`mo{j`m| ho$ ahñ` d m Ëh$ma

(1)`mo{J`m| Ho$ ahñ` d M_ËH$ma`mo{J`m| Ho$ ahñ` d M_ËH$ma

_Zwî` AWmh e{ŠV`m| H$m ^ÊS>ma h¡ naÝVw gm_mÝ`V… _Zwî` AnZremar[aH$, _mZ{gH$, ~m¡{ÕH$ Ed§ Am[Ë_H$ e{ŠV`m| H$m _mÌ bmIdm± ^mJhr Cn`moJ H$a nmVm h¡Ÿ& JdX² {ŠV, _§ÌOn, àmUmonmgZm, Jwégodm AWdm`moJ H$s {g{Õ hmo OmZo go Cg _Zwî` H$s AmÝV[aH$ e{ŠV`m± Ed§ AÝV…àkmOmJ¥V hmo OmVr h¡ Am¡a dh _mZd go _hm_mZd AWm©V² _hmnwéf ~Z OmVmh¡ & [a{Õ`m±-{g{Õ`m± CgH$s Xmgr hmo OmVr h§¡Ÿ& {\$a Cg _hmnwéf _| B©ídar`-e{ŠV`m| H$m AdVaU hmoZo bJVm h¡ & dh Y_©, AÜ`mË_, g§ñH¥${V Ed§B©ídar` gÎmm H$m OrdÝV ê$n hmoVm h¡ & dh bmIm|-H$amo‹S>mo§ bmoJm| H$sAmñWm H$m Ho$ÝÐ hmo OmVm h¡, dh na_mË_m H$m à{Vê$n hmoVm h¡ &

AmYw{ZH$ d¡km{ZH$m| Zo `h ñdrH$ma {H$`m h¡ {H$ _mZd _| {Z{hVe{ŠV H$moo hOma `m bmI JwZm VH$ ~‹T>m {b`m Om` {Ogo "{g[ÊS>[a`Z'H$hm OmVm h¡ Vmo H$moB© r ì`{ŠV M_ËH$ma H$a gH$Vm h¡ & AJa "{g[ÊS>[a`Z'H$mo 10 bmI JwZm ~‹T>m {b`m Om o Vmo AÝ` J«hm| H$s g_ñV J{V{d{Y`m|H$s OmZH$mar àmßV H$a gH$Vo h¢, g§Xoe oO gH$Vo h¢, AmH$me _| {dMaUH$a gH$Vo h¢, gyú_-eara YmaU H$a gH$Vo h¢ & Bgr e{ŠV go g_wÐ gyIgH$Vm h¡, n¥Ïdr _ZMmhr OJh na ñWmZmÝV[aV hmo gH$Vr h¡ &

h_ ~mV H$a aho h¡§ ~«÷doÎmm _hmnwéf H$sŸ& M_ËH$ma H$aZm AbJ ~mV h¡,~«÷kmZ nmZm ~hþV D±$Mr ~mV h¡Ÿ& {dkmZ BZ {df`m| _| ZÝhm gm{~V hmo OmVmh¡, {dkmZ H$m Ohm± AÝV hmoVm h¡, AmË_{dÚm dhm± go Amaå^ hmoVr h¡ & {dkmZ{H$VZm r {dH$mg H$ao bo{H$Z JYo H$mo AmX_r Zhr§ ~Zm gH$Vm O~{H$ ±dar{~Zm àXyfU \¡$bmE H$s‹S>o H$mo AnZo {~b _| bo-OmH$a AnZo O¡gm ~Zm XoVr h¡Ÿ&[a{Õ-{g{Õ`m| Ho$ YZr 1400 df© Ho$ Mm±JXod, 22 df© Ho$ AmË_kmZr g§VkmZoídaOr H$m {eî`Ëd ñdrH$ma H$aHo$ AmË_{dÚm àmßV H$aVo h¢ & ~«÷kmZr_hmnwéf M_ËH$ma H$aVo Zhr§, BZ_| lÕm aIZo dmbm| H$s _ZmoH$m_Zm AnZo AmnnyU© hmo OmVr h¡, KQ>ZmE± KQ> OmVr h¡§, bmoJ bo hr Bgo M_ËH$ma H$s g§km Xo§ &BZ AmË_kmZr nwéfm| Ho {bE M_ËH$ma H$aZm Vmo _Xmar H$m Iob O¡gm hr h¡Ÿ&

