module-1- introduction to materials science
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IC 241: Materials Science for Engineers
Dr. Viswanath BalakrishnanIIT Mandi
Course Overview & Introduction
Module - I
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Lecture – I
Feb 16, 2016
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Today’s agenda
• Surprise quiz (not for credit – 4 slides)
• Some advice on taking this course (Policy)
• Learning objective of the course
• Course Outline (Contents and Evaluation)
• What is materials science?
•
Why it is important?• Video
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Materials Science for Engineers
(IC course)
What is Materials Science?
Why Materials Science for
Computer Engineers?
Electrical Engineers?
Mechanical Engineers?
I ask for 3 hours per week and I will make sure that you enjoy and benefit from
this course -----It will be useful whatever you do in the future!
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Are you familiar with these?
- Atoms/ Periodic Table- Bonding
- Amorphous, Polycrystals, Single crystals
- Crystal structures, planes, direction- Defects in crystals
- Metals, Ceramics, Polymers, Composites
- Electrical properties of metals & semiconductors
- Mechanical properties, Thermal Properties
- Nanomaterials, Superconductors, Energy
efficient materials/devices
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Are you familiar with these?
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What materials you choose to make a car?
Glass?
Steel?
Wood?
Plastics?
It may look obvious…But WHY certain materials
behave in certain fashion?
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Time: Tuesday : 10 amWednesday : 8 amFriday : 9 am
Teaching Assistants: Pawan Kumar, Ankita Mathur, Piyush
Practical aspects/demos: 4 classes
Office hours: at least three 2 hour sessions in the
semester for any doubts/clarifications Your participation in class room is very important. Do notlive in silence, ask questions and participate in discussions.
About Class ..
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Learning outcomes of IC 241
Explain the principles of science and engineering in application of materials
Analyze the structure, microstructure of materials
Construct the phase diagrams of industrially important materials
Correlate the structure, processing and properties of materials
Plot and describe the stress-strain diagrams of materials
Explain electrical properties of materials
Describe how the size affect the properties of materials
Identify and decide the material selection for a given application
YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO…
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Course Materials:
1. Textbooks:- Materials Science and Engineering - An Introduction by
William D. Callister
- Materials Science and Engineering - First Course by
V. Raghavan
2. Online materials
- Online course materials, videos etc
3. Research articles in journals
- Authentic articles of some of the concepts/fields
- Review articles on applications2/26/2016 10
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Assignments (Expt-1 & report + Expt- 2 & report)------( 5 + 5)
- Quiz (2+1) ---------------------------------------------(20+ 20 + 50)
- Class attendance -----( around 90%)------No marks butimportant and useful to get better learning & grades!
Absent (medical/other emergency) will be dealt individually.
“Academic success is directly proportional to time dedicated”
My goal is to make you learn the subject and score high
grades in this course . 11
Evaluation
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Materials Science – Let us see the video and discuss it further tomorrow
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Announcements:
Class Representatives for 3 branches
1. B. Tech (Computer) ------ Harshit – 3142. B. Tech (Electrical)---------Akshy - 240
3. B. tech (Mechanical) -----Padam- 327
4. Neha (Computer) --------Neha- 113
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Learning Outcome (Today)
- Explain “Materials Science and Engineering “
- Classify and describe different materials
Lecture – II & III
Feb 17 & Feb 19, 2016
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Material Engineering is the discipline of designing or engineering thestructure of a material to produce a predetermined set of properties based on
established structure-property correlation.
What is Materials Science & Engineering?
Material science is the discipline investigating the relationships that existbetween the structures and properties of materials.
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Processing means different ways for shaping materials intouseful components or changing their properties.
Structure means a description of the arrangements of atoms
or ions in a material. This could also include… - Electronic Structure
- Crystal Structure
- Microstructure
Composition means the chemical make-up of a material.
Synthesis is the process by which materials are made from
naturally occurring or other chemicals
Materials Science and Engineering
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Application of the tetrahedron of materials science and engineering tosheet steels for automotive chassis. Note that the microstructure-synthesis and processing-composition are all interconnected and
affect the performance-to-cost ratio
©2 0 0 3 Br o ok s / C ol e P u b l i s h i n g / T h om
s onL e a r ni n g™
Tetrahedron of Materials Science
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Historical Perspective
Stone → Bronze → Iron → Advanced
Materials?Stone, wood, clay,Bone, skins, etc
Cu- Sn alloy Fe and Steel
Materials impacted to the human civilization to great extent
This is not just the material evolution but the result of massive
technological development and hardship of millions
Think of bronze coin of Rs 1/-
What are the things required to make one?
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Why change materials?
