module 3: hedgerows - charles darwin trustcharlesdarwintrust.org/userfiles/uploaded/files/... ·...
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Module 3: HedgerowsDarwin planted a hedge as an experiment
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Enquire with Darwin
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What is so important about a hedge?
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Change over time• In1846,Darwinplantedahedgewhichbordered
afieldusedforgrazingsheepandcattleandhaymaking
• Ontheothersideofthepathwasasmallcopse
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Change over timeIn 1846 he planted...
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Alder
Birch
Hazel
Dogwood
Lime
Privet
Hornbeam
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The experimentFor 20 years Darwin observed the hedge almost every dayAfter20yearsherecordedthespeciesthathadcomeintothishedge
Heobservedandrecorded:
• Incomingplantspecies• Theuseanimalsmadeofthehedge• Seasonalchange
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The Hedge in the 1850s
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Ash Holly Cherry
Maple Privet Sycamore
Honeysuckle Hornbeam Ivy
Elm Spindle Gooseberry
WildClematis Rubus(Blackberry) Rose
Beech Oak
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Change over timeIn 1866 Darwin made a survey of the hedge:
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Change over timeIn 2006, Jane McLauchlin made a survey of the hedge:• Therewere63plantspecies
• Wheredidtheycomefrom?
• Howdidtheygetthere?
• Someplantslikethehoneysuckleandelmhavedisappearedfromthehedge.Howhasthishappened?
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The Hedge in 2009
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What lives in the hedge?
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Food in a hedge
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Food in a hedge
Hedge flowers, berries and seeds
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Small Mammals
Hedge flowers, berries and seedsFood in
a hedge
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Small Mammals
Eggs and Chicks
Hedge flowers, berries and seedsFood in
a hedge
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Small Mammals
Eggs and Chicks
Food plants at the base of the hedge
Hedge flowers, berries and seedsFood in
a hedge
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Small Mammals
Eggs and Chicks
Food plants at the base of the hedge
Insects in soil, under leaves and bark
Hedge flowers, berries and seedsFood in
a hedge
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Small Mammals
Eggs and Chicks
Food plants at the base of the hedge
Insects in soil, under leaves and bark
Leaves for caterpillars
Hedge flowers, berries and seedsFood in
a hedge
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Owls
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Animals in a hedgeDifferent animals come here at night and vary through the seasons
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Owls
Squirrels
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Animals in a hedgeDifferent animals come here at night and vary through the seasons
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Owls
Squirrels
Shrews, voles, and mice
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Animals in a hedgeDifferent animals come here at night and vary through the seasons
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Owls
Squirrels
Shrews, voles, and mice
Fox
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Animals in a hedgeDifferent animals come here at night and vary through the seasons
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Owls
Squirrels
Shrews, voles, and mice
Rabbits under the hedge
Fox
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Animals in a hedgeDifferent animals come here at night and vary through the seasons
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Owls
Squirrels
Shrews, voles, and mice
Rabbits under the hedge
Fox
Possibly dormice (summer)
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Animals in a hedgeDifferent animals come here at night and vary through the seasons
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Owls
Squirrels
Shrews, voles, and mice
Leaf litter insects
Rabbits under the hedge
Fox
Possibly dormice (summer)
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Animals in a hedgeDifferent animals come here at night and vary through the seasons
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Owls
Squirrels
Shrews, voles, and mice
Leaf litter insects
Rabbits under the hedge
Fox
Possibly dormice (summer)
Butterflies by day, moths by night
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Animals in a hedgeDifferent animals come here at night and vary through the seasons
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Owls
Squirrels
Shrews, voles, and mice
Leaf litter insects
Rabbits under the hedge
Fox
Worms and insects in the soil
Possibly dormice (summer)
Butterflies by day, moths by night
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Animals in a hedgeDifferent animals come here at night and vary through the seasons
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Owls
Squirrels
Shrews, voles, and mice
Leaf litter insects
Rabbits under the hedge
Hedgehogs
Fox
Worms and insects in the soil
Possibly dormice (summer)
Butterflies by day, moths by night
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Animals in a hedgeDifferent animals come here at night and vary through the seasons
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Darwin’s ways of working Darwin’s son wrote:‘Heusedtowalkverystealthily&quietlyamongstthewoodsorwheretherewasanyanimallifetowatch’
‘Onedayinthe[Sandwalk]woodhesurprisedafoxasleep,itgotup&lookedathimmuchastonished&thentrottedoff’‘Anotherday[nearthehedge]awholefamilyofyoungsquirrelstookhimforatree&ranup&downhim’‘Hehadasharpeyeforbirdsnests&oftenusedtofindthemwithoutlookingforthem’‘Sawbeesinholesattheend[ofthehedge]’
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Darwin’s ways of working: observation Darwinhimselfnoted
‘pulpyfruitsservequadrupedsandbirdsasfood,whiletheirseeds,oftenhardandindigestible,passuninjuredthroughtheintestines,andaredepositedfarfromtheiroriginalplaceofgrowthinaconditionpeculiarlyfitfor[germination]’
Anevidenceimage
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Darwin’s ways of working:observation
Blackberrieshavetoughskins
Howdotheseinsectsfeedfromtheblackberryinawaythatshowsinterdependence?
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Darwin’s ways of working:observation
Blackberrieshavetoughskins
Awasphasstrongjaws(mandibles)toteartheskinopentoreachthesugaryflesh
ARedAdmiralbutterflyhasalongtongue(proboscis).Itsucksupthejuicefromthemushyblackberry.
Aflydribblessalivaonthefruittomakeitmushysoitcansuckupthejuice.