(2) `mo{J`m| Ho$ ahñ` d M_ËH$ma(1) OJX²Jwé AmÚ-e§H$mamMm ©

gZ² 686 B©. _| Ho$ab àXoe Ho$ àmMrZ _bmda {Obo _|AdV[aV Amn Zo gånyU© ^maV _| «_U {H$`m VWm gZmVZY_© H$s nwZ©ñWmnZm H$s & {dÚmWuH$mb _| EH$ {XZ ~mbH$

e§H$a EH$ Ûma na {^jm _m±JZo J o & d¥Õ _mVm Zo EH$ Am±dbm XoVo hþE H$hm""~oQ>o BgHo$ Abmdm Ka _| AÝZ H$m EH$ XmZm r Zht h¡ &'' V~ ~mbH$ e§H$aZo dht ~¡R>H$a bú_r ñVmoÌ H$m nmR> H$a Xodr H$m AmˆmZ {H$ m & Xygao {XZ d¥Õ_mVm Ho$ H$_ao Ho$ Mmamo Amoa ñdU© Ho$ Am±dbo {~Iao hþE {_bo &

P _¥V ~mbH$ H$mo OrdZXmZ … _m¡Zm[å~H$m _| EH$ Xån{V AnZo_ao hþE nwÌ H$mo Zo AmMm © Ho$ MaUm| _| aIH$a amoZo bJo & AmMm © Zo Á`m| hr_¥V ~mbH$ Ho$ eara na hmW \o$am Vmo ~mbH$ Or{dV hmo J`m &

P {~Zm n‹T>o hr {dÛmZ … AmnH$m {J[a Zm_H$ {eî` AZn‹T> Wm &bo{H$Z Amn_| Iy~ lÕm aIH$a godm H$aVm Wm & AmnH$s H¥$nm go dh {~Zmn‹T>o hr ~hþV ~‹S>m {dÛmZ hmo J`m & CZH$m Zm_ VmoQ>H$mMm © n‹S>m & AmMm ©Zo H$hm ""lÕm go EH$mJ«Vm AmVr h¡, _Z H$s M§MbVm ZîQ>> hmoVr h¡ Am¡a{MÎm ewÕ hmoVm h¡ & lÕm hr gd© {dÚm H$m _yb h¡ &''(2) bŠH$‹S> ^maVr H$m A§J«oOm| H$mo lmn … gZ² 1857 _|H$bH$Îmm Ho$ H$mbrKmQ> na hmo ahr AmaVr _| A§J«oO A{YH$mar Ho$ hñVjon nañdm_r AmZ§X-^maVr H$s S>m±Q> go dh Jy§Jm hmo J`m Am¡a dhm± go mJ J`mŸ& JdZ©aOZab dmaoZ ho{ñQ>§J Zo Bgo nyar A§J«o{O`V H$m An_mZ g_Pm & ñdm_rOr H$mo90 _Z bH$‹S>>r H$s {MVm _| qOXm Obm {X`m & bo{H$Z AmJ H$s bnQ>m| _|ñdm_rOr Obo Zhr§ & dmaoZ ho{ñQ>§J {J‹S>{J‹S>mVo hþE _m\$s _m±JZo bJm & ñdm_rOrZo H$hm ""Om _yI© ! VwPo _m\$ H$aVm hÿ± bo{H$Z mX aIZm {OVZo _Z bH${‹S> m±VyZo Bg {MVm _| S>mbr CVZo hr dfm] _| Vwåh| hm± go AnZm H$mbm _w±h boH$a dmngOmZm n‹S>oJm & BZ bH${‹S> m| H$s Vah Vwåhmam amÁ` r g_mßV hmo Om oJm &''Bg KQ>Zm Ho$ ~mX bmoJm| _| Amn "bŠH$‹S> ^maVr' Ho$ Zm_ go à{gÕ hþE &

(3)`mo{J`m| Ho$ ahñ` d M_ËH$ma(3) Xodamhm ~m~m (AkmV-gZ² 1990 B©.)

Ûmna H$mbrZ `moJr A`mo{ZOm (ñÌr Ho$ J © {~ZmCËnÝZ) lr Xodahm ~m~m H$^r gmoVo Zhr§ Wo & Zonmb ZaoeH$s 18 nr{T> m| Ho$ nrN>o VH$ Ho$ Amn Jwé aho &

P ~m~m EH$, eara Xmo … gZ² 1986 _| h[aÛma _hmHw§$^ _| ñZmZH$s _w»` {V{W Ho$ {XZ nw{bg A{YH$mar ~m~m H$mo boZo Ho$ {bE Hw${Q> m naAm o & ~m~mOr _MmZ na I‹S>o gËg§J H$a aho h¢ & A{YH$mar ~ma-~ma~m~mOr go MbZo H$s àmW©Zm H$a aho h¢ & CYa ~«÷Hw§$S> na ~m~mOr Xÿgameara àH$Q> H$a ñZmZ H$a aho h¢ & hOmam|-hOmam| bmoJ ~m~mOr H$m Xe©Z dMaUñne© H$a aho h¢ & Xÿgar nw{bg ì`dñWm _| bJr h¡ & h M_ËH$ma VwaÝVXoe-{dXoe _| \¡$b J`m Wm &

