molecular defects in cardiovascular disease978-1-4419-7130... · 2017-08-27 · become defective...
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Molecular Defects in Cardiovascular Disease
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Naranjan S. Dhalla • Makoto Nagano Bohuslav OstadalEditors
Molecular Defects in Cardiovascular Disease
EditorsNaranjan S. Dhalla, PhD, MD (Hon)Institute of Cardiovascular SciencesSt. Boniface General Hospital Research Centre Winnipeg, Canadaand Department of Physiology Faculty of Medicine University of Manitoba Winnipeg, [email protected]
Bohuslav Ostadal, MD, DScCentre for Cardiovascular ResearchAcademy of Sciences of the Czech RepublicPrague, Czech Republicand Institute of Physiology Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Prague, Czech [email protected]
Makoto Nagano, MD, PhDJikei University School of MedicineTokyo, [email protected]
ISBN 978-1-4419-7129-6 e-ISBN 978-1-4419-7130-2DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-7130-2Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London
Library of Congress Control Number: 2011933568
© Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden.The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights.While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of going to press, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein.
Printed on acid-free paper
Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
This book is dedicated in the memory of Kalwant (Ken) S. Dhalla for his untiring efforts to serve the cardiovascular community throughout the world during 1977–2010. This tribute to Ken Dhalla is accorded for his special talents in promoting collaborations and friendships within members of the International Society for Heart Research and the International Academy of Cardiovascular Sciences. Ken was a scholar, philosopher, and a great human being. His positive approach to see goodness in everybody and every event are truly being missed.
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Preface
Cardiovascular disease is a major challenge for the health care system as it encompasses high levels of mortality and morbidity. Various cardiovascular complications, such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, and diabetes, are known to predispose the heart to become more susceptible to myocardial infarction and/or other pathological stimuli leading to the development of congestive heart failure. Not only is the cardiac muscle adversely affected, but also differ-ent risk factors are known to directly result in severe vascular abnormalities. It is generally considered that there occurs hormonal imbalance at initial stages of heart disease, and this results in the occurrence of some adaptive changes, including cardiac hypertrophy, for maintaining the normal status of the cardiovascular system. However, prolonged exposure of the body to diverse pathological stimuli ends up in the malfunction of cardiac and vascu-lar myocytes. Despite a great deal of efforts, which have been made over the past 60 years, no satisfactory cure is available for the treatment of cardiovas-cular dysfunction associated with different types of heart disease. This state of affairs is primarily due to the lack of our knowledge concerning the mecha-nisms leading to cardiovascular dysfunction as well as the identification of specific targets for drug development and therapy. This problem is further complicated by the fact that cardiovascular defects are now being recognized as dependent upon the type as well as stage of the disease.
Recently, numerous studies are being directed for understanding the process of remodeling of cardiomyocytes and vascular myocytes to uncover the molecular mechanisms of cardiovascular dysfunction. In particular, vari-ous signal transduction systems, which affect the genetic machinery of the cell, are being explored in both cardiovascular health and disease. It is becoming clear that the occurrence of oxidative stress and the development of intra cellular Ca2+-overload, as well as metabolic derangements, play an important role in the activation of different proteases and phospholipases for the inhibition of subcellular organelle function. Furthermore, these mecha-nisms have also been discovered to alter the gene expression in both cardio-myocytes and vascular myocytes, and thus affect subcellular remodeling and activities of subcellular organelles. In particular, the functional groups of proteins in subcellular organelles become inactivated and/or protein con-tent of different subcellular organelles, including sarcolemma, sarcoplasmic
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reticulum, mitochondria, myofibrils, and nucleus, as well as extracellular matrix become altered. These changes are then considered to result in abnor-malities of cardiovascular function. The present book was, therefore, assem-bled to emphasize the significance of various molecular mechanisms which become defective and are thus associated with the genesis of cardiovascular dysfunction in different types of heart disease.
This book on “Molecular Defects in Cardiovascular Disease” is based on 27 invited articles from well-known investigators with distinct expertise in their fields of cardiovascular sciences. These articles have been arranged in three sections, namely: (a) Molecular Mechanisms in Heart Disease, (b) Cardiac Hypertrophy and Heart Failure, and (c) Hypertension and Diabetes. The first section is focused on general discussion for the role of intracellular Ca2+-overload, oxidative stress, metalloproteases, regulation of intracellular elec-trolytes, hypoxic injury, and cell therapy for cardioprotection to emphasize the role of changes in molecular mechanisms for the development of cardio-vascular dysfunction. The second section deals with metabolic derangements, Ca2+-handling, and subcellular remodeling during the development of cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure with or without drug treatments. This section illustrates the role of a wide variety of molecular defects which may serve as targets associated with the transition of cardiac hypertrophy to heart failure. The third section in this book is mainly concerned with vascular defects which are associated with hypertension and diabetes. In addition, the impor-tance of different hormones in the pathogenesis of hypertension and diabetic cardiomyopathy has been highlighted. Thus, the information outlined in this book can be seen to provide a multifaceted approach to find solutions of prob-lems associated with cardiovascular dysfunction.
