modulo de apoyo workbook ingles pio lenin

7/28/2019 Modulo de Apoyo Workbook Ingles Pio Lenin

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ENGLISHGRAMMAREIGHTH LEVEL A-B-C-D

In this text you can find help tounderstand English Grammar.It can be the best way to learn Englishusing grammar .

Lic. Lenin Santana

2011-2012


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FREQUENCY ADVERBS

English Grammar - How Often? - ALWAYS, USUALLY, OFTEN, SOMETIMES,

NEVER

Tambin: How often . . . ?

sujetoadverbio defrecuencia

verbo

I Always do . . . . siempre hagoYou almost always get . . . . casi siempre cogesHe Usually needs . . . . normalmente necesitaShe Often has . . . . a menudo tiene

It Sometimes goes . . . . a veces vaWe Rarely write . . . . rara vez escribimosYou hardly ever watch . . . . casi nunca veisThey Never do . . . . nunca hacen

Nota: A veces los adverbios de frecuencia se pueden poner en otras posiciones dentro de lafrase (aunque esto puede suponer un cambio en el significado). Por ejempo, al final: "I do myhomework always" o al principio: "Usually, he needs a coffee after lunch." Por regla general esmejor para los alumnos principiantes acostumbrarse a ponerlos justo antes del verbo (odespus del verbo "to be")

1.- Los adverbios de frecuencia son palabras que indican la frecuencia con que hacemos algo.

Se usan con el Presente Simple. Se colocan delante del verbo principal pero detrs del verbo tobe.

always: siempreusually: normalmenteoften: con frecuencia, a menudosometimes: a vecesrarely: rara veznever: nunca

Examples:John always plays football on Saturdays.Susan usually wears jeans.

I am rarely on time.

NOTA: Para preguntar con qu frecuencia se hace algo usamos: How often...?

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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QUXW7X55A3chttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QUXW7X55A3c


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How often do you go by bus to school? I never go by bus.

2.- Algunas expresiones temporales tambin indican la frecuencia con que ocurre la accin,pero por constar de ms de una palabra se coloca al principio de la frase o al final de la misma.

every day: todos los dasevery week: todas las semanasin the morning: por la maanain the afternoon: por la tardein the evening: por la tarde/nocheat night: por la nochetwo months: dos mesesthree years: tres aosonce a week: una vez a la semanatwice a month: dos veces al mesfour times a year: cuatro veces al aoon : un da de la semana (on Monday)

Examples:

Once a week we visit our grandparents.They do judo on Friday.How often does your brother drink coffee? He drinks coffee every morning.

FREQUENCY ADVERBS OF TIME

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yesterday ayer

yesterday morning ayer a la maana

yesterday at noon ayer al medioda

yesterday afternoon ayer a la tarde

yesterday evening ayer a la noche

last night anoche

today hoy

this morning esta maana

at noon al medioda

this afternoon esta tarde

this evening esta noche

tonight esta noche

tomorrow maana

tomorrow morning maana a la maana

tomorrow at noon maana al medioda

tomorrow afternoon maana a la tarde

tomorrow evening maana a la noche

tomorrow night maana a la noche

the day before yesterday anteayer

the day after tomorrow pasado maana

last Sunday el domingo pasado

this Sunday este domingo

next Sunday el domingo prximo

last week la semana pasada

this week esta semana

next week la semana prxima

last month el mes pasado

this month este mes

next month el mes prximo

last year el ao pasado

this year este ao

next year el ao prximo

in two week's time dentro de dos semanas

in two month's time dentro de dos meses

in two year's time dentro de dos aos

on Monday / Tuesday... el lunes / martes ...

in January / February ... en enero / febrero ...

every day / month / year todos los das / meses / aos

the other day el otro da

all day long todo el da

now ahora

early temprano

late tarde

later / afterwards ms tarde

recently recientemente

soon pronto

suddenly de pronto


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once a day / week ... una vez al da / a la semana ...

twice a day / week ... dos veces al da / a la semana ...

three times a day / week ... tres veces al da / a la semana ...

daily Diariamente

weekly Semanalmente

monthly Mensualmente

yearly, annually Anualmente

every day todos los das

every week todas las semanas

every month todos los meses

every year todos los aos

every other day da por medio

on Mondays los lunes

on weekdays los das de semana

on weekends los fines de semana

always Siempre

almost always casi siempre

usually, regularly Normalmente

often, frequently Frecuentemente

sometimes a veces

almost never, hardly ever casi nunca

seldom, rarely raras veces

never Nunca

constantly Constantemente

continuously Continuamente

again and again una y otra vez

every now and then de vez en cuando

from time to time de tanto en tanto

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Imperative Examples

Stand up.

