Module 4

Demand Management

Kaan Tuncok

Izmir, 2015

Risks of fully sectoral approach

Sectoral approach

Integrated approach

Overlooking negative impacts on environment and other sectors

Inefficient use of resources—natural and financial

Risks of fully integrated approach

Sectoral

approach

Integrated

approach

Getting mired in complexity.

Not making good use of specialist expertise.

Finding a balance

Sectoral approach

Integrated approach

Each country needs to decide where integration makes sense based on its social, political and hydrological situation.

5

What is Water Demand Management?

Water demand management (WDM) refers to any socially

beneficial action that reduces or modifies average or peak

water withdrawals or consumption consistent with protection or

enhancement of water quality.

WDM can be defined as a strategy to improve efficiency and

sustainable use of water resources taking into account

economic, social and environmental considerations.

WDM corresponds to use of price, quantitative restrictions and

other devices to limit the demand of water.

6

Reduces water demands (30% - 50%) with no deterioration in life

style or service level.

Significantly reduces capital requirements for expansion of water

supply and lowers operating costs (particularly chemicals and

energy)

Reduces generation of pollutants, and therefore the requirements

for new or expanded wastewater treatment systems.

Facilitates expansion of the coverage of available fund

Enhances the development and adoption of new technologies.

Leads to financially sustainable water systems

Benefits of WDM

Part B

7Water demand measures

8

WDM relies upon a range of measures (tools and techniques)

which can be divided into

Economic

Socio-political, and

Structural and operational

Water Demand Management Measures

9

Economic techniques depend on

Incentives such as rebates, tax credits and

Disincentives such as real cost, penalties, fines

Example: Realistic Water Pricing

A direct means of controlling water demand and

generating revenues to cover costs

Should be complementary to other measures of

water demand management

Economic Measures

10

Policies and Laws Economic policies, government regulations, standards on

appliance redesign and marketing:− policy to promote water saving devices− encouraging water savings in industries

Effective public/stakeholder education and awareness measures Wise use of water; direct restrictions on use

Socio-political Measures

11

Structural and operational measures are used to achieve better

control over water demand.

- metering, retrofitting, controlling flow (rationing)

and recycling

- reduction of UFW, leakage detection and repair

- use of water efficient devices

- water use restrictions during periods of water

shortages

Structural and Operational Measures

12Approaches for Water Demand Management

Increase system efficiency

Increase end use efficiency

Promoting distributed sources of supply

Substitute resource use Improve the market on resource usage

13Demand Management Measures

Increase system efficiency No change in usage, but change in system operation

Leak detection and repair, pressure reduction

Increase end use efficiency Less resource use by consumers by using water

advertising, education and use of water efficient devices

(low volume flush, shower heads, dish washer, washing machine

etc)

More efficient watering of public open spaces

Water efficiency in the planning, design and construction of

homes and buildings

14Demand Management Measures

Promoting distributed sources of supply Provide service via local resource not being used

encourage rainwater use and grey-water reuse

Substitute resource use Provide same service without resource use

Waterless sanitation, low water- use garden plants and shrubs,

plants adapted to local rain fall

Improve the market on resource usage inform consumers about full cost of resource

full cost pricing, universal metering, information on impact of

excessive water use

15

Substantial savings can be achieved and requirement

of extension water supply facilities can be avoided or

minimised by reducing unaccounted-for water.

(specifically leakage detection and control)

By reducing UFW water agency will be in better

financial situation and will be stronger position to achieve its

financial self-sufficiency and long term sustainability.

A low rate of unaccounted-for water is one of the

best overall indicators that a water utility is successful.

Reduction and Control of UFW

16

What is Unaccounted-For-Water?

Definition

Unaccounted-for water (UFW) represents the difference

between "net production" (the volume of water delivered into

a network) and "consumption" (the volume of water that can

be accounted for by legitimate consumption, whether

metered or not).

UFW = “net production” – “legitimate consumption”

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Non-Revenue Water

Non-revenue water (NRW) represents the difference between

the volume of water delivered into a network and billed

authorized consumption.

NRW = “Net production” – “Revenue water”

= UFW + water which is accounted for, but no revenue is

collected (unbilled authorized consumption).

