module 06 renewable energy (re) technologies & impacts (continued)

Prof. R. Shanthini Jan 28, 2012

Module 06

Renewable Energy (RE) Technologies & Impacts

(continued)

- Use of RE sources in electricity generation, in transport, and in other energy consumption modes

- Ecological impacts of RE sources, and mitigation measures


- Hydroelectric

- Solar Photovoltaics (Solar PVs)

- Solar Thermal (Solar T),

also known as Concentrated Solar Power (CSP)

- Wind

- Geothermal

- Marine (Wave and Tidal)

- Biofuels (Biomass, Bioethanol and Biodiesel)

RE technology options:

Anything else?


Wind Energy

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Wind power report. 7th ed. London: ABS Energy Research; 2010


Wind Energy

Country

Total installed capacity at 2010

(GW)

Proposed installed capacity in 2020 (GW)

China 42.3 200

USA 40.2 Lack of proper policies

Germany 27.2 55 onshore

10 offshore

Spain 20.7 40 onshore

05 offshore

India 13.1

Leung DYC, Yang Y. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16 (2012):1031–39

Top 05 wind energy users


Wind Energy


Onshore wind farm


Wind Energy

Country Installed capacity (MW) Start-up year

USA 781.5

735.5

662.5

599.8

585.3

523.3

500

2008

2005

2007

2009

2003

2005

2009

China 500 1989

USA 458

450

2009

2007


Top 10 onshore wind farms until 2010


Wind Energy

Country Capacity (MW)

China 20,000

USA 5050

USA 4000

Sweden 4000

Romania 1500

Australia 1000

USA 500 - 1000

New Zealand 860

USA 845

Romania 700


Top 10 proposed onshore wind farms


Wind Energy


Offshore wind turbine


Wind Energy

Country Capacity (MW)

UK 300

Denmark 209; 207

UK 194; 180; 172

Denmark 166


Large offshore wind farms


Wind Energy

Rotor diameter

Swept area

Rotor blade

Tower

Nacelle with gearbox and generator

Hub height

Underground electrical connections (front view)

Foundation (side view)

Drawing of the rotor and blades of a wind turbine


Wind Energy

Horizontal axis Vertical axis

Rotor diameter

Rotor blade

Tower

Generator

Nacelle

Gearbox

Rotor diameter

Rotor blade

Generator Gearbox


Wind Energy


Wind turbine size

In a large modern wind turbine,

- the generator can be 100 times of the size of a similar turbine in 1980,

- blade length has increased almost 8 times over the same period.

- the rotor diameter ranges from 40 to 90 m, and is rated between 500 kW and 2 MW


Wind Energy

"Aerogenerator" is a machine that rotates on its axis and would stretch nearly 275 m from blade tip to tip and would stand

nearly 600 ft high above the waves.

Each turbine should be able to generate enough electricity to provide 5,000-10,000 homes.


Wind Energy

- Sway (Norway) is planning to build massive floating turbines that would stick straight out of the sea from 100m-deep floating "masts" anchored to the seabed.

- An EU-sponsored research project is also investigating 8 –10 MW turbines.

- American and Danish companies are planning 9 MW machines.

- Full-scale prototypes of all three leading designs are expected to be complete within three years.

- These projects have the potential to transform the global energy market forever.


Wind Energy


Wind turbine size

However manufacture of a large wind turbine could be hampered by factors like special reinforced materials and bespoke lifting vehicles, etc.


Wind Energy

each Lens measuring 112 meters in diameter, can provide enough energy for an average household.


Wind Energy Environmental ImpactsNoise impact:

- stress symptoms (headaches) appeared in those who were annoyed by the presence of wind turbines

- wind turbines cause noise in two main ways: mechanical noise and aerodynamic noise

- the low-frequency aerodynamic noise of wind turbines can bother people by causing sleep disturbances and hearing loss, and can also hurt the vestibular system


The vestibular system (which contributes to balance in most mammals and to the sense of spatial orientation) is the sensory system that provides the leading contribution about

movement and sense of balance.


Wind Energy Environmental ImpactsNoise impact (mitigation):

- noise of wind turbines can be significantly minimized by putting obstacles in the propagation path

- wind turbines should be built at least 2 km away

- house structure could be optimized to block out the noise

- serrated blade can reduce the noise level by, on average, 3.2 dB



Sounds dB

Rocket Launching 180

Jet Engine 140

Thunderclap, Air Raid Siren 1 Meter 130

Jet takeoff (200 ft) 120

Rock Concert, Discotheque 110

Firecrackers, Subway Train 100

Heavy Truck (15 Meter), City Traffic 90

Alarm Clock (1 Meter), Hair Dryer 80

Noisy Restaurant, Business Office 70

Air Conditioning Unit, Conversational Speech 60

Light Traffic (50 Meter), Average Home 50

Living Room, Quiet Office 40

Library, Soft Whisper (5 Meter) 30

Broadcasting Studio, Rustling Leaves 20

Hearing Threshold 0http://www.jimprice.com/prosound/db.htm


Wind Energy Environmental ImpactsVisual impact:

- it is subjective

- quantification of potential visual impact can improve the public’s acceptance of the innovation



Wind Energy Environmental ImpactsEffect on birds:

- birds are killed by wind turbines


The amount of birds that are killed this way is negligible

compared to the deadly results of other human activities such as

deforestation and urbanization.