Imperative Matching

Matching exercise

Match the items on the right to the items on the left.

The door is open.Mr. Foot is thirsty.Ms. Shishim is hungry.The dishes are dirty.The baby is crying.The teacher can not hear you.You don't understand the answer.Ignacio and Julio are loud.

1. -Speak louder.2. -Ask the teacher to explain.3. -Close it.4. -Bring her some food.5. -Wash them.6. -Hold her.7. -Ask them to be quiet.8. -Bring him some coffee.

Imperative Matching

Matching exercise

Match the items on the right to the items on the left.

Open your book.

o The children are hungry.

o Food is not permitted in the

computer lab.o The book is closed.

o Class is not over.

o I don't know where to go.

o They are very interesting.

o It is dark in here.

o Marvin is silly.

1. Don't leave.2. Let's talk with them.3. Come with me.

4. Don't eat here.5. Open it.

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6. Turn on the lights.7. Look at him.

8. Make them dinner

FFFFFFEELINGS

a feeling is not an emotion, a feeling is what cantbe seenhere are some of the most common negative feelings that bring people to the release effect

examples of feelings that work againstyou:

Close your book.

EXAMPLES:

Every morning, Sam is so enthusiastic to begin his day that he jumps out ofbed and begins to

sing.

His mother became worried when she didn't hear from him for two days.

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not good enough jealousy envy helplessness loneliness trappedpanic abandonment rejection lost hopeless failure poverty


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David is quite shy so he doesn't like talking to people he doesn't know.

A year after being fired from his job, Alan is still very bitter. He has a lot of resentment towards

his former boss.

Even though I am accustomed to traveling for business, I still get homesick if I am away from

my home for more than a week.

Katie feels threatened every time her boyfriend talks to another girl. She thinks that every girl

wants to steal him.

In the U.S., Thanksgiving is a holiday in which people give thanks for the blessings they have.

Before the Thanksgiving meal, family members will say what they are thankful for.

I am absolutely furious!! I cannot believe that my dog chewed my favorite shoes. Now they're

ruined!

Cats are so curious that they often get into trouble. Once, my cat fell into the bath tub because

she wanted to know what was inside!

When Dave found out that the plumber charged him double the normal amount to fix his toilet,

he felt cheated.

After his grandmother passed away, Ken was so grief-stricken he couldn't get out of bed.

When Emily has a lot of work to do and feels stressed, she becomes very tense and cannot

relax.

Our friend Lily makes us feel left out when she has a party but doesn't invite us.

Even in hard times when I don't have a lot of money, I stay hopeful and believe that next month

will be better.

My aunts enjoy inviting me to their romance book club. I always feel trapped because I don't

want to hurt their feelings by saying no, but I also don't want to go and listen to sixty-year oldwomen talk about romance.

As a teenager, Alexandra liked to be rebellious and defy her parents. She used to sneak out of

the house after her parents fell asleep to go to parties.

When I see that puzzled look on your face, I know that you didn't understand my question.

Mr. and Mrs. Porter are very cautious about answering their door. If they are not expecting a

visitor, they won't open the door.

Wow! I'm really impressed that Ashley can speak 7 languages, whereas I only speak one!

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Ugh! I don't have anything to do. I'm so bored!!

It's difficult to not become discouraged while looking for a job, especially when you hand out

your resume to employers and no one calls you.

After Kylie had her heart broken by her ex-boyfriend, she felt so down and blue. I tried to cheer

her up, but she just wants to be sad for awhile.

In many countries, American-style business tactics are perceived as too aggressive. American

businessmen don't want to waste time talking about anything that doesn't pertain to business. In

Asia, for example, a slower, more personal approach to doing business is preferred.

