module biology chapter5 student
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MITOSIS
1.
The cell cycle
Name and state the purpose of each of these sub phases
P1 : ………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………
Q : ………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………
P2 : ………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………
R : ………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………
S : ………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………
2. State the definition of Mitosis.
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P 1
P 2
Q
R S
3. Rearrange the jumbled words .
The importance of mitosis is :
a. W O T H G R _____________________
b. ELLC E C A L P N E T E R M _____________________
c. G E T O I R E N E N A _____________________
d. X E S A A U L D U T C I N E R R O P _____________________
4. Label the diagram below.
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MITOSIS Process by which a nucleus divides to produce _____________ daughter cells, each containing the __________ number of chromosomes as the parental cells.
i.
ii.
iii.
5. Underline the correct words in the bracket.
Cytokinesis in eukaryotes occurs ( just prior to , after ) mitosis; cell division in
prokaryotes occurs by a ( simpler, more complex ) process called, binary ( fission ,
fusion ). Between divisions, eukaryotic cells are in ( dormant-phase , interphase ) , an
active period during which chromosomal DNA is duplicated, the cell mass ( increases,
decreases) and new organelles are produced. Nuclear DNA is replicated only during S
phase. The process of mitosis occurs in the following order : prophase, ( anaphase ,
metaphase ) , ( anaphase , metaphase ) and telophase. The mitotic spindle is a
complex of ( microtubules , microfilaments ) that ( prevents , assists ) chromosome
movement. The spindle is attached to each chromosome at a site called the
( connector , centromere ). Following nuclear division, the cytosol of the cells is divided.
The soon-to-be daughter cells are separated by the cleavage ( plane , furrow ) in
animals cells and the cell ( plate , furrow ) in the plant cells.
6. How does mitosis in plant cells differ from mitosis in animal cells ?
Cell division in plant and animal cells differs in two ways : (1) animal cells have
…………………………… , whereas plants cells ……………………. , and (2) animal cells
have ………………………………….. , whereas plant cells have ………………………..
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8. Complete the flow chart below
Tissue Culture Technique
…………. of carrot
Transverse section of root
Cell ( …..n )
Fragments cultured in ……………..
Cell division ………………. to form …………
Callus cultured on ……….. medium and transferred to ………….
Adult plant
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9. Explain briefly how Dolly the sheep was produced by cloning. Give your answer in the
form of a diagram which shows the successive steps with explanatory notes for each
step.
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10. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF CLONING
Advantage Disadvantage
Cloned plant are ……………………… is
size and shape
Clones are …………………… to new
diseases
Plants can be produced ………… the year Clones are easily destroyed if there is a
…………………. in the environment
Plant maintain the …………….. designed
characteristics of the mother plants
Tissue culture techniques are cost
……………………
Clones can be produced in ………………..
numbers in a short time
MEIOSIS
11.
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MEIOSIS Process by which a nucleus divides to produce ____________ daughter cells, each containing ___________ the number of chromosomes of the parental cell.
12. Fill in the blank using the words provided.
1. At __________ phase of meiosis are these two cells, each with sister chromatids
aligned at the spindle equator.
2. The meiotic process by which homologues are paired during prophase I is called
__________ .
3. Crossing occurs during ________ .
4. Meiosis consists of __________ nuclear divisions, producing ___________
haploid cells.
5. The function of meiosis I is to separate _________ . The function of meiosis II is
to separate _____________ .
6. Meiosis I produces two ____________ cells.
7. Meiosis II produces four ______________ cells.
13. By using two different colours show the result of crossing-over.
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Synapsis Sister Chromatids Metaphase II four
Haploid Haploid Homologous chromosomes
Two Diploid Prophase I Diploid
14. Complete the table below.
Name of Phase Description
1. Homologous chromosomes pair up and form tetrad
2.Spindle fibers move homologous chromosomes to opposite
sides
3. Nuclear membrane reforms, cytoplasm divides, 4 daughter
cells formed
4. Chromosomes line up along equator, not in homologous pairs
5. Crossing-over occurs
6. Chromatids separate
7. Homologs line up alone equator
8. Cytoplasm divides, 2 daughter cells are formed
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15. Name the stages in the figures above .
