module 1 research & stat

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The Research Process


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Module 1

The Research Process

is a scholarly activity aimed at finding newtruths about a specific discipline basically

designed to find solution to a problem. done in various fields of studies.

may be done in natural sciences like Biology,Chemistry and Physics. And in the field ofsocial sciences such as Sociology,Psychology, Education, Anthropology,Industry and the like.


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Definitions of Research

a systematic patient study andinvestigation in some field of knowledgeundertaken to discover or establishfacts or principles (Websters NewWorld Dictionary, 1994)

a systematic investigation in order toestablish facts and new conclusions(Oxford, 1996)


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Definitions of Research

a systematic and objective analysis andrecording of controlled observationsthat may lead to the development ofgeneralizations, principles or theoriesresulting in prediction and possiblyultimate control of events (Best & Kahn,

1998)


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purposive, systematic and scientific processof gathering, analyzing, classifying,organizing, presenting and interpreting data

for the solution of a problem, for prediction,for invention, for the discovery of truth, or forthe expansion or verification of existingknowledge, all for the preservation and

improvement of the quality of life (Calderon,2000)


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a process of systematically examining andexplaining the observables. It seeks togenerate answers to questions but it also

generates further questions for study. In thescientific sense, research denotes an activeprocess of identifying a research problemneeding a solution and then systematically

gathering, examining and interpretingknowledge about how to resolve that problem(Brockopp and Tolsma, 2003)


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Domains of Research

Man is a rational being equipped withthe faculties of the intellect and the will.

These faculties enable him to speculate andtheorize about reality. However what hethinks is happening is not always whatactually is happening. There are

discrepancies in his speculations and inreality. What actually happens is theexperimental or empirical domain. What hespeculates is the theoretical domain.


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Elements of the TheoreticalDomain

Concepts - is a set of interrelatedideas

Propositions - is a statement specifyingrelationship between two ormore variables

Logical relations - attempts to establishthe kind of relationship thatexists between the two

variables.


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Figure 1The Research Domains

Theoretical

domain

concepts

propositions

logical relations

Research

Process

ResearchdesignSampling planMeasurement

Data analysis

Empirical domain

Reality insociety

Individuals

groups


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Characteristics of the ResearchProcess

Systematic - done in an orderlymanner; it follows a system that applies

logic at many points. Controlled - it is so planned and does

not allow any guess work, problem is

thoroughly defined, variables areidentified and instruments are carefullyselected or constructed.


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Empirical - conclusions are based onevidences gathered carefully through

the use of carefully selected orformulated instruments.

Critical - compelling conclusions which

enable the researcher to develop fullconfidence in the results or outcomes ofthe research


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Cyclical - it starts with a problem andends with a problem.

Universal - the research processes andprocedures are transmittable whichenable the other researchers toreplicate them and assess their validity.

Replicable the researcher may use theresults of a study and/or build upon theresearch results of another


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Figure 1.Research as a Cyclical Process

1. Question

2. Problem

3. Research Plan(Sampling) Design

5. Hypothesis

4. Sub problems

9. Interpretation

6. Data Collection

8. Rejection &acceptance of

hypothesis

7. Data Analysis


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Classification of Research

1.According to the purpose/s

2.According to statistical content3.According to time element


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Basic research is research that seeksknowledge for its own sake. It is aimed towarddiscovery of the basic truth or principles. Its

objective is to add information or knowledgeand not necessarily to produce results ofimmediate practical solution to a problem orno one that will facilitate decision making.

Applied Research or field research is a researchthat is done to discover something withpractical use. It is conducted to solveproblem or evaluate something of interest.

1. According to the purpose/s


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Qualitative research is based on gaininginsight and understanding about an

individuals experience and reality. It makesuse of biographies, feelings, views and ideasof individuals which may take the form of anyof the following inquiries: phenomenological,

ethnographic, anthropological and historical(Brockopp and Tolsma, 2003).

2. According to statistical content


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Quantitative research emphasizes objectivity,precision and rigorous measurements, structureddata gathering. It is concerned with objectivity

and ability to generalize the findings to othersand as such utilizes inferential statistics such ascorrelation, chi-square, t-test or analysis ofvariance to determine the result of the

investigation. The quantitative approach utilizesthe experimental design, quasi-experimental,and the non-experimental design. (Brockopp andTolsma, 2003)


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3. According to time element

Historical researchdescribes past eventsInvolves investigating, recording, analyzing

and interpreting the events of the past todiscover generalizations that will helpunderstand the past and the present and toa limited extent, anticipate the future.

Descriptive research describes what is. Itinvolves describing, recording, analyzingand interpreting conditions that exist.


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Experimental researchdescribes thatwill be when certain variables arecontrolled or manipulated.


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Uses/ Purposes of Research

explores some possible solution to existingproblems

describes, records and explains some existingphenomenon and its underlying causes.

predicts and controls phenomenon through theuse of previous scientific investigations

provides new knowledge, truth, principles or lawsthat may serve as guide in the practice of various

professions provides verifiable information upon which

generalization and conclusions are drawn

contributes to the progress and development of

society


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Research and Development

Research will help in describing andanalyzing existing socio-economicconditions.

Data from research can serve as inputswhen planning or designing programs.

The particular needs and interest of a

specific community for whom thedevelopment is intended may be obtainedthrough research.


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The implementation of projects will beeffectively done when it is guided by somedata specific to the project and thecommunity it will serve

The monitoring of projects will be moreefficiently done if its aided by and accurate

information such as status of project,completion rate and other relevant data


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Every project needs to be evaluated. Thisphase to be effectively done will utilize datato determine the effectiveness of saidprojects. Subsequent data will be useful infuture decision making.


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Research Dissemination

It is important that findings of research are disseminated sm that the knowledge generated these findings may be utilized.Dissemination of scholarly work is done through publications.Scholarly publications are documents that serve to

communicate to other professionals the methods andachievements produced through academic study and researchinvestigation. These publications called research journals,provide forum for the scholarly presentation and discussion ofscientific investigation related to the descriptive. Journals whose

manuscripts are submitted to a review process by a report ofexperts are called refereed journals. Although publication of aresearch report in a refereed journal does not guaranteequality, it does suggests that it has merit beyond what isclaimed by the researcher (Brockopp and Tolsma, 2003)


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