Example : Mechanical behavior
High Strength & Low weight
Performance
Cost
The requirements are keep changing
and materials engineering becomeimportant to address the modern
needs and challenges.
- Energy
- Environmental
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Classification of Materials(6 materials that changed the world)
Metals and Alloys (Crystalline, Metallic Bonding)
Ceramics (Crystalline, Ionic Bonding, Partially Covalent)
Glasses (Non crystalline, Ionic Bonding)
Polymers (plastics), Thermoplastics and Thermosets
(Non crystalline, Covalent and weak van der Waals bonding)
Semiconductors (Crystalline, Covalent Bonding)
Composite Materials (Mixture of above materials)
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Metallic Materials have :
1). High strength and
formability
2). Ductility (plasticdeformation)
Most of the bridges and
high rising buildings are
constructed with steels.Golden Gate Bridge, connecting San Francisco and Martin
County, opened on May 27, 1937, as the longest suspension
bridge of 2,737 meters.
Introducing Metals
Suspension bridge
(Steel)
Introduction to Materials for Engineers, F. Shackelford
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The length between towers :800m
World 5th longest cabled bridge
Incheon Bridge (6 lanes) : Songdo , South Korea
Total length : 21.38
, Length over the sea : 12.12
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The shaded elements are inherently metallic and basis for the
various engineering alloys, from Fe, Al, Mg, Ti, Ni, Zn, Cu and etc.
Periodic table of the elements. Those elements that are
inherently metallic in nature are shown in color
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Miscellaneous with characteristic
resistance to damage by high
temperatures and corrosive environments
are used in a variety of furnaces and
chemical processing systems.
Introducing Ceramics
Metal oxides, MxOy, are called
ceramics
➊. Chemically stable. Very high melting point}
Refractory
Example : Al2O
3 (alumina), Mpt. = 2020oC,
transparent, becomes translucent with impurity.
Can ceramics be used for engine in
replace of metal? Ceramics are eliminatedfrom structural use because of its severe
brittleness.
➌
. high strength but very brittle
Used in high temperature, corrosive
environments, various furnaces, chemical
processing systems.
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Ceramic compounds indicated by a combination of metallic
elements with nonmetallic elements
Ceramics are usually oxides. However, silicon nitride (Si3N4) is an important nonoxide ceramic
used in a variety of structural applications. Some ceramics are chemical compounds made up of
one of the five nonmetallic materials, C, N, O, P or S. Very many variety of ceramic materials can
be formed. (C, N, P, S are forming none-oxide ceramics with metallic elements.)
(Here Si and Ge are included as metallic elements in this classification, because they form ceramics.)
Nonmetallic ceramic
forming elements
Metallic Elements
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Schematic comparison of the atomic-scale
structure of (a) a ceramic (crystalline) and
(b) a glass (noncrystalline).
Introducing Glasses
(Nonmetal atom : o, metal atom :
Different from metals and ceramics,
glasses are noncrystalline materials.
Crystalline ceramics Noncrystalline glass
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Some common silicate glasses for
engineering applications. (Transparent
and chemically stable)
Glasses continued
The general term for noncrystalline
solids with composition comparableto those of crystalline ceramics is
GLASS.
Most common glasses are silicates;
ordinary window glass is
approximately 72% silica (Si02) by
weight, with the balance of materials
being primarily sodium oxide (Na2O)
and calcium oxide (CaO).
Properties : transmit visible light as
well as ultraviolet and infrared
radiation, chemical inertness, and
brittleness.
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The small cable on the right contains 144 glass
fibers and can carry more than three times as
many telephone conversations as the traditional
(and much larger) copper-wire cable on the left.
Optical Fibers (glass)
A major revolution in the field of telecommunication has occurred with
the transition from traditional metal cable to optical glass fibers.
Digital data can be transmitted as laser
light pulses rather than as the electrical
signals used in copper cables.
Glass fibers are excellent examples of
PHOTONIC MATERIALS, in which signaltransmission occurs by photons rather than
by the electrons of electronic materials.
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Engineered polymers are typically
inexpensive and are characterized by
ease of formation and adequate
structural properties.
Introducing Polymers
Polymer is very attractive with its
lightweight and low-cost.
Polymers brought major impact of modernengineering technology on everyday life.
Plastics is an alternative name of polymers
because of their extensive formability
during fabrication.
Polymers are long-chain molecules
composed of many (100s, 1,000s etc)
“mers” bonded together.
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Periodic table with the elements associated
with commercial polymers in color.
Small number of elements (6 elements) are involved for the formation of
commercial polymers and most of polymers are simply compounds of
hydrogen and carbon. Some other polymers contain oxygen (e.g., acrylics),
nitrogen (nylon), fluorine (fluoroplastics) and silicon (silicones).