P noem~ go noQ—>mob … gZ² 1947 go nyd© _|, nmg Am o hþE A§J«oOH$boŠQ>a go ~m~m Zo nyN>m ~ƒm ! Vwåhmao {dkmZ Ho$ nmg AmO g~go _hÎdnyU©Cnb{ãY Š`m h¡ ? H$m\$s gmoMZo na CgZo noQ>mo{b`_ ~Vm`m & ~m~m Zo H$hm~ƒm ! Vwåhmar BVZr _hÎdnyU© dñVw Vmo `hm± noem~ go ~hVr h¡, XoImoJo ?CgZo "hm±' H$hm & ~m~m Zo EH$ {eî` H$mo AmdmO XoH$a ~wbm`m & ~m~m Ho$H$hZo na Cg {eî` Zo H$boŠQ>a H$s Vm¡{b`m boH$a Cg na noem~ {H$`m &O¡go hr H$boŠQ>a Zo _m{Mg bJm`r Vmo Vm¡{b`m _| Vwa§V> AmJ bJ J`r &

P noem~ go gmoZm … ~m~m Zo EH$ {eî` H$mo noem~ go gmoZm ~ZmZm{gIm {X`mŸ& dh b§Ja- §S>mao H$aVo-H$aVo ~‹S>r »`m{V H$mo àmßV hþAm & H$am§MrH$m A§J«oO {ObmYre Zo N>mnm _ma H$a 15-20 {H$bmo gmoZm OßV {H$`m VWmnoem~ go gmoZm ~ZZo H$m AmíM © gwZ CgZo r EH$ {Šd§Q>b gmoZm$~Zdm`m &`h g^r bJ^J 120 {H$bmo gmoZm H$am§Mr Ho$ å y{O`_ _| aIdm {X`m &

P mbwAm| H$m Ê‹S>mam … nR>mZH$moQ _| mbwAm| H$m ~‹S>m AmV§H$ Wm &nR>mZH$moQ> Zaoe lrH¥$îU emh H$mo ~m~mOr Zo H$hm 2000 go Á`mXm bmoJm| H$mny‹S>r, gãOr d hbwAm ~ZdmAmo & ~m~mOr Zo 2000 ^mbwAm| H$mo ~wbmH$a

(4) `mo{J`m| Ho$ ahñ` d M_ËH$man§JV _| {~R>m`m, nÎmb na g^r mbwAm| H$mo ß`ma go moOZ H$adm`m & mbwAm|H$s ~¡R>H$ _| ~m~mOr Zo H$hm ""AmO go _Zwî`m| H$mo Amn bmoJm| Ûmam H$moB© hm{ZZhr§ hmoZr Mm{hEŸ&'' BgHo$ ~mX go mbwAm| H$m AmV§H$ {~ëHw$b IË_ hmo J`m &(4) ZdZmW (10 dr§ eVmãXr)

AmO go bJ^J EH$ hOma df© nyd© {dH«$_ g§dV² H$s Xgdt eVmãXr _|g^r ZdZmW EH$ hr g_` Hw$N> hr AmJo nrN>o hþE WoŸ& e§H$amMm © Ho$ ~mX Ho$Y_© àMmaH$m| _| JmoaIZmWOr H$m Zm_ AJ«JÊ` h¡Ÿ& {ÌXodVmAm| Ho$ à{Vê$nH${dZmamÙ, h[aZmamÙ ...BZ Zd ZmamÙm| Zo 1._Ëñ oÝÐZmW, 2.JmoaIZmW, 3. OmbÝYaZmW, 4. H$mZr\$mZmW, 5. ^V¥©h[aZmW, 6.J{hZrZmW, 7. aodUZmW, 8. ZmJZmW VWm 9. Mn©Q>rZmW Ho$ ê$n _| AdVmaJ«hU H$a ZmW n§W H$s ñWmnZm Ed§ àMma àgma Ho$ H$m © {H$ o & BZ g^rZdZmWm| H$m OÝ_ {H$gr ñÌr Ho$ J © go Zhr§ hþAm Wm & o g^r `moJ{dÚm,AñÌ-eñÌ {dÚm, Vn, g_m{Y Am{X {df`m| _| nma§JV WoŸ& n¥Ïdr, AmH$me,nmVmb g^r ñWmZm| _| BZH$s J{V Wr & ZdZmWm| Ho$ M_ËH$mam| H$s H$hm{Z`m±^maV Ho$ Ka-Ka _| àM{bV h¢ & ZdZmW A_a h¢ VWm AmO r Xe©Z XoVo h¢Ÿ&

