module 02. physics

7/24/2019 MODULE 02. PHYSICS

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/module-02-physics 1/99

Furlpfgo Gvbgtblo Qgjfty Gcfoay (FGQG)

Xgrt-::

Mbafoaf Agtfclry N7

Dlkumf 5XERQBAQ



Bssuf 7 - >8 Dgrae >887 Xgcf Bokfx 7

IG^ :: AG[FCL^R N7

DLKVMF >

XERQBAQ

focboffrboc

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7 DG[[F^ ....................................................................................... 7-7

7.7 O G[V^F LJ D G[[F^ .............................................................. 7-77.7.7 Qb uobts ................................................................... 7-77.7.> Ngsf Vobts .............................................................. 7-77.7.1 Kfrbvfk Vobts ......................................................... 7->7.7.; DG[[F^ GOK FOF^CR ........................................ 7-1

AEFDBAGM O G[V^F LJ D G[[F^ ........................................................ 7-17.>.7 Dlmfaumfs ............................................................... 7-;7.>.> Xeysbagm Ogturf lj Dgttfr ....................................... 7-6

7.1 Q[G[FQ ................................................................................ 7-67.1.7 Qlmbk ....................................................................... 7-67.1.> Mbqubk ..................................................................... 7-:7.1.1 Cgs ........................................................................ 7-:

> DFAEGOBAQ ................................................................................ >-7

>.7 JL^AFQ, DLDFO[Q GOK ALVXMFQ ......................................... >-7>.7.7 Qagmgr gok Zfatlr Wugotbtbfs ................................. >-7>.7.> [rbgocmf lj Jlrafs .................................................. >->>.7.1 Crgpebagm Dftelk ................................................... >->>.7.; Xlmyclo lj Jlrafs .................................................. >-1>.7.6 Alpmgogr Jlrafs .................................................... >-1>.7.: Fjjfat lj go Gppmbfk Jlraf ...................................... >-;>.7.3 Fqubmbnrbuds ........................................................... >-;>.7.5 ^fslmutblo lj Jlrafs .............................................. >-;>.7.2 Crgpebagm Qlmutblos ................................................ >-6>.7.78 Dldfots gok Alupmfs ........................................... >-:>.7.77 Amla`wbsf gok Gotb-Amla`wbsf Dldfots ................ >-3>.7.7> Alupmfs .................................................................. >-2

AFO[^F LJ C^GZB[R ......................................................................... >-78

>.1 Q[^FQQ, Q[^GBO GOK FMGQ[BA [FOQBLO ................................. >-71

>.1.7 Qtrfss ..................................................................... >-71>.1.> Qtrgbo ...................................................................... >-7:>.1.1 Fmgstbabty ................................................................. >-73

1 @BOFDG[BAQ ................................................................................ 1-7

1.7 MBOFG^ DLZFDFO[ ............................................................... 1-71.7.7 Qpffk ..................................................................... 1-71.7.> Zfmlabty .................................................................. 1-71.7.1 Gaafmfrgtblo ........................................................... 1->1.7.; Fqugtblo lj Mbofgr Dltblo ...................................... 1->1.7.6 Crgvbtgtblogm Jlraf ................................................. 1-6

1.> ^L[G[BLOGM DLZFDFO[ ....................................................... 1-61.>.7 Gocumgr Zfmlabty ..................................................... 1-:



Bssuf 7 - >8 Dgrae >887 Xgcf Bokfx >

IG^ :: AG[FCL^R N7

DLKVMF >

XERQBAQ

focboffrboc

u`

1.>.> Afotrgpftgm Jlraf .................................................. 1-:1.>.1 Afotrbjucgm Jlraf ................................................... 1-3

1.1 XF^BLKBA DL[BLO ................................................................. 1-51.1.7 Xfokumud ............................................................... 1-51.1.> Egrdloba Dltblo .................................................... 1-2Qprboc ‑ Dgss Qystfds ...................................................... 1-2

1.; D GAEBOFQ ............................................................................ 1-771.;.7 Mfvfrs .................................................................... 1-771.;.> Dfaegobagm Gkvgotgcf ........................................... 1-711.;.1 Zfmlabty ^gtbl ......................................................... 1-71

; KROGDBAQ ................................................................................... ;-7

;.7 D GQQ GOK SFBCE[ ............................................................... ;-7;.> JL^AF ................................................................................. ;-7

;.1 BOF^[BG ................................................................................ ;-7

;.; SL^@ .................................................................................. ;-7

;.6 XLSF^ ................................................................................ ;->;.6.7 Nrg`f Elrsf Xlwfr ................................................ ;-1;.6.> Qegjt Elrsf Xlwfr ................................................. ;-1

;.: FOF^CR ............................................................................... ;-1

;.3 ALOQF^ZG[BLO LJ FOF^CR .................................................. ;-6

;.5 EFG[ ................................................................................... ;-6

;.2 DLDFO[VD .......................................................................... ;-6;.2.7 Bdpumsbvf Jlraf ...................................................... ;-:

;.78 ALOQF^ZG[BLO LJ DLDFO[VD .............................................. ;-:

;.77 AEGOCFQ BO DLDFO[VD ........................................................ ;-3

;.7> CR^LQALXFQ ....................................................................... ;-5;.7>.7 ^bcbkbty ................................................................... ;-2;.7>.> Xrfafssblo ............................................................. ;-2

;.71 [L^WVF ............................................................................... ;-78;.71.7 Ngmgoaboc lj ^ltgtboc Dgssfs ................................ ;-77

;.7; J^BA[BLO .............................................................................. ;-77;.7;.7 Kyogdba gok Qtgtba Jrbatblo ................................... ;-7>;.7;.> Jgatlrs Gjjfatboc Jrbatblogm Jlrafs ......................... ;-71;.7;.1 Alfjjbabfot lj Jrbatbblo............................................. ;-71

6 JMVBK KROGDBAQ........................................................................ 6-7

6.7 KFOQB[R ............................................................................... 6-7

6.> QXFABJBA C^GZB[R ................................................................. 6->

6.1 ZBQALQB[R ............................................................................ 6-;

6.; Q[^FGDMBOF JMLS ................................................................ 6-6

6.6 NVLRGOAR ............................................................................ 6-36.: X^FQQV^F ............................................................................ 6-3



Bssuf 7 - >8 Dgrae >887 Xgcf Bokfx 1

IG^ :: AG[FCL^R N7

DLKVMF >

XERQBAQ

focboffrboc

u`

6.3 Q[G[BA, KROGDBA GOK [L[GM X^FQQV^F ................................. 6-56.3.7 Qtgtba Xrfssurf ....................................................... 6-56.3.> Kyogdba Xrfssurf .................................................. 6-26.3.1 [ltgm Xrfssurf. ....................................................... 6-26.3.; Qtgtba gok Kyogdba prfssurf bo Jmubks ................... 6-78

6.5 FOF^CR BO JMVBK JMLSQ ........................................................ 6-776.5.7 Nfrolummb's Xrboabpmf ................................................ 6-7>

: [EF^DLKROGDBAQ .................................................................... :-7

:.7 [FDXF^G[V^F ...................................................................... :-7:.7.7 [fdpfrgturf Qagmfs ............................................... :-7

:.> EFG[ KFJBOB[BLO .................................................................. :-1

:.1 EFG[ A GXGAB[R GOK QXFABJBA EFG[ ...................................... :-1:.1.7 Qpfabjba Efgt .......................................................... :-;:.1.> Efgt Agpgabty ........................................................ :-;

:.; MG[FO[ EFG[ / QFOQBNMF EFG[ ................................................ :-6:.;.7 Aegocf lj Qtgtf ..................................................... :-6:.;.> Mgtfot Efgt lj Jusblo ............................................. :-6

:.6 EFG[ [^GOQJF^ ................................................................... :-::.6.7 Alokuatblo ............................................................. :-::.6.> Alovfatblo ............................................................. :-3:.6.1 ^gkbgtblo ................................................................ :-5

:.: FUXGOQBLO LJ QLMBKQ ........................................................... :-5:.:.7 Mbofgr Fxpgosblo ................................................... :-2:.:.> Zlmudftrba .............................................................. :-2

:.3 FUXGOQBLO LJ JMVBKQ............................................................ :-78

:.5 C GQ M GSQ ............................................................................ :-78:.5.7 Nlymf's Mgw ............................................................ :-78:.5.> Aegrmfs' Mgw .......................................................... :-78:.5.1 Aldnbofk Cgs Mgw................................................ :-7>

:.2 FOCBOF ARAMFQ .................................................................... :-7>:.2.7 [ef fjjfat lj gkkboc efgt gt alostgot vlmudf. ....... :-7>

:.2.> [ef fjjfat lj gkkboc efgt gt alostgot prfssurf. ..... :-7>3 LX[BAQ ......................................................................................... 3-7

3.7 QXFFK LJ MBCE[ .................................................................... 3-7

3.> ^FJMFA[BLO ......................................................................... 3-73.>.7 Mgws lj ^fjmfatblo .................................................. 3->

3.1 XMGOF GOK AV^ZFK DB^^L^Q ................................................. 3-13.1.7 Aurvfk Dbrrlrs ....................................................... 3-13.1.> ^gy Kbgcrgds lj Bdgcfs ........................................ 3-6

3.; ^FJ^GA[BLO ......................................................................... 3-33.;.7 ^fjrgatbvf Bokfx ..................................................... 3-5

3.;.> Mgws lj ^fjrgatblo ................................................. 3-53.;.1 [ltgm botfrogm rfjmfatblo ........................................... 3-5



Bssuf 7 - >8 Dgrae >887 Xgcf Bokfx ;

IG^ :: AG[FCL^R N7

DLKVMF >

XERQBAQ

focboffrboc

u`

3.;.; Arbtbagm Gocmf a ...................................................... 3-23.;.6 Kbspfrsblo .............................................................. 3-78

3.6 ALOZFU GOK ALOAGZF MFOQFQ ............................................. 3-77

3.: JBN^F LX[BAQ ....................................................................... 3-7>3.:.7 Lptbagm Jbnrfs ......................................................... 3-7>3.:.> Gkvgotgcfs ............................................................ 3-7>

5 SGZF DL[BLO GOK QLVOK ..................................................... 5-7

5.7 DFAEGOBAGM S GZFQ ............................................................. 5-75.7.7 Xmgof gok spefrbagm wgvfs .................................... 5-75.7.> [rgosvfrsf gok Mlocbtukbogm Sgvfs ...................... 5->

5.> S GZF X^LXF^[BFQ ............................................................... 5->

5.>.7 Jrfqufoay .............................................................. 5->5.>.> Sgvfmfocte gok Zfmlabty ........................................ 5->

5.1 QLVOK ................................................................................. 5-15.1.7 Qluok Botfosbty ...................................................... 5-15.1.> Qluok Xbtae ............................................................ 5-1

5.; BO[F^JF^FOAF LJ S GZFQ ..................................................... 5-;

5.6 KLXXMF^ FJJFA[ .................................................................. 5-;5.6.7 Klppmfr Fjjfat Sgvfmfocte Agmaumgtblo .................. 5-;5.6.> Jrfqufoay Agmaumgtblo ........................................... 5-6



Bssuf 7 ‑ >8 Gucust >887 Xgcf 7-7

IG^ :: AG[FCL^R N7

DLKVMF >

XERQBAQ

focboffrboc

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sfalok) pfrsfalok pfr(dftrf

s

d s > s

d

7 DG[[F^

7.7 OG[V^F LJ DG[[F^

[ef stuky lj peysbas bs bdplrtgot nfagusf sl duae lj mbjf tlkgy alosbsts ljgppmyboc peysbagm prboabpmfs tl lur offks. Dlst dgaebofs wf usf tlkgy rfqubrf`olwmfkcf lj peysbas tl uokfrstgok tefbr lpfrgtblo. Elwfvfr, aldpmftfuokfrstgokboc lj dgoy lj tefsf prboabpmfs rfqubrfs g duae kffpfr `olwmfkcftego rfqubrfk ny tef IGG gok tef IG^-:: symmgnus jlr tef 'N' mbafoaf.

G oudnfr lj gppmbagtblos lj peysbas grf dfotblofk bo tebs aegptfr gok, wefofvfr

ylu egvf mfgrofk lof lj tefsf, ylu wbmm offk tl nf gwgrf lj tef dgoy kbjjfrfotpmgafs bo gfrlogutbas wefrf tef gppmbagtblo bs usfk. [eus ylu wbmm jbok tegt tefmgws, jlrdumgf gok agmaumgtblos lj peysbas grf olt iust sunifats jlr fxgdbogtblonut tef dgbo prboabpmf lo webae gbrargjt grf jmlwo gok lpfrgtfk.

7.7.7 QB VOB[Q

Xeysbas bs tef stuky lj wegt egppfos bo tef wlrmk bovlmvboc dgttfr gok fofrcy.Dgttfr bs tef wlrk usfk tl kfsarbnfk wegt tebocs lr lnifats grf dgkf lj. Dgttfrago nf slmbk, mbqubk lr cgsflus. Fofrcy bs tegt webae agusfs tebocs tl egppfo. Gs go fxgdpmf, fmfatrbagm fofrcy agusfs go fmfatrba dltlr tl turo, webae ago

agusf g wfbcet tl nf dlvfk, lr mbjtfk.

Gs dlrf gok dlrf 'egppfobocs' egvf nffo stukbfk, tef sunifat lj peysbas egscrlwo, gok peysbagm mgws egvf nfaldf fstgnmbsefk, usugmmy nfboc fxprfssfk botfrds lj dgtefdgtbagm jlrdumg, gok crgpes. Xeysbagm mgws grf ngsfk lo tef ngsba qugotbtbfs - mfocte, dgss gok tbdf, tlcftefr wbte tfdpfrgturf gokfmfatrbagm aurrfot. Xeysbagm mgws gmsl bovlmvf ltefr qugotbtbfs webae grf kfrbvfk jrld tef ngsba qugotbtbfs. Segt grf tefsf uobts< Lvfr tef yfgrs, kbjjfrfot ogtblosegvf kfrbvfk tefbr lwo uobts (f.c. boaefs, pluoks, dboutfs lr afotbdftrfs, crgdsgok sfaloks), nut go Botfrogtblogm Qystfd bs olw cfofrgmmy usfk - tef QBsystfd.

[ef QB systfd bs ngsfk lo tef dftrf (d), `bmlcrgd (`c) gok sfalok (s) systfd.

7.7.> NGQF VOB[Q

[l uokfrstgok wegt bs dfgot ny tef tfrd kfrbvfk qugotbtbfs lr uobts alosbkfrtefsf fxgdpmfs0 Grfg bs agmaumgtfk ny dumtbpmyboc g mfocte ny goltefr mfocte,sl tef kfrbvfk uobt lj grfg bs dftrf> (d>). Qpffk bs agmaumgtfk ny kbvbkboc kbstgoaf (mfocte) ny tbdf , sl tef kfrbvfk uobt bs dftrf/sfalok (d/s). Gaafmfrgtblobs aegocf lj spffk kbvbkfk ny tbdf, sl tef kfrbvfk uobt bs9



Bssuf 7 ‑ >8 Gucust >887 Xgcf 7->

IG^ :: AG[FCL^R N7

DLKVMF >

XERQBAQ

focboffrboc

u`

Qldf fxgdpmfs grf cbvfo nfmlw9

Ngsba QB Vobts

Mfocte (M) Dftrf (d)

Dgss (d) @bmlcrgd (`c)

[bdf (t) Qfalok (s)

[fdpfrgturf0

Afmsbus () Kfcrff Afmsbus (¹A)

@fmvbo ([) @fmvbo (@)

Fmfatrba Aurrfot (B) Gdpfrf (G)

Kfrbvfk QB Vobts

Grfg (G) Qqugrf Dftrf (d>)

Zlmudf (Z) Aunba Dftrf (d1)

Kfosbty () @c / Aunba Dftrf (`c/d1)

Zfmlabty (Z) Dftrf pfr sfalok (d/s)

Gaafmfrgtblo (g) Dftrf pfr sfalok pfr sfalok (d/s

>

)Dldfotud @c dftrf pfr sfalok (`c.d/s)

7.7.1 KF^BZFK VOB[Q

Qldf peysbagm qugotbtbfs egvf kfrbvfk uobts webae nfaldf rgtefr aldpmbagtfk,gok sl grf rfpmgafk wbte sbdpmf uobts arfgtfk spfabjbagmmy tl rfprfsfot tefpeysbagm qugotbty. Jlr fxgdpmf, jlraf bs dgss dumtbpmbfk ny gaafmfrgtblo, webae bsmlcbagmmy `c.d/s> (`bmlcrgd dftrf pfr sfalok pfr sfalok), nut tebs bs rfpmgafk nytef Ofwtlo (O).

Fxgdpmfs grf9

Jlraf (J) Ofwtlo (O)

Xrfssurf (p) Xgsagm (Xg)

Fofrcy (F) Ilumf (I)

Slr` (S) Ilumf (I)

Xlwfr (X) Sgtt (w)

Jrfqufoay (j) Efrtz (Ez)




IG^ :: AG[FCL^R N7

DLKVMF >

XERQBAQ

focboffrboc

u`

Oltf gmsl tegt tl gvlbk vfry mgrcf lr sdgmm oudnfrs, dumtbpmfs lr sun-dumtbpmfs grf

ljtfo usfk. Jlr fxgdpmf0

7,888,888 4 78: bs rfpmgafk ny 'dfcg' (D)

7,888 4 781 bs rfpmgafk ny '`bml' (`)

7/7888 4 78-1 bs rfpmgafk ny 'dbmmb' (d)

7/7888,888 4 78-: bs rfpmgafk ny 'dbarl' ()

7.7.; DG[[F^ GOK FOF^CR

Ny kfjbobtblo, dgttfr bs goyteboc tegt laaupbfs spgaf gok egs dgss. [efrfjlrftef gbr, wgtfr gok jllk ylu offk tl mbvf, gs wfmm gs tef gbrargjt ylu wbmm dgbotgbogrf gmm jlrds lj dgttfr. [ef Mgw lj Alosfrvgtblo stgtfs tegt dgttfr agoolt nfarfgtfk lr kfstrlyfk. Rlu ago, elwfvfr, aegocf tef aegrgatfrbstbas lj dgttfr.Sefo dgttfr aegocfs stgtf, fofrcy, webae bs tef gnbmbty lj dgttfr tl kl wlr`, agonf fxtrgatfk. Jlr fxgdpmf, gs algm bs nurofk, bt aegocfs jrld g slmbk tl galdnustbnmf cgs, webae prlkuafs efgt fofrcy.

7.> AEFDBAGM OG[V^F LJ DG[[F^

Bo lrkfr tl nfttfr uokfrstgok tefaegrgatfrbstbas lj dgttfr, bt bstypbagmmy nrl`fo klwo tl sdgmmfruobts. [ef sdgmmfst pgrt lj gofmfdfot tegt ago fxbst aefdbagmmybs tef gtld. [ef terff sungtldbapgrtbamfs tegt jlrd gtlds grf prltlos, ofutrlos gokfmfatrlos. [ef plsbtbvfmy aegrcfkprltlos gok ofutrgmmy aegrcfkofutrlos alfxbst bo go gtld's

ouamfus.

Jbc >.7 Eykrlcfo gok Lxycfo Gtlds

[ef ofcgtbvfmy aegrcfk fmfatrlos lrnbt grluok tef ouamfus bo lrkfrmy rbocs lrsefmms. [ef eykrlcfo gtld bs tef sbdpmfst gtld, Bt egs lof prltlo bo tef ouamfus,gok lof fmfatrlo. G smbcetmy dlrf aldpmfx gtld bs tegt lj lxycfo webae alotgbosfbcet prltlos gok fbcet ofutrlos bo tef ouamfus gok egs fbcet fmfatrlos lrnbtbocgrluok tef ouamfus.



Bssuf 7 ‑ >8 Gucust >887 Xgcf 7-;

IG^ :: AG[FCL^R N7

DLKVMF >

XERQBAQ

focboffrboc

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[efrf grf aurrfotmy 777 òlwo fmfdfots lr gtlds. Fgae egs go bkfotbjbgnmf

oudnfr lj prltlos, ofutrlos gok fmfatrlos. Bo gkkbtblo, fvfry gtld egs bts lwo gtldba oudnfr , gs wfmm gs bts lwo gtldba dgss. [ef gtldba oudnfr bsagmaumgtfk ny tef fmfdfot‒s oudnfr lj prltlos gok tef gtldba dgss ny btsoudnfr lj ―ouamflos‒, (prltlos gok ofutrlos aldnbofk).

7

E

7.88

Gtldba Oudnfr

Fmfdfot Qydnlm

Gtldba Dgss

1

Mb:.2;

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NF 2.87

77

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Jbc >.> Xgrt lj tef Xfrblkba [gnmf

7.>.7 DLMFAVMFQ

Cfofrgmmy, wefo gtlds nlok tlcftefr tefy jlrd g dlmfaumf. Elwfvfr, tefrf grfg jfw dlmfaumfs tegt fxbst gs sbocmf gtlds. [wl fxgdpmfs tegt grf usfk kurbocgbrargjt dgbotfogoaf grf efmbud gok grclo. Gmm ltefr dlmfaumfs grf dgkf up ljtwl lr dlrf gtlds. Jlr fxgdpmf, wgtfr (E>L) bs dgkf up lj twl gtlds lj

eykrlcfo gok lof gtld lj lxycfo.

Sefo gtlds nlok tlcftefr tl jlrd g dlmfaumf tefy segrf fmfatrlos. Bo teffxgdpmf lj E>L, tef lxycfo gtld egs sbx fmfatrlos bo tef lutfr (lr vgmfoaf) sefmm.




IG^ :: AG[FCL^R N7

DLKVMF >

XERQBAQ

focboffrboc

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Elwfvfr, tefrf bs rlld jlr fbcet fmfatrlos. [efrfjlrf, lof lxycfo gtld ago

aldnbof wbte twl eykrlcfo gtlds ny segrboc tef sbocmf fmfatrlo jrld fgaeeykrlcfo gtld.

Jbc >.1 Sgtfr (E>L) Gtld

7.>.> XERQBAGM OG[V^F LJ DG[[F^

Dgttfr bs aldplsfk lj sfvfrgm dlmfaumfs. [ef dlmfaumf bs tef sdgmmfst uobt ljsunstgoaf tegt fxebnbts tef peysbagm gok aefdbagm prlpfrtbfs lj tef sunstgoaf.

Jurtefrdlrf, gmm dlmfaumfs lj g pgrtbaumgr sunstgoaf grf fxgatmy gmb`f gok uobquftl tegt sunstgoaf.

Dgttfr dgy lomy fxbst bo lof lj terff peysbagm stgtfs, slmbk, mbqubk gok cgs. Gpeysbagm stgtf rfjfrs tl tef peysbagm alokbtblo lj g aldpluok gok egs ol gjjfat log aldpluok's aefdbagm struaturf. Bo ltefr wlrks, baf wgtfr gok stfgd grf gmmE>L, gok tef sgdf typf lj dgttfr gppfgrs bo gmm tefsf stgtfs.

Gmm gtlds gok dlmfaumfs bo dgttfr grf alostgotmy bo dltblo. [ebs dltblo bs agusfkny tef efgt fofrcy bo tef dgtfrbgm. [ef kfcrff lj dltblo kftfrdbofs tef peysbagmstgtf lj tef dgttfr.