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Since its development during W W II, nylon
fabric remains the most popular material of
choice for parachute designs.
Polymers (Nylon)
Nylon is a member of the family ofsynthetic polymers known as polyamides
invented in 1935 at the DuPont Co.
Nylon was the first commercially successful
polymer and was initially used as bristles intoothbrushes (1938) followed by the highly
popular use as an alternative to silk
stockings (1940), and nylon became the
focus of an intensive effort during the early
stages of WWII to replace the diminishingsupply of Asian silk for parachutes and
other military supplies. (beginning of
“INSTRON”)
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Example of a fiberglass composite
composed of microscopic-scale
reinforcing glass fibers in a polymer
matrix.
Introducing Composites
Examples include helmet, tire, bullet proof,
bone etc
The excellent example is fiberglass, the
composite of glass fibers embedded in a
polymer matrix.
Characteristic of good composites is
producing a product that is superior toeither of the components separately.
It has both high strength and excellent
flexibility.
Composites are another set of materials made up of some combination of individual
materials from the previous categories materials with their own bonding characteristics.
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Kevlar reinforcement is a popular application in modern high-
performance tires. In this case, the durability of sidewall reinforcement
is tested along concrete ridges at a proving ground track.
Kevlar is a DuPont trade name for poly p-phenyleneterephthalamide (PPD-T), apara-aramid fiber. Also, at the same time, substantial progress has been made in
developing new polymer matrices, such as PEEK and PPS which have the
advantages of increased toughness and recyclability. Therefore, Kevlar-reinforced
polymers to be composites are used in pressure vessels and tires.
The strength-to-weight ratio of Kevlar is five times higher than that ofstructural steels.
Kevlar fiber
reinforcements provide
significant advances
over traditional fibersfor polymer-matrix
composites.
Compositescontinued
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Announcements
- Forming groups for assignments/activities
- Attendance – Proxy is forbidden
- Minute Paper
Things you liked most (clear)
Things you didn’t like (not clear)
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Learning Outcome
- Semiconductors
- Advanced Materials with Applications
Lecture – 4
Feb 23, 2016
I t d i S i d t
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Periodic table with the elemental semiconductors in dark color (Si, Ge, Sn) & those
elements that form semiconducting compounds in light color . The semiconducting
compounds are composed of pairs of elements from columns III and V (e.g., GaAs) or
from columns II and VI (e.g., CdS).
Introducing Semiconductors
Electrical conductivity falls in between the metals and insulators
( ) T i l i i it t i i l
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(a) Typical microcircuit containing a complex
array of semiconducting regions.(Micrograph courtesy of Intel Corporation)
(b) A microscopic cross section of a single
circuit element in (a)
E l ti f t
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Evolution of computers
1946-1959 – First Generation
Vacuum tube technology
Over 10,000 vacuum tubes occupied
Around 93 square meters of space
Second generation was 1959-1965
Use of transistors
Third generation was 1965-1971
IC used
Fourth generation was 1971-1980
VLSI technology used
Fifth Generation, 1980-onwards
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- Over 7500 citations
- 4 data points
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Computer will be sold in shops!
This may look obvious but it was in 1965 ; around 20 year
before the commercial PC available in market (1984)
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CdS Q t d t
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CdSe Quantum dots
(Semiconductor)
Emission colors based on
size (varied from 1 – 10 nm)
Photoluminescence spectraOf CdSe quantum dots
Materials 2010, 3, 2260-2345
Application of Quantum dots
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Application of Quantum dots
(Semiconductors)
• Photovoltaic solar cells
• Bio imaging
• QD-LEDs, color display
• Photodetector
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Ad d M t i l
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Advanced Materials
- Nanomaterials (Quantum dots, Catalysis)
- Smart Materials (Shape memory alloys, Functional surfaces)
- Biomaterials
- Energy Materials
Materials that are utilized in high-technology (or high-tech) applications are
sometimes termed advanced materials.
High Technology (CD, Computers, fiber optics, space craft, lasers, IC, magnetic
storage, LCD, LED etc)
Energy efficient & Environment friendly materials
are the need of the present and future
S M i l
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Smart MaterialsSense changes in their environments and then respond
to these changes in predetermined manners
Components :
Sensors, Actuators
Materials :Shape memory alloys
Piezoelectric ceramics
Magnetostrictive
materials
Smart SurfacesProperties can be
significantly changed in
a controlled fashion by
external stimuli, such as
Stress,
Temperature,
Moisture,
pH,
Electric or Magneticfields.