P Zonmb Zaoe Ho$ A{YH$ AË`mMma Ho$ H$maU JmoaIZmWOr Zo nyaoZonmb H$s dfm© hr `moJ~b go amoH$ XrŸ& amOH$mof Imbr hmoZo bJm, àOmÌm{h_m_² nwH$maZo bJrŸ& amOm Ûmam _m±\$s _m±JZo na Amn Zo _m\$ H$a {X`mŸ&bo{H$Z Hw$N> g_` ~mX amOm {\$a go Owë_ H$aZo bJm & Cg g_` AmnH$sgodm _| EH$ ~y‹T>r _mB© H$m b‹S>>H$m ~bd§V ahVm Wm & Amn Zo H$hm "~bd§V{_Å>r Ho$ Vy hOmam| nwVbo ~Zm, _¢ VwPo amOm ~ZmZm MmhVm hÿ±Ÿ& Amn Zo CZ nwVbm|_| g§OrdZr {dÚm go àmU-à{VîR>m H$a XrŸ& nwVbm| H$s goZm V¡ ma hmo J`r &~bd§V Zo h goZm boH$a Zonmb Zaoe na M‹T>>mB© H$a {dO` àmßV H$a {b`mŸ&~mX _| ~bd§V Zo H$hm JwéXod h_mao Hw$b _| Omo hmoJo§ do "JmoaIm' Ho$ Zm_ goOmZo Om |Jo & V~ go JmoaIm Om{V MbrŸ& AmnHo$ hr AmeudmX go Madmhmb‹S>H$m ~mßnm H$mbm ^moO _odm‹S> amÁ` H$m g§ñWmnH$ ~mßnm amdb ~ZmŸ&

(5)`mo{J`m| Ho$ ahñ` d M_ËH$ma(5) g§V H$~raXmg (gZ² 1456 B©.- 1575 B©.)

^{ŠV Am§XmobZ Ho$ Ûmam gm_m{OH$ d amOZr{VH$ H«$m§{VH$m g¥OZ H$aZodmbo ñdm_r am_mZ§XOr (gZ² 1299 B©.-1410 B©.) Zo g^r g_mO Ho$ bmoJm| H$mo {eî` ~ZmH$a 25hOma H$s ~¥hX² {eî` _§S>br I‹S>r H$s & {OZ_| AZ§VmZ§X, gwImZ§X,gwaoídamZ§X, Zah[a`mZ§X, `moJmZ§X Am{X ~«m÷U, g§V nrnmZ§X j{Ì`, g§VH$~ra Owbmhm, g§V goZmZ§X ZmB©, g§V KZmZ§X OmQ> d ^ŠV a¡Xmg M_ma Wo,Jmb_mZ§X, ^dmZ§X, nÙmdVr, gwaoídar o g^r {eî` {gÕ g§V hmo J o &

P H$~raXmg H$s ñnîQ>dm{XVm go H$Å>an§Wr {hÝXÿ d _wgb_mZ XmoZm|{M‹T>o hþE Wo, gwëVmZ {gH§$Xa bmoYr H$mo CÝhmoZo§ ‹S>H$m`m {H$ H$~ra AYm{_©H$d M[aÌhrZ h¡ & {gH§$Xa bmoYr Zo g§V H$~ra H$mo Zmd _| nËWa aIH$a Ob_| Sw>~mo {X`m, H$~raOr Ob go {OÝXm ~mha {ZH$bo, {\$a AmJ _| Obdm`m,na Zht Obo, Iy§Ima hmWr H$mo H$~ra Ho$ D$na N>mo‹S>m, hmWr Zo Hw$N> Zht {H$ m &