7.1 Q[G[FQ

7.1.7 QLMBK

G slmbk egs g kfjbobtf vlmudf gok segpf, gok bs bokfpfokfot lj bts alotgbofr. Jlrfxgdpmf, g rla` tegt bs put botl g igr klfs olt rfsegpf btsfmj tl jlrd tl tef igr. Bog slmbk tefrf bs vfry mbttmf efgt fofrcy gok, tefrfjlrf, tef dlmfaumfs lr gtldsagoolt dlvf vfry jgr jrld tefbr rfmgtbvf plsbtblo. Jlr tebs rfgslo g slmbk bsboaldprfssbnmf.



Bssuf 7 ‑ >8 Gucust >887 Xgcf 7-:

IG^ :: AG[FCL^R N7

DLKVMF >

XERQBAQ

focboffrboc

u`

7.1.> MBWVBK

Sefo efgt fofrcy bs gkkfk tl slmbk dgttfr, tef dlmfaumgr dlvfdfot boarfgsfs.[ebs agusfs tef dlmfaumfs tl lvfraldf tefbr rbcbk segpf. Sefo g dgtfrbgmaegocfs jrld g slmbk tl g mbqubk, tef dgtfrbgm's vlmudf klfs olt sbcobjbagotmyaegocf. Elwfvfr, tef dgtfrbgm wbmm alojlrd tl tef segpf lj tef alotgbofr bt bsefmk bo. Go fxgdpmf lj tebs bs g dfmtboc baf aunf.

Mbqubks grf gmsl alosbkfrfk boaldprfssbnmf. Gmteluce tef dlmfaumfs lj g mbqubkgrf jurtefr gpgrt tego telsf lj g slmbk, tefy grf stbmm olt jgr foluce gpgrt tl dg`faldprfssblo plssbnmf.

Bo g mbqubk, tef dlmfaumfs stbmm pgrtbgmmy nlok tlcftefr. [ebs nlokboc jlraf bs `olwo

gs surjgaf tfosblo gok prfvfots mbqubks jrld fxpgokboc gok sprfgkboc lut bo gmmkbrfatblos. Qurjgaf tfosblo bs fvbkfot wefo g alotgbofr bs smbcetmy lvfr jbmmfk.

JBCV^F >.; ‑ LZF^JBMMFK ALO[GBOF^

7.1.1 CGQ

Gs efgt fofrcy bs alotbougmmy gkkfk tl g dgtfrbgm, tef dlmfaumgr dlvfdfotboarfgsfs jurtefr uotbm tef mbqubk rfgaefs g plbot wefrf surjgaf tfosblo ago olmlocfr elmk tef dlmfaumfs bo pmgaf. Gt tebs plbot, tef dlmfaumfs fsagpf gs cgs lrvgplur. [ef gdluot lj efgt rfqubrfk tl aegocf g mbqubk tl g cgs vgrbfs wbtekbjjfrfot mbqubks gok tef gdluot lj prfssurf g mbqubk bs uokfr. Jlr fxgdpmf, gt gprfssurf tegt bs mlwfr tego gtdlspefrba, wgtfr nlbms gt g tfdpfrgturf mlwfr tego788¹ A. [efrfjlrf, tef nlbmboc plbot lj g mbqubk bs sgbk tl vgry kbrfatmy wbteprfssurf.

Cgs kbjjfrs jrld slmbks gok mbqubks bo tef jgat tegt tefy egvf ofbtefr kfjbobtf segpfolr kfjbobtf vlmudf. Aefdbagmmy, tef dlmfaumfs bo g cgs grf fxgatmy tef sgdf gstefy wfrf bo tefbr slmbk lr mbqubk stgtf. Elwfvfr, nfagusf tef dlmfaumfs bo g cgsgrf sprfgk lut, cgssfs grf aldprfssbnmf.



Bssuf 7 ‑ >8 Gucust >887 Xgcf >-7

IG^ :: AG[FCL^R N7

DLKVMF >

XERQBAQ

focboffrboc

u`

> DFAEGOBAQ

>.7 JL^AFQ, DLDFO[Q GOK ALVXMFQ

>.7.7 QAGMG^ GOK ZFA[L^ WVGO[B[BFQ

Nfjlrf botrlkuaboc jlraf gs g dfgsurgnmf qugotbty wf selumk kbsauss elw wfbkfotbjy tegt qugotbty.

Wugotbtbfs grf telucet lj gs nfboc fbtefr sagmgr lr vfatlr . [ef tfrd sagmgrdfgos tegt tef qugotbty plssfssfs dgcobtukf (sbzf) LOMR. Fxgdpmfs lj sagmgr

qugotbtbfs boamukf dgss, tbdf, tfdpfrgturf, mfocte fta. [efsf qugotbtbfs, gs tefogdf ”sagmgr— bokbagtfs, dgy lomy nf rfprfsfotfk crgpebagmmy tl sldf jlrd ljsagmf.

[EVQ g tfdpfrgturf lj 76A dgy nf rfprfsfotfk gs9

Jbc >.7 Qagmgr rfprfsfotgtblo lj 76¹A

Zfatlr qugotbtbfs grf kbjjfrfot bo tegt tefy plssfss nlte dgcobtukf GOK kbrfatblogok, bj fbtefr aegocf, tef vfatlr qugotbty aegocfs. Zfatlr qugotbtbfs boamukf jlraf,vfmlabty gok goy qugotbty jlrdfk jrld tefsf.

G jlraf bs g vfatlr qugotbty, gok gs suae, plssfssfs dgcobtukf gok kbrfatblo. Bospfabjyboc g jlraf, tefrfjlrf, ylu dust spfabjy nlte tef sbzf lj tef jlraf gok tefkbrfatblo bo webae bt bs gppmbfk. [ebs ago nf selwo lo g kbgcrgd ny g mbof lj gspfabjba mfocte wbte tef kbrfatblo bokbagtfk ny go grrlw. [ef dlst alovfobfotdftelk bs tl rfprfsfot tef jlraf ny dfgos lj g vfatlr gs selwo bo tef kbgcrgd.Bj tef plbot lj gppmbagtblo lj g jlraf bs bdplrtgot bt dgy nf selwo bo g spgafkbgcrgd.

Zfatlr Kbgcrgd Qpgaf Kbgcrgd

Jbc >.> Zfatlr ^fprfsfotgtblo lj g Jlraf



Bssuf 7 ‑ >8 Gucust >887 Xgcf >->

IG^ :: AG[FCL^R N7

DLKVMF >

XERQBAQ

focboffrboc

u`

>.7.> [^BGOCMF LJ JL^AFQ

[ef tltgm fjjfat, lr rfsumtgot, lj g oudnfr lj jlrafs gatboc lo g nlky dgy nfkftfrdbofk ny vfatlr gkkbtblo. Alovfrsfmy, g sbocmf jlraf dgy nf rfslmvfk botlaldplofots, suae tegt tefsf aldplofots egvf tef sgdf tltgm fjjfat gs teflrbcbogm jlraf. Bt bs ljtfo alovfobfot tl rfpmgaf g jlraf ny bts twl aldplofots gtrbcet gocmfs.

[wl lr dlrf jlrafs ago nf gkkfk lr suntrgatfk tl prlkuaf g ^fsumtgot Jlraf. Bjtwl jlrafs grf fqugm nut gat bo lpplsbtf kbrfatblos, tefo lnvblusmy tefy agoafmfgae ltefr lut, gok sl tef rfsumtgot bs sgbk tl nf zfrl. [wl jlrafs ago nf gkkfklr suntrgatfk dgtefdgtbagmmy lr crgpebagmmy, gok tebs prlafkurf ljtfo prlkuafs g[rbgocmf lj Jlraf.

Jbrstmy, bt bs bdplrtgot tl rfgmbsf tegt g jlraf egs terff bdplrtgot jfgturfs0dgcobtukf (sbzf), kbrfatblo gok mbof lj gatblo.

Jlraf bs tefrfjlrf g vfatlr qugotbty, gok gs suae, bt ago nf rfprfsfotfk ny gogrrlw, krgwo tl g sagmf rfprfsfotboc dgcobtukf gok kbrfatblo.

>.7.1 C^GXEBAGM DF[ELK

Alosbkfr twl jlrafs G gok N. Aellsf g stgrtboc plbot L gok krgw LG tlrfprfsfot jlraf G, bo tef kbrfatblo lj G. [efo krgw GN tl rfprfsfot jlraf N.

Jbc. >.1 [rbgocmf lj Jlrafs

[ef mbof LN rfprfsfots tef rfsumtgot lj twljlrafs.

Oltf tegt tef mbof rfprfsfotboc jlraf Nalumk egvf nffo krgwo jbrst, gok jlraf Gkrgwo sfalok0 tef rfsumtgot wlumk egvfnffo tef sgdf.

[ef twl jlrafs gkkfk tlcftefr egvf jlrdfk > sbkfs lj tef trbgocmf0 tef rfsumtgotbs tef tebrk sbkf.

Bj g tebrk jlraf, fqugm bo mfocte nutlpplsbtf bo kbrfatblo tl tef rfsumtgot bsgkkfk tl tef rfsumtgot, bt wbmm agoafm teffjjfat lj tef twl jlrafs. [ebs tebrk jlrafwlumk nf tfrdfk tef Fqubmgnrgot.




IG^ :: AG[FCL^R N7

DLKVMF >

XERQBAQ

focboffrboc

u`

>.7.; XLMRCLO LJ JL^AFQ

[ebs tlpba iust nubmks lo tef prfvblus [rbgocmf lj Jlrafs.

Alosbkfr terff jlrafs G, N gok A gs selwobo tef kbgcrgd. G gok N ago nf gkkfk gokny krgwboc g trbgocmf, tef rfsumtgot bsprlkuafk.

Bj jlraf A bs ilbofk tl tebs rfsumtgot, g jurtefr lr "ofw" rfsumtgot bs arfgtfk, webaerfprfsfots tef fjjfat lj gmm terff jlrafs.

Olw tebs prlafkurf ago nf rfpfgtfk dgoy tbdfs0 tef fjjfat bs tl prlkuaf gXlmyclo lj Jlrafs.

Jbc >.; Xlmyclo lj Jlrafs

>.7.6 ALXMGOG^ JL^AFQ

Jlrafs welsf mbofs lj gatblo gmm mbf bo tef sgdf pmgof grf agmmfk alpmgogr jlrafs.[ef jlmmlwboc mgws rfmgtboc tl alpmgogr jlrafs grf lj bdplrtgoaf gok selumk nfoltfk agrfjummy. Elwfvfr, bt dust gmsl nf rfdfdnfrfk tegt tefsf mgws grfgppmbagnmf LOMR tl twl kbdfosblogm prlnmfds.



Bssuf 7 ‑ >8 Gucust >887 Xgcf >-;

IG^ :: AG[FCL^R N7

DLKVMF >

XERQBAQ

focboffrboc

u`

[ef mbof lj gatblo lj tef rfsumtgot lj goy twl alpmgogr jlrafs dust pgss terluce

tef plbot lj botfrsfatblo lj tef mbofs lj gatblo lj tef twl jlrafs.Bj goy oudnfr lj alpmgogr jlrafs gat lo g nlky gok grf olt bo fqubmbnrbud, tefotefy ago gmwgys nf rfkuafk tl g sbocmf rfsumtgot jlraf gok g alupmf.

Bj terff jlrafs gatboc lo g nlky grf bo fqubmbnrbud, tefo tefbr mbofs lj gatblo dustnf aloaurrfot, - tegt bs, tefy dust gmm pgss terluce tef sgdf plbot.

Jlrafs gatboc gt tef sgdf plbot grf agmmfk ALOAV^^FO[ jlrafs.

>.7.: FJJFA[ LJ GO GXXMBFK JLÂF

Bj g Jlraf bs gppmbfk tl g nlky, bt wbmm agusf tegt nlky tl dlvf lr rltgtf. G nlky

tegt bs gmrfgky dlvboc wbmm aegocf bts spffk lr kbrfatblo. Oltf tegt tef tfrd'aegocf bts spffk lr kbrfatblo' bdpmbfs tegt go gaafmfrgtblo egs tg`fo pmgaf.

[ebs bs usugmmy suddgrbsfk bo tef jlrdumg0 J 4 dg

Sefrf J bs tef jlraf, d 4 dgss lj nlky gok g 4 gaafmfrgtblo.

[ef uobts lj jlraf selumk nf `c.d/s> nut tef QB Vobt usfk bs tef Ofwtlo.

Efoaf, "G Ofwtlo bs tef uobt lj jlraf tegt wefo gppmbfk tl g dgss lj 7 `c. agusfstegt dgss tl gaafmfrgtf gt g rgtf lj 7 d/s>.

Gppmbfk jlrafs ago gmsl agusf aegocfs bo segpf lr sbzf lj g nlky, webae bsbdplrtgot wefo gogmysboc tef nfegvblur lj dgtfrbgms.

>.7.3 FWVBMBN^BVDQ

Fgrmbfr bt wgs kfjbofk tegt g jlraf gppmbfk tl g nlky wlumk agusf tegt nlky tlgaafmfrgtf lr aegocf kbrfatblo.

Bj gt goy stgcf g systfd lj jlrafs bs gppmbfk tl g nlky, suae tegt tefbr rfsumtgot bszfrl, tefo tegt nlky wbmm olt gaafmfrgtf lr aegocf kbrfatblo. [ef systfd lj jlrafsgok tef nlky grf sgbk tl nf bo tef fqubmbnrbud.

Oltf9 [ebs klfs olt dfgo tegt tefrf grf ol jlrafs gatboc0 bt bs iust tegt tefbr tltgmrfsumtgot lr fjjfat bs zfrl.

>.7.5 ^FQLMV[BLO LJ JLÂFQ

[ebs tlpba bs bdplrtgot, nut bs rfgmmy tef lpplsbtf tl Gkkbtblo lj jlrafs. ^fagmmboctegt twl jlrafs ago nf gkkfk tl cbvf g sbocmf jlraf òlwo gs tef ^fsumtgot, bt bslnvblus tegt tebs sbocmf jlraf ago nf alosbkfrfk gs tef gkkbtblo lj tef twl lrbcbogmjlrafs.

Jbc >.6 ^fslmutblo ljJlrafs



Bssuf 7 ‑ >8 Gucust >887 Xgcf >-:

IG^ :: AG[FCL^R N7

DLKVMF >

XERQBAQ

focboffrboc

u`

Oltf tegt tef lrkfr bo webae tef bokbvbkugm vfatlrs grf krgwo bs olt bdplrtgot.

Jbc >.3 Gkkboc Zfatlr Wugotbtbfs

>.7.78 DLDFO[Q GOK ALVXMFQ

Bo pgrg >.7.:, bt wgs stgtfk tegt bj g jlraf wgs gppmbfk tl g nlky, bt wlumk dlvf(gaafmfrgtf) bo tef kbrfatblo lj tef gppmbfk jlraf.

Alosbkfr tegt tef nlky agoolt dlvf jrld lof pmgaf tl goltefr, nut ago rltgtf.[ef gppmbfk jlraf wbmm tefo agusf g rltgtblo. Go fxgdpmf bs g kllr. G jlrafgppmbfk tl tef kllr agusf bt tl lpfo lr amlsf, rltgtboc gnlut tef ebocf-mbof. Nutwegt bs bdplrtgot tl rfgmbsf bs tegt tef jlraf rfqubrfk tl dlvf tef kllr bskfpfokfot lo elw jgr jrld tef ebocf tef jlraf bs gppmbfk.

Ql tef turoboc fjjfat lj gjlraf bs g aldnbogtblo ljtef dgcobtukf lj tef jlrafgok bts kbstgoaf jrld tefplbot lj rltgtblo. [efturoboc fjjfat bs tfrdfk tefDldfot lj g Jlraf.

Jbc >.5 Dldfot lj g Jlraf

Jrld tef kbgcrgd bt ago nf sffo tegt tef dldfot bs g rfsumt lj tef jlrdumg9

Dldfot lj g jlraf (J) gnlut g plbot (L) 4 J x y

Pwefrf ―y‒ bs tef pfrpfokbaumgr kbstgoaf nftwffo tef jlraf gok tef plbot 'L' ljtforfjfrrfk tl gs tef 'dldfot grd' T.

Vsboc QB uobts, tef uobts grf Ofwtlo x dftrfs 4 Ofwtlo Dftrfs lr Od

Oltf9 Bt bs bdplrtgot tl rfgmbsf tegt tef ”kbstgoaf— bs pfrpfokbaumgr tl tef mbof ljgatblo lj tef jlraf.




IG^ :: AG[FCL^R N7

DLKVMF >

XERQBAQ

focboffrboc

u`

>.7.77 AMLA@SBQF GOK GO[B-AMLA@SBQF DLDFO[Q

Jbc >.2 Amla`wbsf gok Gotb-Amla`wbsf Dldfots

[ef dldfot lr turoboc fjjfat lj g jlraf gnlut g spfabjba plbot ago nf amla`wbsf lrgotb-amla`wbsf kfpfokboc lo tef kbrfatblo lj tef jlraf. Bo tef kbgcrgd selwo,Jlraf N prlkuafs g amla`wbsf dldfot gnlut plbot L gok Jlraf G prlkuafs gogotb-amla`wbsf dldfot.

Sefo sfvfrgm jlrafs grf bovlmvfk, fqubmbnrbud aloafros olt iust tef jlrafs, nutdldfots gs wfmm. Bj fqubmbnrbud fxbsts, tefo amla`wbsf (plsbtbvf) dldfots grfngmgoafk ny gotbamla`wbsf (ofcgtbvf) dldfots. Bt bs olrdgm tl sgy9

Amla`wbsf Dldfots 4 Gotb-amla`wbsf Dldfots

Nfgd Fxgdpmf 79

[ef kbgcrgd selws g mbcet nfgd pbvltfk gt plbot N wbte vfrtbagm jlrafs lj 68O gok

7>6O gatboc gt tef foks. [ef 68O jlraf prlkuafs go gotb-amla`wbsf dldfot lj 68x 1 4 768Od gnlut plbot N gok tef 7>6O jlraf prlkuafs g amla`wbsf dldfot lj7>6 x R 4 7>6R Od.

Jbc >.78 Qbdpmf Nfgd

Bj tef nfgd bs bo fqubmbnrbud, Amla`wbsf dldfots 4 Gotb-amla`wbsf dldfots, sl9

7>6R 4 768, lr R 4 7.>d

Oltf9 Bo tef prfvblus nfgd fxgdpmf, bj tef nfgd bs bo fqubmbnrbud, wf egvfstgtfk tegt tef ASD 4 GASD. Gs wfmm gs tebs, tef tltgm jlraf gatboc klwowgrks,dust fqugm tef tltgm upwgrks jlraf. [efrf bs g vfrtbagm ”rfgatblo— gatboc gt plbot N.[ef dgcobtukf lj tebs rfgatblo bs fqugm tl tef sud lj tef ltefr twl jlrafs b.f.736O. Sf kl olt offk tl boamukf tebs vgmuf bo tef agmaumgtblo, nfagusf bt klfs olt

prlkuaf g turoboc dldfot bj wf gssudf tef nfgd bs pbvltfk gt tebs plbot. (736 x8d 4 8Od)




IG^ :: AG[FCL^R N7

DLKVMF >

XERQBAQ

focboffrboc

u`

Nfgd Fxgdpmf >9

[ef kbgcrgd selws g nfgd wbte g tltgm mfocte lj 5d pbvltfk gt plbot J. [erffjlrafs G, N gok A grf selwo gatboc lo tef nfgd. Segt gkkbtblogm jlraf dust nfgppmbfk tl tef nfgd gt K tl dgbotgbo fqubmbnrbud. Gs ol jurtefr bojlrdgtblo bscbvfo, wf gssudf tef nfgd egs ofcmbcbnmf dgss.

[ef stgtfdfot ”tl dgbotgbo fqubmbnrbud— dfgos tegt tef amla`wbsf dldfots dustnf ngmgoafk ny tef gotb-amla`wbsf dldfots b.f. ASD 4 GASD. Gt tebs plbot wfkl olt òlw bj tef jlraf gt K wbmm nf gatboc upwgrks lr klwowgrks. Vsboc tefòlwo jlrafs9

ASD grf (7888 x 7) + (>68 x 1.6) 4 7536Od

GASD grf (688 x 1) 4 7688Od Gt tebs plbot wf òlw tegt tef jlraf gt K dust prlkuaf go GASD lj 136Od tl

prlkuaf fqubmbnrbud. [ef vgmuf lj K wbmm nf O 366

136 . Bt dust tefrfjlrf gat

vfrtbagmmy upwgrks. Bt gmsl jlmmlws tegt bj vfrtbagm fqubmbnrbud fxbsts, klwowgrkjlrafs dust fqugm upwgrks jlrafs, sl9

Klwowgrks jlrafs 4 688O + 7888O + >68O 4 7368O

Vpwgrks jlrafs 4 J + K. Bj K 4 36O, J dust nf 7368 ‑ 36 4 7:36O.

Nfgd Fxgdpmf 19

Gssudboc tef nfgd selwo bs bo fqubmbnrbud, jbok tef vgmuf lj tef twl supplrts ^7gok ^>.




IG^ :: AG[FCL^R N7

DLKVMF >

XERQBAQ

focboffrboc

u`

[ef nfgd selwo gnlvf egs mlgks G-J gatboc vfrtbagmmy klwowgrks. [ef twl

jlrafs ^7 gok ^> grf gatboc vfrtbagmmy upwgrks. Lur jbrst telucet grf tegt gs wfegvf twl uo`olwo vgmufs, wf agoolt slmvf tef prlnmfd. Sf ago stgrt tl slmvf btny jbrst tg`boc dldfots gnlut lof lj tef plbots ^7 lr ^>. Sf gssudf tef nfgdago rltgtf gnlut plbot ^7, tef dldfot gt plbot ^7 bs 8, gok sgy ASD 4 GASD9

[ltgm ASD 4 (>888 x 7) + (78888 x >) + (6888 x 1.6) + (6888 x ;.6) + (7888 x6.6) 4 :3,688Od

[ltgm GASD 4 (^> x :.>6) + (7888 x 8.6)

Ql bj ASD 4 GASD

:3,688 4 (:.>6 x ^>) + 688 sl O ^

3>8,78>>6.:

:3888

[ef vgmuf lj tef vfrtbagm jlraf gt ^> bs tefrfjlrf 78,3>8O.

Gs wf egvf stgtfk tef nfgd bs bo fqubmbnrbud, olt lomy kl tef ASD 4 GASD, nutgmsl tef tltgm klwowgrks jlrafs grf ngmgoafk ny upwgrks jlrafs. [ef tltgm vgmuflj ^7 + ^> dust nf 7,888+ >888 +78888 + 6888 + 6888 + 7888 4 >;,888O.

Sf egvf agmaumgtfk tef vgmuf lj ^> tl nf 78,3>8O, bt jlmmlws tegt ^7 dust nf71,>58O.

>.7.7> ALVXMFQ

Sefo twl fqugm nut lpplsbtf jlrafs grfprfsfot, welsf mbofs lj gatblo grf oltalboabkfot, tefo tefy agusf g rltgtblo.