Affectionate children always want to be held in their parents' arms and receive lots of hugs and

kisses.

He felt invincible and was sure that nobody would beat him.

When I found out that Santa Claus wasn't real, I was so disappointed that all of the presents

really came from my parents and not the North Pole.

Craig felt uncertain as to whether he should accept the attractive job offer or keep his current,

less glamorous job. He just wasn't sure what to do.

Grandpa was very proud of me when I got a promotion at work. He took me out to dinner to

celebrate.

When Eve handed Adam a shiny, red apple, he felt tempted to taste the delicious-looking fruit.

Kelly is so indecisive that she couldn't make a decision if her life depended on it!

I'm a little doubtful about whether to get married or not.

The cowardly dog refused to leave his hiding spot underneath the bed to help his owner

investigate the strange sound outside.

We are delighted that you will be coming to visit us. It will be so nice to have you here.

The actors were humiliated by the newspaper critic's review of their new movie. The respected

critic said the film was as pleasant as week-old garbage rotting in the sun.

After waiting in line for an hour at the bank, the woman grew impatient and left.

Ebenezer Scrooge was a stingy old miser who never shared his wealth with anyone.

The stubborn employee refused to accept that he made a mistake. He kept insisting that hewasn't wrong.

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Patrick felt quite awkward going to his ex-girlfriend's wedding. He thought maybe shouldn't go

since it could be uncomfortable to see her again.

My mother came home exhausted after working a 12-hour shift at the hospital. She went

straight to bed.

Carrie didn't feel satisfied with the report she wrote. It needed to be perfect to present it to her

boss, and it was still missing quite a few details.

Her husband is so moody that she never knows if he will be happy or angry when she gets

home from work.

I am anxious to hear back about the job interview I had on Friday. I hope I get the job!

After his wife left him, he was so miserable that he stopped shaving, gained 20 kilos, and didn't

leave the house for weeks at a time.

It's said that children without siblings grow up to be selfish adults because they never learn to

share with others.

They were shocked to learn that their beloved neighbor, Miss Ann, had stolen their car. She

was such a sweet, 90-year old lady.

Jamie was in a bar with his friends one night when he saw a beautiful girl. He felt confident that

night so he went to go talk to her. Unfortunately, he returned to his friends within minutes feelingrejected after she refused to talk to him. Poor Jamie.

Walking to the bank to deposit money makes me very uneasy. I'm always scared someone is

going to rob me.

Nothing makes me more upset than when I fail my exams. I feel depressed the rest of the day.

Many times, co-workers feel burdened with the task of covering the mistakes of their

irresponsible colleagues.

In case of an emergency, stay calm and move toward the exits.

Once, I got a horrible haircut that left me looking I got electrocuted. For months, I felt self-

conscious about going outside my house. I swear everyone was laughing at me.

I don't feel energetic right now, if fact I feel quite lazy and I don't want to do anything.

Maggie is a fearless friend of mine. She will try anything once, no matter how dangerous the

activity is.

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Although the storm destroyed many of the buildings along the shore, we feel fortunate that our

house didn't suffer any damage.

I'm concerned about Gregory. He has been very withdrawn from the rest of the world ever

since he lost his job.

Allison broke up with her boyfriend because of hisjealous behavior. He never let her talk to

other men and always screened her calls.

CAN vs CAN NOT

Uso del auxiliar can

La forma interrogativa se construye colocando primero el auxiliar can, luego la persona y despus el verbo base.

CAN PLAYCan I play?

Can you play?

Can he play?

Can she play?

Can it play?

Can we play?

Can you play?

Can they play?

La forma negativa se construye agregando NOT luego de can. Puede usarse tambin la forma contracta can't.

CANNOT PLAYI can't / cannot play

You can't / cannot play

He can't / cannot play

She can't / cannot PlayIt can't / cannot Play

We can't / cannot Play

You can't / cannot Play

They can't / cannot Play

Para responder a una pregunta formulada con can, se usa Yes / No, seguido de la persona y luego, el auxiliar can sila respuesta es afirmativa o can't/ cannot si es negativa.

Can you drive?Yes, I can.

Can you drive?

