module 1: lng fuelled vessels design training...•module 4: manoeuvring of lng driven vessel,...
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Module 1: LNG Fuelled Vessels Design Training
Dr Evangelos BoulougourisUniversity of Strathclyde
Background-Environmental Regulations
Trans-European Transport Networks (TEN-T)
The aims of TEN-TInterfaces
Interoperability
Continuity of services
Finance transport infrastructure projects
Marco Polo
European Union’s SolutionMarco Polo
• Alleviate congestion and pollution promoting greener modes
• More than 500 companies approached the programme since 2003
• Five categories of projects under the program "Marco Polo“
• Main category designed to switching to other means of transport such as rail or sea
• Four categories include catalyst actions that promote Motorways of Sea between major ports, actions to avoid traffic which reduce the transport volumes, and common learning actions
• Further opportunities for funding are available (European Investment Bank-EIB)
Motorways of the Sea (MoS)
Aims and Results of MoS
Aims• Extend existing & introduce new intermodal maritime supply chains in Europe
• Transfer freight transport from road to sea
Necessities• More efficient than road transport
• Greater sustainability
Results• Reduction of road congestion & environmental impact of freight transport
• Improvement in access to European markets
Sea areas selected to be "Motorways"
• Baltic
• Southwestern and Southeastern Europe seas
• Western Europe seas
On The MoS Way Network (OTMW-N)
Background
upcoming regulations on the reduction of CO2 footprint in the
shipping industry lead ship owners to
search for alternative energy sources and new
technologies
LNG is a solution as it is a very cleanenergy source at
low price and high safety standards
There is a clear need for training and
capacities building and interest from
the sector's stakeholders
Objectives• To promote
• The use of LNG fuel as a cheap and clean fuel for the shipping industry aiming to:• Reduce transport cost
• Meet the tight emission limits
• The understanding and the appreciation of the pros and cons of LNG’s use as a marine fuel
• Developing a new culture in all the actors (onboard and offshore) to understand their role to the safe operation of LNG fuelled ships
• To bridge the different perspective that the crew onboard and at the port have, creating a common understanding.
Partners
Training Modules
• Module 1: LNG fuelled vessels design training
• Module 2: Safety of LNG handling on plant, bunkering station and onboard vessels (7th September to 11th September 2015-World MaritimeUniversity)
• Module 3: LNG cargo and ballast management training on LCHSsimulator (Date tbc- City of Glasgow College)
• Module 4: Manoeuvring of LNG driven vessel, special conditions andoperations (Date tbc- City of Glasgow College)
• Module 5: Propulsion and power generation training of LNG drivenvessel (Date tbc)
Module 1 ‘LNG Fuelled Vessels Design Training’
Contents
1. Background-Environmental Regulations
2. Shipping Industry Overview
3. Compliance Strategies of Owners with the Regulations
4. LNG Supply Chain
5. Design of LNG Fuelled Vessels
6. Case Studies-Existing Vessels Powered with LNG
7. Standards and Guidelines for Natural Gas Fuelled Ship Projects
Learning Outcomes
• Realize the current situation of shipping industry
• Familiarize with the new environmental measures (regulations) adopted by IMO
• Introduce the alternative solutions
• Approach to LNG ship logistics
• Understand the main principles in design of LNG fuelled vessels
• Observe the basic alterations in contrast with the conventional vessels
• Deepen at the operation of alternative parts of LNG fuelled vessels
Course Programme
IT tools
• Local Students:
• In classroom presentations and tutorials
• Distant Learning Students
• Use of Spontania for real-time participation to the courses (availablefor Microsoft, Mac & Android platforms)
• All lectures will be recorded and uploaded for future use by registeredstudents
Instructions for Spontania
• Local Students:
• In classroom presentations and tutorials
• Distant Learning Students
• Use of Spontania for real-time participation to the courses (availablefor Microsoft, Mac & Android platforms)
• Go to http://acceso.videosalas.com/ using preferably Chrome orFirefox browsers
• Download the Spontania software and use session ID 75000
• All lectures will be recorded and uploaded for future use by registeredstudents
What is Design?
Design• … is the visualisation and depiction of form.
• … is the mental process which must intervenebetween the conception of a specific engineeringintention and the issue of drawings to the workshop.
• … is the optimum solution to the sum of the trueneeds of a particular set of circumstances.
• … is a creative, iterative process serving a boundedobjective.
• Engineering Design is the use of scientific principles,technical information and imagination in thedefinition of a mechanical structure, machine orsystem to perform pre-specified functions with themaximum economy and efficiency.
Design Spiral
Different Perspectives
Levander (IMDC 2003)
Ship Types
Owner’s Requirements
• The design of a ship starts with the statement of the owner’s requirements
• Most forward looking owners are basing their requirements on a careful analysis of their needs and/or on market research
• Can be categorized into: • Performance (amount and type of cargo, speed, range etc.)
• Availability (maintenance policy, reliability etc.)
• Utility (flexibility/ability to change role, loading/discharging cargo etc.)
• Cost (initial, running, maintenance etc.)