Jbc >.77 Alupmf

[lcftefr, tefy grf tfrdfk g Alupmf, gok tef dldfot lj g alupmf bs fqugm tl tefdgcobtukf lj g jlraf J, dumtbpmbfk ny tef kbstgoaf nftwffo tefd.

[ef ngsba prboabpmfs lj dldfots gok alupmfs grf usfk fxtfosbvfmy bo gbrargjt

focboffrboc




IG^ :: AG[FCL^R N7

DLKVMF >

XERQBAQ

focboffrboc

u`

>.> AFO[^F LJ C^GZB[R

Alosbkfr g nlky gs go gaaudumgtblo ljdgoy sdgmm dgssfs (dlmfaumfs), gmmsunifat tl crgvbtgtblogm gttrgatblo. [eftltgm wfbcet, webae bs g jlraf, bs fqugmtl tef sud lj tef bokbvbkugm dgssfs,dumtbpmbfk ny tef crgvbtgtblogmgaafmfrgtblo c 4 2.57 d/s>).

S 4 dc

Jbc >.7> Dgss lj g Nlky

[ef kbgcrgd selws tegt tef bokbvbkugm jlrafs gmm gat bo tef sgdf kbrfatblo, nutegvf kbjjfrfot mbofs lj gatblo.

[efrf dust nf kgtud plsbtblo, suae tegt tef tltgmdldfot tl lof sbkf, agusboc g amla`wbsfrltgtblo, bs ngmgoafk ny g tltgm dldfot, lotef ltefr sbkf, webae agusfs gogotbamla`wbsf rltgtblo. Bo ltefr wlrks, tef

tltgm wfbcet ago nf alosbkfrfk tl gatterluce tegt kgtud plsbtblo (4 mbof lj gatblo).

Jbc >.71 Ngmgoafk Dgss

Bj tef nlky bs alosbkfrfk bo twl kbjjfrfot plsbtblo, tef wfbcet gats terluce twlmbofs lj gatblo, S7 gok S> gok tefsf botfrgat gt plbot C, webae bs tfrdfk tefAfotrf lj Crgvbty.

Efoaf, tef Afotrf lj Crgvbty bs tefplbot terluce webae tef [ltgm Dgss ljtef nlky dgy nf alosbkfrfk tl gat.

Jbc >.7; Afotrf ljCrgvbty lj g Dgss




IG^ :: AG[FCL^R N7

DLKVMF >

XERQBAQ

focboffrboc

u`

Jlr g 1-kbdfosblogm nlky, tef afotrf lj crgvbty ago nf kftfrdbofk prgatbagmmy ny

sfvfrgm dftelks, suae gs ny dfgsurboc gok fqugtboc dldfots, gok tebs bs klofwefo agmaumgtboc Sfbcet gok Ngmgoaf lj gbrargjt.

G >-kbdfosblogm nlky (lof lj ofcmbcbnmf teba`ofss) bs tfrdfk g mgdbog, webae lomyegs grfg (olt vlmudf). [ef plbot C bs tefo tfrdfk g Afotrlbk. Bj g mgdbog bssuspfokfk jrld plbot X, tef afotrlbk C wbmm egoc vfrtbagmmy nfmlw ―X7‒. Bjsuspfokfk jrld X> C wbmm egoc nfmlw X>. Xlsbtblo C bs gt tef botfrsfatblo gsselwo.

G rfcumgr mgdbog, suae gs g rfatgocmf, egs btsafotrf lj crgvbty gt tef botfrsfatblo lj tef

kbgclogms.

Jbc >.76 A lj C lj ^fatgocumgr Mgdbog

G trbgocmf egs bts afotrf lj crgvbty gttef botfrsfatblo lj tef dfkbgos.

Jbc >.7: A lj C lj [rbgocumgrMgdbog



Bssuf 7 ‑ >8 Gucust >887 Xgcf >-7>

IG^ :: AG[FCL^R N7

DLKVMF >

XERQBAQ

focboffrboc

u`

[ef afotrf lj crgvbty lj g slmbk lnifat bs tef plbot gnlut webae tef tltgm wfbcet

gppfgrs tl gat. Lr, put goltefr wgy, bj tef lnifat bs ngmgoafk gt tegt plbot, bt wbmmegvf ol tfokfoay tl rltgtf. Bo tef agsf lj elmmlw lr brrfcumgr segpfk lnifats, bt bsplssbnmf jlr tef afotrf lj crgvbty tl nf bo jrff spgaf gok olt wbtebo tef lnifats gtgmm. [ef dlst bdplrtgot gppmbagtblo lj afotrf lj crgvbty jlr gbrargjt dfaegobas bstef wfbcet gok ngmgoaf lj go gbrargjt.

Bj go gbrargjt bs alrrfatmy mlgkfk, wbte jufm, arfw gok pgssfocfrs, ngccgcf, fta. botef alrrfat pmgafs, tef gbrargjt wbmm nf bo ngmgoaf gok fgsy tl jmy. Bj, jlr fxgdpmf,tef ngccgcf egs nffo mlgkfk boalrrfatmy, dg`boc tef gbrargjt duae tll olsf lrtgbm efgvy, tef gbrargjt alumk nf kbjjbaumt tl jmy lr dbcet fvfo argse.

Bt bs bdplrtgot tegt wefofvfr aegocfs grf dgkf tl go gbrargjt, agmaumgtblos DVQ[

nf dgkf fgae tbdf tl fosurf tegt tef afotrf lj crgvbty bs wbtebo gaafptgnmf mbdbtssft ny tef dgoujgaturfr lj tef gbrargjt. [efsf aegocfs alumk nf gs sbdpmf gs gofw algt lj pgbot, lr gs aldpmbagtfk gs tef alovfrsblo jrld pgssfocfr tl gjrfbcet agrryboc rlmf.

Jbc >.73 Afotrf lj Crgvbty lj go Gbrargjt




IG^ :: AG[FCL^R N7

DLKVMF >

XERQBAQ

focboffrboc

u`

>.1 Q[^FQQ, Q[^GBO GOK FMGQ[BA [FOQBLO

>.1.7 Q[^FQQ

Sefo go focboffr kfsbcos g aldplofot lr struaturf ef offks tl `olw weftefr btbs strloc foluce tl prfvfot jgbmurf kuf tl tef mlgks foaluotfrfk bo sfrvbaf. Efgogmysfs tef fxtfrogm jlrafs gok tefo kfkuafs tef jlrafs lr strfssfs tegt grfbokuafk botfrogmmy.

Oltbaf tef botrlkuatblo lj tef wlrk strfss. Lnvblusmy g aldplofot webae bs twbaftef sbzf bs strlocfr gok mfss mb`fmy tl jgbm kuf go gppmbfk mlgk. Ql go bdplrtgot

jgatlr tl alosbkfr bs olt iust jlraf, nut sbzf gs wfmm. Efoaf strfss bs mlgk kbvbkfkny grfg (sbzf).

(sbcdg) 4Jlrafgrfg

(4 Ofwtlos pfr sfalok dftrf).

Aldplofots jgbm kuf tl nfboc lvfr-strfssfk, olt lvfr-mlgkfk.

[ef fxtfrogm jlrafs bokuaf botfrogm strfssfs webae lpplsf lr ngmgoaf teffxtfrogm jlrafs.

Qtrfssfs ago laaur bo kbjjfrboc jlrds, kfpfokfot lo tef dgoofr lj gppmbagtblo ljtef fxtfrogm jlraf.

[efrf grf jbvf kbjjfrfot typfs lj strfss bo dfaegobagm nlkbfs. [efy grf tfosblo,aldprfssblo, tlrsblo, nfokboc gok sefgr.

>.1.7.7 [fosblo lr [fosbmf Qtrfss

[fosbmf strfss kfsarbnfs tef fjjfat lj g jlraf tegt tfoks tl pumm go lnifat gpgrt.Jmfxbnmf stffm agnmf usfk bo gbrargjt alotrlm systfds bs go fxgdpmf lj galdplofot tegt bs bo kfsbcofk tl wbtestgok tfosblo mlgks. Qtffm agnmf bs fgsbmynfot gok egs mbttmf lpplsbtblo tl ltefr typfs lj strfss, nut, wefo sunifatfk tl gpurfmy tfosbmf mlgk, bt pfrjlrds fxafptblogmmy wfmm.

J J

Jbc >.75 - [fosblo



Bssuf 7 ‑ >8 Gucust >887 Xgcf >-7;

IG^ :: AG[FCL^R N7

DLKVMF >

XERQBAQ

focboffrboc

u`

>.1.7.> Aldprfssblo lr Aldprfssbvf Qtrfss

Aldprfssblo bs tef rfsbstgoaf tl go fxtfrogm jlraf tegt trbfs tl puse go lnifattlcftefr. Gbrargjt rbvfts grf krbvfo wbte g aldprfssbvf jlraf. Sefo aldprfssblostrfss bs gppmbfk tl g rbvft, tef rbvft jbrstmy fxpgoks uotbm bt jbmms tef elmf gok tefotef fxtfrogm pgrt lj tef sego` sprfgks tl jlrd g sfalok efgk, webae elmks tefseffts lj dftgm tbcetmy tlcftefr.

Jbc >.72 Aldprfssblo

>.1.7.1 [lrsblo

G tlrsblogm strfss bs gppmbfk tl g dgtfrbgm wefo bt bs twbstfk. [lrsblo bs gatugmmy galdnbogtblo lj nlte tfosblo gok aldprfssblo. Jlr fxgdpmf, wefo g lnifat bssunifatfk tl tlrsblogm strfss, tfosblogm strfssfs lpfrgtf kbgclogmmy garlss teflnifat webmst aldprfssblo strfssfs gat gt rbcet gocmfs tl tef tfosblo strfss.

Go focbof argo`segjt bs galdplofot welsf prbdgry strfss bstlrsblo. [ef pbstlos puseboc klwolo tef aloofatboc rlks rltgtf tefargo`segjt gcgbost tef lpplsbtblo,lr rfsbstgoaf lj tef prlpfmmfr. [efrfsumtboc strfssfs gttfdpt tl twbsttef argo`segjt.

Jbc >.>8 [lrsblo




IG^ :: AG[FCL^R N7

DLKVMF >

XERQBAQ

focboffrboc

u`

>.1.7.; Nfokboc Qtrfss

Bj g nfgd bs goaelrfk gt lof fok gok g mlgk gppmbfk gt tef ltefr fok, tef nfgdwbmm nfok bo tef kbrfatblo lj tef gppmbfk mlgk.

Jbc >.>7 Agotbmfvfr Nfgd

Go gbrargjt wboc gats gs g agotbmfvfr nfgd, wbte tef wboc supplrtfk gt tefjusfmgcf gttgaedfot plbot.

Sefo tef gbrargjt bs lo tef crluok tef jlraf lj crgvbty agusfs tef wboc tl nfok bog sbdbmgr dgoofr tl tef nfgd selwo bo Jbc. >.>7. Bo tebs agsf, tef tlp lj tef wbocbs sunifatfk tl tfosblo strfss webmst tef mlwfr s`bo fxpfrbfoafs aldprfssblostrfss. Bo jmbcet, tef jlraf lj mbjt trbfs tl nfok go gbrargjt's wboc upwgrk. Sefo tebsegppfos tef s`bo lo tef tlp lj tef wboc bs sunifatfk tl g aldprfssbvf jlraf,webmst tef s`bo nfmlw tef wboc bs pummfk ny g tfosblo jlraf. [ef jlmmlwboc kbgcrgd

bmmustrgtfs tebs.

Jbc >.>> Nfokboc



Bssuf 7 ‑ >8 Gucust >887 Xgcf >-7:

IG^ :: AG[FCL^R N7

DLKVMF >

XERQBAQ

focboffrboc

u`

>.1.7.6 Qefgr

G sefgr strfss gttfdpts tl smbaf, (lr sefgr) g nlky gpgrt. G amfvbs nlmt bo gogbrargjt alotrlm systfd bs kfsbcofk tl wbtestgok sefgr mlgks. [efsf grf dgkf ljebce-strfocte stffm gok grf jbttfk wbte g tebo out tegt bs efmk bo pmgaf wbte g spmbtpbo. Sefofvfr g alotrlm agnmf dlvfs, sefgr jlrafs grf gppmbfk tl tef nlmt.Elwfvfr, wefo ol jlraf bs prfsfot, tef amfvbs nlmt bs jrff tl turo bo bts elmf. [efltefr kbgcrgd selws twl seffts lj dftgm efmk tlcftefr wbte g rbvft. Bj g tfosbmfmlgk bs gppmbfk tl tef seffts (gs wlumk egppfo tl tef tlp s`bo lj go gbrargjt wboc,wefo tef gbrargjt bs lo tef crluok), tef rbvft bs sunifatfk tl g sefgr mlgk.

Jbc >.>1 Fxgdpmfs lj Qefgr Qtrfss

>.1.> Q[^GBO

Sefo tef dgtfrbgm lj g nlky bs bo g stgtf lj strfss, kfjlrdgtblo tg`fs pmgaf sl

tegt tef sbzf gok segpf lj tef nlky bs aegocfk. [ef dgoofr lj kfjlrdgtblo wbmmkfpfok lo elw tef nlky bs mlgkfk, nut g sbdpmf tfosblo dfdnfr tfoks tl strftaegok g sbdpmf aldprfssblo dfdnfr tfoks tl alotrgat. Bj tef dfdnfr egs guobjlrd arlss sfatblo, tef botfosbty lj strfss wbmm nf tef sgdf terlucelut btsmfocte, sl tegt fgae uobt lj mfocte wbmm fxtfok lr alotrgat ny tef sgdf gdluot.[ef tltgm aegocf bo mfocte, alrrfsplokboc tl g cbvfo strfss, wbmm teus kfpfok lotef lrbcbogm mfocte lj tef dfdnfr.

Kfjlrdgtblo kuf tl go botfrogm stgtf lj strfss bs agmmfk strgbo (ζ). Goydfgsurfdfot lj strgbo dust nf rfmgtfk tl tef lrbcbogm kbdfosblo bovlmvfk.




IG^ :: AG[FCL^R N7

DLKVMF >

XERQBAQ

focboffrboc

u`

Fxgdpmf9

Botfosbty lj strgbo (ζ) 4 aegocf bo mfocte (x) / lrbcbogm mfocte (M)

ζ 4 x / M

Sefrf x bs tef fxtfosblo lr aldprfssblo lj tef dfdnfr.

Oltf9 Qboaf strgbo bs sbdpmy tef rgtbl nftwffo twl mfoctes, bt bs kbdfosblomfss. Btbs, elwfvfr, usugmmy fxprfssfk gs g pfrafotgcf..

Fxgdpmf lj Qtrfss gok Qtrgbo

G stffm rlk >8 dd kbgdftfr gok 7d agrrbfs g mlgk lj ;6 `O. [ebs agusfs gofxtfosblo lj 7.5dd. Agmaumgtf tef strfss gok strgbo bo tef rlk.

>>>

>>7;1/7;1/

;68

78

888,;6 DodL^dd O dd O dd G Grfg

J JlrafQtrfss

8875.8888,7

5.7

dd

dd

m mfoctelrbcbogm

x FxtfosbloQtrgbo

Oltf tegt tefrf grf ol uobts jlr strgbo. Qtrgbo dgy gmsl nf bokbagtfk gs gpfrafotgcf. [l selw strgbo gs g pfrafotgcf ylu sbdpmy dumtbpmy ny 788. Ql bo tefgnlvf fxgdpmf tef strgbo gs g pfrafotgcf bs 8.8875 x 788 4 8.75%.

>.1.1 FMGQ[BAB[R

Focboffrboc dgtfrbgms dust, lj ofafssbty, plssfss tef prlpfrty lj fmgstbabty.[ebs bs tef prlpfrty tegt gmmlws g pbfaf lj tef dgtfrbgm tl rfcgbo bts lrbcbogm sbzfgok segpf wefo tef jlrafs prlkuaboc g stgtf lj strgbo grf rfdlvfk. Bj g ngr ljfmgstba dgtfrbgm lj uobjlrd arlss-sfatblo, bs mlgkfk prlcrfssbvfmy bo tfosblo, bt wbmmnf jluok tegt, up tl g plbot, tef alrrfsplokboc fxtfosblos wbmm nf prlplrtblogm tltef gppmbfk mlgks.




IG^ :: AG[FCL^R N7

DLKVMF >

XERQBAQ

focboffrboc

u`

[ebs prlplrtblogmbty bs òlwo gs Ell`f's Mgw. Elwfvfr, tl nf dfgobocjum, mlgks

gok fxtfosblos dust nf rfmgtfk tl g pgrtbaumgr ngr lj òlwo arlss-sfatblogm grfggok mfocte. G dlrf cfofrgm stgtfdfot lj tebs mgw dgy nf dgkf bo tfrds lj tefstrfss gok strgbo bo tef dgtfrbgm lj tef ngr.

Sbtebo tef mbdbt lj prlplrtblogmbty, tef strgbo bs kbrfatmy prlplrtblogm tl tefstrfss prlkuaboc bt.

Bj wf pmlt tef crgpe lj strfss gcgbost strgbo, wf wbmm prlkuaf g strgbcet mbof pgssbocterluce tef lrbcbo gs selwo nfmlw. [ef smlpf lj tef crgpe, strfss/strgbo, bs galostgot jlr g cbvfo dgtfrbgm. [ebs alostgot bs òlwo gs Rluoc's Dlkumus ljFmgstbabty gok bs gmwgys kfoltfk ny tef agpbtgm mfttfr F. Loaf tef mbof pmlttfknfcbos tl aurvf tlwgrks elrbzlotgm tef dgtfrbgm bs sgbk tl egvf pgssfk bts fmgstba

mbdbt gok wbmm OL[ rfturo tl bts lrbcbogm mfocte. Bt wbmm egvf g pfrdgofot strftae.

Rluoc's Dlkumus lj Fmgstbabty (F ) 4Qtrgbo

Qtrfss 4 tef smlpf lj strfss/strgbo crgpe

[ef vgmuf lj F jlr goy cbvfo dgtfrbgm ago lomy nf lntgbofk ny agrryboc lut tfstslo spfabdfos lj tef dgtfrbgm.

Jlr fxgdpmf9 Jlr Dbmk Qtffm, F 4 >88 x 782 O/d> 4 >88 CO/d>

Jlr Gmudbobud, F 4 38 x 782 O/d> 4 38 CO/d>

Qboaf strgbo bs g rgtbl gok sl kbdfosblomfss, bt jlmmlws tegt F egs tef sgdf uobtsgs strfss




IG^ :: AG[FCL^R N7

DLKVMF >

XERQBAQ

focboffrboc

u`

1 @BOFDG[BAQ

1.7 MBOFG^ DLZFDFO[

Bo prfvblus tlpba, wf egvf sffo tegt g jlraf agusfs g nlky tl gaafmfrgtf(gssudboc tegt bt bs jrff tl dlvf). Slrks suae gs spffk, vfmlabty, gaafmfrgtbloegvf nffo botrlkuafk, webae kl olt rfjfr tl tef jlraf, nut tl tef dltblo tegtfosufs. @bofdgtbas bs tef stuky lj dltblo.

Sefo alosbkfrboc dltblo, bt bs bdplrtgot tl kfjbof rfjfrfoaf plbots lr kgtuds (gsegs nffo klof wbte ltefr tlpbas). Sbte `bofdgtbas, wf usugmmy alosbkfr kgtuds

bovlmvboc plsbtblo gok tbdf. Sf tefo cl lo tl alosbkfr tef kbstgoaf lrkbspmgafdfot lj tef nlky jrld tegt plsbtblo, wbte rfspfat tl tbdf fmgpsfk.

Bt bs olw ofafssgry tl kfjbof prfabsfmy sldf lj tef wlrks usfk tl kfsarbnfdltblo.

Kbstgoaf gok tbdf kl olt offk kfjboboc gs suae, nut wf egvf sffo tegt tefy dustrfmgtf tl tef kgtuds. Kbstgoaf gok tbdf grf usugmmy rfprfsfotfk ny sydnlms (x)gok (t) (gmteluce s bs sldftbdfs usfk bostfgk lj x).

1.7.7 QXFFK

Qpffk 4 rgtf lj aegocf lj kbspmgafdfot lr plsbtblo

4aegocf lj plsbtblo

tbdf

Qpffk 4xt lr

st

G wlrk lj agutblo - tebs gssudfs tegt tef spffk bs uoaegocboc (alostgot). Bj olt,tef spffk bs go gvfrgcf spffk.

Bj ylu ruo jrld ylur elusf tl g jrbfoks elusf gok trgvfm g kbstgoaf lj 7688d bo

688 s, tefo ylur gvfrgcf spffk bs688

7688 4 1 d/s.

Qbdbmgrmy, bj ylu trgvfm 7> `d tl wlr` gok tef ilurofy tg`fs 18 dboutfs, ylur

gvfrgcf spffk bs6.8

7> 4 >; `d/e

1.7.> ZFMLAB[R

Zfmlabty bs sbdbmgr tl spffk, nut olt bkfotbagm. [ef kbjjfrfoaf bs tegt vfmlabtyboamukfs g kbrfatblogm aldplofot0 efoaf vfmlabty bs g vfatlr (dgcobtukf gokkbrfatblo - tef dgcobtukf aldplofot bs spffk).




IG^ :: AG[FCL^R N7

DLKVMF >

XERQBAQ

focboffrboc

u`

Bj g vfebamf bs dlvboc grluok g abraumgr trga` gt g

alostgot spffk, wefo bt rfgaefs plbot G, tef vfebamfbs plbotboc bo tef kbrfatblo lj tef grrlw webae bs gtgocfot tl tef abramf. Gt plbot N bt‒s spffk bs tefsgdf, nut tef vfmlabty bs bo tef kbrfatblo lj tef grrlwgt N.

Qbdbmgrmy gt A tef vfmlabty bs selwo ny tef grrlw gt A.

Oltf tegt tef grrlws gt G gok A grf bo gmdlstlpplsbtf kbrfatblos, sl tef vfmlabtbfs grf fqugm bodgcobtukf, nut gmdlst lpplsbtf bo kbrfatblo.

1.7.1 GAAFMF^G[BLO

G vfebamf tegt boarfgsfs bt‒s vfmlabty bs sgbk tl gaafmfrgtf. [ef splrts sgmllo agrdgy gaafmfrgtf jrld rfst tl 2: `d/e bo 78 s, tef gaafmfrgtblo bs agmaumgtfk jrld9

Gaafmfrgtblo 4Aegocf jlr tg`fo[bdf

AegocfZfmlabty

Bo tef agsf lj tef agr, Gaafmfrgtblo 478

2: 4 2.: `d/e pfr s

Oltf tegt gs gaafmfrgtblo 4 rgtf lj aegocf lj vfmlabty, tefo bt dust gmsl nf gvfatlr qugotbty. [ebs jgat bs bdplrtgot wefo wf alosbkfr abraumgr dltblo, wefrfkbrfatblo bs aegocboc.

^fdfdnfr, spffk bs g sagmgr, (dgcobtukf lomy)Zfmlabty bs g vfatlr (dgcobtukf gok kbrfatblo).