P H$~raOr Ob _| Ob hmo J o … EH$ ~ma ZXr {H$Zmao Iob-Iob_| hr, OmoJr JmoaIZmW _oT>H$ ~Z J o, H$~raOr Zo ImoO {ZH$mbm & H$~raOrVmo Ob _| Ob ~Z J oŸ& A~ H$hm± Ty>T>o ? AV… _mVm bmoB© Ho$ nmg EH$H$_§S>b Ob ^aHo$ JmoaIZmWOr nhþ±Mo & H$hm _mVo ! H$~raOr Bgr Ob _|Ob hmo J o, Zhr§ {_b aho h¢ & _mVm bmoB© Zo H$hm, Ob H$s Yma H$[a o &Cgr Ob-Yma _| H$~raOr àH$Q> hmo J o &(6) Xodr Zo {H$`m ~_m| H$mo ZmH$m_ … ^maV-nm{H$ñVmZ wÕHo$ g_` 16 Zd§~a 1965 H$mo nm{H$ñVmZ Ho$ g¡{ZH$m| Zo AmJo ~‹T>H$a emhJ‹T>VH$ 150 {H$bmo_rQ>a H$ãOm H$a {b`m Am¡a VÝZmoQ> Ho$ Mmamo Amoa 3000~_ ~agm o & g^r ~_ ZmH$m_ & dhm± ~Zo VÝZmoQ> Xodr _§{Xa n[aga _| r 450~_ n‹S>o bo{H$Z EH$ r ~_ \$Q>m Zhr§ VWm _§{Xa H$mo Iam|M VH$ Zht Am`r &do ~_ AmO r _§{Xa Ho$ å y{O`_ _| aIo hþE h¢ & gZ² 1965 Ho$ wÕ Ho$ ~mXBg _§{Xa H$s {Oå_oXmar gr_m gwajm ~b (~rEgE\$) Zo bo br h¡Ÿ&

(6) `mo{J`m| Ho$ ahñ` d M_ËH$ma(7) Jwé ZmZH$Or (gZ² 1469 B©.-1539 B©.)

n§Om~ _| Ky_Vo-Ky_Vo Amn EH$ D±$Mo Q>r>bo Ho$ nmg nhþ±Mo &ß`mg go ì`mHw$b _Xm©Zm Zo D± Mo Q>r>bo na nwamZo Hw$E± Ho$ nmg~Zr Hw${Q> m _| {gÕ \$H$sa ~br H$ÝXar go nmZr _m±JmŸ& K_ÊS>r\$H$sa AmJ ~~ybm hmo J`m & ZmZH$Or Zo _Xm©Zm H$mo H$hm Ohm± I‹S>o hmo dhr gonËWa hQ>mAmoŸ& nËWa hQ>mVo hr ObYma \y$Q> {ZH$br Am¡a \$H$sa H$m Hw$Am± gyIJ`m & \$H$sa Hw${nV hmo H$a D$na go EH$ ~‹S>m nËWa ZmZH$Or H$s Amoa bw‹T>H$m{X`mŸ& ZmZH$Or Zo nËWa H$mo AnZr `moJe{ŠV go ~rM _| hr amoH$ {X`m &

P A§Yo H$mo Am±I … ZmZH$Or _wZmOr _| ñZmZ H$aHo$ bm¡Q> aho Wo amñVo_| EH$ OÝ_mÝY {^Imar H$s Aml`hrZVm H$s ~mV gwZ Ðdr yV hþEŸ& H$a_ÊS>bgo Ob bo CgH$s Am±I _| {N>‹S>H$m Vmo CgH$s Am±I _| amoeZr Am J`r &(8) XmXy XrZX`mbOr (gZ² 1544 B©.-1603 B©.)

_wgb_mZr amO Wm, XmXyOr Ho$ nmg OmZodmbm| H$mo 500 én`m XÊS> XoZoH$m AmXoe Omar Wm & Ho$db Xmo {eî`m| Zo gmoMm O~ VH$ h_mao nmg n¡gm h¡ V~VH$ Om oJ|Ÿ& XmXyOr àgÝZ hmo ~mobo "AmXoe nÌ AÀN>r Vah n‹T>>H$a XÊS> aZm'H$Mhar _| O~ AmXoe nÌ n‹T>>m J`m, Cg_| {bIm Wm "Omo XmXy Ho$ nmg Zhr§Om oJm Cgo 500 én`m XÊS> aZm hmoJm &' g~ Mm¢H$o {H$ h CëQ>m H¡$go hþAmŸ&

P EH$ ~ma _wgb_mZm| Zo XmXyOr H$s CëQ>r [anmo©Q> H$a hdmbmV _|~ÝX H$adm {X`m & bmoJm| Zo XoIm {H$ XmXyOr H$m EH$ eara hdmbmV Ho$AÝXa d Xygam eara ~mha H$sV©Z H$a ahm h¡ & _wgb_mZ A{YH$mar Zo CÝhoVwaÝV [ahm H$a CZgo j_m _mJr &(9) ñdm_r am_H¥$îU na_h§g … Amn H$bH$Îmm Ho$ X{jUoída_§{Xa Ho$ nwOmar Wo & AmnHo$ gm_Zo _m± H$mbr àH$Q> hmoH$a ~mV H$aVr Wr &_m± H$mbr Zo hr AmnH$mo VmoVmnwar Jwé go Xrjm boH$a AmË_kmZ nmZo Ho$ {bEH$hm Wm & gX²Jwé H¥$nm go AmnH$mo AmË_kmZ hþAm & AmnHo$ g§H$ën go~JrMo _| \y$bm| H$m a§J ~Xb J`m Wm &

(7)`mo{J`m| Ho$ ahñ` d M_ËH$ma(10) V¡b§J ñdm_r (gZ² 1607 B©.-1887 B©.)