Design of LNG fuelled ship• The design of an LNG fuelled ship will come as a requirement from the
owner
• It is going to have a significant impact on the design, altering:
• The propulsion systems
• The general arrangement
• The structure of the ship
• The stability
• The endurance
• The cargo carrying capacity
• The naval architect will have to adopt the design to theowner’s requirements and comply with all the applicable rulesand regulations
Environmental regulations
Emissions from the Shipping Industry
The environmental impact of shipping can be divided into five categories:
• SOX emissions
• Particulate Matter (PM) emissions
• NOX emissions
• CO2 emissions
• Waste (solid and liquid waste).
Emissions from the Shipping Industry
• An important part of the global anthropogenic emissions
• In 2007 about:
o15% in NOX
o9.4% in SO2
o2.7% in CO2
• The 2014 IMO study re-estimated CO2 to 2.2% and global NOx and Sox to 13% and 12% respectively
• Between 1990 and 2007, emissions of key pollutants (NOX, SO2, PM) and greenhouse gases (GHGs) (mainly CO2) increased from 585 million tons in 1096 in shipping industry
Emissions from the Shipping Industry
• In 2005 emissions NOX, SO2, PM and CO2 in the Mediterranean Sea were estimated at 2, 1.45, 0.157 and 87.6 million tons.
• Mediterranean Sea has 50% higher total emissions from ships compared with other European seas
Air Pollution in European Agenda
• The Convention MARPOL 73/78 of the IMO, is the main International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships.
• Air pollution is regulated in Annex VI "Regulations for the Prevention of Air Pollution from Ships" (since 2005).
• More stringent measures adopted by the IMO in relation to SOX and NOX
emissions are introduced with the revised Annex VI to MARPOL.
• The EU in the White Paper on Transport o has set a target to reduce greenhouse gas emissions at least 40% by 2050 (compared to
2005) in absolute terms for the maritime sector
o shipping industry should also contribute to the reduction of local and global emissions
Air Pollution in European Agenda
• EU legislation aligned with IMO requirements with Directive 2012/33/EUo stricter sulfur limits for marine
fuels (1.00% until December 31, 2014 and 0.10% as of 1 January 2015)
o in marine areas outside SECAs (3.50% by June 18, 2014 and initially 0.50% from 1 January 2020*)
*depending on the outcome of a review by MEPC, to be concluded in 2018, as to the availability of the required fuel oil, this date could be deferred to 2025
Regulations imposing sulfur limits according to Annex VI by MARPOL
Programs Concerning Reductions of the Environmental Footprint
• Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI), is an international directive regulating energy efficiency (new ships)
• Management Plan of the Energy Performance History (SEEMP), is an international directive on energy efficiency (all ships)
• Rules of Tier I, Tier II and Tier III for NOx emissions from ship engines
Tier I-II-III
NOx requirements applies only to newbuildings and is divided into three tiers.
Criteria:
• Date of construction
• Operational area
Upcoming Environmental Regulations for Shipping Industry
Source: DnV
MBM: Market Based Measures, e.g. the cost of CO2 est. 50-100$/ton
Emission Control Area (ECAs)
• The introduction at the global level ofemission control area (ECA's) is anattempt to address this issue and reducethe environmental footprint of themaritime industry.
• Stricter requirements for emissions areregulated at specifically definedgeographical areas
• ECA’s set for emissions SOx or NOx or bothtypes of emissions from ships
Emission Control Area (ECAs)
Outside an ECA established to limit SOxand particulate matter emissions
Inside an ECA established to limit SOxand particulate matter emissions
4.50% prior to 1 January 2012 1.50% prior to 1 July 2010
3.50% on and after 1 January 2012 1.00% on and after 1 July 2010
0.50% on and after 1 January 2020 0.10% on and after 1 January 2015
Emission Control Area (ECAs)
• Baltic Sea area o as defined in Annex I of MARPOL (SOx only)
• North Sea area o as defined in Annex V of MARPOL (SOx only)
• North American area (entered into effect 1 August 2012) o as defined in Appendix VII of Annex VI of MARPOL (SOx, NOx and PM)
• United States Caribbean Sea area (entered into effect 1 January 2014) o as defined in Appendix VII of Annex VI of MARPOL (SOx, NOx and PM)
Emission Control Area (ECAs)
What is LNG?
There are two types of Liquid Gas
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)
• Mainly Propane (C3H8) and Butane
(C4H10)
• Liquefies at ~5 Bar @ 15°C
• Energy Density = 46.1 MJ/kg / 26 MJ/l
• Gas is heavier than air
Liquefied Natural Gas
(LNG)
• Mainly Methane (CH4)
• Liquefies at -162.5°C @ atmos.
• Energy Density = 45 MJ/kg / 22.5 MJ/l
• Gas is lighter than air
What is LNG?
What is LNG?The last big change (coal to oil) was 100 years ago …
…so LNG is THE NEXT BIG THING
LNG in ShippingIs it new?
• In 1951 Chicago Stockyards (William Wood Prince) make the firstexperiments in shipping LNG
• 1954 they built a 5500 cbm LNG river barge with 5 cylindrical balsalined tanks
• The barge named “Methane” carried LNG from Louisiana to Chicagoon Mississipi
• In 1957 Constock (Conoco and Chicago Stockyards) with NorthThames Gas Board started an LNG seaborne transportation study andthey converted a cargo ship to the “Methane Pioneer”
“Methane Pioneer”
Coffee-Tea Break