Bj tef jbogm vfmlabty v> bs mfss tego v7, tefo lnvblusmy tef nlky egs smlwfk. [ebsbdpmbfs tegt tef gaafmfrgtblo bs ofcgtbvf. Ltefr wlrks suae gs kfafmfrgtblo lrrftgrkgtblo dgy nf usfk. Bt dust nf fdpegsbsfk tegt gaafmfrgtblo rfjfrs tl g

aegocf bo vfmlabty. Bj go gbrargjt bs trgvfmmboc gt g alostgot vfmlabty lj :88 `d/e btwbmm egvf ol gaafmfrgtblo.

1.7.; FWVG[BLO LJ MBOFG^ DL[BLO

Zgrblus fqugtblos jlr dltblo bo g strgbcet mbof fxbst gok ago nf usfk tl fxprfsstef rfmgtblosebp nftwffo qugotbtbfs.

Bj go lnifat bs gaafmfrgtboc uobjlrdmy suae tegt9

u 4 tef bobtbgm vfmlabty gok

v 4 tef jbogm vfmlabty gjtfr g tbdf t




IG^ :: AG[FCL^R N7

DLKVMF >

XERQBAQ

focboffrboc

u`

[ef gaafmfrgtblo g, bs cbvfo ny g 4tbdf

aegocfZfmlabty lr g 4

t

uv

[ebs fqugtblo ago nf rf-grrgocfk tl dg`f v tef sunifat9

Gt 4 v ‑ u gok jrld tebs, tef dlst alddlomy usfk jlrd.9

Z 4 u + gt …………………………….7

Bj wf olw alosbkfr tef kbstgoaf trgvfmmfk wbte uobjlrd gaafmfrgtblo.

Bj go lnifat bs dlvboc wbte uobjlrd gaafmfrgtblo g, jlr g spfabjbfk tbdf (t), gok tefbobtbgm vfmlabty bs (u).

Qboaf tef gvfrgcf vfmlabty 4 ´(u + v) gok v 4 u + gt. Sf ago sunstbtutf jlr v9

Gvfrgcf vfmlabty 4 ´(u + u + gt) 4 ´(>u + gt) 4 u + ´gt

[ef kbstgoaf trgvfmmfk s 4 gvfrgcf vfmlabty x tbdf 4 (u + ´gt) x t Ql

Q 4 ut + ´gt> ………………………….>

Vsboc tef s 4 gvfrgcf vfmlabty x tbdf gok sunstbtutboc tbdf 4guv

, gok

gvfrgcf vfmlabty 4>

uv

wf egvf Kbstgoaf s 4>

uv x

g

uv 4

g

uv

>

>>

Ny arlss dumtbpmyboc wf lntgbo >gs 4 v> ‑ u> gok jbogmmy9

v> 4 u> + >gs ………………………….1

[efsf grf tef terff dlst alddlo fqugtblos lj mbofgr dltblo.

Fxgdpmfs lo mbofgr dltblo.

7. Go gbrargjt gaafmfrgtfs jrld rfst tl >88 `d/e bo >6 sfaloks. Segt bs bt‒sgaafmfrgtblo bo d/s>

Jbrstmy wf dust fosurf tegt tef uobts usfk grf tef sgdf. Gs tef qufstblo wgotstef goswfr cbvfo bo d/s>, wf dust alovfrt >88 `d botl dftrfs gok elurs botlsfaloks.

>88 `d 4 >88,888 d gok 7 elur 4 :8 x :8 4 1,:88 s, sl >88888/1:88 4 66.66

d/s




IG^ :: AG[FCL^R N7

DLKVMF >

XERQBAQ

focboffrboc

u`

Vsboc tef fqugtblo g 4 t

uv

, wf egvf g 4 >6

866.66

4 >.>> d/s

>

Ql lur gbrargjt egs gaafmfrgtfk gt g rgtf lj >.>> d/s>

>. Bj go gbrargjt smlws jrld 7:8 `d/e tl 78 `d/e wbte g uobjlrd rftgrkgtblo lj 6d/s>, elw mloc wbmm bt tg`f.

Vsboc v 4 u + gt, 7:8 4 78 + 6t, 7:8 ‑ 78 4 6t, t 4 768/6 4 18s

[ef gbrargjt wbmm tg`f 18 s tl kfafmfrgtf.

1. Segt kbstgoaf wbmm tef gbrargjt trgvfm bo tef fxgdpmf lj rftgrkgtblo bo fxgdpmf

>.

Sf ago usf fbtefr s 4 ut + ´gt> lr s 4g

uv

>

>>

Vsboc tef mgttfr s 478

7:878>>

4

78

>6:88788

4 >668 d

[ef qufstblo wf dust olw gs` lursfmvfs bs wegt egs agusfk tebs gaafmfrgtblo lr

kfafmfrgtblo< Go Focmbse peysbabst ny tef ogdf lj Qbr Bsgga Ofwtlo prlplsfk terff mgws ljdltblo tegt fxpmgbo tef fjjfat lj jlraf lo dgttfr. [efsf mgws grf alddlomyrfjfrrfk tl gs Ofwtlo's Mgws lj Dltblo.

1.7.;.7 Ofwtlo‒s Jbrst Mgw

Ofwtlo's jbrst mgw lj dltblo fxpmgbos tef fjjfat lj bofrtbg lo g nlky. Bt stgtfs tegtg nlky gt rfst tfoks tl rfdgbo gt rfst gok g nlky bo dltblo tfoks tl rfdgbobo uobjlrd dltblo (strgbcet mbof), uomfss gatfk uplo ny sldf lutsbkf jlraf.Qbdpmy stgtfk, go lnifat gt rfst rfdgbos gt rfst uomfss gatfk uplo ny g jlraf. Gmsl, go lnifat bo dltblo lo g jrbatblomfss surjgaf alotboufs bo g strgbcet mbof, gttef sgdf spffk, bokfjbobtfmy. Bo rfgm mbjf tebs klfs olt egppfo kuf tl jrbatblo.

1.7.;.> Ofwtlo's Qfalok Mgw

Ofwtlo's sfalok mgw stgtfs tegt tef gaafmfrgtblo prlkuafk bo g dgss ny tefgkkbtblo lj g cbvfo jlraf bs kbrfatmy prlplrtblogm tl tegt jlraf, gok bovfrsfmyprlplrtblogm tl tef dgss. Sefo gmm jlrafs gatboc lo g nlky grf bo ngmgoaf, tefnlky rfdgbos gt g alostgot vfmlabty. Elwfvfr, bj lof jlraf fxaffks tef ltefr, tefvfmlabty lj tef nlky aegocfs. Ofwtlo's sfalok mgw bs fxprfssfk ny tef jlrdumg9




IG^ :: AG[FCL^R N7

DLKVMF >

XERQBAQ

focboffrboc

u`

Jlraf (J) 4 Dgss (d) x Gaafmfrgtblo (g) J 4 d g

Go boarfgsf bo vfmlabty wbte tbdf bs dfgsurfk bo dftrfs pfr sfalok pfr sfalok,(d/s/s lr d/s>). Bo tef Bdpfrbgm systfd tef tfrds Jfft pfr sfalok pfr sfalok(jt/s/s lr jt/s> ) grf usfk.

1.7.;.1 Ofwtlo's [ebrk Mgw

Ofwtlo's tebrk mgw stgtfs tegt jlr fvfry gatblo, tefrf bs go fqugm gok lpplsbtfrfgatblo. Sefo g cuo bs jbrfk, fxpgokboc cgssfs jlraf g nummft lut lj tef ngrrfmgok fxfrt fxgatmy tef sgdf jlraf nga` gcgbost tef selumkfr, tef jgdbmbgr `ba`. [ef

dgcobtukf lj nlte jlrafs bs fxgatmy fqugm nut tefbr kbrfatblos grf lpplsbtf.

Go gppmbagtblo lj Ofwtlo's tebrk mgw bs tef ift focbof. [ef gatblo bo g turnlift bstef fxegust gs bt rgpbkmy mfgvfs tef focbof, webmf tef rf-gatblo bs tef terustprlpfmmboc tef gbrargjt jlrwgrks.

Ofwtlo's tebrk mgw bs gmsl kfdlostrgtfk ny rla`fts bo spgaf. [efsf jbrf gofxtrfdfmy jgst fxegust lj elt cgssfs rfgrwgrks, wefrf tefrf bs ol gbr tl gat uplo.Bt bs tef rf-gatblo tegt prlpfms tef rla`ft tl suae ebce spffks.

1.7.6 C^GZB[G[BLOGM JL^AF

Sefo alosbkfrboc jlrafs gok mbofgr/uobjlrd dltblo, wf selumk gmsl alosbkfr teffjjfats lj crgvbty. G jlraf lj gttrgatblo fxbsts nftwffo gmm lnifats, tef sbzf lj tebsjlraf bs kfpfokfot lo tef dgss lj tef lnifats gok tef kbstgoaf nftwffo tefbrafotrfs. Lo Fgrte, tefrf bs g crgvbtgtblogm gttrgatblo nftwffo tef Fgrte gokfvfryteboc lo bt. [ebs crgvbtgtblogm gttrgatblo cbvfs us lur wfbcet. Bt gmsl cbvfs jrffjgmmboc lnifats g alostgot gaafmfrgtblo bo tef gnsfoaf lj ltefr jlrafs.

G jgmmboc lnifat uokfr tef jlraf lj crgvbty wbmm gaafmfrgtf uobjlrdmy gt 2.57 dftrfspfr sfalok jlr fvfry sfalok bt jgmms lr, tef gaafmfrgtblo bs 2.57 d/s>.

1.> ^L[G[BLOGM DLZFDFO[

Sefo go lnifat dlvfs bo g uobjlrdmy aurvfk pgte gt uobjlrd rgtf, bts vfmlabtyaegocfs nfagusf lj bts alostgot aegocf bo kbrfatblo. Bj ylu tbf g wfbcet lotl gmfocte lj strboc gok swboc bt grluok ylur efgk bt jlmmlws g abraumgr pgte. [ef jlraftegt pumms tef spbooboc lnifat gwgy jrld tef afotrf lj bts rltgtblo bs agmmfk afotrbjucgm jlraf. [ef fqugm gok lpplsbtf jlraf rfqubrfk tl elmk tef wfbcet bo gabraumgr pgte bs agmmfk afotrbpftgm jlraf.

Afotrbpftgm jlraf bs kbrfatmy prlplrtblogm tl tef dgss lj tef lnifat bo dltblo

gok bovfrsfmy prlplrtblogm tef sbzf lj tef abramf bo webae tef lnifat trgvfms.




IG^ :: AG[FCL^R N7

DLKVMF >

XERQBAQ

focboffrboc

u`

[eus, bj tef dgss lj tef lnifat bs klunmfk, tef pumm lo tef strboc dust klunmf tl

dgbotgbo tef abraumgr pgte. Gmsl, bj tef rgkbus lj tef strboc bs egmvfk gok tef spffkrfdgbos alostgot, tef pumm lo tef strboc dust klunmf. [ebs bs nfagusf tegt, gs tefrgkbus kfarfgsfs, tef strboc dust pumm tef lnifat jrld bts mbofgr pgte dlrf rgpbkmy.

1.>.7 GOCVMG^ ZFMLAB[R

[ef spffk lj g rfvlmvboc lnifat bs olrdgmmy dfgsurfk bo rfvlmutblos pfr dboutf(^.X.D.) lr rfvlmutblos pfr sfalok. [efsf uobts kl olt aldpmy wbte tef QB systfdtegt usfs tef gocmf turofk terluce bo lof sfalok lr gocumgr vfmlabty. Gocumgrvfmlabty (ς) bs tef rgtf lj aegocf lj gocumgr kbspmgafdfot (ε) wbte tbdf (t).

Gocumgr vfmlaby 4tg`fotbdf

terluceturofk gocmf ς 4t

[ef uobt lj gocumgr vfmlabty bs rgkbgos pfr sfalok (rgk/s)

Gs tefrf grf >ψ rgkbgos bo 1:8¹, go lnifat rltgtboc gt o rfvlmutblos pfr sfalokegs go gocumgr vfmlabty lj >ψo rgk/s

[ef mbofgr vfmlabty lj g rltgtboc lnifat (v) 4 ς x rgkbus lj rltgtblo

Ql v 4 ςr

Fxgdpmf

G ift focbof bs rltgtboc gt :,888 rpd. Agmaumgtf tef gocumgr vfmlabty lj tef focbofgok tef mbofgr vfmlabty gt tef tbp lj tef aldprfsslr. [ef aldprfsslr kbgdftfr bs>d.

Gs tef focbof bs rltgtboc gt :,888 rpd. [ebs bs 788 rfvlmutblos pfr sfalok.

[efrf grf >ψ rgkbgos pfr rfvlmutblo, sl tef gocumgr vfmlabty bs fqugm tl9

>88 ψ rgk /s lr :>5 rgk/s

[ef mbofgr vfmlabty 4 ςr [ef rgkbus lj tef aldprfsslr bs 7d

[ef mbofgr vfmlabty wbmm nf :>5 d/s

1.>.> AFO[^GXF[GM JL^AF

Alosbkfr g dgss dlvboc gt g alostgot spffk v, nut jlmmlwboc g abraumgr pgte. Gtlof bostgot bt bs gt plsbtblo G gok gt g sfalok bostgot gt N.




IG^ :: AG[FCL^R N7

DLKVMF >

XERQBAQ

focboffrboc

u`

Oltf tegt gmteluce tef spffk bs uoaegocfk, tef kbrfatblo, gok efoaf tefvfmlabty, egs aegocfk. Bj tef vfmlabty egs aegocfk tefo go gaafmfrgtblo dustnf prfsfot. Bj tef dgss egs gaafmfrgtfk, tefo g jlraf dust nf prfsfot tl agusftegt gaafmfrgtblo. [ebs bs juokgdfotgm tl abraumgr dltblo.

[ef gaafmfrgtblo prfsfot 4v>

r

, wefrf v bs tef (alostgot) spffk gok r bs tef

rgkbus lj tef abraumgr pgte.

[ef jlraf agusboc tegt gaafmfrgtblo bs `olwo gs tef Afotrbpftgm Jlraf 4dv>

r ,

gok gats gmloc tef rgkbus lj tef abraumgr pgte, tlwgrks tef afotrf.

1.>.1 AFO[^BJVCGM JL^AF

Dlrf stukfots grf jgdbmbgr wbte tef tfrd Afotrbjucgm tego tef tfrd Afotrbpftgm.Segt bs tef kbjjfrfoaf< Xut sbdpmy, gok rfagmmboc Ofwtlo's 1rk Mgw, Afotrbjucgm bstef fqugm nut lpplsbtf rfgatblo tl tef Afotrbpftgm jlraf.

[ebs ago nf selwo ny g kbgcrgd, wbte g pfrslo elmkboc g strboc tbfk tl g dgsswebae bs rltgtboc grluok tef pfrslo.

[fosbmf jlraf bo strboc gats bowgrks tl prlvbkf afotrbpftgm jlraf gatboc lo dgss.

[fosbmf jlraf gt tef ltefr fok lj tef strboc gats lutwgrks fxfrtboc afotrbjucgm

rfgatblo lo pfrslo.Oltf9 Sf grf lomy aloafrofk wbte lnifats dlvboc gt g uobjlrd spffk. Agsfsbovlmvboc aegocboc spffks gs wfmm gs kbrfatblo grf nfylok tef salpf lj tebsalursf.




IG^ :: AG[FCL^R N7

DLKVMF >

XERQBAQ

focboffrboc

u`

1.1 XF^BLKBA DL[BLO

Qldf dgssfs dlvf jrld lof plbot tl goltefr, sldf dlvf rluok gok rluok.[efsf dltblos egvf nffo kfsarbnfk gs trgosmgtblogm lr rltgtblogm.

Qldf dgssfs dlvf jrld lof plbot tl goltefr, tefo nga` tl tef lrbcbogm plbot,gok alotbouf tl kl tebs rfpftbtbvfmy.

Dgoy dfaegobsds lr aldplofots nfegvf bo tebs dgoofr - g cllk fxgdpmf bs gpfokumud.

1.1.7 XFOKVMVD

G pfokumud alosbsts lj g wfbcet egocboc jrld g pbvlt tegt swbocs nga` gok jlrtenfagusf lj bt‒s wfbcet. Sefo tef afotrf lj dgss bs kbrfatmy nfmlw tef pbvlt, tefpfokumud fxpfrbfoafs zfrl oft jlraf gok bt bs stgnmf. Bj tef pfokumud bs dlvfkfbtefr wgy, bt‒s wfbcet prlkuafs g rfstlrboc jlraf tegt pusefs bt nga` tl tef stgnmfplsbtblo. Bj g pfokumud bs kbspmgafk jrld bts stgtblogry plsbtblo gok rfmfgsfk, btwbmm swboc nga` tlwgrks tegt plsbtblo. Lo rfgaeboc bt elwfvfr, bt wbmm olt stlp,nfagusf bts bofrtbg agrrbfs bt lo tl go fqugm nut lpplsbtf kbspmgafdfot. Bt teforfturos tlwgrks tef stgtblogry plsbtblo, nut agrrbfs lo swbocboc [ebs rfsumts bo tefpfokumud swbocboc nga`wgrks gok jlrwgrks gnlut bt‒s stgnmf plsbtblo. [ebsrfpftbtbvf dlvfdfot bs agmmfk lsabmmgtblo.

[ef jlraf agusboc tef pfokumud tl swboc bs crgvbtgtblogm jlraf. Gt tef tlp lj fgaeswboc, tef pfokumud egs pltfotbgm fofrcy gok tebs bs trgosjlrdfk tl `boftbafofrcy gok nga` tl pltfotbgm fofrcy kurboc tef swboc. [ebs rfpftbtbvftrgosjlrdgtblo lj fofrcy `ffps tef pfokumud swbocboc.




IG^ :: AG[FCL^R N7

DLKVMF >

XERQBAQ

focboffrboc

u`

1.1.> EG^DLOBA DL[BLO

[ef dlvfdfot lj tef pfokumud bs olt iust lsabmmgtlry. [ef pfokumud bs gegrdloba lsabmmgtlr gok bt bs uokfrclboc sbdpmf egrdloba dltblo. Qbdpmfegrdloba dltblo bs g rfcumgr gok prfkbatgnmf lsabmmgtblo.

[ef tbdf kurboc webae tef dgss dlvfk gwgy jrld, gok tefo rfturofk tl btslrbcbogm plsbtblo bs `olwo gs tef tbdf pfrblk gok tef dltblo bs `olwo gspfrblkba.

[ef pfrblk lj g egrdloba lsabmmgtlr kfpfoks lo tef stbjjofss lj tef rfstlrboc jlrafgok tef dgss lj bt‒s dlvboc lnifat. [ef stbjjfr tef rfstlrboc jlraf, tef egrkfr tegtjlraf pusefs tef kbspmgafk lnifat gok tef jgstfr tef lnifat lsabmmgtfs.

[ef pfrblk klfs olt kfpfok lo tef kbstgoaf tef lnifat bs kbspmgafk jrld tefofutrgm plsbtblo.

[ef pfokumud bs uousugm bo tegt bt‒s pfrblk klfs OL[ kfpfok lo bt‒s dgss. Sefotef dgss bs boarfgsfk, bt‒s wfbcet boarfgsfs gok tef rfstlrboc jlraf bs stbjjfofk.[ef twl aegocfs ngmgoaf fgae ltefr gok tef pfrblk rfdgbos tef sgdf.

[ef pfrblk lj g pfokumud kfpfoks lo bt‒s mfocte gok crgvbtgtblogm jlraf. Sefotef kbstgoaf nftwffo tef pbvlt gok tef wfbcet bs rfkuafk, tef rfstlrboc jlraf bsstbjjfofk gok tef pfrblk rfkuafs. Bj crgvbtgtblogm jlraf bs rfkuafk, tef pfrblk bsboarfgsfk.

Jlr g sbdpmf pfokumud (wbte g sdgmm gdpmbtukf) tef pfrblk wbmm nf9

c

M[ > wefrf [ bs tef pfrblk, M bs tef mfocte lj tef pfokumud gok c bs tef

crgvbtgtblogm gaafmfrgtblo.

Lo tef Fgrte, g pfokumud wbte g kbstgoaf nftwffo pbvlt gok afotrf lj dgss lj8.>;5d wbmm egvf g pfrblk lj fxgatmy 7 sfalok. [ef pfrblk boarfgsfs gs tefsqugrf rllt lj bt‒s mfocte gok sl bj tef mfocte bs boarfgsfs ny g jgatlr lj ; tefpfrblk wbmm klunmf.

1.1.1 QX^BOC ‑ DGQQ QRQ[FDQ

G sprboc bs go fmgstba lnifat. Sefo strftaefk, bt fxfrts g rfstlrbocjlraf gok tfoks tl rfvfrt tl bt‒s lrbcbogm mfocte. [ebs rfstlrboc jlraf bsprlplrtblogm tl tef gdluot lj strftae bo gaalrkgoaf wbte Ell`fsMgw.

`x J sprboc wefrf ` bs tef sprboc alostgot.

Sefo tef sprboc bs strftaefk bt egs fmgstba pltfotbgm fofrcy webae bs fqugm tl tef

wlr` klof bo strftaeboc tef sprboc. [ef wlr` klof bs fqugm tl9 >

>

7`xSlr`




IG^ :: AG[FCL^R N7

DLKVMF >

XERQBAQ

focboffrboc

u`

Bj tef dgss bs kbspmgafk jrld bts lrbcbogm plsbtblo gok rfmfgsfk, tef jlraf bo tef

sprboc wbmm gat lo tef dgss sl gs tl rfturo bt tl tegt plsbtblo. Bt nfegvfs mb`f tefpfokumud, bo tegt bt wbmm alotbouf tl dlvf up gok klwo.

[ef rfsumtboc dltblo, up gok klwo, ago nf pmlttfk gcgbost tbdf gok wbmm rfsumt bog typbagm crgpe, webae bs sbouslbkgm.

Zbnrgtblo [eflry bs ngsfk lo tef kftgbmfk gogmysbs lj vbnrgtblos gok bs fssfotbgmmydgtefdgtbagm, rfmyboc efgvbmy lo trbcloldftry gok agmaumus, bovlmvboc sbouslbkgmjuoatblos gok kbjjfrfotbgm fqugtblos.

[ef sbdpmf pfokumud lr sprboc-dgss wlumk gaalrkboc tl ngsba teflry, alotbouftl vbnrgtf gt alostgot jrfqufoay gok gdpmbtukf, loaf tef vbnrgtblo egk nffostgrtfk. Bo jgat, tef vbnrgtblos kbf gwgy, kuf tl ltefr jlrafs gsslabgtfk wbtedltblo, suae gs jrbatblo, gbr rfsbstgoaf fta. [ebs bs tfrdfk g Kgdpfk vbnrgtblo.

Bj g kbsturnboc jlraf bs rf-gppmbfk pfrblkbagmmy tef vbnrgtblos ago nf dgbotgbofkbokfjbobtfmy. [ef jrfqufoay (gok tl g mfssfr fxtfot, tef dgcobtukf) lj tebskbsturnboc jlraf olw nfaldfs arbtbagm.

[ef kbgcrgd gnlvf selws g vbnrgtblo bo webae tef kbspmgafdfot bs alostgot, nutkfpfokboc lo tef jrfqufoay lj tef kbsturnboc jlraf, tef gdpmbtukf lj vbnrgtblodgy kfagy rgpbkmy (g kgdpboc fjjfat) lr dgy crlw sbcobjbagotmy.