AmÝY«àXoe Ho$ {demImnÅ>Z_ {Obo _| AmnH$m OÝ_hþAmŸ& AmnHo$ Jwé lr JraW ñdm_r WoŸ& Amn 280 df© VH$Bg Yam na ahoŸ& Jwé go nyU© H¥$nm àmßV H$a, 1965 _| Jwé Amkmgo VrW© mÌm na {ZH$boŸ& AnZr VrW© mÌm Ho$ Xm¡amZ nwîH$a _| bJo _obo _| ~m~mZo XoIm, EH$ _¥V ì`{ŠV H$mo bmoJ H$\$Z _| ~m±Y aho h¢ & ~m~m Zo H$hm éH$mo !Am¡a H$_§S>b go nmZr boH$a {N>‹S>H$ {X`m & _am hþAm ì`{ŠV qOXm hmo J`m &

P ~m~m A§VYm©Z hmo J o … H$mer Ho$ n§MJ§Jm KmQ> na Amn ~hþV gmbaho & Amn {XJå~a ahVo Wo, Bgr H$s {eH$m`V Wr & {~«{Q>e emgZ Wm, H$merHo$ A§J«oO {ObmYre H$s AXmbV _| AmnH$mo ~§Xr ~ZmH$a noe {H$`m J`m &~m~m A§VYm©Z hmo J o & Cn{ñWV ŠV ha-ha _hmXod Ho$ Zmao bJmZo bJo &

P hþOya ! S>~b Vmbm bJm h¡ … Hw$N> {XZm| ~mX Xÿgam A§J«oO{ObmYre, A§J«oO _{hbmAm| H$s {eH$m`V na ~m~m H$mo Oob _| ~§X H$a{X`m & Xÿgao {XZ gw~h {ObmYre ñd § WmZo J`m Vmo XoIm ñdm_rOr OobH$s H$moR>ar go ~mha Q>hb aho h¢ & dh {gnm{h`m| na {~J‹S>Zo bJm & {gnm{h`m|Zo H$hm ""hþOya ! h_mar bmnadmhr Zht h¡, ñd § AnZr Am±Im| go XoI b|,S>~b Vmbm bJm h¡ & nVm Zht H¡$go ~m~m ~mha {ZH$b Am o, h_ nH$‹S>ZoOmVo h¡ Vmo Jm`~ hmo OmVo h¢, H$^r BYa Vmo H$^r CYa {XImB© XoVo h¢ &''Cgr {XZ dhr {ObmYre AnZr AXmbV _| _wH$X_| H$s gwZdmB© H$a ahmWm, dhm± ñdm_rOr àH$Q> hmo J o Am¡a Cgo Iy~ Iar-ImoQ>r gwZmB©, dh~ohmoe hmo J`m & ñdm_rOr A§VYm©Z hmo J o & Mmamo Va\$ VhbH$m _M J`m &(11) AídËWm_mOr Ûmam nyOm Mmby … _hm^maV Ho$ {Ma§OrdrAídËWm_mOr ~wahmZnwa (_Ü`àXoe) {ñWV Agra_X {H$bo Ho$ {ed_§{Xa _|à{V{XZ g~go nhbo nyOm H$aZo AmVo h¢ & {edqbJ na à{V{XZ gw~h VmOm\y$b Ed§ JyJb M‹T>m hþAm {_bVm h¡ & H$ r-H$ r do àH$Q> hmoH$a AnZo _ñVH$Ho$ Kmd go ~hVo IyZ H$mo amoH$Zo Ho$ {bE hëXr Am¡a Vob H$s _m±J r H$aVo h¢ &

(8) `mo{J`m| Ho$ ahñ` d M_ËH$ma(12) g_W© am_Xmg (gZ² 1608 B©.-1680 B©.)

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P ZoÌ Á`mo{V dmng hþB© … H$B© gmbm| ~mX Amn AnZo Ka J oŸ&AmnH$s _m± H$s Am±I H$s amoeZr Mbr J`r Wr & _m± ~mobr ~oQ>m H¡$go VwPoXoIy±, Amn Zo Am±I na hmW Kw_m`m Vmo _m± XoIZo bJ J`r &(13) ~m~m {H$ÝZmam_ (gZ² 1715 B©.-1826 B©.)

