mohan kamalanathan emergency department frankston hospital
DESCRIPTION
Introduction Definition. Statistics. Treatment. Current trends. Controversies.TRANSCRIPT
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AnaphylaxisAnaphylaxis
Mohan KamalanathanMohan KamalanathanEmergency DepartmentEmergency Department
Frankston HospitalFrankston Hospital
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IntroductionIntroduction
• Definition.• Statistics.• Treatment.• Current trends.• Controversies.
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Definition.Definition.
• ān'ə-fə-lāk'sĭs• Hypersensitivity especially in animals to a
substance, such as foreign protein or a drug, that is caused by exposure to a foreign substance after a preliminary exposure.
• Richet and Porter in 1902
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Statistics.Statistics.
• ED presentations vary between 1 in 440 to 1 in 1500.
• Fatalities vary between 3 to 9% of presentations.
• True incidence in unknown as numbers are underestimated.
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Variations in anaphylaxis.Variations in anaphylaxis.
• True anaphylaxis.• Anaphylactic shock.• Anaphylactoid reaction.
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Clinical features.Clinical features.
• Cutaneous• Respiratory• Cardiovascular• Gastrointestinal• Other
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Pathophysiology.Pathophysiology.
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Airway oedema.Airway oedema.
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Cutaneous features.Cutaneous features.
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Treatment.Treatment.
• First line medication.– Position patient.
• Supine or left lateral.– Oxygen
• Keep sats > 92%.– Adrenaline
• 0.3 – 0.5 mls of 1:1000 IM.• Repeated 5 minutely.
– Fluids• Anything will do.
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TreatmentTreatment
• Second line treatment:– Antihistamines
• H1 or H2 antagonists.
– Steroids• Oral vs. intravenous.
– Glucagon• 1 mg IV repeated every 5 minutes.
– Bronchodilators• Salbutamol or Adrenaline
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Level of evidence in anaphylaxis.Level of evidence in anaphylaxis.
• Use of Oxygen:– Really good idea– No one has challenged it.
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AdrenalineAdrenaline
– Cornerstone.– Lateral thigh IM injection better than other IM
routes as serum levels reliably achieved in 3 – 5 minutes.
• Level 3 evidence.– Continuous infusion safer than boluses.
• Level 3 evidence.
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Fluids.Fluids.
– 20 ml/kg over 1 – 2 minutes.– No direct evaluation between colloid or
crystalloid.– Any fluid will do.
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Antihistamines.Antihistamines.
– H2 antagonists (Ranitidine) help with the urticaria of anaphylaxis.
• Level 3 evidence.
– H1 antagonists (Promethazine) going out of fashion due to excessive sedation, vasodilatation and hypotension.
– Current trend is to use non-sedating H2 antihistamines.
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Steroids.Steroids.
– Current practice is to use 250 mg Hydrocortisone intravenously.
– No comparative trials between methylprednisolone or dexamethasone.
– Thought to be useful for prevention of late phase occurrence.
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Glucagon.Glucagon.
– Coming into vogue now.– Useful in pretreatment of a subgroup of
patients with anaphylaxis.– 1 mg intravenously.
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Bronchodilators.Bronchodilators.
• Salbutamol.– Nebulised 5 mg with oxygen.– Useful as a temporising measure.
• Adrenaline.– Nebulised 5 mls 1:1000 undiluted.– Another temporising measure.
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Controversies in anaphylaxis.Controversies in anaphylaxis.
• Dilution of adrenaline dose.• Observation period of 8 hours.
– Biphasic anaphylaxis is 1 – 5%.• Use of mast cell tryptase to confirm
diagnosis.
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Key points.Key points.
• Adrenaline is main treatment.• All other treatments are unproven in
anaphylaxis, but are a good idea.• Drugs coming in vogue are:
– Non-sedating antihistamines.– Glucagon.
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-I work very hard. Please don't expect me to think as well.-Love your enemies. At least they don't try to borrow money from
you.-There is no job so simple that it can not be done wrong.
-In order to keep an open mind, I am trying to avoid learning anything.
-I have seen the truth, and it makes no sense!-Never underestimate the power of human stupidity.
-Never wrestle a pig. You both get dirty and the pig likes it.-If your only tool is a hammer, all your problems start to look like
nails.-If you're not part of the solution, be part of the problem!
-If you can not convince people, confuse them!
Rules to live by.Rules to live by.