Components of Unaccounted-For Water

Unaccounted-for water

Physical loss

(Real loss)

Commercial loss

(Apparent loss)

Pipe breaks and leaks

Storage overflows

House connection leaks

Metering Errors

Water Theft

Billing Anomalies

Existing real losses

Economic level

Unavoidable real losses

Improved response time for

leak repair

Improved system maintenance, replacement, rehabilitation

Pressure management

and level control

More efficient leak detection

Four components of an active real loss management program

Existing apparent losses

Economic level

Unavoidable apparent

losses

Reduction of theft by Education Legal action Prepay measures Pressure limitation Flow control

Reduction of computer error by Auditing Checking Routine analysis Upgrade

Reduction of human error Training Standardizing Reporting Auditing

Reduction of meter error by Testing, Sizing Replacement

Four components of an active apparent loss management program

Case studiesPart c

22

Limited water resources, importing water from Malaysia

Strong emphasis on Water Conservation as well as

Management of Water Distribution System

Water Demand Management Approach

Keeping unaccounted-for water low

Conservation in customers’ premises

Tariffs and use of economic incentives and

disincentives

Case Study: Singapore (1)

Keeping unaccounted-for water low

- leak detection and repair, mains replacement

and rehabilitation, minimising illegal connection

Conservation in customers’ premises - water saving devices, promoting use of other sources (rain water, sea water), encouraging water reuse, consumer education

Tariffs and use of economic incentives and disincentives

- rates reviewed periodically, rate structured to

encourage conservation

- only approved pipe and fittings are allowed to be used

in water supply system

- water service works are done by licensed workers only

Case Study: Singapore (2)

24Evolution of UFW in Singapore (1989-1999)

Source: Yepes (1995); PUB Singapore (2001)

5.1

6.06.46.77.7

10.6 9.5

6.25.9

4.9 4.7

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

UF

W (

%)

Consumer Percent of

Volume

Percent of Sales Relative Tariff

Residential 47.3 40.3 0.85

Commercial and Industrial

32.0

47.1

1.47

Government 19.9 10.6 0.53

Shipping 0.8 2.0 2.50

Total 100%

= 456 Mm3

100%

= $US 237 million

1.00

= $US 0.52/m3

Singapore - Volume of Water Sold and Revenues (1994)

26

New South Wales, Australia – Population 70000

Demand management program included the following

Pricing and billing reform

Leakage detection and repair

Rebates & give-aways for water efficient shower heads

Point of sale rebate for front loading washing machines

Discounted residential retrofit

Free water audit for non-residential customers

A water efficient demonstration house and garden

Effluent reuse in a new village

A school education program

Case Study: Rous Regional WDM Program

27Case Study: Brittany, France

A major pilot project in 7 cities of Brittany, France

[Brest, Lorient, Pontivy, Quinter, Rennes, Morlaix (St-Martin- des-Champs) and Vannes] (total

population – 800, 000)

Project activities - Information campaign (users and professionals);

- Letters to domestic users;

- Tests & installation of various water-saving devices

- Investigations of leakage in the public distribution

system and in private households.

28Water Savings in Seven Pilot Cities in Brittany, France

Source: Sustainable Water Use in Europe (EEA 2001)

29

Case Study: Decreasing Network Losses in Zurich, Switzerland

Network monitoring and leakage control

- Annual inspection of at least 40 % of the network

Regular network flushings & hydrant controls

- Around 10,000 hydrants are checked, flushed and

repaired biannually.

Periodic area-wise network maintenance

- Valves, street surface boxes, signs, etc., are locally

inspected, cleaned, made accessible or restored.

Periodic pressure surge measurements and stray current

measurements

- To maintain the up-to-date situation of performance

analysis

30Decreasing Network Losses in Zurich

Specific water loss decreased from 0.57 m3/h/km in

1985 to 0.22 m3/h/km in 1995.

Cost of maintenance operation

Component Man-hour /km/year

Swiss Frank/ km/year

Repairs 5 5000

Preventive Maintenance

25 3000

Renewal 25 15000

Total 55 23000

Source: Sustainable Water Use in Europe (EEA 2001)

31Decreasing Network Losses in Zurich

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997

Year

Lo

sses

(%)

Source: Sustainable Water Use in Europe (EEA 2001)

32

In Boston, impending costs of supplying water to the city led officials to implement a Long Range Water Supply Program (LRWSP) to cut down on water use.

Between 1988 and 1993, LRWSP reduced the average daily demand for water from 1.2 million to 0.9 million m3. The program focused on

- detecting and repairing leaks, metering, retrofitting showerheads and toilets with more efficient technologies, protecting water sources from pollution, and building support for the program among city, residents through outreach and education.

These reductions eliminated the need to develop new supplies -- saving hundreds of millions of dollars--and the water system is operating within its safe yield for the first time in 20 years (40).

Case study – WDM in Boston, USA

WEI > 80% strains on water resources are very severe.

WEI 60–80% major risks of structural strain in the medium term.

WEI 20–60% may experience localor cyclical strains.