H$mer (CÎma àXoe) _| H«$s§ Hw§$S> na AmnH$m à{gÕ Aml_ h¡ & {H$gmZ~rOmam_ Ûmam bJmZ Z XoZo Ho$ H$maU O_tXma Cgo gOm Xo ahm Wm & mÌm Ho$Xm¡amZ Amn dhr§ go JwOa aho WoŸ& Amn Zo H$hm O_tXma ! {H$gmZ H$mo N>mo‹S> Xmo &{H$gmZ Ohm± I‹S>m h¡ dht na YZ-gånXm J‹S>r h¡ bo bmo & IwXmB© Ho$ ~mX AIyQ>gånXm {_br & {H$gmZ ~rOmam_ ~m~m H$m ŠV hmoH$a CZHo$ gmW ahZo bJm &

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(9)`mo{J`m| Ho$ ahñ` d M_ËH$ma(14) moJr í`m_mMaU bm{h‹S>r (gZ² 1828B©.-1895 B©.)

Z{X`m {Obo Ho$ KwamUr Jm±d _o§ OÝ_o Amn {~«{Q>e g¡{ZH$B§Or{Z`[aJ {d^mJ _| EH$mCÝQ>oÝQ> nX na H$m ©aV WoŸ& AmnH$mEH$ n‹S>>mogr wdH$ MÝÐ_mohZ S>m°ŠQ>ar nmg H$aHo AmnHo$ nmgAmerdm©X boZo Am`m & Amn Zo {dZmoX _o§ hr H$hm "_oar Om±M H$aHo$ XoImo Vmo, _¢Or{dV hÿ± m _¥VŸ?' Om±M _o§ _wX} Ho$ nyao bjU {XImB© {X o, eara _| H$ht r àmUZhr§ WmŸ& {\$a AmnZo H$hm "Vmo _wPo EH$ S>oW-g{Q>©{\$Ho$Q> {bI XmoŸ&' dh wdH$S>m°ŠQ>a ~‹S>r Am\$V _| n‹S> J`m {H$ h g~ Š`m h¡ ? ñdm_rOr ~mobo ""Vw_ bmoJm|Ho$ AmYw{ZH$ {dkmZ go D$na Am¡a r ~hþV Hw$N> OmZZo Ho$ {bE h¡ dhm± {dkmZH$s nhþ±M Zhr§ h¡Ÿ& moJr ghOVm go Cg kmZ H$s ImoO H$a gH$Vo h¢ &''

P Bgr àH$ma H$s EH$ Am¡a KQ>Zm J§JmYa \$moQ>moJ«m\$a Ho$ gmW hþB© & BgZoñdm_rOr Ho$ gmW gm_y{hH$ \$moQ>mo Ir§MmŸ& {ZJo{Q>d YwbZo Ho$ ~mX XoIm VmoHo$db ñdm_rOr Zht h¢ ~mH$s g~H$s \$moQ>mo h¢ & Bgr àH$ma Xygam \$moQ>moJ«m\$aAm`m, 12 \$moQ>mo Ir§Mo Cgo r Ag\$bVm {_br & CgZo n¡a nH$‹S>> H$a amoVo hþEH$hm ""à w Bg AqH$MZ H$mo AnZm EH$ {MÌ boZo Xr{OE &'' Xygao {XZ AmnZoEH$ {MÌ {I§Mdm`m dhr EH$ _mÌ {MÌ h¡ Omo gd©OZ H$mo gwb^ hmo gH$m &

P ~m~mOr O~ àH$Q> hmo J o … ZmJnwa aobdo ŠbH©$ A{dZme ~m~yZo AnZo A{YH$mar ^JdVr ~m~y H$mo JwéOr Ho$ Xe©Z H$aZo OmZo Ho$ {bE EH$gßVmh H$s Nw>Q²Q>r H$m AmdoXZ {X`m Bg na ^JdVr ~m~y {~J‹S>Zo bJo &BgHo$ ~mX A{dZme ~m~y H$mo gmW {bE g_PmVo hþE ~JrMo Ho$ Va\$ Mb{X o & Wmo‹S>r Xyar na Vrd« àH$me hþAm Am¡a bmh‹S>rOr àH$Q> hmo J o Am¡aH$hm … ""^JdVr ! Vw_ AnZo H$_©Mmar Ho$ à{V H$R>moa hmo'' h XoI JdVrH$s hmbV "H$mQ>mo Vmo IyZ Zht' O¡gr hmo J`r CYa A{dZme ~m~y JwéXod-JwéXod H$hVo hþE àUm_ H$aZo bJoŸ& BgHo$ ~mX ^JdVrOr Zo H$hm A~ _¢^r Vwåhmao JwéXod go Xrjm boZo gnËZr Mby±Jm & BÝhr§ ^JdVrOr Ho$ Kana_h§g moJmZ§XOr H$m OÝ_ hþAm, {OÝhmoZo {dXoem| _| Y_© H$m àMma {H$`m &

(10) `mo{J`m| Ho$ ahñ` d M_ËH$ma(15) na_h§g `moJmZ§X (gZ² 1893 B©.-1952 B©.)