No, Ican't

. / No, Icannot

.

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Exercise 1

Completa con can o can't.

1. Where I see a good rock concert?

2. Can Lisa speak French?

No, she .

3. What you do?

4. Can Lucy drive?

Yes, she .

5. Where I buy a new camera?

6. you read in Portuguese?Yes, I can.

7. Can I invite my friends?

Yes, they come.

8. you help me, please?

9. you play the piano?

10. I find my keys. Where are they?

ENGLISH GRAMMARCAN - CAN NOT - CANT

Can is a modal verb.

Can is used to express ability or to say that something is possible.

Can is the same for all subjects. We don't add an 'S' in the third person (like other

verbs)

The verb that comes afterCan is in the infinitive without to:

I canspeakSpanish. (= it is possible for me to speak Spanish = I have theability to speak Spanish)

He canswim well.

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We cansee my neighbour in the garden.

They canplaythe guitar.

Negative

To form the negative we add "not" aftercan to form one word: cannot.

We can also contract the negative to form can't. (can't = cannot)

I cannotplaythe piano. We can'tgo to the cinema tonight.

She cannotspeakFrench very well. He can'tdrive a car.

Questions

To from the question we change the position of the subject and the auxiliary verb.

The main verb is still in the infinitive without to.

Where can I buyan ice-cream?

Can I go to the party, please?

Can you speakJapanese?

What can we do on Saturday?

Remember that you can use short answers:

Can I sit here please?Yes, you can.

Can you speak Chinese? No, I can't.

Impersonal Can

SometimesYou can and Can you? are impersonal and refer to people in general.

You can see many stars at night from here. (= people in general can see manystars)

It doesn't necessarily refer to you but people in general.

You can't run naked in the middle of the street.

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Not necessarily saying YOU can't run naked in the middle of the street but in general it

is not possible for anyone.

Close the window.

Be quiet.

Present Continuous

USE 1 Now

Cuando se quiere expresar una accin que sigue ejecutndose al momento en que se

enuncia, se emplea el tiempo Presente Continuo (Present Continuous).

La forma en que se conjuga este tiempo es bastante simple: se usa el verbo to be

conjugado en presente seguido del gerundio del verbo en cuestin (se agrega -ing, por

lo cual los estudiantes lo reconocen fcilmente).

John is reading a book.She is having breakfast now.

Para realizar preguntas en este tiempo verbal, se usa primero el verbo to be conjugado,

luego la persona y finalmente el verbo.

Is John reading a book?

Yes, he is.

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Is she having breakfast now?No, she isn't.

Para realizar una pregunta especfica, se usa la "question word" y luego, se sigue el

mismo mtodo.

What is John reading?

He is reading a book.

What is she having now?She is having breakfast now.

Se puede realizar una pregunta mucho ms general para saber que est haciendo una

persona, usando el verbo to do (hacer).

What are you doing?

I'm reading a book.

Pues entonces, piensa cmo diras lo siguiente en ingls? Estoy usando mi

computadora.

Respuesta: I'm using my computer.

Exercise 1

Completa los recuadros con las respuestas correctas. Entre parntesis se indica el

verbo que se debe utilizar.

What is she doing?

She (read) a book.

What is she doing?

She (have) a drink.

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What are they doing?

They (dance)

What is he doing?

He (write) a letter.

What is he doing?

He (work)

What are they doing?

They (watch) theeclipse.

Repaso del Presente Continuo y

el Participio Presente

Primero vamos a hacer un repaso del presente continuo. Como estudiamos antes, el presente

continuo se usa para describir una accin que est pasando en este momento. Para formar el

presente continuo, usamos una forma del verbo "to be" y un participio presente.

I am walking. - Estoy caminando.

He is walking. - l est caminando.She is walking. - Ella est caminando.

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They are walking. - Ellos estn caminando.You are walking. - T ests caminando.We are walking. - Nosotros estamos caminando.

Recuerde que para formar el participio presente se aade -ing. Si la palabra termina con la letraE, la cambiamos a -ing. Si la palabra termina con una consonante, luego vocal, luego

consonante y el estrs de la palabra est en la ltima silaba, ponemos doble de la ltimaconsonante antes de poner -ing.

walk - walkingride - ridingrun - running

PrcticaDescriba que estn haciendo usando el verbo dado.

