module-1- introduction to materials science

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    IC 241: Materials Science for Engineers

    Dr. Viswanath BalakrishnanIIT Mandi

    Course Overview & Introduction

    Module - I

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    Lecture – I

    Feb 16, 2016

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    Today’s agenda 

    • Surprise quiz (not for credit – 4 slides)

    • Some advice on taking this course (Policy)

    • Learning objective of the course

    • Course Outline (Contents and Evaluation)

    • What is materials science?

    Why it is important?• Video

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    Materials Science for Engineers

    (IC course)

    What is Materials Science?

    Why Materials Science for

    Computer Engineers?

    Electrical Engineers?

    Mechanical Engineers?

    I ask for 3 hours per week and I will make sure that you enjoy and benefit from

    this course -----It will be useful whatever you do in the future!

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    Are you familiar with these?

    - Atoms/ Periodic Table- Bonding

    - Amorphous, Polycrystals, Single crystals

    - Crystal structures, planes, direction- Defects in crystals

    - Metals, Ceramics, Polymers, Composites

    - Electrical properties of metals & semiconductors

    - Mechanical properties, Thermal Properties

    - Nanomaterials, Superconductors, Energy

    efficient materials/devices

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    Are you familiar with these?

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    What materials you choose to make a car?

    Glass?

    Steel?

    Wood?

    Plastics?

    It may look obvious…But WHY certain materials

    behave in certain fashion?

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    Time: Tuesday : 10 amWednesday : 8 amFriday : 9 am

    Teaching Assistants: Pawan Kumar, Ankita Mathur, Piyush

    Practical aspects/demos: 4 classes

    Office hours: at least three 2 hour sessions in the

    semester for any doubts/clarifications Your participation in class room is very important. Do notlive in silence, ask questions and participate in discussions.

    About Class ..

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    Learning outcomes of IC 241

      Explain the principles of science and engineering in application of materials

      Analyze the structure, microstructure of materials

      Construct the phase diagrams of industrially important materials

      Correlate the structure, processing and properties of materials

      Plot and describe the stress-strain diagrams of materials

      Explain electrical properties of materials

      Describe how the size affect the properties of materials

      Identify and decide the material selection for a given application

    YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO…

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    Course Materials:

    1. Textbooks:- Materials Science and Engineering - An Introduction by

    William D. Callister 

    - Materials Science and Engineering - First Course by

    V. Raghavan

    2. Online materials

    - Online course materials, videos etc

    3. Research articles in journals

    - Authentic articles of some of the concepts/fields

    - Review articles on applications2/26/2016 10

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    Assignments (Expt-1 & report + Expt- 2 & report)------( 5 + 5)

    - Quiz (2+1) ---------------------------------------------(20+ 20 + 50)

    - Class attendance -----( around 90%)------No marks butimportant and useful to get better learning & grades! 

    Absent (medical/other emergency) will be dealt individually.

    “Academic success is directly proportional to time dedicated” 

    My goal is to make you learn the subject and score high

    grades in this course . 11

    Evaluation

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    Materials Science – Let us see the video and discuss it further tomorrow

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    Announcements:

    Class Representatives for 3 branches

    1. B. Tech (Computer) ------ Harshit – 3142. B. Tech (Electrical)---------Akshy - 240

    3. B. tech (Mechanical) -----Padam- 327

    4. Neha (Computer) --------Neha- 113

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    Learning Outcome (Today)

    - Explain “Materials Science and Engineering “ 

    - Classify and describe different materials

    Lecture – II & III

    Feb 17 & Feb 19, 2016

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    Material Engineering is the discipline of designing or engineering thestructure of a material to produce a predetermined set of properties based on

    established structure-property correlation.

    What is Materials Science & Engineering?

    Material science is the discipline investigating the relationships that existbetween the structures and properties of materials.

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    Processing means different ways for shaping materials intouseful components or changing their properties. 

    Structure means a description of the arrangements of atoms

    or ions in a material. This could also include… - Electronic Structure

    - Crystal Structure

    - Microstructure 

    Composition means the chemical make-up of a material.

    Synthesis is the process by which materials are made from

    naturally occurring or other chemicals

    Materials Science and Engineering

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    Application of the tetrahedron of materials science and engineering tosheet steels for automotive chassis. Note that the microstructure-synthesis and processing-composition are all interconnected and

    affect the performance-to-cost ratio

     ©2  0  0  3 Br  o ok  s  /   C  ol   e P  u b l  i   s h i  n g /  T h  om

     s  onL  e  a r ni  n g™ 

    Tetrahedron of Materials Science

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    Historical Perspective

    Stone → Bronze → Iron → Advanced

    Materials?Stone, wood, clay,Bone, skins, etc

    Cu- Sn alloy Fe and Steel

    Materials impacted to the human civilization to great extent 

    This is not just the material evolution but the result of massive

    technological development and hardship of millions

    Think of bronze coin of Rs 1/-

    What are the things required to make one?

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    Why change materials?