Wind Energy Environmental ImpactsEffect on birds (mitigation):

- in a wind project in Texas, avian radars are set to detect birds in the area; the system will stop the wind turbines if there is a potential danger to birds from the turbines

- professional wildlife surveys can also be carried out before wind farm construction in order to understand the breeding and feeding behaviors of local birds, which helps to minimize the danger imposed on the birds



Wind Energy Environmental ImpactsClimate change:

- as the scale of wind farms becomes larger and larger, they may cause changes in local climates

- in Xilingo League, Inner Mongolia, precipitation data showed that there has been an unprecedented drought since 2005, and that this drought developed much faster in wind turbine areas

- at the San Gorgonio wind fields in the US, giant wind turbines was found to change local temperatures by warming surface temperatures at night and cooling them in the daytime



Wind Energy


Advantages of offshore wind farms

- wind blows harder and stronger so that it can provide greater productivity when larger turbines are installed.

- huge potentially productive areas available offshore for large wind farms

- wind turbines are far enough from the shore and human life that the issue of visual impact and noise can be ignored.

- some efficient but noisy wind turbines, like two-blades and downwind ones, can be used.


Wind Energy Environmental ImpactsEffect on animals:

- some sensitive marine mammals, like dab and salmon, can perceive pile-driving pulses at a considerable distance during the construction and operation of wind turbines, thus, their behaviors can be affected by these off-shore wind turbines



Wind Energy Environmental ImpactsClimate change:

- Simulations of wind turbine’s climatic impact showed that wind power can induce climate change at continental scales, but that its effect on the global average surface temperature is minor.

- turbulence in the wake of wind turbines may cause local climate change by mixing the air up and down

- turbulence in the wake of the turbines can also change the direction of the high-speed wind at the surface, which would enhance local moisture evaporation



Wind Energy Environmental Impacts

The photograph shows the turbulence field behind the Horns Rev 1 offshore wind turbines (160 MW; Denmark).

http://www.ict-aeolus.eu/about.html

Unique meteorological conditions on 12 Feb

2008 at 1300 hours resulted in the wind

turbines creating condensation (i.e.

clouds) of the very humid air, thus making

it possible to see the turbulence pattern

behind the wind turbines.


Wind Energy Environmental ImpactsHurling ice:



Wind energy has a great potential and has rapidly developed over the past 25 years.

Wind Energy

Technological status mature

Total share of global energy mix

1.1% of electricity in 20074.1% of electricity in 2030 (potential)


0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

2008 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035Year

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nsu

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tion

Fo

reca

st Coal

Natural gas

Liquids

Nuclear

Hydroelectric

Wind

Other

Solar

Geothermal

Electricity generation by energy source:

Source: Tables 11 and 13, International Energy Outlook 2011


Wind Energy

Designed by a student of Arizona State University

http://archinect.com/blog/article/21451130/here-goes-please-comment


Wind Energy

The design will fit on the horizontal steel tube along with the highway signage.

Shaped like an axis, the wind turbines would be powered by the whooshing of the wind caused by the passing vehicles rushing at the average speed of 70 mph.

Each single wind turbine will be able to produce 9.600 kWh of energy, annually even if the average wind speeds is kept at a minimum of 10 mph.

This energy is sufficient to light up a 700 sq ft apartment.

http://archinect.com/blog/article/21451130/here-goes-please-comment


Wind Energy Mag-Wind Vertical Axis Turbine

1100 kWh/month in a 13 mph average wind;

5 kW rated output in 28 mph wind at sea level with 80% relative humidity.

Rooftop Urban or Rural Setting


- spinning in the lightest of breezes!- low rotation speed!- magnetic levitation alternator- higher reliability - silent output - max power 2500 W

1.8m

2.7m

Wind Energy


The project was commissioned in

March 1999.

The total project cost was around Rs. 280 million.

It consists 5 wind turbines of

600 kW each.

3 MW pilot wind power project at Hambantota

Wind Energy


Villagers are trained to do all the installation and

maintenance work themselves.

Turbine parts are made by local people,

from local materials.

Small-scale Wind power in Nikeweritiya, Sri Lanka

- by Practical Action

Wind Energy


The small wind system is approximately 12 m tall, produces 250 W at a rated wind speed of 8 m/s.

It costs approximately $550, and should last about 20 years.

It powers compact fluorescent light bulbs, a radio, and/or a television.

At peak wind times there is excess power that can be used to charge batteries.

Small-scale Wind power in Sri Lanka

- by Practical Action

Wind Energy

module 06 renewable energy (re) technologies & impacts (continued)

Documents

renewable energy

wind energy userscountrytotal

sustainable energy reviews

wind energy wind power

wind energy sway norway

abs energy research

global energy market

mwwind energy aerogenerator