Ejemplo

She/ride a horse

She is riding a

1. He/play basketball

2. They/run

3. He/swim

4. He/hike

5. He/ski

6. They/ride bicycles

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El verbo Like (Gustar)

Podemos usar el verbo "like" (gustar) con dos formas del verbo. Podemos usarlo con elgerundio (la forma del verbo con -ing) o con el infinitivo ("to" y luego el verbo).

I like to swim. (Me gusta nadar.)I like swimming. (Me gusta nadar.)

PrcticaDescriba si le gusta o no le gusta hacer estas cosas. Puede escribir la respuesta con "to" y elverbo en el infinitivo o con el gerundio.

ejemplorun

Respuestas PosiblesI like to run.I like running.I don't like to run.I don't like running.

1. play volleyball

2. swim

3. ride a bicycle

4. ski

PREPOSITIONS (time and place)

Prepositions of Time: at, in, on

We use:

at for a PRECISE TIME in for MONTHS, YEARS, CENTURIES and LONG PERIODS

on for DAYS and DATES

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at in on

PRECISE

TIME

MONTHS, YEARS,

CENTURIES and LONG

PERIODS

DAYS and

DATES

at 3

o'clockin May on Sunday

at

10.30amin summer on Tuesdays

at noon in the summer on 6 March

at

dinnertimein 1990

on 25 Dec.

2010

at bedtime in the 1990son Christmas

Day

at sunrise in the next century

on

IndependenceDay

at sunset in the Ice Age on my birthday

at the

momentin the past/future

on New Year's

Eve

Look at these examples:

I have a meeting ___________ 9am. The shop closes ____________ midnight.

Jane went home ____________ lunchtime.

In England, it often snows _________ December.

Do you think we will go to Jupiter ___________the future?

There should be a lot of progress ___________ the next century.

Do you work ____________ Mondays?

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Her birthday is ____________ 20 November.

Where will you be __________ New Year's Day?

Notice the use of the preposition of time at in the following standard expressions:

Expression Example

at night The stars shine at night.

at the weekendI don't usually work at the

weekend.

at

Christmas/East

er

I stay with my family atChristmas.

at the same

time

We finished the test at the

same time.

at presentHe's not home at present. Try

later.

Notice the use of the prepositions of time in and on in these common expressions:

in on

in the morningon Tuesday

morning

in themornings

on Saturdaymornings

in the

afternoon(s)

on Sunday

afternoons

in the

evening(s)

on Monday

evening

When we say last, next, every, this we do not also use at, in, on.

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I went to London ___________June. (notin last June) He's coming back _____________Tuesday. (noton next Tuesday)

I go home ___________ Easter. (notat every Easter)

We'll call you ____________evening. (notin this evening)

Prepositions of Place: at, in, on

In general, we use:

at for a POINT in for an ENCLOSED SPACE

on for a SURFACE

at in on

POINTENCLOSED

SPACESURFACE

at the corner in the garden on the wall

at the bus stop in Londonon the

ceiling

at the door in Franceon the

door

at the top of the

pagein a box

on the

cover

at the end of the

roadin my pocket

on the

floor

at the entrance in my walleton the

carpet

at the crossroads in a buildingon the

menu

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at the front desk in a car on a page

examples:

Jane is waiting for you __________the bus stop. The shop is ____________the end of the street.

My plane stopped _______ Dubai and Hanoi and arrived ________-Bangkok two hours late.

When will you arrive _________the office?

Do you work _________ an office?

I have a meeting ___________ New York.

Do you live ___________Japan?

Jupiter is ____________ the Solar System.

The author's name is __________ the cover of the book.

There are no prices ____________ this menu.

You are standing _____________my foot.

There was a "no smoking" sign ___________- the wall.

I live on the 7th floor _______ 21 Oxford Street __________ London.