A_o[aH$m _| EH$ {XZ AmnHo$ nmg Hw$N> \$m¡Or ~¡R>o Wo & Amn Zo CZgoH$hm ""Amn bmoJm| Ho$ h{W`mam| go h_mao "›' _| e{ŠV Á`mXm h¡ &'' EH$\$m¡Or Zo H$hm ""_hmamO ! h_ BgH$m àË`j AZw d H$aZm MmhVo h¢Ÿ&''Amn Zo H$hm ""`h nwb Amn bmoJm| Zo ~Zm`m h¡, Bgo Vmo‹S>Zm hmo Vmo AmnH$moH$B© Vmonm| H$s Oê$aV n‹S>oJr qH$Vw _¢ {~Zm {H$gr ~mhar gmYZ H$s ghm`VmHo$ Ho$db "›' Ho$ n{dÌ ~b go Vmo‹S> gH$Vm hÿ±Ÿ&''

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F${f doXì`mgOr Zo {bIm h¡ {H$ _hm^maV _| A{½Z~mU, dm w ~mU Am{X H$m à`moJ {H$`m J`m, Š`m `h ~mVgM h¡ ? PmëXm Ho$ amOm lr CÕdZmamÙ qgh Zo Amn gonyN>mŸ& Amn ~mobo {~ëHw$b gM h¡, XoIZm MmhVo hmoŸ? AmnZogm_Zo n‹S>o gaH$ÊS>o H$mo boH$a Á`mo§hr A{^_§{ÌV {H$`m dh YZwf-~mU ~ZJ`m & EH$ ~mU na A{½Z XodVm H$mo A{^_§{ÌV H$a gm_Zo dQ>d¥j> naMbm`m Vmo ~mU AË §V ^ §H$a Üd{Z H$aVm hþAm no‹S> H$mo MraVm hþAm nmaH$a J`m Am¡a no‹S> _| àM§S> AmJ H$s bnQ>o§ CR>Zo bJr§ Omo H$B© X_H$b(\$mà {~J«oS>) go ~wPmZm gå^d Zhr§ Wm & {\$a Xygao ~mU na déU XodVmH$mo A{^_§{ÌV H$a Mbm`m, XoIVo hr XoIVo AmJ ~wP J`r &

P gZ² 1920 B©. _|, nwar (Amo{‹S>em) _| gXm{ed {_l Zo Amn gonyN>m ""{dîUw ^JdmZ Ho$ Zm{^ go H$_b {ZH$bm Am¡a Cg na ~«÷mOr àH$Q>hmo J oŸ o ~mVo§ Vmo Agå^d Am¡a Ho$db Jn bJVr h¢ &'' Amn _wñH$am o,EH$ {eî` go J§Jm Ob _±JmH$a AnZr Zm{^ H$mo Ymo m Am¡a boQ> J o Wmo‹S>r

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Xoa _| Zm{^ go EH$ H$_b H$s Zmb \y$b g{hV {ZH$br d Yrao-Yrao H$m\$sbå~r hmo J`r, H$_b H$m \y$b r ~‹S>m hmo J`mŸ& Wmo‹S>r Xoa _| Amn Zo CgH$monwZ… Zm{^ _| g_oQ> {b`m Am¡a ~mobo ""Amn bmoJ ~«÷mOr Ho$ Xe©Z Ho$A{YH$mar Zht h¢, Zht Vmo _¢ H$_b Ho$ nwîn na ~«÷mOr H$mo r bm {~R>mVm &''(17) ñdm_r brbmemh (gZ² 1880 B©.-1973 B©.)

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P Jw§~X na ~mny … EH$ ~ma noQ>>bmdX (_.à.) {ñWV _§{Xa Ho$ Jw§~Xna ~mnyOr H$m N>m`m {MÌ Câ Am`m Omo {H$ H$B© {XZm| VH$ ahm & {OgH$moXoIZo Ho$ {bE hOmamo§ bmoJm| H$m Vm±Vm bJZo bJm & _r{S> m Zo ^r Bgo AnZrà_wI I~a ~Zm`m &

(13)`mo{J`m| Ho$ ahñ` d M_ËH$maP ho{bH$m°ßQ>a {Jam, hþAm M_ËH$ma … gZ² 2012 _| ~mnyOr Xmo

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(14) `mo{J`m| Ho$ ahñ` d M_ËH$ma(19) {eaS>r Ho$ gm§B© ~m~m (AkmV-gZ² 1917 B©.)

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