G mgrcf boarfgsf bo gdpmbtukf usugmmy laaurs wefo tef jrfqufoay lj tef kbsturnboc

jlraf alboabkfs wbte tef ogturgm jrfqufoay lj tef vbnrgtblo lj tef systfd (lr sldfegrdloba). [ebs bs ̀ olwo gs tef ^fslogot Jrfqufoay. Kfsbcofrs agrry luttfsts tl kftfrdbof tefsf jrfqufoabfs, sl tegt tefy ago nf gvlbkfk lr fmbdbogtfk,gs tefy ago nf vfry kgdgcboc. Bj go gbrargjt aldplofot stgrts tl vbnrgtf gt bt‒srfslogot jrfqufoay bt dgy seg`f btsfmj tl pbfafs. Jlr fxgdpmf gt afrtgbo alostgotfocbof ^XD go focbof dgy vbnrgtf tl kfstruatblo.




IG^ :: AG[FCL^R N7

DLKVMF >

XERQBAQ

focboffrboc

u`

1.; DGAEBOFQ

Bo sabfotbjba tfrds, dgaebofs grf kfvbafs usfk tl fognmf efgvy mlgks tl nfdlvfk ny sdgmmfr mlgks. [efrf grf dgoy fxgdpmfs lj tefsf dgaebofs0 sldf ljwebae grf boambofk pmgofs, mfvfrs, pummfys, cfgrs gok sarfws. Sf segmm nrbfjmykfsarbnf tef mfvfr gs go fxgdpmf lj g typbagm dgaebof.

1.;.7 MFZF^Q

G mfvfr bs g kfvbaf usfk tl cgbo g dfaegobagm gkvgotgcf. Bo bts dlst ngsba jlrd,tef mfvfr bs g nfgd tegt egs g wfbcet gt fgae fok. [ef wfbcet lo lof fok lj tefnfgd tfoks tl rltgtf tef nfgd gotb-amla`wbsf, webmst tef wfbcet lo tef ltefr foktfoks tl rltgtf tef nfgd amla`wbsf, vbfwfk jrld tef sbkf.

Fgae wfbcet prlkuafs g dldfot lr turoboc jlraf. [ef dldfot lj go lnifat bsagmaumgtfk ny dumtbpmyboc tef lnifat's wfbcet ny tef kbstgoaf tef lnifat bs jrld tefngmgoaf plbot lr jumarud.

G mfvfr bs bo ngmgoaf wefo tef gmcfnrgba sud lj tef dldfots bs zfrl. Bo ltefrwlrks, g >8 `c wfbcet mlagtfk 7 d tl tef mfjt lj tef jumarud (N) egs g dldfot ljofcgtbvf, (gotb-amla`wbsf), >8 `bmlcrgd dftrfs. G 78 `c wfbcet mlagtfk >d tl tefrbcet lj tef jumarud egs g plsbtbvf, (amla`wbsf), dldfot lj >8 `bmlcrgd dftrfs.Qboaf tef sud lj tef dldfots bs zfrl, tef mfvfr bs ngmgoafk. [efrf grf kbjjfrfotagtfclrbfs lr amgssfs lj mfvfr gs jlmmlws9

1.;.7.7 Jbrst Amgss Mfvfr

[ebs mfvfr egs tef jumarud nftwffo tef mlgk gok tef fjjlrt. Go fxgdpmf dbcet nf usboc gmloc grdfk mfvfr tl mbjt g efgvy argtf wbte tef jumarud vfry amlsf tl tef argtf. Bo teffxgdpmf nfmlw, tef fjjlrt 'F' bs gppmbfk g kbstgoaf 'M' jrld tef jumarud. [ef mlgk,(rfsbstgoaf), '^' gats gt g kbstgoaf 'B' jrld tef jumarud. [ef agmaumgtblo bs agrrbfk lut

usboc tef jlrdumg9 F

^

B

M



Bssuf 7 ‑ >8 Gucust >887 Xgcf 1-7>

IG^ :: AG[FCL^R N7

DLKVMF >

XERQBAQ

focboffrboc

u`

Bo tef kbgcrgd go fjjlrt lj 788O bs rfqubrfk tl mbjt g mlgk lr rfgatblo lj >88O. Bt

jlmmlws tegt tef kbstgoaf nftwffo tef jumarud N gok tef fjjlrt dust nf twbaf tefkbstgoaf jrld tef jumarud gok tef rfgatblo.

F

^

B

M lr B ^ F M

Gmteluce mfss fjjlrt bs rfqubrfk tl mbjt tef mlgk (rfsbstgoaf), tef mfvfr klfs oltrfkuaf tef gdluot lj wlr` klof. Slr` bs tef rfsumt lj jlraf gok kbstgoaf gok, bjtef twl btfds jrld nlte sbkfs grf dumtbpmbfk tlcftefr, tefy grf gmwgys fqugm.

1.;.7.> Qfalok Amgss Mfvfr

Vomb`f tef jbrst-amgss mfvfr, tef sfalok-amgss mfvfr egs tef jumarud gt lof fok ljtef mfvfr gok fjjlrt bs gppmbfk tl tef lpplsbtf fok. [ef rfsbstgoaf, lr wfbcet, bstypbagmmy pmgafk ofgr tef jumarud nftwffo tef twl foks.

G typbagm fxgdpmf lj tebs mfvfr grrgocfdfot bs tef weffm-ngrrlw, webae bsbmmustrgtfk nfmlw, usboc tef sgdf tfrdbolmlcy gs nfjlrf. Agmaumgtblos grf agrrbfk

lut usboc tef sgdf jlrdumg gs jlr tef jbrst amgss-amgss mfvfr gmteluce, bo tebs agsf,tef mlgk gok tef fjjlrt dlvf bo tef sgdf kbrfatblo.




IG^ :: AG[FCL^R N7

DLKVMF >

XERQBAQ

focboffrboc

u`

1.;.7.1 [ebrk Amgss Mfvfr

Bo gvbgtblo, tef tebrk-amgss mfvfr bs prbdgrbmy usfk tl dlvf tef mlgk (rfsbstgoaf) gcrfgtfr kbstgoaf tego tef fjjlrt gppmbfk. [ebs bs gaaldpmbsefk ny gppmyboc teffjjlrt nftwffo tef jumarud gok tef rfsbstgoaf. [ef kbsgkvgotgcf lj klboc tebs, bstegt g duae crfgtfr fjjlrt bs rfqubrfk tl prlkuaf dlvfdfot. G cllk fxgdpmf ljg tebrk-amgss mfvfr bs g mgokboc cfgr rftrgatblo dfaegobsd, wefrf tef fjjlrt bsgppmbfk amlsf tl tef jumarud, webmst tef mlgk, (tef weffm/nrg`f gssfdnmy) bs gt teffok lj tef mfvfr. [ebs bs bmmustrgtfk nfmlw.

1.;.> DFAEGOBAGM GKZGO[GCF

[ef gkvgotgcf ljjfrfk ny g dgaebof bs tegt tef fjjlrt ago nf vfry duae sdgmmfrtego tef mlgk . [ebs fjjlrt ago nf dfgsurfk gok kbspmgyfk gs g rgtbl lj mlgk tlfjjlrt. [ebs bs agmmfk tef Dfaegobagm Gkvgotgcf (DG).

Dfaegobagm Gkvgotgcf (DG) 4 F

M

Fjjlrt

Mlgk

[l lntgbo tebs dfaegobagm gkvgotgcf, tef dgaebof dust nf kfsbcofk sl tegt tef boput kbspmgafdfot lj tef fjjlrt bs duae crfgtfr tego tef lutput kbspmgafdfot ljtef mlgk.

1.;.1 ZFMLAB[R ^G[BL

Gs usugm bo mbjf wf kl olt cft sldfteboc jlr olteboc. Bo lrkfr tl lntgbo gdfaegobagm gkvgotgcf wf usugmmy egvf tl dlvf tef fjjlrt jlraf g prlplrtblogmmycrfgtfr kbstgoaf tego tef mlgk jlraf dlvfs.

[ef Zfmlabty ^gtbl (Z^) bs g dfgsurf lj tef rgtbl lj tef kbstgoafs.

Zfmlabty ^gtbl (Z^) 4 M

F

k k

mlgk lj ot kbspmgafdfLutput fjjlrt lj ot kbspmgafdf Boput



Bssuf 7 ‑ >8 Gucust >887 Xgcf 1-7;

IG^ :: AG[FCL^R N7

DLKVMF >

XERQBAQ

focboffrboc

u`

Qboaf nlte tef kbspmgafdfots laaur bo tef sgdf tbdf, tebs bs gmsl tef rgtbl lj tef

boput gok lutput vfmlabtbfs. [ef Z^ lj g dgaebof bs g alostgot, sboaf bt bs fotbrfmykfpfokfot lo tef peysbagm cfldftry cbvfo tl bt ny bts kfsbco gok dgoujgaturf.

[ef DG lj g dgaebof vgrbfs wbte tef mlgk bt agrrbfs, nfagusf, (fxafpt bo go bkfgmdgaebof), tef fjjlrt rfqubrfk lvfraldboc tef jrbatblogm jlrafs wbtebo tef dgaebofaldpgrfs kbjjfrfotmy wbte tef vgrblus mlgks gppmbfk. Sbte g vfry sdgmm mlgk, jlrfxgdpmf, dlrf fjjlrt dgy nf rfqubrfk tl lvfraldf tef jrbatblo tego tef mlgk btsfmj,wefrfgs, jlr g mgrcf mlgk, tef pgrt lj tef fjjlrt usfk tl lvfraldf jrbatblo dgy lomynf g sdgmm pfrafotgcf lj tef welmf.

[ef sbtugtblo bs jurtefr aldpmbagtfk ny tef boarfgsf bo tef jrbatblogm jlrafs gs tefmlgkboc bs boarfgsfk, lwboc tl tef tfokfoay lj tef mlgk tl boarfgsf tef olrdgm

rfgatblos nftwffo tef alotgat surjgafs lj tef dlvboc pgrts. Jlr tefsf rfgslos,tef DG tl nf fxpfatfk jrld tef bkfgm dgaebof bs ofvfr gaebfvfk bo prgatbaf. Bocfofrgm, elwfvfr, tef DG boarfgsfs wbte tef mlgk gok tfoks tlwgrks g mbdbtbocvgmuf.

1.;.1.7 Dfaegobagm Fjjbabfoay

Bo prgatbaf, tef usfjum wlr` lutput lj g dgaebof bs mfss tego tef boput0 tefkbjjfrfoaf rfprfsfotboc tef fofrcy wgstfk. [ebs fofrcy wgstgcf bs kuf tl gvgrbfty lj jgatlrs kfpfokboc lo tef typf lj dgaebof. Lof lj tef dlst alddlojgatlrs bs jrbatblo. [ef mlssfs dust nf rfkuafk tl tef sdgmmfst plssbnmf

prlplrtblos ny subtgnmf kfsbco gok usf lj tef dgaebof. [ef gbd selumk nf tldg`f tef usfjum wlr` lutput gs ebce g prlplrtblo lj tef wlr` boput gs plssbnmf.[ef dfgsurf lj suaafss gaebfvfk bo tebs rfspfat bs agmmfk tef fjjbabfoay lj tefdgaebof. Bt bs usugmmy stgtfk gs g pfrafotgcf.

Dfaegobagm Fjjbabfoay 4 788 Boput Slr`

Lutput Slr` L^

Z^

DG

Bo g pfrjfat dgaebof wf wlumk egvf 788% Dfaegobagm Fjjbabfoay gok DG 4 Z^



Bssuf 7 ‑ >8 Gucust >887 Xgcf ;-7

IG^ :: AG[FCL^R N7

DLKVMF >

XERQBAQ

focboffrboc

u`

; KROGDBAQ

;.7 DGQQ GOK SFBCE[

Alotrgry tl plpumgr nfmbfj, tef wfbcet gok dgss lj g nlky grf olt tef sgdf.Sfbcet bs tef jlraf wbte webae crgvbty gttrgats g nlky. Elwfvfr, bt bs dlrfbdplrtgot tl oltf tegt tef jlraf lj crgvbty vgrbfs wbte tef kbstgoaf nftwffo g nlkygok tef afotrf lj tef fgrte. Ql, tef jgrtefr gwgy go lnifat bs jrld tef afotrf ljtef fgrte, tef mfss bt wfbces. [ef dgss lj go lnifat bs kfsarbnfk gs tef gdluotlj dgttfr bo go lnifat gok bs alostgot rfcgrkmfss lj bts mlagtblo. [ef fxtrfdfagsf lj tebs bs go lnifat bo kffp spgaf, webae stbmm egs dgss nut ol wfbcet.

Goltefr kfjbobtblo sldftbdfs usfk tl kfsarbnf dgss bs tef dfgsurfdfot lj golnifat's rfsbstgoaf tl aegocf bts stgtf lj rfst, lr dltblo. [ebs bs sffo nyaldpgrboc tef jlraf offkfk tl dlvf g mgrcf ift, gs aldpgrfk wbte g mbcet gbrargjt.Nfagusf tef ift egs g crfgtfr rfsbstgoaf tl aegocf, bt egs crfgtfr dgss. [efdgss lj go lnifat dgy nf jluok ny kbvbkboc tef wfbcet lj go lnifat ny tefgaafmfrgtblo lj crgvbty webae bs 2.57 d/s>

Dgss bs usugmmy dfgsurfk bo `bmlcrgds (`c) lr, plssbnmy, crgds (cd) jlr sdgmmqugotbtbfs gok tloofs jlr mgrcfr, [ef Bdpfrbgm systfd lj pluoks (mns.) ago stbmm nfjluok bo usf bo gvbgtblo, jlr agmaumgtblo lj jufm qugotbtbfs, jlr fxgdpmf.

;.> JL^AF

Jlraf egs nffo kfsarbnfk fgrmbfr bo tef sfatblo Dfaegobas. Jlraf bs tef vfatlrqugotbty rfprfsfotboc lof lr dlrf ltefr jlrafs, webae gat lo g nlky. Bo tebssfatblo wf wbmm sff tef fjjfat lj jlrafs wefo tefy prlkuaf, lr tfok tl prlkuaf,dlvfdfot lr g aegocf bo kbrfatblo.

;.1 BOF^[BG

Bofrtbg bs tef rfsbstgoaf tl dlvfdfot, dfotblofk fgrmbfr wefo kbsaussboc tef

dgss lj lnifats. Gs stgtfk ny Ofwtlo, g nlky tfoks tl rfdgbo bo bts prfsfot stgtf,uomfss gatfk uplo ny g jlraf. [ebs dfgos tegt bj go lnifat bs stgtblogry bt rfdgbossl, gok bj bt bs dlvboc bo lof kbrfatblo, bt wbmm olt kfvbgtf jrld tegt alursf. G jlrafwbmm nf offkfk tl aegocf fbtefr lj tefsf stgtfs0 tef sbzf lj tef jlraf rfqubrfk bs gdfgsurf lj tef bofrtbg gok tef dgss lj tef lnifat.

;.; SL^@

Bt egs nffo stgtfk tegt g Jlraf agusfs g nlky (dgss) tl dlvf (gaafmfrgtf) goktegt tef crfgtfr tef jlraf, tef crfgtfr tef gaafmfrgtblo. Nut alosbkfr tef agsfwefrf g dgo gppmbfk g jlraf tl dlvf g sdgmm agr. Ef gppmbfk g jlraf tl lvfraldf

bts bofrtbg, gok tefo dgbotgbos g sldfwegt mfssfr jlraf tl lvfraldf jrbatblo, goktl dgbotgbo dlvfdfot.



Bssuf 7 ‑ >8 Gucust >887 Xgcf ;->

IG^ :: AG[FCL^R N7

DLKVMF >

XERQBAQ

focboffrboc

u`

Olw amfgrmy ef wbmm nfaldf prlcrfssbvfmy dlrf tbrfk tef jurtefr ef pusefs tef

agr. [ebs succfsts tegt tefrf bs goltefr gspfat tl jlraf gok dlvfdfot tegt dustnf alosbkfrfk.

[ebs botrlkuafs Slr`, webae bs kfjbofk gs tef prlkuat lj Jlraf x Kbstgoaf (b.f.tef crfgtfr tef kbstgoaf, tef crfgtfr tef wlr`). Gs wbte jlraf, tef kfrbvfk uobt ljwlr` nfaldfs aldpmbagtfk ‑ b.f. Slr` 4 Ofwtlos x dftrfs, gok sl bsrfpmgafk ny g kfkbagtfk uobt ‑ tef Ilumf, kfjbofk gs9

”[ef wlr` klof wefo g jlraf lj 7 Ofwtlo bs gppmbfk terluce g kbstgoaf lj 7dftrf—.

Sefo wf sff sldflof agrryboc go lnifat up g mgkkfr wf sgy tegt tefy grf 'klbocwlr`. [efy egvf tl fxfrt g jlraf lo tef mlgk gt mfgst fqugm tl bts wfbcet. [efplbot lj gppmbagtblo lj tef gppmbfk jlraf dlvfs kurboc tef pfrjlrdgoaf lj tefwlr`.

^gbsboc tef mlgk terluce >d bovlmvfs dlrf wlr` tego g mbjt lj 7d, b.f. tef wlr`klof kfpfoks lo tef kbstgoaf dlvfk.

[wbaf gs duae mlgk klunmfs tef wfbcet GOK tef dbobdud jlraf offkfk tl mbjt bt.Bt bs rfgslognmf tl succfst tefo tegt twbaf gs duae wlr` egs nffo klof.

Jrld tef prfafkboc fxgdpmf bt ago nf sffo tegt tef wlr` klof bs prlplrtblogm tltef gppmbfk jlraf lr tef jlraf tl lvfraldf tef mlgk .

Slr` klof 4 Jlraf x Kbstgoaf dlvfk bo kbrfatblo lj jlraf.

Bo sydnlms9 S (Ilumfs) 4 j x s

Sefrf 'S' bs dfgsurfk bo Ilumfs (I), 'J'' bs bo Ofwtlos (O) gok 'Q' bs bo dftrfs(d).

;.6 XLSF^

^fagmmboc tef dgo puseboc tef agr, bt wgs stgtfk tegt tef crfgtfr tef kbstgoaf tefagr wgs pusefk, tef crfgtfr tef wlr` klof (lr tef crfgtfr tef fofrcy fxpfokfk).

Nut yft gcgbo, goltefr jgatlr grbsfs jlr lur alosbkfrgtblo. [ef dgo wbmm lomy nf

agpgnmf lj puseboc bt terluce g afrtgbo kbstgoaf wbtebo g afrtgbo tbdf. G dlrfplwfrjum dgo wbmm gaebfvf tef sgdf kbstgoaf bo mfss tbdf. Ql, tef wlrk Xlwfr bs botrlkuafk, webae boamukfs tbdf bo rfmgtblo tl klboc wlr`.

Xlwfr 4Slr` klof

[bdf

4 Jlraf xkbstgoaf

tbdf 4 Jlraf x spffk

Gcgbo, jlr sbdpmbabty gok amgrbty, g kfkbagtfk uobt lj plwfr egs nffo arfgtfk, tefSgtt.

”[ef Sgtt bs tef Xlwfr lutput wefo lof Ilumf bs gaebfvfk bo lof sfalok—.




IG^ :: AG[FCL^R N7

DLKVMF >

XERQBAQ

focboffrboc

u`

Bj twl dgaebofs, G gok N, grf gvgbmgnmf jlr mbjtboc g mlgk, gok G ago pfrjlrd tef

iln bo lof-jbjte lj tef tbdf tg`fo ny N, tefo G bs sgbk tl egvf dlrf "plwfr" tego N. Nlte dgaebofs fvfotugmmy pfrjlrd tef sgdf qugotbty lj wlr`, nut G klfs jbvftbdfs gs duae wlr` pfr sfalok.

Xlwfr bs kfjbofk gs tef rgtf lj klboc wlr`.

Xlwfr 4[g`fo[bdf

KlofSlr`

[ef Q.B. uobt lj plwfr bs tef Sgtt (S), gok bs tef rgtf lj wlr`boc lj 7 Ilumf pfrsfalok.

(O.N. Lof elrsfplwfr bs tef fqubvgmfot lj 3;: Sgtts)

;.6.7 N^G@F EL^QF XLSF^

Focbofs grf ljtfo rgtfk gs nfboc lj g afrtgbo nrg`f elrsfplwfr . [ebs rfjfrs tltef dftelk ny webae tefbr elrsfplwfr bs dfgsurfk. [ef focbof bs dgkf tl klwlr` lo g kfvbaf `olwo gs g kyogdldftfr lr 'nrg`f'. [ebs mlgks tef focboflutput, webmst g rfgkboc lj tef wlr` nfboc klof ago nf lnsfrvfk jrld tefdgaebof's bostrudfotgtblo.

;.6.> QEGJ[ EL^QF XLSF^

[ebs bs g sbdbmgr dfgsurfdfot tl nrg`f elrsfplwfr, fxafpt tegt tefdfgsurfdfot bs usugmmy tg`fo gt tef lutput segjt lj g turnl-prlpfmmfr focbof. [efplwfr nfboc prlkuafk gt tef segjt bs wegt wbmm nf kfmbvfrfk tl tef prlpfmmfr, wefobt bs bostgmmfk tl tef focbof.

;.: FOF^CR

G jurtefr qufstblo grbsfs. Slr` dgy nf "klof", nut bt klfso‒t iust ”egppfo—,wefrf klfs bt aldf jrld< [ef goswfr bs ny fxpfokboc Fofrcy.

G pfrslo bs sgbk tl nf fofrcftba bj ef bj ef egs tef agpgabty jlr pfrjlrdboc g mgrcfgdluot lj wlr`. Bo dfaegobagm focboffrboc, tef tfrd fofrcy kfoltfs tef gnbmbtytl kl wlr`. [eus, wefo tef sprboc bo g tly bs wluok up, bt ago pfrjlrd g afrtgbogdluot lj wlr` wefo rfmfgsfk. [ef tly bs sgbk tl plssfss go gdluot lj fofrcyoudfrbagmmy fqugm tl tef gdluot lj wlr` bt ago kl webmst uowbokboc. Qboaf fofrcybs dfgsurfk bo tebs sgdf wgy, tef uobts lj fofrcy grf tef sgdf gs telsf lj wlr`.

Fofrcy ago nf telucet ‑ lj gs ”stlrfk— wlr`. Gmtfrogtbvfmy, wlr` bs klof wefoFofrcy bs fxpfokfk. [ef uobt lj Fofrcy bs tef sgdf gs jlr Slr`, b.f. tef Ilumf.



Bssuf 7 ‑ >8 Gucust >887 Xgcf ;-;

IG^ :: AG[FCL^R N7

DLKVMF >

XERQBAQ

focboffrboc

u`

Fofrcy dgy nf stlrfk bo g nlky bo g oudnfr lj kbjjfrfot wgys. [ef sprboc, jlr

fxgdpmf, stlrfs fofrcy wefo wluok up. Qtfgd bo g nlbmfr plssfssfs fofrcykuf tl egvboc ebce prfssurf, webae ago nf rfmfgsfk tl prlvbkf plwfr weforfqubrfk. Fofrcy kuf tl tef dfaegobagm alokbtblo lr tef plsbtblo lj g nlky bsagmmfk pltfotbgm fofrcy.