Notice the use of the prepositions of place at, in and on in these standard expressions:

at in on

at home in a car on a bus

at work in a taxi on a train

at school in a helicopter on a plane

at

universityin a boat on a ship

at collegein a lift

(elevator)

on a bicycle, on a

motorbike

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at the topin the

newspaper

on a horse, on an

elephant

at the

bottom in the sky

on the radio, on

television

at the side in a rowon the left, on the

right

at

reception

in Oxford

Streeton the way

SIMPLE PAST TENSE

WAS or WASNT

Here's the conjugation of the verb TO BE in the past tense:

SINGULAR

I was (first person)

You were (second person)

He, She, It was (third person)

PLURAL

We were (first person)

You were (second person)

They were (third person

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The simple past tense is used to talk about actions that happened at a specific time in the past. You state

when it happened using a time adverb.

You form the simple past of a verb by adding -ed onto the end of a regular verb but, irregular verb forms

have to be learned.

Regular Verb (to work)Statements

+

Regular Verb (to work)Statements

-

Questions Shortanswer

+

Short answer-

I worked. I didn't work. Did I work? Yes, I did. No, I didn't.

He worked. He didn't work. Did he work? Yes, he did. No, he didn't.

She worked. She didn't work. Did she work? Yes, she did. No, she didn't.

It worked. It didn't work. Did it work? Yes, it did. No, it didn't.

You worked. You didn't work. Did you work? Yes you did. No, you didn't.

We worked. We didn't work. Did we work? Yes we did. No, we didn't.

They worked. They didn't work. Did they

work?

Yes they did. No, they

didn't.

Simple Past Timeline

example:

"Last yearI tookmy exams."

"I gotmarried in 1992."

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To be

Statements+

To be

Statements- Questions ?

I was.I wasn't. Was I?

He was.He wasn't. Was he?

She was.She wasn't. Was she?

It was.

It wasn't. Was it?

You were.You weren't. Were you?

We were.We weren't. Were we?

They were.They weren't. Were they?
http://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/adverbtime.htmhttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/tensesimpast.htm#reghttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/VERBTEXT.htm#IrregVerbshttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/adverbtime.htmhttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/tensesimpast.htm#reghttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/VERBTEXT.htm#IrregVerbs


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It can be used to describe events that happened over a period of time in the past but not now.

For example:

"I livedin South Africa for two years."

The simple past tense is also used to talk about habitual or repeated actions that took place in

the past.

For example:

"When I was a childwe always wentto the seaside on bank holidays."

Cardinal NumbersUse our number generatorto see how to spell any desired number.

Table of Cardinal Numbers

Carcinal numbers from 1 through 1,000,0001one 11eleven 21twenty-one 31thirty-one

2two 12twelve 22twenty-two 40forty

3three 13thirteen 23twenty-three 50fifty

4four 14fourteen 24twenty-four 60sixty

5five 15fifteen 25twenty-five 70seventy

6six 16sixteen 26twenty-six 80eighty

7seven 17seventeen 27 twenty-seven 90ninety

8 eight 18 eighteen 28 twenty-eight 100 a/one hundred

9nine 19nineteen 29 twenty-nine 1,000a/one thousand

10ten 20twenty 30 thirty 1,000,000a/one million

Separation between hundreds and tens

Hundreds and tens are usually separated by 'and' (in American English 'and' is not necessary).

110 - one hundred andten

1,250 - one thousand, two hundred andfifty

2,001 - two thousand andone

Hundreds

Use 100 always with 'a' or 'one'.

100 - a hundred / one hundred

'a' can only stand at the beginning of a number.

100 - a hundred / one hundred

2,100 - two thousand, one hundred

Thousands and Millions

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Use 1,000 and 1,000,000 always with 'a' or 'one'.

1,000 - a thousand / one thousand

201,000 - two hundred and one thousand

Use commas as a separator.

57,458,302

The Number 1,000,000,000

In English this number is a billion. This is very tricky for nations where 'a billion' has 12 zeros.

1,000,000,000,000 in English, however, is a trillion.

But don't worry, these numbers are even a bit problematic for native speakers: for a long time

the British 'billion' had 12 zeros (a number with 9 zeros was called 'a thousand million'). Now,

however, also in British English 'a billion' has 9 zeros. But from time to time this number still

causes confusion (just like this paragraph, I'm afraid). ;o)

Singular or Plural?