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Videos of hedgerow lifewww.bbc.co.uk/nature/habitats/hedge(LivingBritain,AutumnwatchandHedgelore)
www.youtube.com/watch?v=HHaNvgysJcQ&feature=related(bugs)
www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tx8rJJfZ5Ak(birdsnestinginahedge)
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Hedgerow food web
Arrowsshowenergyflow.Forexample,seedsareeatenbyseed-eatingbirds,thesebirdsaretheneatenbylargercarnivorousbirds
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Hedge habitatUsingtheHedgeposter,recordthespeciesofplantsandanimalsfoundinmanyhedges
Typicalhedgehabitat
Hedgecafeteria
Theseasons
Thephotographsofplantsandanimalsunderthemainheading
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Resource materialsRoleplayAmapoftheoldschooldevelopmentsite:
JonasHomeshassubmittedthefollowinglistoftreesandshrubstoaBoroughCouncilontheedgeofacity.Theplannedhedgewillbeplantednexttothefootpathonthewesternedgeofthedevelopmentsite.
•Birch(Betulapendula)•Hornbeam(Carpinusbetulus)•Fieldmaple(Acercampestre)•Privet(Ligustrumvulgare)•Guelderrose(Viburnumopulus)•Dogwood(Cornusanguinea)
PARKPLAYING FIELD
SCHOOL SITE
FENCE HOLLY HEDGE
SCHOOL’SWILDAREA
RAILWAYLINE
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Resource materialsRoleplayStudentstakerolesandpresentthefollowingargumentsataplanningconsultation.
Those people living opposite this site
Thehousesoppositethesitearehardlyvisiblefromtheroadbecausethecouncilprohibitedgrubbingupoftreesandhedgerowsduringthebuildingwork.Theplantingshouldbeofoak,fieldmaple,hawthorn,blackthorn,crabapple,elderandhazellikethehedgeopposite.Itshouldgrowtomorethan3metreshigh.ItisanattractivefeaturethatreducespollutionaroundtheirhomesandtheBoroughmaintainsitwell.
The local Wildlife Trust
Elmtreesinthehedgearoundthesitediedinthe1980s.Whatremainedofthehedgewasnotasafewildlifecorridortothepark,thehedgeoppositeortherailwayembankment.TheTrustisconcernedabouthabitatfragmentationandwouldliketoseeadoublerowofcloselyplantedsaplingsonthewestandnorthsidesofthesiteandtheoldschool’swildarealeftintact.Theyneedaccesstothehedgetomonitorwildlife.Thecommunitycanvisitthesiteonopendays.
Those who don’t want the Borough to waste money
Ahedgeneedstobemaintainedsobranchesdon’toverhangthefootpathtotheshopsorpark.Evenwithbarkmulchunderthehedge,itwillbecomefullofweeds.Thedeveloper,notlocalpeople,shouldpayformaintenance.TheywantalowfenceoragrassedgethathouseholderscanmowsothattheBoroughwillnothavetopayformaintenance.
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Resource materialsRoleplayLocal biodiversity group
WithnogreenfieldsitesintheBorough,mostbrownfieldsiteshavebeenbuilton.Itssurveysshowthatlocalwildflowersaredisappearingandthisaffectsbees,butterfly,birdandsmallmammalnumbers.Hedgerowsareveryimportantforconservationofthreatenedlichens,invertebrates,reptilesandamphibians,20speciesofbirdand11endangeredmammalsintheUK.Theyworkwithschoolsandwanttoretainthewildareatoshowchangeovertime.Itsvolunteerswillmaintainthehedgeandschoolswillbeencouragedtovisit.
Green gym group
Thepurposeoftheplantingisn’tjusttocomplywiththeplanningpermissionnortoplantthecheapestoptionavailable.Thegreengymcansourceandplantamixedhedgeifthedeveloperpaystheminsteadofacontractor.Thisnon-profitmakinggroupworkswiththeBoroughtoencourageolderorunemployedpeopletokeephealthy,active,givesomethingbacktotheircommunityandgainskills.Thehedgecanbecomeafocusforcommunityevents.
Potential house buyers who would have the hedge near their homes.
Theydon’twantanythingclosetothehousesthatwillgrowover2metresandblockoutlight,orrisktheirsafety.Theydon’twantpricklyplantsinthehedgecollectingblowinglitter.Theydon’twantanythinglikewillowthathasahugerootsystemandcanunderminehousefoundations.Whoeverpaysfortheplantsmustalsopayforthemaintenance;whyshouldtheypayforit?There’splentyofwildlifeontherailwayembankment,whydoweneedmorehere?
Discussthechoicesmadeandfactorsotherthanwildlifethataffectdecisionmaking.Whatsortofhedgemightbemostwildlifefriendly?
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AcknowledgementsThisresourcehasbeenproducedbyTheCharlesDarwinTrust©TheCharlesDarwinTrust2012SerieseditorDrSusanJohnsonAuthorDrSusanJohnsonEditorKarenGoldie-MorrisonDesignSPYStudioPhotographstakenatDownHousearewiththankstoEnglishHeritagewhichownsandopenstheHousetothepublic.
Picture creditsAllpicturesDrSusanJohnsonexcept:Slide6EnglishHeritagePhotoLibrarySlides15and16SPYStudio/TheCharlesDarwinTrustSlide19BritishEcologicalSocietySlide20SPYStudio/TheCharlesDarwinTrust
ThankyoutoourcurrentfunderswhoaresupportingDarwinInspiredlearningandhavemadeEnquirewithDarwinpossible:theEvolutionEducationTrust,theFoyleFoundation,theGarfieldWestonFoundation,theJJCharitableTrustandtheMarkLeonardTrust,TheMercers’Company,andanumberofindividualdonors.