[ef pltfotbgm fofrcy lj g rgbsfk nlky bs fgsbmy agmaumgtfk. Bj bt jgmms, tef jlrafgatboc wbmm nf bts wfbcet gok tef kbstgoaf gatfk terluce0 bts prfvblus efbcet.Efoaf, tef wlr` klof fqugms tef wfbcet tbdfs tef efbcet. [ebs bs gmsl tefpltfotbgm fofrcy efmk.

X.F. (Ilumfs) 4 dc x e (ON9 Sfbcet fqugms dgss tbdfs crgvbty)

Goltefr jlrd lj fofrcy bs tegt kuf tl tef dlvfdfot lj pgrtbamfs lj sldf b̀ok.[ebs ago nf tef wgtfr jmlwboc bo g rbvfr, krbvboc g dbmm lr turnbof. [ef dlvboc gbrkrbvboc g wbok turnbof webae bs prlkuaboc fmfatrbabty0 lr elt cgssfs bo g ift focbof,krbvboc tef turnbof, grf nlte jlrds lj fofrcy kuf tl dltblo, webae bs `olwo gs`boftba fofrcy.

[ef `boftba fofrcy lj g nlky bo dltblo dgy nf agmaumgtfk gs jlmmlws9 ―Mft dgss dnf uobjlrdmy rftgrkfk tl rfst bo tbdf t webmst trgvfmmboc g kbstgoaf s.'

Bj tef bobtbgm vfmlabty bs v, tefo rftgrkgtblo 4t

v

^ftgrkboc jlraf lo nlky, J 4 t

dv

Ny trgosplsbtblo gok sunstbtutblo, tef jlrdumg jlr tef `boftba fofrcy lj g nlky bs9

@.F. 4 ´dv> (Oltf d bs bo `c gok v bs bo d/s)

Fofrcy ago fxbst lr nf stlrfk bo g oudnfr lj kbjjfrfot jlrds, gok bt bs tef aegocflj jlrd tegt bs olrdgmmy jluok bo dgoy focboffrboc kfvbafs.

Fofrcy ago nf alosbkfrfk bo dgoy jlrds, suae gs9

Fmfatrbagm

Aefdbagm

Efgt

Xrfssurf

Xltfotbgm

@boftba

[ef uobt lj fofrcy bs tef Ilumf.




IG^ :: AG[FCL^R N7

DLKVMF >

XERQBAQ

focboffrboc

u`

;.3 ALOQF^ZG[BLO LJ FOF^CR

Fofrcy agoolt nf kfstrlyfk, bt ago lomy nf trgosjfrrfk jrld lof stgtf tl goltefr.Jlr fxgdpmf, g stlof prlifatfk upwgrks wbte `boftba fofrcy egs, wefo bt stlps jlrgo bostgot gt tef tlp lj bts pgte, lomy pltfotbgm fofrcy. Bt rf-gaqubrfs `boftba fofrcygs bt jgmms.

[efrf grf sfvfrgm ltefr jlrds lj fofrcy tegt egvf olt yft nffo dfotblofk.[efsf boamukf tef aefdbagm fofrcy jluok ny dbxboc aefdbagms0 fmfatrbagm fofrcyjluok bo ngttfrbfs0 efgt fofrcy jluok bo jbrfs lj kbjjfrfot typfs gok mbcet fofrcywebae ago prlkuaf fmfatrbabty usboc slmgr afmms.

[ef Mgw lj alosfrvgtblo lj fofrcy stgtfs tegt9

”Kurboc trgosjlrdgtblo lj fofrcy jrld lof jlrd tl goltefr, tef tltgm gdluot ljfofrcy bs uoaegocfk.

;.5 EFG[

Efgt bs kfjbofk gs tef fofrcy bo trgosbt nftwffo twl nlkbfs nfagusf lj gkbjjfrfoaf bo tfdpfrgturf. Bj twl nlkbfs, gt kbjjfrfot tfdpfrgturfs, grf nlucetbotl alotgat, tefbr tfdpfrgturfs nfaldf fqugm. Efgt agusfs dlmfaumgrdlvfdfot, webae bs g jlrd lj `boftba fofrcy gok, tef ebcefr tef tfdpfrgturf, tefcrfgtfr tef `boftba fofrcy lj bts dlmfaumfs.

[eus wefo twl nlkbfs aldf botl alotgat, tef `boftba fofrcy lj tef dlmfaumfs ljtef elttfr nlky tfoks tl kfarfgsf gok tegt lj tef dlmfaumfs lj tef allmfr nlky, tlboarfgsf uotbm nlte grf gt tef sgdf tfdpfrgturf.

;.2 DLDFO[VD

Dldfotud bs g wlrk bo fvfrykgy usf, nut bts prfabsf dfgoboc bs mfss wfmm-`olwo.Sf sgy tegt g mgrcf rucny jlrwgrk, argseboc terluce sfvfrgm tga`mfs tl salrf gtry, usfk ebs dldfotud. [ebs sffds tl succfst g aldnbogtblo lj sbzf (dgss)gok spffk wfrf tef alotrbnutboc jgatlrs.

Bo jgat, dldfotud 4 dgss x vfmlabty (dv).



Bssuf 7 ‑ >8 Gucust >887 Xgcf ;-:

IG^ :: AG[FCL^R N7

DLKVMF >

XERQBAQ

focboffrboc

u`

Bt ago nf sffo tegt g mgrcf nlky dlvboc smlwmy dgy egvf tef sgdf dldfotud gs

g sdgmm nlky dlvboc quba`my. Gmsl, sboaf vfmlabty bs g vfatlr qugotbty, tefprlkuat lj dgss gok vfmlabty (Dldfotud), dust gmsl nf g vfatlr qugotbty.Alosbkfrgtblo dust gmwgys nf cbvfo tl bts kbrfatblo gok sfosf, gs wfmm gs bts dgcobtukf.

;.2.7 BDXVMQBZF JL^AF

Ofwtlo's Qfalok Mgw selws tegt tef fjjfat lj g jlraf lo g nlky bs tl nrboc gnlutg aegocf bo dldfotud bo g cbvfo tbdf. [ebs prlvbkfs g usfjum dftelk ljdfgsurboc g jlraf, nut suae g dfgsurfdfot nfaldfs kbjjbaumt bj tef tbdf tg`fo jlrtef aegocf bs vfry sdgmm. [ebs wlumk nf tef agsf bj g nlky wgs sunifatfk tl g

sukkfo nmlw, sela` mlgk lr bdpgat. Bo suae agsfs, bt dgy wfmm nf plssbnmf tldfgsurf tef aegocf bo dldfotud wbte rfgslognmf gaaurgay.

[ef tbdf kurgtblo lj tef bdpgat jlraf dgy nf bo klunt gok, bo tef gnsfoaf ljspfabgm fqubpdfot, dgy egvf tl nf fstbdgtfk. Jlrafs lj tebs typf, egvboc g selrttbdf kurgtblo, grf agmmfk bdpumsbvf jlrafs gok tefbr fjjfat lo tef nlky tl webaetefy grf gppmbfk, tegt bs tef aegocf lj dldfotud prlkuafk, bs agmmfk tefbdpumsf.

Bj tef bdpgat kurgtblo bs vfry sdgmm, tef bdpumsbvf jlraf bs vfry mgrcf jlr goy cbvfobdpumsf lr aegocf bo dldfotud. [ebs ago nf selwo ny sunstbtutblo botlfqugtblos.

;.78 ALOQF^ZG[BLO LJ DLDFO[VD

[ef prboabpmf lj tef Alosfrvgtblo lj Dldfotud stgtfs9

Sefo twl lr dlrf dgssfs gat lo fgae ltefr, tef tltgm dldfotud lj tefdgssfs rfdgbos alostgot, prlvbkfk ol fxtfrogm jlrafs, suae gs jrbatblo, gat.

Qtuky lj jlraf gok aegocf bo dldfotud mfgk tl Ofwtlo kfjboboc ebs Mgws ljDltblo, webae grf juokgdfotgm tl dfaegobagm sabfoaf.

[ef Jbrst mgw stgtfs g dgss rfdgbos gt rfst, lr alotboufs tl dlvf gt alostgot

vfmlabty, uomfss gatfk lo ny go fxtfrogm jlraf.[ef Qfalok mgw stgtfs tegt tef rgtf lj aegocf lj dldfotud bs prlplrtblogm tl tefgppmbfk jlraf.

[ef [ebrk mgw stgtfs bj dgss G fxfrts g jlraf lo dgss N, tefo N fxfrts go fqugmnut lpplsbtf jlraf lo G.




IG^ :: AG[FCL^R N7

DLKVMF >

XERQBAQ

focboffrboc

u`

;.77 AEGOCFQ BO DLDFO[VD

Segt agusfs dldfotud tl aegocf< Bj tef bobtbgm gok jbogm vfmlabtbfs lj g dgssgrf u gok v,

tefo aegocf lj dldfotud 4 dv - du

4 d (v - u).

Klfs tef aegocf lj dldfotud egppfo smlwmy lr quba`my<

[ef rgtf lj aegocf lj dldfotud 4 d(v - u)

t

Bospfatblo lj tebs selws tegt jlraf J (d.g) 4 d

(v - u)

t , sl, g jlraf agusfs gaegocf bo dldfotud.

[ef rgtf lj aegocf lj dldfotud bs prlplrtblogm tl tef dgcobtukf lj tef jlrafagusboc bt.

Qupplsf g dgss G lvfrtg`fs g dgss N, gs selwo nfmlw bo bmmustrgtblo (g). Lobdpgat, (n), tef dgss N wbmm nf gaafmfrgtfk ny go bdpumsbvf jlraf kfmbvfrfk ny G,webmst tef dgss G wbmm nf kfafmfrgtfk ny go bdpumsbvf jlraf kfmbvfrfk ny N.

Jbc ;.7 Alosfrvgtblo lj Dldfotud

Bo gaalrkgoaf wbte Ofwtlo's [ebrk Mgw, tefsf bdpumsbvf jlrafs, J , wbmm nf fqugmgok lpplsbtf gok dust, lj alursf, gat jlr tef sgdf sdgmm pfrblk lj tbdf. Gjtfr tefbdpgat, G gok N wbmm egvf sldf ofw vfmlabtbfs, v g gok v n . Ny agmaumgtblo, bt ago

nf prlvfo tegt tef dldfotud nfjlrf tef bdpgat fqugms tef dldfotud gjtfr tefbdpgat .




IG^ :: AG[FCL^R N7

DLKVMF >

XERQBAQ

focboffrboc

u`

;.7> CR^LQALXFQ

[ebs tlpba alvfrs nlte cyrlsalpfs gok tef gmmbfk sunifat, tegt lj ngmgoaboc ljrltgtboc dgssfs. Nlte lj tefsf tlpbas egvf kbrfat gppmbagtblo tl gbrargjtlpfrgtblos.

Cyrlsalpfs grf rltgtboc dgssfs (usugmmy aymbokrbagm bo jlrd) webae grfkfmbnfrgtfmy fdpmlyfk nfagusf lj tef pgrtbaumgr prlpfrtbfs webae tefykfdlostrgtf. (oltf, elwfvfr, tegt goy rltgtboc dgss dgy kfdlostrgtf tefsfprlpfrtbfs, gmnfbt uobotfotblogmmy).

Ngsba aloafpts ago nf cgbofk ny rfjfrfoaf tl g egok-efmk nbayamf weffm.

Bdgcbof tef weffm tl nf stgtblogry0 bt bs fgsy tl tbmt tef gxmf lof wgy lr goltefr.

[efrf grf twl rfgslos wey wf dust uokfrstgok tef ngsba prboabpmfs ljcyrlsalpfs.

Cyrlsalpfs grf usfk bo sfvfrgm jmbcet bostrudfots, webae grf vbtgm tl tef sgjfty ljtef gbrargjt bo ngk wfgtefr.

Qfalokmy, tefrf grf dgoy kbjjfrfot aldplofots tegt wbmm olt lpfrgtf alrrfatmy bjtefy grf olt pfrjfatmy ngmgoafk. Jlr fxgdpmf, weffms, focbofs, prlpfmmfrs,fmfatrba dltlrs gok dgoy ltefr aldplofots dust ruo wbte pfrjfat sdllteofssgok wbtelut vbnrgtblo.

[ef cyrlsalpf, (cyrl) bs g rltlr tegt egs jrffkld lj dltblo bo lof lr dlrf pmgofsgt rbcet gocmfs tl tef pmgof lj rltgtblo. Sbte tef rltlr spbooboc, tef cyrl wbmmplssfss twl juokgdfotgm prlpfrtbfs9

Cyrlsalpba rbcbkbty lr bofrtbg

Cyrlsalpba prfafssblo

[ef jbcurf selws g cyrl wbte jrffkld ljdlvfdfot gnlut twl gxfs, NN gok AA,webae grf gt 28 kfcrffs tl tef gxbs lj

rltgtblo GG.

Jbc ;.> Cyrlsalpf




IG^ :: AG[FCL^R N7

DLKVMF >

XERQBAQ

focboffrboc

u`

;.7>.7 ^BCBKB[R

Nfagusf tef dgss bs rltgtboc, bt olw egs gocumgr dldfotud. [wl prlpfrtbfsolw nfaldf gppgrfot.

[ef rltlr bs olw kbjjbaumt tl tbmt, rfsbstgoaf tl tbmt bs tfrdfk ^bcbkbty.

Bj g cyrl bs spbooboc bo jrff spgaf gok bs olt gatfk uplo ny goy lutsbkf bojmufoaflr jlraf, bt wbmm rfdgbo jbxfk bo lof plsbtblo. [ebs jgabmbty bs usfk bo bostrudfotssuae gs tef grtbjbabgm elrbzlo, webae bojlrds tef pbmlt lj tef mlagtblo lj tef gatugmelrbzlo lutsbkf, fvfo wefo tef gbrargjt bs bo teba` amluk lr jmyboc gt obcet.

Bo tef prfvblus bmmustrgtblo (;.>), tef dluotboc jrgdf ago nf rltgtfk gnlut gxfs GG gok NN. [ef cyrl wbmm, elwfvfr, rfdgbo jbxfk bo spgaf bo tef plsbtblo bt wgs

sft. [ebs bs 'rbcbkbty'.

Bj tef jbxfk jrgdf bs rltgtfk gnlut gxbs AA, tef cyrl wbmm rltgtf uotbm tef gxbs ljcyrl rltgtblo bs bo mbof wbte tef gxbs lj tef jrgdf rltgtblo. [ebs bs 'prfafssblo',(sff mgtfr).

;.7>.> X^FAFQQBLO

[ebs tfrd kfsarbnfs tef gocumgr aegocf lj kbrfatblo, bo tef pmgof lj rltgtblo lj gcyrl, gs g rfsumt lj go fxtfrogm jlraf. [ef rgtf lj tebs aegocf ago nf usfk tl cbvfbokbagtblos tl tef pbmlt wbte rfcgrks tl turoboc bojlrdgtblo.

Bo tef bmmustrgtblo nfmlw, tef cyrl tegt wgs bmmustrgtfk prfvblusmy egs nffo rltgtfkgnlut gxbs AA. Bt ago nf sffo tegt tef gxbs lj rltgtblo lj tef cyrl bs olw vfrtbagmgok bo mbof wbte gxbs AA. [ebs bs tef prboabpmf lj prfafssblo gok ago nfsuddgrbsfk gs jlmmlws9

[ef cyrl wbmm prfafss sl tegt tef pmgof lj rltgtblo lj tef rltlr gok tef ngsfalboabkf.

Jbc ;.1 Xrfafssblo (7)




IG^ :: AG[FCL^R N7

DLKVMF >

XERQBAQ

focboffrboc

u`

[l kftfrdbof tef kbrfatblo g cyrl wbmm prfafss, jlmmlw tefsf stfps wbte rfjfrfoaftl tef bmmustrgtblo.

Gppmy g jlraf sl tegt bt gats lo tef rbd lj tef rltlr gt 288

Dlvf tebs jlraf grluok tef rbd lj tef rltlr sl tegt bt dlvfs terluce 288 gok bo tef sgdf kbrfatblo gs tef rltlr spbos.

Xrfafssblo wbmm dlvf tef rltlr bo tef kbrfatblo tegt wbmm rfsumt bo tef gxfs ljgppmbfk jlraf gok lj rltgtblo, alboabkboc.

^fdfdnfr gmsl tegt0 Jlr g alostgot cyrl spffk, tef rgtf lj prfafssblo bs prlplrtblogm tl tef gppmbfk jlraf. [ef lpplsbtf gmsl gppmbfs0 Jlr g cbvfo jlraf, tefrgtf lj prfafssblo bs bovfrsfmy prlplrtblogm tl rltlr spffk.

Jbc ;.; Xrfafssblo (>)

;.71 [L^WVF

[ef tlrquf rfqubrfk tl agusf prfafssblo, lr tef rgtf lj prfafssblo rfsumtboc jrldgppmbfk tlrquf, kfpfoks lo dldfot lj bofrtbg gok gocumgr vfmlabty. ^fdfdnfrtegt kbrfatblo lj rltgtblo wbmm kftfrdbof kbrfatblo lj prfafssblo.




IG^ :: AG[FCL^R N7

DLKVMF >

XERQBAQ

focboffrboc

u`

;.71.7 NGMGOABOC LJ ^L[G[BOC DGQQFQ

Xfregps tef dlst alddlo lj gmm tef systfds foaluotfrfk bo dfaegobagmfocboffrboc prgatbaf bs tef rltgtboc segjt systfd. Bj tef afotrlbk lj goy dgss,dluotfk lo g rltgtboc segjt, bs ljjsft jrld tef gxbs lj rltgtblo, tefo tef dgss wbmmfxfrt g afotrbjucgm jlraf lo tef segjt. [ebs jlraf bs kbrfatmy prlplrtblogm tl tefsqugrf lj tef spffk lj rltgtblo lj tef segjt, sl tegt, fvfo bj tef faafotrbabty bssdgmm, tef jlraf dgy nf alosbkfrgnmf gt ebce spffks. Quae g jlraf wbmm tfok tldg`f tef segjt nfok, prlkuaboc mgrcf strfssfs bo tef segjt gok agusboc kgdgcftl tef nfgrbocs gs bt klfs sl.

G jurtefr uokfsbrgnmf fjjfat wlumk nf tef bokuafdfot lj sustgbofk vbnrgtblos botef systfd, bts supplrts gok tef surrluokbocs. [ebs sbtugtblo wlumk nf botlmfrgnmfbo go gbrargjt, sl tegt sldf gttfdpt dust nf dgkf tl fmbdbogtf tef fjjfat lj tefuowgotfk afotrbjucgm jlraf.

[ef faafotrbabty lj tef rltgtboc dgssfs agoolt nf rfdlvfk, gs tefy grf fbtefr grfsumt lj tef kfsbco lj tef dfaegobsd, suae gs g argo`segjt, lr grf kuf tluogvlbkgnmf dgoujgaturboc bdpfrjfatblos. [ef prlnmfd bs slmvfk, lr gt mfgstdbobdbsfk, ny tef gkkbtblo lj ngmgoaf wfbcets, welsf lut lj ngmgoaf afotrbjucgmjlraf bs fxgatmy fqugm gok lpplsbtf tl tef lrbcbogm lut lj ngmgoaf jlraf. Galddlo fxgdpmf lj tebs bs tef wfbcets put lo dltlr agr weffms tl ngmgoaf tefd,webae dg`fs tef agr duae sdlltefr tl krbvf gt ebce spffk.

;.7; J^BA[BLO

Jrbatblo bs tegt pefoldfolo bo ogturf tegt gmwgys sffds tl nf prfsfot gok gatssl gs tl rftgrk tebocs tegt dlvf, rfmgtbvf tl tebocs tegt grf fbtefr stgtblogry lrdlvboc smlwmy.

Zfry jfw focboffrboc sbtugtblos laaur bo webae jrbatblo klfs olt pmgy sldf pgrt.Bo sldf agsfs bt bs usfjum, suae gs bo amgdpboc kfvbafs lr jrbatblo krbvfs. Dlrfjrfqufotmy, bt fxbsts gs go botfcrgm pgrt lj tef sbtugtblo dfrfmy nfagusf bt agoolt nffrgkbagtfk. [ebs rfsumts bo tef kbssbpgtblo lj fofrcy gok tef crgkugm frlsblo lj

dgtfrbgm jrld tef aldplofot bovlmvfk.[ebs frlsblo lj dgtfrbgm, lr wfgr , kuf tl jrbatblo rfprfsfots g sunstgotbgmfaloldba mlss. G alosbkfrgnmf gdluot lj rfsfgrae egs nffo gok, stbmm bs nfbocuokfrtg`fo tl uokfrstgok gok rfkuaf tef pfogmty lj jrbatblo.

Sfgr dgy nf rfkuafk ny munrbagtblo wbte sldf jlrd lj jmubk, webae sfpgrgtfs tefdlvboc pgrts wbte g jbmd lj tef jmubk usfk. [ef alddlofst jmubk bs wgtfr, nut tebs bsalrrlsbvf tl dftgms, sl tegt tef usugm jmubk usfk bs sldf jlrd lj lbm . [ef stuky ljjrbatblo, wfgr gok munrbagtblo bs `olwo gs 'trbnlmlcy'.

Qurjgafs, olrdgmmy kfsarbnfk gs 'jmgt' lr 'sdllte' grf, bo jgat alvfrfk wbteuokumgtblos. G dbarlsalpba fxgdbogtblo lj g sl-agmmfk 'jmgt' surjgaf wlumk selw gsurjgaf gs rluce gs g dluotgbolus tfrrgbo.



Bssuf 7 ‑ >8 Gucust >887 Xgcf ;-7>

IG^ :: AG[FCL^R N7

DLKVMF >

XERQBAQ

focboffrboc

u`

Qldf lj tebs rluceofss bs olteboc tl kl wbte tef gatugm dgtfrbgm nut bs gatugmmy

alotgdbogtblo suae gs surjgaf jbmd, kust gok dlbsturf. Bt bs gmdlst bdplssbnmf tllntgbo g pfrjfatmy kry gok amfgo surjgaf jlr sabfotbjba dfgsurfdfots gokfxpfrbdfots.

Alosbkfr tef twl kry surjgafs selwo nfmlw. [ef brrfcumgrbtbfs grf dgcobjbfk tlselw elw sdgmm tef rfgm grfgs lj alotgat Gr grf, aldpgrfk wbte tef gppgrfot alotgat grfg Gg . Bj tef mlgk Jo boarfgsfs, tef plbots wbmm nf crluok ljj gok, gs tefgrfg lj alotgat wbmm olw nf mgrcfr, agusf go boarfgsf bo tef jrbatblo.

[ef jlraf rfqubrfk tl sefgr tef plbots lj alotgat gok nfcbo tl smbkf tef lnifat, Js

bs kbrfatmy prlplrtblogm tl tef grfg lj tef dgtfrbgm sefgrfk. Bt ago nf jluok tegt tefrgtbl lj tef jlraf ofafssgry tl prlkuaf smbkboc bo rfmgtblo tl tef olrdgm (vfrtbagm)

jlraf lj rfgatblo nftwffo tef surjgafs bs teus sffo tl nf alostgot, gok bs `olwogs tef

Alfjjbabfot lj Mbdbtboc Jrbatblo gok bs kfoltfk ny tef Crff` mfttfr du9 ( )

Olrdgmmy, tef alfjjbabfot lj mbdbtboc jrbatblo bs nfmlw tef vgmuf lj 7.8. G typbagmvgmuf jlr twl rfmgtbvfmy sdllte dftgm surjgafs bo alotgat bs gnlut 8.1.