Numbers are usually written in singular.

two hundred Euros

several thousand light years

The plural is only used with dozen, hundred, thousand, million, billion, if they are not modified

by another number or expression (e.g. a few / several).

hundreds of Euros

thousands of light years

Ordinal numbersUse our number generatorto see how to spell any desired number.

Table of Ordinal Numbers

Ordinal Numbers from 1 through 1,000,0001st first 11th eleventh 21st twenty-first 31st thirty-first

2nd second 12th twelfth 22nd twenty-second 40th fortieth

3rd third 13th thirteenth 23rd twenty-third 50th fiftieth

4th fourth 14th fourteenth 24th twenty-fourth 60th sixtieth

5th fifth 15th fifteenth 25th twenty-fifth 70th seventieth

6th sixth 16th sixteenth 26th twenty-sixth 80th eightieth

7th seventh 17th seventeenth 27th twenty-seventh 90th ninetieth

8th eighth 18th eighteenth 28th twenty-eighth 100th one hundredth

9th ninth 19th nineteenth 29th twenty-ninth 1,000th one thousandth

10th tenth 20th twentieth 30th thirtieth 1,000,000th one millionth

Form

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Spelling of Ordinal Numbers

Just add th to the cardinal number:

four - fourth

eleven - eleventh

Exceptions:

one - first

two - second

three - third

five - fifth

eight - eighth

nine - ninth

twelve - twelfth

In compound ordinal numbers, note that only the last figure is written as an ordinal number:

421st = four hundred and twenty-first

5,111th = five thousand, one hundred and eleventh

Figures

When expressed as figures, the last two letters of the written word are added to the ordinal

number:

first = 1st

second = 2nd

third = 3rd

fourth = 4th

twenty-sixth = 26th

hundred and first = 101st

Titles

In names for kings and queens, ordinal numbers are written in Roman numbers. In spoken

English, the definite article is used before the ordinal number:

Charles II - Charles the Second

Edward VI - Edward the Sixth

Henry VIII - Henry the Eighth

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Simple Past (Past Simple)

Exercises on Simple Past

The simple past expresses an action in the past taking place once, never, several times. It can

also be used for actions taking place one after another or in the middle of another action.

Form of Simple Past

Positive Negative Question

no differences I spoke. I did not speak. Did I speak?

For irregular verbs, use the past form (see list of irregular verbs, 2nd column). For regular

verbs, just add ed.

Exceptions in Spelling when Adding ed

Exceptions in spelling when adding ed Example

after a final e only add d love loved

final consonant after a short, stressed vowelorlas final consonant after a vowel is doubled

admit admittedtravel travelled

final yafter a consonant becomes i hurry hurried

Use of Simple Past

action in the past taking place once, never or several times

Example: He visitedhis parents every weekend.

actions in the past taking place one after the other

Example: He came in, tookoff his coat and satdown.

action in the past taking place in the middle of another action

Example: When I was having breakfast, the phone suddenly rang.

if sentences type II (If I talked, )

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Example: If I hada lot of money, I would share it with you.

Signal Words of Simple Past

yesterday, 2 minutes ago, in 1990, the other day, last Friday

If-Satz Typ II (If I talked, )

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Simple Past: Irregular VerbsChoose the correct past tense form for each verb.

1. The three most important irregular verbs

The three most important irregular verbs are BE, HAVE, and DO. The simple past forms forBEare different depending on the subject.

Pronoun BE HAVE DO

I was had did

You were had did

He / she / it was had did

We were had did

They were had did

2. Other irregular verbs

Other irregular verbs fall into three main categories:

Category Examples

Verbs which don't change

cut - cut

hit - hit

fit - fit

Verbs which change their vowel

get - got

sit - sat

drink - drank

Verbs which change completely

catch - caught

bring - brought

teach - taught

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When you are sure that you understand the lesson, you can continue with the exercises

1. teachA. ? teached

B. ? taught

C. ? teach

2. find

A. ? fand

B. ? find

C. ? found

3. cut

A. ? caught

B. ? cut

C. ? cutted

4. fit

A. ? fought

B. ? fat

C. ? fit

5. get

A. ? gought

B. ? get

C. ? got

6. catch

A. ? caught

B. ? catched

C. ? catch

7. drink

A. ? drunk

B. ? drank

C. ? drink

8. bring

A. ? brought

B. ? brang

C. ? bringed

9. setA. ? set

B. ? sat

C. ? sought

10. have

A. ? hove

B. ? have

C. ? had

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My dog is the biggestofall the dogs in the neighborhood.