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Plan Bleu proposed an alternative scenario based on establishing following voluntary policies:

• Improve water resource management, storage and protection through pollution prevention, increasing the exploitable potential, improving soil and water conservation practices, and increasing the use of artificial replenishment of groundwater in arid areas;

• Ensure economical and effective use of water by setting up Water Demand Management (WDM) strategies and policies backed by the necessary technical, economic, and regulatory tools; and

• Developing appropriate institutional capacity through awareness-raising and training.

better integration of environment and development on a voluntary basis

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Sector water demands at the Mediterranean countries level: trends and alternative scenarios

36

Total demand for water: trends and alternative scenarios (2000–2025)

37

Tools of agricultural WDM deployed in the Mediterranean

- Institutional framework - Coherent strategic framework - Essential to co-ordinate action and to make a firm commitment, monitored in the long term

Technical tools

Improve canal streamflow processes;

Improve efficiency of irrigation methods;

Reduce vulnerability of agronomical models and land use systems;

Improve cultivated species;

Revise crop management and intervals between harvesting and planting;

Choice of crops and optimisation of rotation;

Use of irrigation as a back-up;

Irrigation planning and management tools.

Tools of planning and co-ordination

Devolved units of management

(basin agencies);

User and irrigator associations;

NTIC (water management support

software for an irrigated area).

Tools of training and awareness raising

Campaigns to raise awareness of

farmers and the general public;

Agricultural advisory service;

Training of agricultural

professionals, technicians and

engineers.

Regulation and offtake

control

Economic incentives to

save water

Pricing;

Quotas;

Forms of financial assistance (subsidies, assisted loans);

Fees;

Delink aid from CAP;

Agri-environmental

measures;

Cross-compliance.

38Examples of technologies and water saving

Industrial sectors Examples of technologies which facilitate water saving

Paper mills Recycling some of the process water (alkaline) from the bleaching unit;Collection and recycling of clean cooling water;Operating certain cooling circuits as closed circuits;Recycling water in the ground wood pulping unit;Partial recycling of water after biological processing, etc.

Steelworks Recycling as much process and cooling water as possible;Operating a closed circuit for wash water.

Agri-foods and dairyindustry

Use of analytical measurement and control methods to limit water wastage;Use flow-rate limiters for cleaning operations;Limiting contact between water and food/dairy matter.

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Economic tools and water saving incentives for irrigation

Type of tool Degree of incentive to save water

Pricing Tool prioritises recovery of water utility costs, but may lend an incentive to water saving.Incentive varies according to tariff structure and price level

Quotas Set a consumption limit which cannot be exceeded,without encouraging water saving within the quotalimit, unless some special arrangement exists.

Financial aid(subsidies, loans on easy terms)

Incentives to save water and prevent wastage, throughaid in acquiring modern irrigation systems, which savemore water, and planting drought-tolerant crops, etc.

Agri-environmentalmeasures(AEM)

AEMs signal a shortage of the resource in thetargeted territories. Voluntary measures. Little impactif not taken collectively at catchment level.

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Typology of adaptation strategies in the water sector

Type of strategy Sample measures (including WDM)

Accept the risks andlosses (do nothing)

• Some coastal aquifers, wetlands or areas of rain-fed agriculture disappear;

• Minor areas of flooding or erosion near rivers.

Spread risks andlosses

• Set up systems of insurance and mutualisation of the financial risks ofweather and water risks;• Diversify sources of drinking water supply.

Anticipate andforestall the effects:technology andinfrastructure (hard)

• Increase impoundment capacity;• Increase transfers between basins;• Implement programmes to make usage more efficient*;• Develop systems for reusing wastewater and desalination systems;• Improve the efficiency of irrigation, drinking water supply and sewage• systems;• Modify the size of infrastructure and built works (raise the heights of

dams and dykes, modify river transport infrastructure etc.);• Build flood-resistant buildings.

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Typology of adaptation strategies in the water sector

Type of strategy Sample measures (including WDM)

Anticipate andforestall the effects:political, regulatoryand institutionalresponses (soft)

• Drought management plans;• Programme financial incentives to save irrigation water*;• Modify standard sizes and operating rules for built works;• Rationing;• Standards;• Adopt new methods of decision-making, incorporating management

of uncertainties.

Change/reorganiseuses and activities

• Reallocate the resource towards uses which add more value;• Introduce drought-resistant/less thirsty crops;• Shift businesses and dwellings away from areas prone to flooding;• Improve watch and alert systems.

Research andexploitation ofclimate information

• Improve capacities for seasonal, annual and ten-yearly modelling andweather forecasting;• Develop aids to decision-making and improve risk assessment

methods at basin and sub-basin level (couple climate and hydro models);

• Define suitable indicators of vulnerability and adaptation;• Set up early warning systems;• Facilitate production and provision of climate data to decision-makers,technical departments and the general public.

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1. Environmental agency UK – Save waterwww.environment-agency.gov.uk

2. Conserve Water – Melbourne Water Australiahttp://conservewater.melbournewater.com.au

3. Water Efficiency Clearing House - AWWAwww.waterwiser.org

4. USEPA – Water Use Efficiency Program www.epa.gov/owm/water-efficiency/

5. Environment Canada www.ec.gc.ca/water/en/manage/effic/e_weff.htm

6. Public Utilities Boardhttp://www.pub.gov.sg

7. Water Demand Management Forum http://www.idrc.ca/waterdemand/

Web Resources on Water Conservation