• Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering

Yingxiao Wang

Beckman 4261 x36727 yingxiao@uiuc.edu

http://imaging.bioen.uiuc.edu/yingxiao_wang/classes.htm

• Objective

To introduce the cutting-edge engineering technologies applied in the molecular and cellular

biology research, i.e. how can the properties of genes, molecules, and cells be monitored,

measured, manipulated, and modeled to advance our understanding of the complex biological

system.

• Cells

• Genomes

• Genomes Control Cellular Functions

• Molecules

• Reactions between Molecules

Introduction

• Cells and Genomes

Cells Determine the Whole Multi-cellular Organism

Cells are dictated by linear information

stored in DNA Units and Assembly

DNA Units and Assembly

DNA Replication

From DNA to Protein

Transcription (From DNA to RNA)

The Conformation of RNA

Hepatitis Delta Virus

tRNA

Translation (mRNA->Protein)

3D Structure of Ribosome

Ribosome

mRNA

tRNAs

The Function of Proteins

Gene and Regulatory DNA

Bilayer of amphipathic Lipids Forming Membrane: Plasma Membrane

Plasma Membrane

Summary 1

•DNA (linear information) ->RNA (different forms, linear and 3D) ->Protein (Linear and 3D)•Replication, Transcription, Translation•DNA and RNA, phosphate+sugar+base•DNA, Double Helix, AGTC•RNA, tRNA, mRNA (AGUC), rRNA•RNA and Protein, Various 3D structures•Protein, enzyme, structure supports, regulation of DNAs•Lipids, cell membrane

Gene Alteration (I)

Gene Alteration (II)

Gene Comparison

Cell TypesProcaryotes (without nucleus) and Eucaryotes (with nucleus)

An Eucaryotic Cell

PhagocytosisWhite blood cell engulfing a red blood cell

MitochondrionOwn tRNA, mRNA, ribosome, own circular DNA

Proposed Hypothesis: the Origin of Mitochondria

The Origin of Chloroplasts

Eucaryotic genomes are large and rich in regulatory

DNAs, which can sense environmental signals and regulate cellular products

and functionsEnvironment and Cellular

Functions and Fate

Yeast: the Simplest Eucaryote Cell ModelGenome small, cell cycle rapid (almost the same as bacteria)

Microarray Study of Yeast Genome upon Stimulation

Multicellular Animal Model Systems and the Ultimate Goal-Human Beings

C-eleganDrosophila

Cell cycle, apoptosiscompartmentalization

Cell cycle short (days), genome simple (single gene controlling one phenotype)

Multicellular Animal Model Systems and the Ultimate Goal-Human Beings

MouseHuman Beings

Mutational Genesis to Find Gene Functions in Model SystemsRedundancy and overlapping of gene functions (the

complexity of model studies)

Summary 2

•Gene Alterations: mutation, duplication, segment shuffling, horizontal transfer•Procaryote (bacteria and Archaea) and Eucaryotes (nucleus)•The structure and development of Eucaryotes (predators)•Large Genome and sophiscated gene regulation (Environment effects on Gene expressions)•Single cell model system: yeast•Multicelullar Model systems: c elegans, drosophila, mouse, human being •Complexity of Gene mutagenesis