Max is thinnerthan John.

Ofall the students in the class, Max is the thinnest.

My mother is fatterthan your mother.

Mary is the fattestperson I've ever seen.

Two-syllable adjectives.

With most two-syllable adjectives, you form the comparative with more and the superlative withmost.

Two-Syllable Adjective Comparative Form Superlative Form

Peaceful more peaceful most peaceful

Pleasant more pleasant most pleasant

Careful more careful most careful

Thoughtful more thoughtful most thoughtful

This morning is more peacefulthan yesterday morning. Max's house in the mountains is the most peacefulin the world.

Max is more carefulthan Mike.

Ofall the taxi drivers, Jack is the most careful.

Jill is more thoughtfulthan your sister.

Mary is the most thoughtfulperson I've ever met.

If the two-syllable adjectives ends with y, change the yto iand add er for the comparativeform. For the superlative form change the yto i andadd est.

Two-Syllable Adjective Ending with -y Comparative Form Superlative Form

Happy happier happiest

Angry angrier angriest

Busy busier busiest

John is happiertoday than he was yesterday. John is the happiest boy in the world.

Max is angrierthan Mary.

Ofall of John's victims, Max is the angriest.

Mary is busierthan Max.

Mary is the busiestperson I've ever met.

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Two-syllable adjectives ending in er, -le, or ow take er and est to form the comparative andsuperlative forms.

Two-Syllable Adjective Ending with -er, -le, or ow

Comparative Form Superlative Form

Narrow narrower narrowest

Gente gentler gentlest

The roads in this town are narrowerthan the roads in the city. This road is the narrowestofall the roads in California.

Big dogs are gentlerthan small dogs.

Ofall the dogs in the world, English Mastiffs are the gentlest.

Adjectives with three or more syllables.

For adjectives with three syllables or more, you form the comparative with more and thesuperlative with most.

Adjective with Three or More Syllables Comparative Form Superlative Form

Generous more generous most generous

Important more important most important

Intelligent more intelligent most intelligent

John is more generousthan Jack. John is the most generousofall the people I know.

Health is more importantthan money.

Ofall the people I know, Max is the most important.

Women are more intelligentthan men.

Mary is the most intelligentperson I've ever met.

Exceptions.

Irregular adjectives.

Irregular Adjective Comparative Form Superlative Form

Good better best

Bad worse worst

Far farther farthest

Little less least

Many more most

Italian food is betterthan American food.

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My dog is the best dog in the world.

My mother's cooking is worsethan your mother's cooking.

Ofall the students in the class, Max is the worst.

Two-syllable adjectives that follow two rules. These adjectives can be used with -er and -est andwith more and most.

Two-Syllable Adjective Comparative Form Superlative Form

Clever cleverer cleverest

Clever more clever most clever

Gente gentler gentlest

Gente more gentle most gentle

Friendly friendlier friendliest

Friendly more friendly most friendly

Quiet quieter quietest

Quiet more quiet most quiet

Simple simpler simplest

Simple more simple most simple

Big dogs are gentlerthan small dogs. Ofall the dogs in the world, English Mastiffs are the gentlest.

Big dogs are more gentlethan small dogs.

Ofall the dogs in the world, English Mastiffs are the most gentle.

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Exercise on Comparison of Adjectives

Fill in the correct form of the words in brackets (comparative or superlative).

1. My house is(big)bigger

than yours.

2. This flower is(beautiful) than that one.

3. This is the(interesting) book I have ever read.

4. Non-smokers usually live(long) than smokers.

5. Which is the(dangerous) animal in the world?

6. A holiday by the sea is(good) than a holiday in the mountains.

7. It is strange but often a coke is(expensive) than a beer.

8. Who is the(rich) woman on earth?

9. The weather this summer is even(bad) than last summer.

10. He was the(clever) thief of all.

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