We are indeed grateful to Mrs. Eva Little and Dr. Vijayan Elimban for their help in the preparation of manuscripts for editing purposes. Our thanks are also due to Ms. Frances Louie and Mr. Ian Hayes, Springer New York, for their advice during the editorial process. It is hoped that this book containing state of the art articles will be valuable to students, fellows, scientists, clini-cians, and surgeons for gaining insight into the molecular mechanisms of cardiovascular disease.
Winnipeg, Canada Naranjan S. DhallaTokyo, Japan Makoto NaganoPrague, Czech Republic Bohuslav Ostadal
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Contents
Part I Molecular Mechanisms in Heart Disease
Calcium Overloading-Induced Oxidative Stress-Mediated Cellular and Subcellular Remodeling .................. 3Yaser Cheema, Atta U. Shahbaz, Syamal K. Bhattacharya, Robert A. Ahokas, Yao Sun, Ivan C. Gerling, and Karl T. Weber
Intracellular MMP-2: Role in Normal and Diseased Hearts ............................................................................ 17Nermeen Youssef and Richard Schulz
Control of the Mesenchymal-Derived Cell Phenotype by Ski and Meox2: A Putative Mechanism for Postdevelopmental Phenoconversion ........................................... 29Ryan H. Cunnington, Josette M. Douville, Jeffrey T. Wigle, Darren H. Freed, Dedmer Schaafsma, Sarah O’Connor, Shivika Gupta, Sunil G. Rattan, Andrew J. Halayko, and Ian M.C. Dixon
Elevated Na+–H+ Exchanger Expression and Its Role in Myocardial Disease ......................................................................... 43Larry Fliegel
Impact of Perinatal Chronic Hypoxia on Cardiac Tolerance to Acute Ischemia .............................................................. 55Bohuslav Ostadal, I. Ostadalova, F. Kolar, I. Netuka, and O. Szarszoi
Stem Cell, MicroRNA and Redox Cycling ........................................ 69Partha Mukhopadhyay, Narasimman Gurusamy, and Dipak K. Das
Cardiac Cell Therapy: Present and Future ...................................... 83Dinender K. Singla
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Part II Cardiac Hypertrophy and Heart Failure
Macroscopic and Microscopic Aspects of Cardiac Dysfunction in Congestive Heart Failure .......................................... 95Henk E.D.J. ter Keurs
Cardiac Dysfunction and Metabolism: Unravelling the Molecular Cross-Talk ................................................................... 109Vijay Sharma and John H. McNeill
Metabolic Remodelling of the Hypertrophied Heart ....................... 127Jiazhen M. Dai and Michael F. Allard
Mechanisms for the Regulation of Phospholipase C Gene Expression in Cardiac Hypertrophy.................................... 141Paramjit S. Tappia
Molecular Changes in Fatty Acid Oxidation in the Failing Heart ........................................................................................ 153Jagdip S. Jaswal, Wendy Keung, Wei Wang, John R. Ussher, and Gary D. Lopaschuk
Cardiolipin Metabolism in Experimental and Human Heart Failure ....................................................................................... 177Grant M. Hatch
Mechanisms Underlying Development of Cardiomyocyte Hypertrophy via Na–H Exchange Stimulation ................................ 185Morris Karmazyn
The Structural Basis of Cardiac Dysfunction in Human Heart Failure ..................................................................... 197Stefan Hein, Sawa Kostin, and Jutta Schaper
Hormonal Mechanisms of Cardiac Remodeling in Heart Failure ................................................................................... 215Andrea P. Babick, Vijayan Elimban, and Naranjan S. Dhalla
Modulators of Remodeling After Myocardial Infarction ................ 231Bodh I. Jugdutt
Phosphodiesterase-5 Inhibitors in Protection Against Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiomyopathy .............................. 243Saisudha Koka and Rakesh C. Kukreja
Part III Hypertension and Diabetes
Molecular Basis of Pulmonary Hypertension in Left Heart Failure ........................................................................... 259Binil Raj, Harikrishnan Sivadasanpillai, and Chandrasekharan Cheranellore Kartha
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Modulation of Gi Protein Expression in Hypertension: Molecular Mechanisms ....................................................................... 273Madhu B. Anand-Srivastava
Vascular Dysfunction in Heart Disease ............................................. 283Raissa Perrault and Peter Zahradka
Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms Associated with Salicylate Inhibition of Intimal Hyperplasia Following Balloon Catheter-Induced Vascular Injury .................... 305S.N. Murthy, P.J. Kadowitz, and D.B. McNamara
Involvement of Growth Factor Receptor and Nonreceptor Protein Tyrosine Kinases in Endothelin-1 and Angiotensin II-Induced Signaling Pathways in the Cardiovascular System ...... 315George Vardatsikos and Ashok K. Srivastava
Sarco/Endoplasmic Reticulum Ca2+ Pump Damage by Oxidative Stress: Implications for Ca2+ Entry............................. 335Gauri Akolkar and Ashok K. Grover
Obesity–Hypertension: Leptin as the Common Link to Cardiovascular and Renal Dysregulation .................................... 343Shilpa Kshatriya, Hani Kozman, Danish Siddiqui, Luna Bhatta, Kan Liu, Ali Salah, Timothy Ford, Robert Michiel, Robert Carhart, and Daniel Villarreal
Cardiorenal Protection in Diabetes Mellitus .................................... 353Himanshu Vashistha, Leonard G. Meggs, and Ashwani Malhotra
Molecular Mechanisms in the Pathogenesis of Diabetic Cardiomyopathy .................................................................................. 365Subrata Chakrabarti
Index ..................................................................................................... 379
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Contributors
Robert A. Ahokas Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
Gauri Akolkar Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
Michael F. Allard Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine/James Hogg Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
Madhu B. Anand-Srivastava Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Andrea P. Babick Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface General Hospital Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
Luna Bhatta Department of Internal Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Syracuse, NY, USA
Syamal K. Bhattacharya Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
Robert Carhart Department of Internal Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
Subrata Chakrabarti Department of Pathology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
Yaser Cheema Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
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Ryan H. Cunnington Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba and the Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface General Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
Jiazhen M. Dai Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine/Heart and Lung Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Dipak K. Das Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
Naranjan S. Dhalla Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface General Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, Canada
Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