    Example : Mechanical behavior

    High Strength & Low weight

    Performance

    Cost

    The requirements are keep changing

    and materials engineering becomeimportant to address the modern

    needs and challenges.

    - Energy

    - Environmental

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    Classification of Materials(6 materials that changed the world) 

     Metals and Alloys (Crystalline, Metallic Bonding)

     Ceramics (Crystalline, Ionic Bonding, Partially Covalent)

     Glasses (Non crystalline, Ionic Bonding) 

     Polymers (plastics), Thermoplastics and Thermosets

    (Non crystalline, Covalent and weak van der Waals bonding)

     Semiconductors (Crystalline, Covalent Bonding)

     Composite Materials (Mixture of above materials)

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    Metallic Materials have :

    1). High strength and

    formability

    2). Ductility (plasticdeformation)

    Most of the bridges and

    high rising buildings are

    constructed with steels.Golden Gate Bridge, connecting San Francisco and Martin

    County, opened on May 27, 1937, as the longest suspension

    bridge of 2,737 meters.

    Introducing Metals

    Suspension bridge

    (Steel)

    Introduction to Materials for Engineers, F. Shackelford

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    The length between towers :800m 

    World 5th longest cabled bridge

    Incheon Bridge (6 lanes) : Songdo , South Korea

    Total length : 21.38 

    , Length over the sea : 12.12 

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    The shaded elements are inherently metallic and basis for the

    various engineering alloys, from Fe, Al, Mg, Ti, Ni, Zn, Cu and etc.

    Periodic table of the elements. Those elements that are

    inherently metallic in nature are shown in color

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     Miscellaneous with characteristic

    resistance to damage by high

    temperatures and corrosive environments

    are used in a variety of furnaces and

    chemical processing systems.

    Introducing Ceramics

    Metal oxides, MxOy, are called

    ceramics

    ➊. Chemically stable. Very high melting point} 

    Refractory

    Example : Al2O

    3 (alumina), Mpt. = 2020oC,

    transparent, becomes translucent with impurity.

    Can ceramics be used for engine in

    replace of metal? Ceramics are eliminatedfrom structural use because of its severe

    brittleness.

    . high strength but very brittle

    Used in high temperature, corrosive

    environments, various furnaces, chemical

    processing systems.

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    Ceramic compounds indicated by a combination of metallic

    elements with nonmetallic elements

    Ceramics are usually oxides. However, silicon nitride (Si3N4) is an important nonoxide ceramic

    used in a variety of structural applications. Some ceramics are chemical compounds made up of

    one of the five nonmetallic materials, C, N, O, P or S. Very many variety of ceramic materials can

    be formed. (C, N, P, S are forming none-oxide ceramics with metallic elements.)

    (Here Si and Ge are included as metallic elements in this classification, because they form ceramics.)

    Nonmetallic ceramic

    forming elements

    Metallic Elements

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    Schematic comparison of the atomic-scale

    structure of (a) a ceramic (crystalline) and

    (b) a glass (noncrystalline).

    Introducing Glasses

    (Nonmetal atom : o, metal atom :

    Different from metals and ceramics,

    glasses are noncrystalline materials.

    Crystalline ceramics Noncrystalline glass

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    Some common silicate glasses for

    engineering applications. (Transparent

    and chemically stable)

    Glasses continued

    The general term for noncrystalline

    solids with composition comparableto those of crystalline ceramics is

    GLASS.

    Most common glasses are silicates;

    ordinary window glass is

    approximately 72% silica (Si02) by

    weight, with the balance of materials

    being primarily sodium oxide (Na2O)

    and calcium oxide (CaO).

    Properties : transmit visible light as

    well as ultraviolet and infrared

    radiation, chemical inertness, and

    brittleness.

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    The small cable on the right contains 144 glass

     fibers and can carry more than three times as

    many telephone conversations as the traditional

    (and much larger) copper-wire cable on the left.

    Optical Fibers (glass)

    A major revolution in the field of telecommunication has occurred with

    the transition from traditional metal cable to optical glass fibers.

    Digital data can be transmitted as laser

    light pulses rather than as the electrical

    signals used in copper cables.

    Glass fibers are excellent examples of

    PHOTONIC MATERIALS, in which signaltransmission occurs by photons rather than

    by the electrons of electronic materials.

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    Engineered polymers are typically

    inexpensive and are characterized by

    ease of formation and adequate

    structural properties.

    Introducing Polymers

    Polymer is very attractive with its

    lightweight and low-cost.

    Polymers brought major impact of modernengineering technology on everyday life.

    Plastics is an alternative name of polymers

    because of their extensive formability

    during fabrication.

    Polymers are long-chain molecules

    composed of many (100s, 1,000s etc)

    “mers” bonded together.

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    Periodic table with the elements associated

    with commercial polymers in color.

    Small number of elements (6 elements) are involved for the formation of

    commercial polymers and most of polymers are simply compounds of

    hydrogen and carbon. Some other polymers contain oxygen (e.g., acrylics),

    nitrogen (nylon), fluorine (fluoroplastics) and silicon (silicones).

