template Oligomer
20
7
2020
(67 bp + 3’ FITC)
Oligomer1Oligomer2Oligomer3Oligomer4
20 + 20 = 40bp15 + 20 = 35bp10 + 20 = 30bp 5 + 20 = 25bp
Oliogomer : ヘアピン構造を開くために用いるss DNA
A B C D E10 % PAGEA : Hairpin_templateB : Hairpin_template + oligomer1C : Hairpin_template + oligomer2D : Hairpin_template + oligomer3E : Hairpin_template + oligomer4
シングルヘアピンの状態遷移確認実験
B ではシングルヘアピン構造にオリゴマーが結合し,ヘアピン構造が開いて状態遷移している.そのためヘアピン構造を示すバンドが減少し,新たにヘアピン構造が開いた状態のバンドが現れている.
分子の構造変化経路
ΔG1
ΔG2
二次構造
ΔG1 の最小化⇒構造変化の高速化
妥当な変化経路の予測が必要
局所最適最短経路
大域最適最短経路
大域最適経路
自由エネルギー
DNA へのアゾベンゼンの導入
DNA に挿入されたアゾベンゼンの状態により, hybridization の安定度が変化する。 (Asanuma et al., 1999)
300 nm<<400 nm
400 nm<
二重鎖の形成と解離の光制御に成功
trans
二重鎖が形成
cis
二重鎖が解離
Lights as Inputs (still a dream)