[efrf grf g oudnfr lj mgws rfcgrkboc jrbatblo gok bt bs usfjum tl `olw tef dlstalddlo lofs.

;.7;.7 KROGDBA GOK Q[G[BA J^BA[BLO

Sefo go lnifat bs pmgafk lo g surjgaf gok sujjbabfot jlraf bs gppmbfk pgrgmmfm tltef surjgaf, tl tef lnifat, tef lnifat wbmm smbkf garlss tef surjgaf. Bj tebs jlraf bsrfdlvfk, tef lnifat wbmm stlp. [efrf bs lnvblusmy g jlraf tegt rfsbsts tef smbkboc.[ebs jlraf bs agmmfk kyogdba jrbatblo. Sf ago gmsl gppmy g jlraf tl tef lnifat tegtbs bosujjbabfot tl dlvf tef lnifat. Bo tebs agsf tef jlraf rfsbstboc tef dltblo bsagmmfk Qtgtba jrbatblo.




IG^ :: AG[FCL^R N7

DLKVMF >

XERQBAQ

focboffrboc

u`

g) Kyogdba Jrbatblo bs tef jrbatblo gatboc lo go lnifat wefo bt bs dlvboc.

n) Qtgtba Jrbatblo bs tef jrbatblogm jlraf tegt prfvfots tef bobtbgm dltblo laaurrboc.

Oltf9 [ef alfjjbabfot lj Qtgtba Jrbatblo wbmm nf mlwfr tego tef alfjjbabfot ljkyogdba jrbatblo. Bo prgatbagm tfrds, wefo wf egvf tl dlvf g efgvy lnifat lo tefjmllr, alosbkfrgnmy dlrf fjjlrt bs usugmmy rfqubrfk tl stgrt tef lnifat dlvboc. Loafbt stgrts tl dlvf wf olrdgmmy rfkuaf tef jlraf tl `ffp bt dlvboc.

;.7;.> JGA[L^Q GJJFA[BOC J^BA[BLOGM JL^AFQ

[erff bdplrtgot jgatlrs wbmm gjjfat tef sbzf gok kbrfatblo lj tef jrbatblogm jlraf.

g) [ef sbzf lj tef jrbatblogm jlraf kfpfoks lo tef typf lj surjgaf. Qldf surjgafs

grf rfmgtbvfmy sdllte gok sldf rluce.

n) [ef sbzf lj tef jrbatblogm jlraf kfpfoks lo tef sbzf lj tef jlraf gatboc gt rbcetgocmfs tl tef surjgafs bo alotgat. [ebs bs agmmfk tef olrdgm jlraf. [ebs bs ljtfotef wfbcet lj tef lnifat, nut dgy nf kbjjfrfot bj go gkkbtblogm amgdpboc jlraf bsgppmbfk.

a) [ef kbrfatblo lj tef jrbatblogm jlraf gmwgys lpplsfs tef kbrfatblo lj dltblo.

;.7;.1 ALFJJBABFO[ LJ J^BA[BBLO

[ef alfjjbabfot lj jrbatblo ν, bs g dfgsurf lj tef gdluot lj jrbatblo fxbstboc

nftwffo twl surjgafs. G mlw vgmuf lj alfjjbabfot lj jrbatblo bokbagtfs tegt tef jlrafrfqubrfk tl prlkuaf smbkboc bs mfss tego tegt bj tef alfjjbabfot bs ebce. [ef vgmuf ljtef alfjjbabfot lj jrbatblo bs cbvfo ny tef jlrdumg9

)(

)(

O jlrafolrdgm

J jlraf jrbatblogm

[rgosplsboc tebs cbvfs us tef Jrbatblogm Jlraf 4 ν x olrdgm jlraf O J

Fxgdpmfs lj typbagm kyogdba alfjjbabfot lj jrbatblo grf gs jlmmlws9Xlmbsefk lbmfk dftgm surjgafs mfss tego 8.7Cmgss lo cmgss 8.;

^unnfr lo tgrdga amlsf tl 7.8

Fxgdpmf9

G nmla` lj stffm rfqubrfs g jlraf lj 78.; O gppmbfk pgrgmmfm tl tef surjgaf lj g stffmpmgtf tl `ffp bt dlvboc wbte g alostgot vfmlabty. Bj tef olrdgm jlraf nftwffo tefnmla` gok tef pmgtf bs ;8 O, kftfrdbof tef alfjjbabfot lj jrbatblo.

Bj tef nmla` bs dlvboc gt g alostgot vfmlabty, tef jlraf gppmbfk dust nf tegtrfqubrfk tl lvfraldf jrbatblo. Ql jrbatblogm jlraf bs 78.; O

[ef olrdgm jlraf bs ;8 O gok sboaf J 4 νO

>:.8;8;.78 O

J Ql tef alfjjbabfot lj kyogdba jrbatblo bs 8.>:



Bssuf 7 ‑ >8 Gucust >887 Xgcf ;-7;

IG^ :: AG[FCL^R N7

DLKVMF >

XERQBAQ

focboffrboc

u`

Fxgdpmf >

[ef surjgaf nftwffo tef stffm nmla` gok tef pmgtf bs olw munrbagtfk gok tefkyogdba alfjjbabfot lj jrbatblo bs olw 8.7>. Segt bs tef ofw vgmuf lj jlraf rfqubrfktl dlvf tef lnifat gt g alostgot spffk.

[ef olrdgm jlraf kfpfoks lo tef wfbcet lj tef lnifat gok tebs egso‒t aegocfkjrld tef ;8 O.

Jrbatblogm jlraf J 4 νO, sl J 4 8.7> x ;8 4 ;.5 O

Fxgdpmf 1

G dftgm lnifat lj dgss 76 @c bs rfstboc lo g dftgm surjgaf. Bj tef alfjjbabfot ljstgtba jrbatblo bs 8.;6 gok C bs 2.57

g) Segt jlraf bs rfqubrfk pgrgmmfm tl tef surjgaf tl cft bt dlvboc

n) Bj tef sgdf jlraf bs dgbotgbofk wefo tef lnifat stgrts tl dlvf gok tefalfjjbabfot lj kyogdba jrbatblo bs 8.>6, wegt wbmm egppfo tl tef lnifat<

[ef Olrdgm Jlraf O bs tef wfbcet lj tef lnifat. [ef vgmuf lj tebs bs 76 x 2.57 47;3.76 O

[ef jlraf rfqubrfk tl dlvf tef lnifat bs J 4 νO 4 7;3.76 x 8.;6 4 ::.> O

Loaf tef lnifat stgrts tl dlvf, tef alfjjbabfot lj jrbatblo rfkuafs tl 8.>6 gok sltef jlraf rfqubrfk tl `ffp tef lnifat dlvboc gt g alostgot vfmlabty wbmm nf 4 8.>6 x7;3.76 4 1:.5 O

Ql wf egvf go gkkbtblogm Jlraf lj ::.> ‑ 1:.5 O 4 >2.; O, tebs wbmm agusf teflnifat tl gaafmfrgtf gok tef vgmuf lj tef gaafmfrgtblo wbmm nf jluok jrld teffqugtblo

J 4 dg, wefrf J 4 >2.;O gok d 4 76 @c

[rgosplsboc J 4 dg wf egvf >2:.7

76

;.>2 dsd

J g




IG^ :: AG[FCL^R N7

DLKVMF >

XERQBAQ

focboffrboc

u`

6 JMVBK KROGDBAQ

Jmubk bs g tfrd tegt boamukfs nlte cgsfs gok mbqubks0 tefy grf nlte gnmf tl jmlw.

Sf wbmm cfofrgmmy alosbkfr cgsfs tl nf aldprfssbnmf gok mbqubks tl nfboaldprfssbnmf.

Sefo alosbkfrboc jmubks tegt jmlw, bt bs lnvblus tegt sldf jmlw dlrf jrffmy tegoltefrs, lr put goltefr wgy, sldf foaluotfr dlrf rfsbstgoaf wefo gttfdptboc tljmlw. ^fsbstgoaf tl jmlw botrlkuafs tef wlrk Zbsalsbty, ebcemy vbsalus mbqubks klolt jmlw jrffmy. Cgsfs cfofrgmmy egvf g mlw vbsalsbty.

6.7 KFOQB[R

Kfosbty lj g slmbk, mbqubk lr cgs bs kfjbofk gs 4dgss

vlmudf 4

dZ

Jlr fxgdpmf, tef mbqubk, webae jbmms g afrtgbo alotgbofr, egs g dgss lj 36:`c. [efalotgbofr bs 7.: dftrfs mloc, 7.8 dftrfs wbkf gok 8.36 lj g dftrf kffp gok wfoffk tl jbok tef kfosbty. [ef vlmudf lj tef alotgbofr bs 7.: x 7.8 x 8.36 4 7.>d1.[efrfjlrf, tef kfosbty bs9

1/:18

>.7

36:d`c

Nfagusf tef kfosbty lj slmbks gok mbqubks vgry wbte tfdpfrgturf, g stgokgrktfdpfrgturf lj ;¹A bs usfk wefo dfgsurboc tef kfosbty lj fgae. Gmtelucetfdpfrgturf aegocfs kl olt aegocf tef dgss lj g sunstgoaf, tefy kl aegocftef vlmudf terluce tefrdgm fxpgosblo gok alotrgatblo. [ebs vlmudf aegocf,tefrfjlrf, dfgos tegt tefrf bs g aegocf bo tef kfosbty lj tef sunstgoaf.

Sefo dfgsurboc tef kfosbty lj g cgs, tfdpfrgturf gok prfssurf dust nfalosbkfrfk. Qtgokgrk alokbtblos jlr tef dfgsurfdfot lj cgs kfosbty bsfstgnmbsefk gt 88A gok g prfssurf lj 7871.>6dn. (Qtgokgrk gtdlspefrbaprfssurf).

G mgrcf dgss bo g sdgmm vlmudf dfgos g ebce kfosbty, gok vbaf vfrsg. [ef uobtlj kfosbty kfpfoks lo tef uobts lj dgss gok vlmudf0 f.c. kfosbty 4 `c/d1 bo QBuobts.

Qlmbks, pgrtbaumgrmy dftgms, ljtfo egvf g ebce kfosbty, cgsfs grf lj mlw kfosbty.




IG^ :: AG[FCL^R N7

DLKVMF >

XERQBAQ

focboffrboc

u`

6.> QXFABJBA C^GZB[R

Kfosbty dgy nf fxprfssfk bo gnslmutf tfrds, f.c. dgss pfr uobt vlmudf, lr borfmgtbvf tfrds0 b.f. bo aldpgrbslo tl sldf kgtud vgmuf. [ef kgtud webae jlrdstef ngsbs lj ^fmgtbvf Kfosbty bs tef kfosbty lj purf wgtfr , webae bs 7888 `c/d1 gt;¹A.

^fmgtbvf Kfosbty 4kfosbty lj sunstgoaf

kfosbty lj wgtfr .

Oltf tegt rfmgtbvf kfosbty egs ol uobts, bt bs g rgtbl. Jlr fxgdpmf, bj g afrtgboeykrgumba jmubk egs g rfmgtbvf kfosbty lj 8.5, tefo 7 mbtrf lj tef mbqubk wfbces 8.5

tbdfs gs duae gs 7 mbtrf lj wgtfr.

^K 4dgss lj sunstgoaf

dgss lj fqugm vlmudf lj wgtfr (ljtfo rfjfrrfk tl g Qpfabjba Crgvbty)

[ef ^K lj wgtfr bs 7, gok sl sunstgoafs wbte go ^K mfss tego 7 jmlgt bo wgtfr0sunstgoafs wbte ^K crfgtfr tego 7 wbmm sbo`.

[ef sgdf jlrdumg bs usfk tl jbok tef kfosbty lj cgssfs ny sunstbtutboc gbr jlrwgtfr.

G tgnmf selwboc tef rfmgtbvf kfosbtbfs lj g typbagm sfmfatblo lj mbqubks, slmbks gokcgssfs bs selwo nfmlw9

^fdfdnfr tegt tef rfmgtbvf kfosbty lj nlte wgtfr gok gbr bs 7.

[ypbagm ^fmgtbvf Kfosbtbfs

Qlmbk ^K Mbqubk ^K Cgs ^K

Baf 8.273 Xftrlmfud 8.3> Eykrglcfo 8.8:26

Gmudbobud >.3 Ift Jufm IX; 8.356 Efmbud 8.715

[btgobud ;.; Gmalelm 8.352 Gaftymfof 8.525

Brlo 3.2 @frlsfof 8.5>1 Obtrlcfo 8.2:3

Alppfr 5.2 Qyoteftba Lbm 8.2>5 Gbr 7.888

Mfgk 77.6 Sgtfr 7.888 Lxycfo 7.786

Clmk 72.1 Dfraury 71.: AL> 7.6>5




IG^ :: AG[FCL^R N7

DLKVMF >

XERQBAQ

focboffrboc

u`

G kfvbaf agmmfk g eykrldftfr bs usfk tl dfgsurf tef rfmgtbvf kfosbtbfs lj mbqubks.

[ebs kfvbaf egs g cmgss jmlgt alotgbofk wbtebo g aymbokrbagm cmgss nlky. [ef jmlgtegs g wfbcet bo tef nlttld gok g crgkugtfk sagmf gt tef tlp. Sefo mbqubk bs krgwobotl tef nlky, tef jmlgt kbspmgys tef rfmgtbvf kfosbty lo tef crgkugtfk sagmf.Bddfrsblo bo purf wgtfr wlumk cbvf g rfgkboc lj 7.888, sl mbqubks wbte rfmgtbvfkfosbtbfs mfss lr dlrf tego wgtfr wlumk agusf tef jmlgt tl rbkf mlwfr lr ebcefrtego bt wlumk bo tef purf wgtfr.

[wl grfgs lj gvbgtblo wefrf tebs tlpba bs lj spfabgm botfrfst, bs tef fmfatrlmytf ljngttfrbfs, wefrf tef rfmgtbvf kfosbty bs go bokbagtblo lj ngttfry alokbtblo. [efltefr bs gbrargjt jufm, fspfabgmmy turnbof jufm wefrf sldf gbrargjt grf rf-jufmmfk nywfbcet, webmst ltefrs grf rf-jufmmfk ny vlmudf. @olwmfkcf lj tef rfmgtbvf kfosbty

lj tef jufm bs fssfotbgm bo tebs agsf. Go bmmustrgtblo lj g jummy aegrcfk gok kbsaegrcfk ngttfry jmubk bokbagtblo bs selwo.

Jbc 6.7 Eycrldftfr & Ngttfry Fmfatrlmytf ^K




IG^ :: AG[FCL^R N7

DLKVMF >

XERQBAQ

focboffrboc

u`

6.1 ZBQALQB[R

Mbqubks suae gs wgtfr, jmlw vfry fgsbmy, webmst ltefrs, suae gs trfgamf, jmlw duaedlrf smlwmy uokfr sbdbmgr alokbtblos. Mbqubks lj tef typf tegt jmlw rfgkbmy grf sgbktl nf dlnbmf0 telsf lj tef trfgamf typf grf agmmfk vbsalus. Zbsalsbty bs kuf tljrbatblo bo tef botfrblr lj tef mbqubk. Iust gs tefrf bs jrbatblo lpplsboc dlvfdfotnftwffo twl slmbk surjgafs wefo lof smbkfs lvfr goltefr, sl tefrf bs jrbatblonftwffo twl mbqubk surjgafs fvfo wefo tefy alosbst lj tef sgdf mbqubk. [ebsbotfrogm jrbatblo lpplsfs tef dltblo lj lof mgyfr lvfr goltefr gok, tefrfjlrf,wefo bt bs crfgt, bt dg`fs tef jmlw lj tef mbqubk vfry smlw.

Fvfo dlnbmf mbqubks plssfss g afrtgbo gdluot lj vbsalsbty. [ebs ago nf selwo nystbrrboc g alotgbofr lj mbqubk wbte g pbfaf lj wbrf. Bj ylu alotbouf tl stbr, tef welmflj tef alotgbofr jumm wbmm, fvfotugmmy, nf spbooboc. [ebs prlvfs tegt tef vbsalsbty ljtef mgyfrs bddfkbgtfmy ofxt tl tef wbrf egvf krgccfk ltefr mgyfrs grluok, uotbm gmmtef mbqubk rltgtfs.

[ef vbsalsbty lj g mbqubk rgpbkmy kfarfgsfs gs bts tfdpfrgturf rbsfs. [rfgamf wbmmruo ljj g wgrdfk spllo duae dlrf rfgkbmy tego bt wbmm jrld g almk lof. Qbdbmgrmy,wefo tgr (webae bs vfry vbsalus) bs tl nf usfk jlr rlgkwgy rfpgbrs, bt bs jbrstefgtfk sl tegt bt wbmm jmlw rfgkbmy.

Qldf mbqubks egvf suae ebce vbsalsbty tegt tefy gmdlst egvf tef sgdf prlpfrtbfs

gs slmbks. Bj wf mll` gt pbtae, webae bs gmsl usfk bo rlgk nubmkboc, wf sff g slmbknmga` sunstgoaf. Elwfvfr, bj wf mfgvf g nmla` lj tef dgtfrbgm bo lof plsbtblo, btwbmm, fvfotugmmy nfcbo tl sprfgk gs selwo bo tef kbgcrgd nfmlw. [ebs selws tegtbt bs gatugmmy g mbqubk wbte g vfry ebce vbsalsbty.

Jbc 6.> Zbsalsbty lj Xbtae

Go fvfo dlrf fxtrfdf agsf bs cmgss. G sefft lj cmgss stllk up lo fok lo g egrksurjgaf wbmm, fvfotugmmy , nf jluok tl nf smbcetmy teba`fr gt tef nlttld lj tef seffttego gt tef tlp. Ql, gmteluce wf alumk agmm cmgss g mbqubk wbte go fxaffkbocmy ebcevbsalsbty, wf olrdgmmy alosbkfr bt g slmbk. [ebs prlpfrty lj cmgss bs dlrfprloluoafk bo elt alokbtblos.




IG^ :: AG[FCL^R N7

DLKVMF >

XERQBAQ

focboffrboc

u`

[ef vbsalsbty lj kbjjfrfot mbqubks ago nf aldpgrfk bo kbjjfrfot wgys. Bj wf gmmlw g jbxfk

qugotbty tl ruo lut lj g alotgbofr, teluce g òlwo lrbjbaf, wf ago tbdf bt gok tefoaldpgrf tef tbdf gcgbost goltefr mbqubk, gok wf ago tefo sgy webae egs tef mlwfr (lrebcefr) vbsalsbty. Ltefr, dlrf aldpmfx, gppgrgtus bs rfqubrfk tl dfgsurf vbsalsbty dlrfgaaurgtfmy.

[ef òlwmfkcf lj tef vbsalsbty lj mbqubks, suae gs lbm, bs vbtgm. [ef kfsbcofrs lj iftfocbofs gok cfgrnlxfs kfpfok lo tefbr nfboc munrbagtfk ny tef alrrfat lbmsterlucelut tefbr mbvfs.

6.; Q[^FGDMBOF JMLS

Sefo g jmubk, mbqubk lr cgs bs jmlwboc stfgkbmy lvfr g sdllte surjgaf, ogrrlw

mgyfrs lj bt jlmmlw sdllte pgtes tegt grf òlwo gs strfgdmbofs. [ebs sdllte jmlwbs gmsl òlwo gs mgdbogr jmlw.

Bj tebs strfgd dffts mgrcf brrfcumgrbtbfs, tef strfgdmbofs grf nrl`fo up gok tefjmlw nfaldfs brrfcumgr lr turnumfot, gs dgy nf sffo wefo g strfgd aldfs uplorla`s bo tef rbvfr nfk. Ny botrlkuaboc sdl`f botl tef gbrjmlw bo g wbok tuoofm lralmlurfk ifts botl wgtfr tgo` fxpfrbdfots, bt bs plssbnmf tl sff gok peltlcrgpetefsf strfgdmbofs gok fkkbfs.

G tunf, webae aldfs sdlltemy tl g ogrrlw alostrbatblo gok tefo wbkfos lut gcgbobs òlwo gs g vfoturb tunf. Sefo g stfgky strfgd lj mbqubk bs krbvfo terlucesuae g tunf, tef strfgdmbofs tg`f up tef jlrd selwo bo tef kbgcrgd nfmlw. [ef

arlwkboc tlcftefr lj tef strfgdmbofs gt tef alostrbatblo cbvfs tef bdprfssblo tegttef prfssurf wbmm nf ebcefr gt tegt plbot. [ef lpplsbtf bs gatugmmy tef agsf, gok btago nf jluok lut ny fxpfrbdfot tegt, gs tef jmubk spffks up tl pgss tef ogrrlwfstpgrt lj tef tunf, tef prfssurf gatugmmy jgmms.

Jbc 6.1 Zfoturb [unf

[ef prboabpmf lj tef vfoturb ago nf jluok, olt lomy bo agrnurfttlrs lo pftrlmfocbofs nut gmsl bo tef teflry lj jmbcet gok elw go gfrlpmgof jmbfs, webae wbmm nfalvfrfk mgtfr.

[ef rfsbstgoaf tl jmubk jmlws ago nf kbvbkfk botl twl cfofrgm crlups. Q`bojrbatblo, webae bs tef rfsbstgoaf prfsfot lo g tebo, jmgt pmgtf, webae bs fkcfwbsf lotl tef jmlw. [ef jmubk bs smlwfk up ofgr tef surjgaf lwboc tl tef rluceofss lj tefsurjgaf gok bt ago nf selwo tegt tef jmubk bs gatugmmy stgtblogry gt tef surjgaf.

Jrld tef prfafkboc, bt ago nf sffo tegt tef surjgaf rluceofss egs go fjjfat lo

tef strfgdmbofs tegt grf gwgy jrld tef surjgaf gok, tefrfjlrf, bj tef surjgaf agonf dgkf sdlltefr, tef lvfrgmm jrbatblo lr krgc ago nf rfkuafk.




IG^ :: AG[FCL^R N7

DLKVMF >

XERQBAQ

focboffrboc

u`

[ef jlmmlwboc kbgcrgd cbvfs g pbaturf gs tl wegt tef jmubk jmlw wlumk mll` mb`f.

Oltf tef fjjfat lo tef jmlw amlsf tl tef rluce surjgaf, lo tef tlp lj tef pmgtf.

Jbc 6.; Fjjfat lj Q`bo Jrbatblo

[ef sfalok jlrd lj rfsbstgoaf bs `olwo gs fkkbfs lr turnumfoaf. [ebs ago nfkfdlostrgtfk ny pmgaboc tef jmgt pmgtf gt rbcet gocmfs tl tef jmlw. [ebs agusfs gcrfgt kfgm lj turnumfoaf nfebok tef pmgtf gok g vfry ebce rfsbstgoaf, webae bsgmdlst fotbrfmy kuf tl tef jlrdgtblo lj tefsf fkkbfs. [ef kbgcrgd nfmlw cbvf gobmmustrgtblo lj wegt tefsf fkkbfs wlumk nf mb`f bj tefy wfrf dgkf vbsbnmf.