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    Since its development during W W II, nylon

     fabric remains the most popular material of

    choice for parachute designs.

    Polymers (Nylon) 

    Nylon is a member of the family ofsynthetic polymers known as polyamides

    invented in 1935 at the DuPont Co.

    Nylon was the first commercially successful

    polymer and was initially used as bristles intoothbrushes (1938) followed by the highly

    popular use as an alternative to silk

    stockings (1940), and nylon became the

    focus of an intensive effort during the early

    stages of WWII to replace the diminishingsupply of Asian silk for parachutes and

    other military supplies. (beginning of

    “INSTRON”) 

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    Example of a fiberglass composite

    composed of microscopic-scale

    reinforcing glass fibers in a polymer

    matrix.

    Introducing Composites

    Examples include helmet, tire, bullet proof,

    bone etc

    The excellent example is fiberglass, the

    composite of glass fibers embedded in a

    polymer matrix.

    Characteristic of good composites is

    producing a product that is superior toeither of the components separately.

    It has both high strength and excellent

    flexibility.

    Composites are another set of materials made up of some combination of individual

    materials from the previous categories materials with their own bonding characteristics.

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    Kevlar reinforcement is a popular application in modern high-

     performance tires. In this case, the durability of sidewall reinforcement

    is tested along concrete ridges at a proving ground track.

    Kevlar is a DuPont trade name for poly  p-phenyleneterephthalamide (PPD-T), apara-aramid fiber. Also, at the same time, substantial progress has been made in

    developing new polymer matrices, such as PEEK and PPS which have the

    advantages of increased toughness and recyclability. Therefore, Kevlar-reinforced

    polymers to be composites are used in pressure vessels and tires.

    The strength-to-weight ratio of Kevlar is five times higher than that ofstructural steels.

    Kevlar  fiber

    reinforcements provide

    significant advances

    over traditional fibersfor polymer-matrix

    composites.

    Compositescontinued

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    Announcements

    - Forming groups for assignments/activities

    - Attendance – Proxy is forbidden

    - Minute Paper

    Things you liked most (clear)

    Things you didn’t like (not clear) 

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    Learning Outcome

    - Semiconductors

    - Advanced Materials with Applications

    Lecture – 4

    Feb 23, 2016

    I t d i S i d t

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     Periodic table with the elemental semiconductors in dark color (Si, Ge, Sn) & those

    elements that form semiconducting compounds in light color . The semiconducting

    compounds are composed of pairs of elements from columns III and V (e.g., GaAs) or

     from columns II and VI (e.g., CdS).

    Introducing Semiconductors

    Electrical conductivity falls in between the metals and insulators

    ( ) T i l i i it t i i l

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      (a) Typical microcircuit containing a complex

    array of semiconducting regions.(Micrograph courtesy of Intel Corporation) 

    (b) A microscopic cross section of a single

    circuit element in (a) 

    E l ti f t

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    Evolution of computers

    1946-1959 – First Generation

    Vacuum tube technology

    Over 10,000 vacuum tubes occupied

    Around 93 square meters of space

    Second generation was 1959-1965

    Use of transistors

    Third generation was 1965-1971

    IC used

    Fourth generation was 1971-1980

    VLSI technology used

    Fifth Generation, 1980-onwards

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    - Over 7500 citations

    - 4 data points

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    Computer will be sold in shops!

    This may look obvious but it was in 1965 ; around 20 year

    before the commercial PC available in market (1984)

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    CdS Q t d t

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    CdSe Quantum dots

    (Semiconductor)

    Emission colors based on

    size (varied from 1 – 10 nm)

    Photoluminescence spectraOf CdSe quantum dots

    Materials 2010, 3, 2260-2345

    Application of Quantum dots

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    Application of Quantum dots

    (Semiconductors)

    • Photovoltaic solar cells

    • Bio imaging

    • QD-LEDs, color display

    • Photodetector

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    Ad d M t i l

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    Advanced Materials

    - Nanomaterials (Quantum dots, Catalysis)

    - Smart Materials (Shape memory alloys, Functional surfaces)

    - Biomaterials

    - Energy Materials

    Materials that are utilized in high-technology (or high-tech) applications are

    sometimes termed advanced materials.

    High Technology (CD, Computers, fiber optics, space craft, lasers, IC, magnetic

    storage, LCD, LED etc) 

    Energy efficient & Environment friendly materials

    are the need of the present and future

    S M i l

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    Smart MaterialsSense changes in their environments and then respond

    to these changes in predetermined manners

    Components :

    Sensors, Actuators

    Materials :Shape memory alloys

    Piezoelectric ceramics

    Magnetostrictive

    materials

    Smart SurfacesProperties can be

    significantly changed in

    a controlled fashion by

    external stimuli, such as

    Stress,

    Temperature,

    Moisture,

    pH,

    Electric or Magneticfields.