Module Module 2525Mineral and Energy ResourcesMineral and Energy Resources

PLATE TEKTONICS & METAL PROSPECTIONPLATE TEKTONICS & METAL PROSPECTION

PRIMARY ORE DEPOSITSPRIMARY ORE DEPOSITS

Hydrothermal vein

ContactMetamorphism

MagmaticSegregation

SECONDARY ORE DEPOSITSSECONDARY ORE DEPOSITSWeathering and accumulation of ore depositsWeathering and accumulation of ore deposits

SECONDARY ORE DEPOSITSSECONDARY ORE DEPOSITSPlacer depositsPlacer deposits

SECONDARY ORE DEPOSITSSECONDARY ORE DEPOSITSPlacer depositsPlacer deposits

INTAN

MININGMININGOpen pitOpen pit

EXAMPLES OF OIL TRAPSEXAMPLES OF OIL TRAPS

FORMATION OF COALFORMATION OF COAL

FORMATION OF COALFORMATION OF COAL

Renewable and Nonrenewable ResourcesRenewable and Nonrenewable ResourcesResources can be either Resources can be either renewablerenewable or or nonrenewablenonrenewableA renewable resource A renewable resource can can replenishedreplenished or or regeneratedregenerated. . For example, a food crop which can be consume For example, a food crop which can be consume each season. each season. Groundwater drawn from wells may eventually be Groundwater drawn from wells may eventually be replenished by rainwater. replenished by rainwater. But what does But what does ““eventuallyeventually”” mean? Some resources mean? Some resources take a very long time to regenerated take a very long time to regenerated –– longer than longer than humans are willing or able to wait. For instance, it humans are willing or able to wait. For instance, it may take hundreds of years for groundwater may take hundreds of years for groundwater supplies to be replenished.supplies to be replenished.

So we must modify our definition:So we must modify our definition:A RENEWABLE RESOURCES IS ONE THAT CAN BE A RENEWABLE RESOURCES IS ONE THAT CAN BE RENEWED ON RENEWED ON A HUMAN TIME SCALEA HUMAN TIME SCALE

Renewable and Nonrenewable ResourcesRenewable and Nonrenewable ResourcesSome mineral deposits are known to be forming Some mineral deposits are known to be forming today, but the rate of formation is exceedingly slow.today, but the rate of formation is exceedingly slow.For example, it may take 600,000 years for a large For example, it may take 600,000 years for a large copper deposit to be formed.copper deposit to be formed.From a human point of view, resources such as coal, From a human point of view, resources such as coal, oil, copper, iron, gold and fertilizers are oil, copper, iron, gold and fertilizers are oneone--crop crop resourcesresources. The Earth. The Earth’’s supply of those s supply of those ““cropscrops”” is is fixedfixed..

Our modified definition:Our modified definition:RENEWABLE RESOURCESRENEWABLE RESOURCES ARE THOSE THAT CAN ARE THOSE THAT CAN BE RENEWED ON BE RENEWED ON A HUMAN TIME SCALE, A HUMAN TIME SCALE, THE THE REST AREREST ARE NONREWABLE RESOURCESNONREWABLE RESOURCES

Quaternary Volcanoes Belts of IndonesiaQuaternary Volcanoes Belts of Indonesia

Distribution of Magmatic Arcs of IndonesiaDistribution of Magmatic Arcs of Indonesia(source: (source: CarlileCarlile & & MichellMichell, 1994), 1994)

Distribution of Magmatic Arcs and Ore MineralsDistribution of Magmatic Arcs and Ore Mineralsof Indonesiaof Indonesia

MALAYSIA MINDANAOKALIMANTAN

SUMATERA

SULAWESISUMBAWA WETAR

IRIANJAYA

Grasberg/Estberg(Cu, Au)

Gebe(Ni)

Gag(Ni)

Lerokis/Kali Kuning

(Au,Ag)

AUSTRALIA

Batu Hijau(Cu, Au)

Gunung Pongkor(Au,Ag)Cikotok

(Au,Ag)

Lebong Simpang(Au,Ag)

Lebong Donok(Au,Ag)

Lebong Tandai(Au,Ag)

Bintan(Al)

Masupa Ria(Au,Ag)

Mt. Muro(Au,Ag)

Busang(Au)

JAWA

Kelapa Kampit(Sn)

Ampalit(Au)

Kelian(Au)

Malala(Ni)

Tombulilato(Ni) Mesel

(Au)

Bulagidun(Cu,Ag)

Soroako(Ni)Pomalaa

(Ni)

Endapan bijih utamaBusur magmatik termineralisasi

( sumber: Carlile dan Mitchel, 1994 )

Mirah(Au,Ag)

Trenggalek

Borneo Gosowang

CalangGeumpang

Logas Burung Mandi(Au)

Cikijang(Au)

Primalirang

SAMODRA HINDIA

LAUT CINA SELATAN

Sedimentary Basins of IndonesiaSedimentary Basins of Indonesia(after (after PadmosukismoPadmosukismo at al., 1989)at al., 1989)