Module 4:Transportation EngineeringPrepared by : Prof Poonam I. Modi

What is a Transportation?? The safe and efficient movement of people and

goods Branch of engineering which applies technology,

science and human factors to the planning, design, operations and management of roads, streets, highways is Transportation Engineering

Aim is to provide safe, rapid, comfortable, efficient, convenient movement of people, goods and services.

Means of Transport

Means of Transport

Means of Transport

Means of Transport

Classification of Roads

Types of roadsBased upon speed and accessibility:Expressway – Roads designed for high speed (120 km/hr) for high traffic volume and safety. Parking, loading, unloading of goods and pedestrian traffic is not allowed.

Highways – Rural highways (roads passing through villages) and Urban highways (roads passing through large cities and towns)

Based upon Connectivity:

National Highway – Main highways running through length and breadth of India connecting major ports, capitals of large state, large industrial and tourist centres. State Highway – They are arterial roads of state that connect NH of adjacent states, district head quarters and important cities.Major District Road – Important roads within a district serving areas of production and markets connecting with each other or major highwayOther District Road – Roads serving the rural areas of production and providing them with outlet to market centers or other important roads like MDR or SHVillage District Road – These are roads connecting villages or group of villages with each other or to the roads of higher category like MDR or SH

Based upon Usage:All weather roads – Roads which are negotiable during all weathers, except at major river crossings.Fair weather roads – Roads that are negotiable only during the fair weather

Based Upon Carriage way or type of pavement material: Paved roads with hard surface – Provided with hard pavement course (eg: stones, water bound macadam (WBM) , Bituminous macadam (BM) ,concrete roadsUnpaved roads – Roads that are not provided with even 1 layer of hard based course of WBM ( eg: earth and gravel roads)

Macadam Roads:Macadam is a type of road construction pioneered by Scottish engineer John McAdam. (Single sized aggregate layers of small stones with a coating of binder as cementing agent were mixed in open-structure highway)Types of Macadam – -WBM (water bound macadam – gaps between the surface stones are mixed with stone dust or quarry dust and water-Tar bound macadam – Layer of tar was spread on surface-Asphalt pavement – aggregates were mixed with asphalt as binding material

Construction of the first macadamized road in the United States (1823). In the foreground, workers are breaking stones "so as not to exceed 6 ounces in weight or to pass a two-inch ring".

Traffic Signs-Regulatory signs-Warning Signs-Informatory signs

Traffic Signals

Road Markings

Traffic Signs:- Mandatory Signs

Traffic Signs:- Mandatory Signs

Traffic Signs:- Cautionary Signs

Traffic Signs:- Cautionary Signs

Traffic Signs:- Cautionary Signs

Traffic Signs:- Informatory Signs

Traffic Signs:- Informatory Signs

Traffic Markings:

Public Private PartnershipFundamental Concepts

Content

What is Public-Private-Partnership?

Why Public-Private-Partnership?

When Public-Private-Partnership?

Public Private Partnership (PPP) Models

PPP (Public Private Partnership) is a collective name for various relationships between public bodies and private companies.Traditionally the term is being used for those projects carried out jointly by the Government and a private company.

Public-Private Partnership (PPP) isa contract between the public sector and private sector, which requires new investments by the private partner (money, or technology, or expertise/time, or reputation, etc.), which transfers some key risks to the private sector (design/technology, construction/installation, availability, demand, etc.), in which payments are made in exchange for performance, for the purpose of delivering a service traditionally provided by the public sector.

Contracting with a private company to Renovate, Construct, Operate, Maintain, and/or Manage a facility or system

What is Public-Private-Partnership?

Why Public-Private-Partnership?

Bringing Added Value of optimisation of services by a private service provider, allowing the government to keep hold of the reins while at the same time minimising its own involvement in the actual execution of the work

Realising benefits from the projects earlier than would otherwise be possible within the current budgets, because they have been financed up front by a private party

• Not every project is suitable for PPP outsourcing.

• Most appropriate when:

– The scale of project / task is manageable

– Projects / Tasks where the responsibility can be defined for a longer period

PPP is often seen as being a solution for a lack of governmental resources or for financing the governmental deficit

When Public-Private-partnership?

Public Private Partnership (PPP) Models

New Projects

Government role

Design Build(DB)

Design Build

Maintain(DBM)

Design Build

Operate(DBO)

Design Build

OperateMaintain(DBOM)

BuildOwn

LeaseTransfer(BOLT)

BuildOwn

Operate(BOO)

Service Contracts

Management Contracts

Lease Concessions Divestiture

Public Responsibility Private Responsibility

BuildOwn

OperateTransfer(BOOT)

Design Build

FinanceMaintainOperate(DBOM)

Existing Services and Facilities

ProviderEnabler & Regulator

Design-Build (DB): The private sector designs and builds infrastructure to meet public sector performance specifications, often for a fixed price, so the risk of cost overruns is transferred to the private sector. (Many do not consider DB's to be within the spectrum of PPP's).

Operation & Maintenance Contract (O & M): A private operator, under contract, operates a publicly-owned asset for a specified term. Ownership of the asset remains with the public entity.

Build-Finance: The private sector constructs an asset and finances the capital cost only during the construction period.

Design-Build-Finance-Maintain (DBFM): The private sector designs, builds and finances an asset and provides hard facility management or maintenance services under a long-term agreement.

Design-Build-Finance-Maintain-Operate (DBFMO): The private sector designs, builds and finances an asset, provides hard and/or soft facility management services as well as operations under a long-term agreement.

Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) : Under this scheme the private participant will not be owning the facility. The private participant would be entitled to operate the facility for a specific period during which the revenues from the operation would be shared between the private participant and the Government or the Government will be paid lease charges by the private participant. On completion of the specified time the facility will be transferred to the Government.

Build-Own-Operate-Transfer (BOOT): Under this scheme the private participant will get an opportunity to own and operate the facility for some time and during this period the developer can commercially exploit the facility so developed. After the specified period the facility would be transferred to the Government.

Build-Own-Lease-Transfer (BOLT):The Private participant will lease the facility to the Government and the Government will pay the lease charges for a specific period and on the completion of the lease period the facility is transferred to the Government.

Build-Own-Operate-Share-Transfer (BOOST): The private sector is authorized to finance, construct , own, operate and maintain, share a part of the revenue and return the infrastructure facility at the end of the period. The private sector is allowed to recover its total investment, operating and maintenance costs plus a reasonable return thereon by collecting tolls, fees, rentals or other charges from facility users.

Build-Own-Operate (BOO): The private sector finances, builds, owns and operates a facility or service in perpetuity. The public constraints are stated in the original agreement and through on-going regulatory authority.

Concession: A private sector concessionaire undertakes investments and operates the facility for a fixed period of time after which the ownership reverts back to the public sector.