Ian M.C. Dixon Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba and the Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface General Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
Josette M. Douville Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba and the Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface General Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
Vijayan Elimban Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface General Hospital Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
Larry Fliegel Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
Timothy Ford Department of Internal Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Syracuse, NY, USA
Darren H. Freed Department of Surgery, Section of Cardiac Surgery, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface General Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
Ivan C. Gerling Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
Ashok K. Grover Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
Shivika Gupta Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface General Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
Narasimman Gurusamy Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
Andrew J. Halayko Departments of Internal Medicine and Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
The Biology of Breathing Group, Manitoba Institute of Child Health, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
Grant M. Hatch Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Center for Research and Treatment of Atherosclerosis, Manitoba Institute of Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
Stefan Hein Department of Cardiac Surgery, Kerckhoff Clinic, Bad Nauheim, Germany
Jagdip S. Jaswal Departments of Pediatrics and Pharmacology, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
Bodh I. Jugdutt Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta and Hospitals, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
P.J. Kadowitz Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
Morris Karmazyn Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
Chandrasekharan Cheranellore Kartha Division of Cardiovascular Disease Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Trivandrum, India
Wendy Keung Departments of Pediatrics and Pharmacology, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
Henk E.D.J. ter Keurs Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
Saisudha Koka Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA
F. Kolar Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
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Sawa Kostin Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
Hani Kozman Department of Internal Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Syracuse, NY, USA
Shilpa Kshatriya Department of Internal Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
Rakesh C. Kukreja Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA
Kan Liu Department of Internal Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Syracuse, NY, USA
Gary D. Lopaschuk Departments of Pediatrics and Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
Ashwani Malhotra Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park, NY, USA
D.B. McNamara Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
John H. McNeill Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
Leonard G. Meggs Department of Nephrology, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA, USA
Robert Michiel Department of Internal Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Syracuse, NY, USA
Partha Mukhopadhyay Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, NIAAA, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
S.N. Murthy Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
I. Netuka Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Prague, Czech Republic
Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
Sarah O’Connor Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba and the Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface General Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
Bohuslav Ostadal Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Prague, Czech Republic
Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
xviiContributors
I. Ostadalova Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
Raissa Perrault Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba and Canadian Centre for Agrifood Research in Health and Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
Harikrishnan Sivadasanpillai Department of Cardiology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Science and Technology, Trivandrum, India
Binil Raj Division of Cardiovascular Disease Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Center for Biotechnology, Trivandrum, India
Sunil G. Rattan Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface General Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
Ali Salah Department of Internal Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Syracuse, NY, USA
Dedmer Schaafsma Departments of Internal Medicine and Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
The Biology of Breathing Group, Manitoba Institute of Child Health, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
Jutta Schaper Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
Richard Schulz Departments of Pediatrics and Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Centre, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
Atta U. Shahbaz Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
Vijay Sharma Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Danish Siddiqui Department of Internal Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Syracuse, NY, USA
Dinender K. Singla Biomolecular Science Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
xviii Contributors
Ashok K. Srivastava Laboratory of Cellular Signaling, Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Research Center – Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
Yao Sun Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
O. Szarszoi Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
Paramjit S. Tappia Asper Clinical Research Institute, St. Boniface Hospital Research and Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
John R. Ussher Departments of Pediatrics and Pharmacology, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
George Vardatsikos Laboratory of Cellular Signaling, Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Research Center – Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Québec, Canada
Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
Himanshu Vashistha Department of Nephrology, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA, USA
Daniel Villarreal Department of Internal Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Syracuse, NY, USA
Wei Wang Departments of Pediatrics and Pharmacology, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
Karl T. Weber Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
Jeffrey T. Wigle Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba and the Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface General Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
Nermeen Youssef Departments of Pediatrics and Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Centre, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
Peter Zahradka Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba and Canadian Centre for Agrifood Research in Health and Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada