MODULE 03MODULE 03

Salengke, Ph. D.Salengke, Ph. D.Agricultural Engineering, Hasanuddin UniversityAgricultural Engineering, Hasanuddin University

Grammar Review 03Grammar Review 03

Quote of the DayQuote of the Day

"I am enough of an artist to draw freely upon my imagination. Imagination is more important than knowledge. Knowledge is limited. Imagination encircles the world.“

Albert Einstein (1879 - 1955)

Subject – Verb AgreementSubject – Verb Agreement

• Subject and verb in a sentence must agree in person and number.

• Prepositional phrase separating the subject and the verb has no effect on the verb.

• Expressions such as together with, along with, accompanied by, as well as also have no effect on the verb.

• If conjunction and is used, the verb must be plural.

Examples:Examples:The F1 cars run very fast. Shcumi ‘s car runs the fastest.He drinks coffee while his friends drink Gatorade.The boys in the room are studying. The study of languages is very interesting.Several theories on this subject have been proposed.The danger of forest fires in Kalimantan and Sumatra is not to be taken lightly.The effects of the tsunami in Aceh are devastating.The fear of rape and robbery has caused many people to flee the cities.The professor, along with her students and friends, is going to a field trip this weekend.Mr. Bambang Yudoyono, accompanied by his campaign team, has declared victory for

the presidential race.Isac Newton, together with many early philosophers and scientists, has laid

foundations for the modern science.Isac Newton and Galileo Galilei are founder of modern scientific method of deducing

laws to explain the results of experiment.

Words that are always followed by Words that are always followed by singular verbs and pronounssingular verbs and pronouns

any, no, some, every (if followed by singular noun)anybody nobody somebody everybodyanyone no one someone everyoneanything nothing something everything

each + singular noun

either and neither are followed by singular if they are not used with or and nor

Examples:Examples:

Everybody who has not purchased a ticket should be in this line.

Something was under the house.If either of you takes a vacation now, we will not

be able to finish the work.Anybody who has lost his ticket should report to

the desk.No problem is harder to solve than this one.Nobody works harder than I do.

none / nonone / no

• none + of the + non-count noun + singular verb

• none + of the + plural count noun + plural verb

• no + {singular noun or non-count noun} + singular verb

• no + {plural noun} + plural verb

Examples:Examples:

None of the counterfeit money has been found.None of the sugar that they sell is produced locally.None of the students have finished the exam yet.None of the new buildings have been inspected.No car is better than Ferrari.No coffee is more delicious than Duri coffee.No cars are better than Ferrari.

either / neithereither / neither

• Neither + noun + nor + plural noun + plural verb

• Either + noun + or + plural noun + plural verb

• Neither + noun + nor + singular noun + singular verb

• Either + noun + or + singular noun + singular verb

Examples:Examples:

Neither John nor his friends are going to the library.Either John or his friends are going to the library.Neither John nor Bill is going to the library.Either John or Bill is going to the library.Neither the boys nor Carmen has seen this movie before.John or George is driving the car to the city.

Gerunds (verb + ing) as SubjectGerunds (verb + ing) as Subject

• If a sentence begins with a gerund, the verb must be singular.Knowing her has change his life.Dieting is very popular in western countries.Not studying has caused him many problems.Washing with a special cream is recommended for scalp infections.Being cordial is one of his greatest assets.Jogging is good for everybody’s health.Eating healthy foods becomes his number one priority.Writing many letters makes her happy.

Collective NounsCollective Nouns

• Collective nouns represents a number of people or animals as a one group of entity. These nouns are usually singular except if the sentence indicates that the individual members of the group are acting separately.

congress family group committee classorganization team army club crowd

government jury majority* minority public

flock of birds flock of sheep herd of cattlepack of dogs school of fish pride of lions

Note: the word majority is singular if it is alone. However, if it is followed by a plural noun, it is usually plural.

Examples:Examples:

The majority believes that we are in no danger.The majority of the students are extremely smart.The committee has met to discuss about the proposal.The family was elated by the news.The crowd was wild with excitement.Congress has initiated a new plan to combat inflation.The organization has lost many members this year.Out team is going to win the game.The flock of birds is circling overhead.The herd of cattle is breaking away.A school of fish is being attacked by sharks.

• Collective nouns indicating time, money, and measurements used as a whole are singular.

Examples:Examples:Twenty-five dollars is too much to pay for the shirt.Fifty minutes isn’t enough to finish the test.Two miles is too much to run in one day.

A number of / the number ofA number of / the number of

• A number of + plural noun + plural verb …• The number of + plural noun + singular verb …

Examples:Examples:

A number of students are going to the class picnic.The number of days in a week is seven.A number of the applicants have already been interviewed.The number of the applicants who have been interviewed is quite small.

Nouns that are always pluralNouns that are always plural

• The following nouns are always plural. To speak of them as singular, we must say “a pair of …., the pair of …., etc.scissors shorts pantsjeans tongs trouserseyeglasses pliers tweezers

Examples:Examples:The pants are in the drawer.A pair of pants is in the drawer.The pliers were on the table.The pair of pliers was on the tableThese scissors are dull.This pair of scissors is dull.

There is / There areThere is / There are

There isThere was + singular subject orThere has been non-count noun

There areThere were + plural subject + ….There have been

Examples:Examples:

There is a storm approaching.There have been a number of telephone calls today.There was an accident last night.There were too many people at the party.There has been an increase in the importation of foreign cars.There was water on the floor where he fell.There has been too much noise in the class room.There have been too many interruptions during the lecture.There are numerous opinions about human cloning.There are nine members of the supreme court justice.

PronounsPronouns

• Subject Pronouns : I, you, we, he, she, they, it.

• Complement Pronouns: me, us, you, him, her, them, it.

• Possessive Pronouns: mine, ours, yours, his, hers, theirs, its.• Possessive Adjectives: my our, your, his, her, their, its.• Reflexive Pronouns: myself, ourselves, yourself, yourselves,

himself, herself, themselves, itself.

Subject Pronouns:Subject Pronouns:

• Subject pronouns occur in the subject position of a sentence of after the verb be. Subject pronouns are also used after than, as, and that.

Examples:I am going to the store.You have studied here for more than three years.It was she who called you.You and I have studied this subject before.We students are going to enjoy this class.Isn’t she a nice person?She and her mom always give money to charities.

Note: we, you, and us can be followed directly by the noun it refers to.

Complement (Object) PronounsComplement (Object) Pronouns

• Complement pronouns occur in complement position in a sentence. It can complement a verb or a preposition.

Examples:Examples:They called us on the phone.The professor gave him a bad grade.Her parents told her a story.The policemen was looking for him. (after preposition for)To us, it seems like a good bargain. (after preposition to)Mary is going to the library with them. (after preposition with)

Possessive Pronouns & Possessive Possessive Pronouns & Possessive AdjectivesAdjectives

• Possessive pronouns cannot precedes a noun. They replace the noun so the actual noun is not repeated in the sentence.

• Possessive adjectives do not replace the nouns. They simply modify the nouns. Therefore, the noun is still present in the sentence.

Examples:Examples:

Possessive Adjectives Possessive PronounsThis is my book. This is mine.Your book is the same as his book. Yours is the same as his.Her Jaguar is green and my Lexus is white. Hers is green and mine is white.

Our books are heavy. Ours are heavy.Did you forget your homework? Did you forget yours?Their opinions were interesting. Theirs were interesting.This is not her favorite. This is not hers.Juli injured her foot while climbing. Juli injured hers while climbing.Our food is cold. Ours is cold.

Reflexive PronounsReflexive Pronouns

• These pronouns usually follow the verb and indicate that the subject is both giving and receiving the action.

Examples:Examples:John bought himself a new car.I completed the project myself.He sent the letters to himself.She helped herself during the crisis.We hurt ourselves skiing down the mountain. I myself believe that the proposal is good.He himself set out to break the long distance flying record.She prepared the nice-course meal herself.The students themselves decorated the room.You yourself must do this assignment.

Verbs as ComplementsVerbs as Complements

• Verbs that must be followed by an infinitive (to + verb).Verbs that must be followed by an infinitive (to + verb).

agree forget prepareattempt hesitate pretendclaim hope refusedecide intend seemdemand learn strivedesire need tendexpect offer wantfail plan wish

Examples:Examples:

John expects to begin studying law next semester.Mary learn to swim when she was very young.The budget committee decided to postpone this meeting.The president will attempt to reduce inflation.The soldiers are preparing to attack the village.Cynthia has agreed to act as a new director of finance.The students intend to protest the new student’s Rule of Conduct.He seems to forget what he has been asked to do.Freedom fighters demanded to release their captured leader.The government refuse to free the freedom fighter’s leader.The prices of the basic goods tend to increase in recent months.

Verbs as ComplementsVerbs as Complements

• Verbs that must be followed by a gerund (verb + ing)Verbs that must be followed by a gerund (verb + ing)

admit enjoy recallappreciate finish reportavoid mind resentcan’t help miss resistconsider postpone resumedelay practice riskdeny quit suggest

Examples:Examples:

John admitted stealing the jewels.We enjoyed seeing them again after so many years.You shouldn’t risk entering that building alone.Michael was considering buying a new car next month.The Coast Guard has reported seeing another ship in the Florida straits.Would you mind not smoking in public areas.I regret not studying before the exam.He postponed traveling to the middle east.She practices dancing every other day.His doctor made him quit smoking.Her father suggested pursuing her career in academia rather than in

industry

• Verbs that can be followed by the infinitive or the gerund with no change in meaning

begin lovecan’t stand prefercontinue regretdread starthate trylike

Examples:Examples:

He started to study after dinner.He started studying after dinner.Joan hates to ride on a rollercoaster.Joan hates riding on a rollercoaster.Henry continued to read his book after a short nap.Henry continued reading his book after a short nap.Suzy loves to eat spaghetti.Suzy loves eating spaghetti.I prefer to drink O.J. than Coke.I prefer drinking O.J. than Coke.

Verbs + prepositions + V-ingVerbs + prepositions + V-ing

• The following verbs + prepositions must be followed by gerunds if the preposition is followed directly by a verb.

approve of rely onbe better of succeed incount on think aboutdepend on think ofgive up worry aboutinsist on object tokeep on look forward toput off confess to

Examples:Examples:

John gave up smoking because of his doctor’s advice.Mary insisted on taking the bus instead of the plane.Fred confessed to stealing the jewels.We are not looking forward to going back to school.Henry is thinking of going to France in August.We would be better off leaving now instead of tomorrow.The scientist has been succeed in discovering new DNA finger print.

Adjectives + prepositionsAdjectives + prepositions

• The following adjectives + prepositions must be followed by gerunds.

accustomed to intent toafraid of interested incapable of successful infond of tired of

Examples:Examples:

Mitch is afraid of making mistakes on his exam.We are accustomed to waking up early for pray.The students are capable of developing new products.He intents on going to graduate school abroad.My daughter is fond of swimming.We are interested in building a new business venture.Alpha Edison had been successful in inventing a lot of devices.The thugs is tired of harassing people in the neighborhood.

Nouns + prepositionsNouns + prepositions

• The following nouns + prepositions are followed by gerund.

choice of possibility ofexcuse for reason forintention ofmethod formethod of

Examples:Examples:

• George has no excuse for dropping out of school.

• The is a possibility of winning a lottery.• There is no reason for leaving this early.• The scientists has developed methods for

finger printing DNA.• We have the choice of leaving today or

tomorrow.• He has the intention of moving to a larger city.

Adjectives Followed by the infinitiveAdjectives Followed by the infinitive

• The following adjectives are always followed by the infinitive.

able good anxious hard boring pleased common prepared dangerous ready difficult strangeeager usual ease

Note: The verbs stop, remember,stop, remember, and forgetforget can be followed by either the infinitive of the gerund, but the meaning changes.

Examples:Examples:

• The three years old is able to speak very well.• The three years old is capable of speaking very well.• Daniel is eager to meet with his family.• It is dangerous to drive during snow storm.• We are ready to leave anytime.• It is not difficult to get good scores in TOEFL Test.• It is uncommon to find fresh milk in this city.• I was pleased to be admitted to the graduate school.• It is good to be here.• It is easy to catch a flu in this kind of weather.• Mr. Popeye stopped smoking. Mr. Popeye stopped to smoke.•

Pronouns before an infinitivePronouns before an infinitive

• The following verbs require infinitives as a complement. These verbs often require an indirect object (noun or pronoun) which must be in the complement form.

allow instruct prepareask invite promisebeg order remindconvince permit urgeexpect persuade want

Examples:Examples:

• My boss wanted me to call him as soon as I arrived.• Joe asked Daniel to come with him.• I urge you to reconsider your decision.• They were trying to persuade him to change his mind.• His doctor permitted him to start consuming sugar

again.• Their professor reminded them to turn in their

assignment.• The doctor order her to stop smoking.• You should prepare your son to take this examination.• I expect you to perform well in this class.

Noun or Pronouns before GerundNoun or Pronouns before Gerund

• If a verb requires a gerund as a complement, any noun or pronoun between the verb and the gerund must be in the possessive form.

Examples:We understand your not being able to stay longer.He regrets her leaving.We are looking forward to their coming next year.I don’t approve of students’ coming late for class.We object to his calling at this hour.John resented George’s loosing the paper.We understand his having to leave early.His father regrets Daniel’s being in trouble.We would be better of your being absent in this meeting.

The verb The verb needneed

• The verb need is followed by the infinitive if the subject of the sentence performs the verb.

• The verb need is followed by the gerund or the verb be + past participle if the subject of the sentence becomes the object of the verb.

Examples:Examples:

• John needs to paint the house.• The house needs painting. OR The house needs to be painted.• We all need to learn English.• Students need to pay tuition to enroll at this university.• I need to cut the grass.• The grass needs cutting. OR The grass needs to be cut.• Somebody needs to repair the television.• The television needs repairing. OR The television needs to be repaired.• He needs to rewrite his composition.• His composition needs rewriting. OR His composition needs to be

rewritten.

The expression The expression in need ofin need of

• In need of is an expression and not a verb. Therefore it must be preceded by the verb be and followed by noun.

Examples:This country is in need of new leaderships.Jane is in need of money.The car is in need of repair.This room is in need of cleaning.The plants are in need of water.