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16. If a diploid cell has two chromosomes ( 2n = 4 ) , Draw and describe the events that
occur in each stage in mitosis and meiosis.
Mitosis Prophase Meiosis I Prophase Meiosis II Prophase
Chromosome
behaviour
Mitosis Metaphase Meiosis I Metaphase Meiosis II Metaphase
Chromosome
behaviour
o o
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Mitosis Anaphase Meiosis I Anaphase Meiosis II Anaphase
Chromosome
behaviour
o o
Mitosis Telophase Meiosis I Telophase Meiosis II
Telophase
Chromosome
behaviour
o o
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17. COMPARE AND CONTRAST
1. Complete the table below.
Meiosis I Similarities Meiosis II
1. The chromosomes become …………………………. and …………………….
during prophase.
2. The chromosomes are arranged at the …………………………. plate.
MEIOSIS I Aspect compared MEIOSIS II
Homologous chromosomes pair
up and …………………………...
between non-sister chromatids
occurs.
Prophase Synapsis of homologous
chromosomes and
………………………….between
non- sister chromatids does not
take place
…………………………………….
align at the metaphase plate of
the cell
Metaphase ………………………. align at
the metaphase plate ( equator)
of the cell
Homologous chromosomes
…………………… and move to
opposite poles. Sister
chromatids are still attached
together and move as a unit.
Anaphase Sister chromatids
…………………………becoming
daughter chromosomes that
move to opposite poles.
……….. haploid daughter cells
are formed.
Telophase …………. haploid daughter are
formed.
Each daughter cell has only
…………. of each type of
chromosome : either the
paternal or the maternal
chromosome.
Set of chromosome Each daughter cell has the
……………. number of
chromosome as the haploid cell
produced in meiosis I but each
cell has only one of the sister
chromatids.
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18. Complete the table below.
Mitosis Similarities Meiosis
1. A nuclear division process
2. Nuclear division occur
MITOSIS Aspect compared MEIOSIS
Place occur
Role
Number of
sitokinesis
Synapsis of
homologous
chromosomes
Number of
daughter cells
Set of
chromosomes
Genetic
composition of
daughter cells
Variation
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EXERCISES
1. Figure 1.1 shows phases M and N during meiosis I.
M phase : N phase :
Description : Description :
a. In the space provided,
i. State the both stages in M and N
ii. Describe the behaviour of both chromosomes in above stages.
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b. Figure 1.2 shows the chromosome behaviour during Prophase I in meiosis.
i. State the M process
……………………………..
ii. State the part of chromatid where the M process occurs.
……………………………...
c. Based on figure 1.2, draw the chromosome behaviour during Prophase II.
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UV ray
d. Based on the above statement, explain how the situation happens.
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e. Figure 1.3 shows the formation of cancer cell in epithelium .
Based on figure 1.3 , explain how the cancer happens.
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Statement :
Meiosis is a process to produce gametes that take place in sex organ .
Case :
In a family, there are variability occurs in offspring.
UV ray
Epithelium cell Cancer cells
2. Meiosis is involved in the production of gametes for sexual reproduction. Offspring
produced by sexual reproduction differ genetically from one another and from the
parents. Draw a diagram and explain briefly how meiosis makes genetic variation
possible.
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3. Figure shows the differences that occur in a family member.
Based on figure 8, identify the differences among the family members. Discuss how
the differences are inherited.
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4. Diagram 2.1 shows phase X and phase Y in the cell cycle of an organism.
Phase X consists of three sub-phase, P, Q and R. Phase Y involves two
processes, U and Y.
Diagram 2.1
(a) (i) Name process U.
……………………………………………
(ii) State two roles of process U in an organism.
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(b) Diagram 2.2 shows the various stages in process U.
Diagram 2.2
(i) Based on Diagram 2.2 complete the correct sequence of stages in
process U.
Stage → Stage → Stage → Stage
IV ………… ……… ………
(ii) Name the stages in process U.
Stage Name of stage
I
II
III
IV
(c) (i) Name phase X in Diagram 2.1.
…………………………………
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(ii) Describe what happens in the cell during phase X.
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(d) A technique which involves the cell cycle shown in Diagram 2.1 could
used in cattle farming. A researcher to use the technique to increase the
number of beef cattle. Describe the technique.
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