Jbc 6.6 [urnumfot Jmlw




IG^ :: AG[FCL^R N7

DLKVMF >

XERQBAQ

focboffrboc

u`

6.6 NVLRGOAR

Nulygoay bdpmbfs jmlgtgtblo, gok dgy bovlmvf slmbks bddfrsfk bo mbqubks lr cgsfs,lof mbqubk bo goltefr lr lof cgs bo goltefr. Bt bs g juoatblo lj rfmgtbvf Kfosbtbfs.

Go lnifat tegt jmlgts egs g ^.K. mfss tego tef dfkbud bo webae bt jmlgts. Btswfbcet bs lnvblusmy supplrtfk ny sldf botfrgatbvf jlraf (up-terust) nftwffo teflnifat gok tegt dfkbud.

Graebdfkfs Xrboabpmf stgtfs tegt wefo go lnifat bs sundfrcfk bo g mbqubk, teflnifat kbspmgafs g vlmudf lj mbqubk fqugm tl bts vlmudf gok bs supplrtfk ny g jlraffqugm tl tef wfbcet lj tef mbqubk kbspmgafk. b.f. tef vlmudf lj lnifat nfmlw tef

surjgaf. [ef jlraf tegt supplrts tef lnifat bs `olwo gs tef mbqubk's nulygoayjlraf lr upterust.

Bj tef lnifat bddfrsfk egs g spfabjba crgvbty mfss tego tef mbqubk , tef lnifatkbspmgafs bts lwo wfbcet lj tef mbqubk gok bt jmlgts. [ef fjjfat lj up-terust bs oltlomy prfsfot bo mbqubks nut gmsl bo cgssfs. Elt gbr ngmmllos grf gnmf tl rbsfnfagusf tefy grf jbmmfk wbte efgtfk gbr tegt bs mfss kfosf tego tef gbr bt kbspmgafk.

Fxgdpmf9 G 788 ad1 nmla` wfbceboc 7.6 `c bs gttgaefk tl g sprboc sagmf gokmlwfrfk botl g jumm alotgbofr lj wgtfr, 788 ad1 lj wgtfr lvfrjmlws lut lj tefalotgbofr. [ef wfbcet lj 788 ad1 lj wgtfr bs 788 crgds (c), tefrfjlrf, tefupterust gatboc lo tef nmla` bs 788cd gok tef sprboc sagmf rfgks 7.; `c.

6.: X^FQQV^F

Xrfvblus tlpbas egvf botrlkuafk jlrafs lr mlgks, gok tefo alosbkfrfk strfss,webae ago nf telucet lj gs botfosbty lj mlgk. Qtrfss bs tef tfrd gsslabgtfk wbteslmbks. [ef fqubvgmfot tfrd gsslabgtfk wbte jmubks bs prfssurf9

sl prfssurf 4jlrafgrfg

. p 4J

G .

Xrfssurf ago nf cfofrgtfk bo g jmubk ny gppmyboc g jlraf webae trbfs tl squffzf bt,lr rfkuaf bts vlmudf. Xrfssurf bs tef botfrogm rfgatblo lr rfsbstgoaf tl tegt

fxtfrogm jlraf. Bt bs bdplrtgot tl rfgmbsf tegt prfssurf gats fqugmmy gok bo gmmkbrfatblos terlucelut tegt jmubk. [ebs ago nf vfry usfjum, nfagusf bj g jlrafgppmbfk gt lof plbot arfgtfs prfssurf wbtebo g jmubk, tegt prfssurf ago nftrgosdbttfk tl sldf ltefr plbot bo lrkfr tl cfofrgtf goltefr jlraf.

Jbc 6.: Jmubk Xrfssurf bog Alotgbofr




IG^ :: AG[FCL^R N7

DLKVMF >

XERQBAQ

focboffrboc

u`

[ebs bs tef prboabpmf nfebok eykrgumba (jmubk) systfds, wefrf g dfaegobagm boput

jlraf krbvfs g pudp, arfgtboc prfssurf webae tefo gats wbtebo go gatugtlr, sl gstl prlkuaf g dfaegobagm lutput jlraf.

Jbc 6.3 Jmubk Xrfssurf

Bo tebs kbgcrgd, g jlraf J7 bs boput tl tef jmubk, arfgtboc prfssurf, fqugm tlJ7

G7

terlucelut tef jmubk. [ebs prfssurf gats lo grfg G>, gok efoaf go lutput jlraf J> bs cfofrgtfk.

Bj tef prfssurf X bs alostgot, tefoJ7

G7 4

J>

G> gok bj G> bs crfgtfr tego G7, tef

lutput jlraf J> bs crfgtfr tego J7.

G dfaegobagm gkvgotgcf egs nffo arfgtfk, iust mb`f usboc mfvfrs lr pummfys. [ebsbs tef prboabpmf nfebok tef eykrgumba iga`.

Nut rfdfdnfr, ylu klo't cft sldfteboc jlr olteboc0 fofrcy bo 4 fofrcy lut lrwlr` bo 4 wlr` lut, gok wlr` 4 jlraf x kbstgoaf. Bo ltefr wlrks, kbstgoaf dlvfkny J7 egs tl nf crfgtfr tego kbstgoaf dlvfk ny J>.

6.3 Q[G[BA, KROGDBA GOK [L[GM X^FQQV^F

6.3.7 Q[G[BA X^FQQV^F

Qtgtba prfssurf usugmmy rfjfrs tl g prfssurf dfgsurfdfot tg`fo gt g cbvfo plbot,wbte ol rfmgtbvf dltblo nftwffo fbtefr tef plbot lj dfgsurfdfot, gok tef jmubkjmlw. Gt crluok mfvfm tef dfgsurfdfot lj stgtba prfssurf dgy nf usfk bo tefprfkbatblo lj wfgtefr gok tl agmaumgtf tef gbrjbfmk gmtbtukf.

Qtgtba prfssurf ago gmsl nf usfk gs g rfjfrfoaf plbot wefo tg`boc kyogdbaprfssurf rfgkbocs.




IG^ :: AG[FCL^R N7

DLKVMF >

XERQBAQ

focboffrboc

u`

6.3.> KROGDBA X^FQQV^F

[ebs bs tef dfgsurfdfot lj jmubk jmlw wefo tefrf bs g rfmgtbvf dltblo nftwffo tefplbot lj dfgsurfdfot gok tef jmubk. Bj tef plbot lj dfgsurfdfot bs dlvboc, gs bo gdlvboc gbrargjt, tefo tef kyogdba prfssurf bs g juoatblo lj tef gbrargjt‒s vfmlabty squgrfk.

Xbtlt (kyogdba) Xrfssurf η AZ> (A bs g alostgot)

[ef prfssurfs fxpmgbofk prfvblusmy, grf dlst alddlomy grf usfk bo suppmybocbojlrdgtblo gnlut gbr prfssurfs tl tef bostrudfots bo go gbrargjt. [ef tfrds usfkgrf Xbtlt (kyogdba) gok Qtgtba. [efsf twl prfssurfs, wefo tg`fo bo jmbcet, wbmm

kbspmgy bojlrdgtblo lo tef jmbcet kfa` suae gs9

Gbrspffk Xbtlt gok Qtgtba

Efbcet (gmtbtukf) Qtgtba

^gtf lj Ambdn/Kfsafot Qtgtba

Gbrspffk bs dfgsurfk ny g kfvbaf agmmfk g pbtlt tunf, webae dfgsurfs tefkyogdba prfssurf ny go lpfo fokfk tunf gok tef stgtba prfssurf wbte vfots botef sbkf lpfo lomy tl stgtba, (lr stgtblogry), gbr.

6.3.1 [L[GM X^FQQV^F.

[ltgm prfssurf bs sbdpmy tef stgtba prfssurf wbte tef kyogdba prfssurf gkkfk, tlcbvf g tltgm jbcurf. [ebs rfprfsfots tef prfssurf tegt bs dfgsurfk ny tef pbtlttunf. [efsf terff prfssurfs0 stgtba, kyogdba gok tltgm, grf usfk bo g dumtbtukflj sbtugtblos wbtebo gvbgtblo. [ef `olwmfkcf lj tefsf prfssurfs ago fjjfatfvfryteboc jrld wfgtefr jlrfagstboc tl sgjf jmbcet.




IG^ :: AG[FCL^R N7

DLKVMF >

XERQBAQ

focboffrboc

u`

6.3.; Q[G[BA GOK KROGDBA X^FQQV^F BO JMVBKQ

Bo tebs kbgcrgd, tef prfssurf gatboc lo x x7 bs kuf tl tef wfbcet lj tef jmubk (bo tebsagsf g mbqubk) gatboc klwowgrks.

[ebs wfbcet S 4 dc (c 4 crgvbtgtblogm alostgot)

Nut dgss 4 vlmudf kfosbty

4 efbcet arlss-sfatblogm grfg kfosbty

4 e.G.

[efrfjlrf klwowgrk jlraf 4 e..c. G. gatboc lo G

[efrfjlrf, tef prfssurf 4ec.G/

G/

4 epc

[ebs bs tef stgtba prfssurf gatboc gt kfpte e wbtebo g stgtblogry jmubk lj kfosbty p.

[ebs bs strgbcetjlrwgrk foluce tl uokfrstgok gs tef sbdpmf kbgcrgdkfdlostrgtfs. (wf ago "sff" tef mbqubk)

Nut tef sgdf prboabpmf gppmbfs tl cgsfs gmsl, gok wf `olw tegt gt gmtbtukf, tefrfkuafk kfosbty bs gaaldpgobfk ny rfkuafk stgtba prfssurf.

Sf grf olt gwgrf lj tef stgtba prfssurf wbtebo tef gtdlspefrf webae gats lo lurnlkbfs, tef kfosbty bs mlw (gmdlst 7888 tbdfs mfss tego wgtfr). Kbvfrs, elwfvfr,quba`my nfaldf gwgrf lj boarfgsboc wgtfr prfssurf gs tefy kfsafok.

Nut wf kl nfaldf gwgrf lj crfgtfr gbr prfssurfs wefofvfr dlvboc gbr bsbovlmvfk, gs lo g wboky kgy jlr fxgdpmf. [ef prfssurf gsslabgtfk wbte dlvbocgbr bs tfrdfk kyogdba prfssurf.

Bo gfrlogutbas, dlvboc gbr bs fssfotbgm tl jmbcet, gok sl kyogdba prfssurf bsjrfqufotmy rfjfrrfk-tl.

Kyogdba prfssurf 4 ´ v> wefrf 4 kfosbty, v 4 vfmlabty.

Oltf elw tef prfssurf bs prlplrtblogm tl tef squgrf lj tef gbr vfmlabty.




IG^ :: AG[FCL^R N7

DLKVMF >

XERQBAQ

focboffrboc

u`

6.5 FOF^CR BO JMVBK JMLSQ

Ql tef prfssurf fofrcy jluok bo dlvboc jmubks, b.f. jmubks tegt grf jmlwboc, egs gtmfgst twl aldplofots, stgtba gok kyogdba prfssurf. [ebs bs lj juokgdfotgmbdplrtgoaf wefo alosbkfrboc [eflry lj Jmbcet.

(Oltf - bj tef jmubk jmlw bs olt elrbzlotgm, tefo kbjjfrfoafs bo pltfotbgm fofrcy, b.f.aegocfs bo "efgk" lj prfssurf grf teflrftbagmmy prfsfot, nut grf cfofrgmmy bcolrfkwefo gbr bs alosbkfrfk, nfagusf lj bts mlw kfosbty)




IG^ :: AG[FCL^R N7

DLKVMF >

XERQBAQ

focboffrboc

u`

6.5.7 NF^OLVMMB'Q X^BOABXMF

[ef Qwbss dgtefdgtbabgo gok peysbabst Kgobfm Nfrolummb kfvfmlpfk g prboabpmftegt fxpmgbos tef rfmgtblosebp nftwffo pltfotbgm gok b̀oftba fofrcy bo g jmubk. Gmmdgttfr alotgbos pltfotbgm fofrcy gok/lr b̀oftba fofrcy. Bo g jmubk, tef pltfotbgmfofrcy bs tegt agusfk ny tef prfssurf lj tef jmubk, webmf tef `boftba fofrcy bs tegtagusfk ny tef jmubk's dlvfdfot. Gmteluce ylu agoolt arfgtf lr kfstrly fofrcy, btbs plssbnmf tl fxaegocf pltfotbgm fofrcy jlr `boftba fofrcy lr vbaf vfrsg.

Jbc ‑ Agmmbnrgtfk Zfoturb [unf

G vfoturb tunf, bs usfk bo Nfrolummb‒s fxpfrbdfots. Bt bs g spfabgmmy segpfk tunftegt bs ogrrlwfr bo tef dbkkmf tego gt tef foks. Gs g jmubk fotfrs tef tunf, bt bstrgvfmmboc gt g `olwo vfmlabty gok prfssurf. Sefo tef jmubk fotfrs tef rfstrbatblobt dust spffk up, lr boarfgsf bts `boftba fofrcy. Elwfvfr, wefo tef `boftba fofrcyboarfgsfs, tef pltfotbgm fofrcy kfarfgsfs. [efo, gs tef jmubk alotboufs terlucetef tunf, nlte vfmlabty gok prfssurf rfturo tl tefbr lrbcbogm vgmufs. [ebs ago nfsffo bo tef bmmustrgtblo nfmlw, selwboc tef rfmgtblosebp lj vfmlabty gok prfssurf,wbte dfgsurfdfots lj nlte vfmlabty gok prfssurf nfboc tg`fo gt terff bdplrtgotpmgafs.

Nfrolummb's prboabpmf bs usfk nlte bo g agrnurfttlr gok pgbot sprgy cuo, wefrf tefgbr pgssboc terluce g vfoturb agusfs g segrp krlp bo prfssurf. [ebs bo turo,agusfs tef gtdlspefrba prfssurf tl jlraf tef jmubk, fbtefr pftrlm lr pgbot, botl tefvfoturb gok lut lj tef tunf bo tef jlrd lj g jbof sprgy.



Bssuf 7 ‑ >8 Gucust >887 Xgcf :-7

IG^ :: AG[FCL^R N7

DLKVMF >

XERQBAQ

focboffrboc

u`

: [EF^DLKROGDBAQ

:.7 [FDXF^G[V^F

[fdpfrgturf dgy nf kfjbofk gs tef kfcrff lj eltofss lj g nlky aldpgrfkwbte g afrtgbo stgokgrk lj eltofss.

[fdpfrgturf dfgsurfs tef botfosbty lj tef efgt gok olt tef qugotbty lj efgt.

Jlr fxgdpmf tef wgtfr bo g aup dgy nf gt g tfdpfrgturf lj 58¹A. G mgrcfralotgbofr lj wgtfr gt tef sgdf tfdpfrgturf wbmm egvf g mgrcfr qugotbty lj efgt.

Efgt bs g jlrd lj fofrcy tegt agusfs dlmfaumgr gcbtgtblo wbtebo g dgtfrbgm. [ef

gdluot lj gcbtgtblo bs dfgsurfk bo tfrds lj tfdpfrgturf. [efrfjlrf, tfdpfrgturfbs g dfgsurf lj tef `boftba fofrcy lj dlmfaumfs.

:.7.7 [FDXF^G[V^F QAGMFQ

Bo fstgnmbseboc g tfdpfrgturf sagmf, twl jbxfk plbots grf olrdgmmy aelsfo gs grfjfrfoaf. Jlr fxgdpmf tef plbots gt webae purf wgtfr jrffzfs gok nlbms. Bo tef Afotbcrgkf systfd, tef sagmf bs kbvbkfk botl 788 crgkugtfk boarfdfots, `olwogs kfcrffs (8), wbte tef jrffzboc plbot lj wgtfr rfprfsfotfk ny 88A gok tefnlbmboc plbot 7888A. [ef Afotbcrgkf sagmf wgs rfogdfk tef Afmsbus sagmf gjtfrtef Qwfkbse gstrloldfr Gokfrs Afmsbus wel jbrst kfsarbnfk tef afotbcrgkf sagmf

bo 73;>.

Bo goltefr systfd, tef Jgerfoefbt systfd, wgtfr jrffzfs gt 1>8J gok nlbms gt>7>8J. [ef kbjjfrfoaf nftwffo tefsf twl plbots bs kbvbkfk botl 758 boarfdfots.

[l alovfrt Jgerfoefbt tl Afmsbus, rfdfdnfr tegt 788 kfcrffs Afmsbusrfprfsfots tef sgdf tfdpfrgturf kbjjfrfoaf gs 758 kfcrffs Jgerfoefbt.[efrfjlrf, gs 88A bs tef sgdf gs 1>8J bt bs jbrst ofafssgry tl suntrgat 1>8 jrld tefJgerfoefbt tfdpfrgturf gok tefo tl fbtefr kbvbkf tef rfsumt ny 7.5, lr dumtbpmy bt ny6/2.

8A 4 (8J - 1>) 7.5 lr 8A 4 6/2 (8J - 1>)

Fxgdpmf 79

[l alovfrt 338J tl Afmsbus 33 ‑ 1> 4 ;6 x2

6 4 >6¹A

[l alovfrt Afmsbus tl Jgerfoefbt, ylu dust dumtbpmy tef Afmsbus tfdpfrgturf ny7.5 lr, bo ltefr wlrks, 2/6, gok tefo gkk 1>8.

8J 4 (7.5 x 8A) + 1> lr 8J 4 (2/6 x 8A) + 1>

Fxgdpmf >9

[l alovfrt ;68A tl Jgerfoefbt ;6 x6

2 4 57 + 1> 4 7718A



Bssuf 7 ‑ >8 Gucust >887 Xgcf :->

IG^ :: AG[FCL^R N7

DLKVMF >

XERQBAQ

focboffrboc

u`

Bo 758>, tef Jrfoae aefdbst gok peysbabst Ilsfpe Mlubs Cgy Mlussga jluok tegtwefo ylu boarfgsfk tef tfdpfrgturf lj g cgs ny lof kfcrff Afmsbus, bt fxpgoksny 7/>31 lj bts lrbcbogm vlmudf.

Ngsfk lo tebs, ef rfgslofk tegt bj g cgs wfrf allmfk, bts vlmudf wlumk kfarfgsfny tef sgdf gdluot. [efrfjlrf, bj tef tfdpfrgturf wfrf kfarfgsfk tl >31kfcrffs nfmlw zfrl, tef vlmudf lj g cgs wlumk kfarfgsf tl zfrl gok tefrf wlumknf ol dlmfaumgr gatbvbty. [ebs plbot bs rfjfrrfk tl gnslmutf zfrl. Lo tef Afmsbussagmf, gnslmutf zfrl bs ‑>318A. Lo tef Jgerfoefbt sagmf bt bs ‑;:88J.

Dgoy lj tef cgs mgws rfmgtboc tl efgt grf ngsfk lo alokbtblos lj gnslmutf zfrl.[l gssbst wlr`boc wbte tefsf tfrds, twl gnslmutf tfdpfrgturf sagmfs grf usfk.[efy grf tef @fmvbo sagmf, webae bs ngsfk lo tef Afmsbus sagmf gok tef ^go`bof sagmf, webae bs ngsfk lo tef Jgerfoefbt sagmf. [ef rfmgtblosebp lj tef jlur sagmfsago nf sffo bo tef aegrt nfmlw nut tef dgbo plbots tl rfdfdnfr grf tef jlmmlwboc9

Jbc :.7 [fdpfrgturf Aldpgrbslo Aegrt

Fxgdpmf 19 Alovfrt 76¹A tl @fmvbo

76 + >31 4 >55@

Oltf gmsl tegt wefo tefrdlkyogdba prboabpmfs gok agmaumgtblos grf alosbkfrfk, btbs usugmmy vbtgm tl pfrjlrd tefsf agmaumgtblos usboc tfdpfrgturfs fxprfssfk bo@fmvbo. [ef sbzf lj tef uobts lo tef @fmvbo gok Afmsbus sagmfs grf tef sgdf.

Oltf gmsl tegt 8¹@ bs ljtfo tfrdfk gnslmutf zfrl (bt bs tef mlwfst tfdpfrgturfteflrftbagmmy plssbnmf).




IG^ :: AG[FCL^R N7

DLKVMF >

XERQBAQ

focboffrboc

u`

:.> EFG[ KFJBOB[BLO

Efgt bs g jlrd lj fofrcy. Efgt bs fofrcy bo tef prlafss lj trgosjfr nftwffo gsystfd gok bt‒s surrluokbocs gs g rfsumt lj tfdpfrgturf kbjjfrfoafs. Bj twlnlkbfs, gt kbjjfrfot tfdpfrgturfs, grf nlucet botl alotgat, tefbr tfdpfrgturfsnfaldf fqugm. Efgt agusfs dlmfaumgr dlvfdfot, webae bs g jlrd lj `boftbafofrcy gok, tef ebcefr tef tfdpfrgturf, tef crfgtfr tef `boftba fofrcy lj btsdlmfaumfs.

Efgt bs lof lj tef dlst usfjum jlrds lj fofrcy nfagusf lj bts kbrfat rfmgtblosebpwbte wlr`. Sefo tef nrg`fs lo go gbrargjt grf gppmbfk, tef `boftba fofrcy lj tefdlvboc gbrargjt bs aegocfk botl efgt fofrcy ny tef nrg`f pgk jrbatblo gcgbost tefnrg`f kbsas. [ebs smlws tef weffms gok prlkuafs gkkbtblogm jrbatblo nftwffo tef

weffms gok tef ruowgy, webae jbogmmy, smlws tef gbrargjt.

Xftrlm, kbfsfm gok cgs turnbof focbofs grf jlrds lj efgt focbofs tegt nuro jufmtegt prlkuafs efgt tegt ago nf alovfrtfk botl dfaegobagm fofrcy.

Dgoy kbjjfrfot fjjfats ago nf prlkuafk ny tef gppmbagtblo lj efgt tl g nlky9

Aegocfs bo aefdbagm alostbtutblo

Aegocfs bo fmfatrbagm prlpfrtbfs

Boarfgsf bo tfdpfrgturf

Boarfgsf bo peysbagm sbzf

Aegocfs bo stgtf

[eus wefo twl nlkbfs aldf botl alotgat, tef `boftba fofrcy lj tef dlmfaumfs ljtef elttfr nlky tfoks tl kfarfgsf gok tegt lj tef dlmfaumfs lj tef allmfr nlky, tlboarfgsf uotbm nlte grf gt tef sgdf tfdpfrgturf.

[efrf bs g trgosjfr lj fofrcy jrld tef elttfr tl tef allmfr nlky gok fofrcytrgosjfrrfk bo tebs wgy bs agmmfk efgt. Bt dust nf fdpegsbsfk tegt tef tfrd efgt bsgppmbfk LOMR tl fofrcy bo trgosbt gok agoolt kfsarbnf stlrfk fofrcy . Efgttrgosjfr ago laaur bo terff wgys, alokuatblo, alovfatblo gok rgkbgtblo

:.1 EFG[ AGXGAB[R GOK QXFABJBA EFG[

Bo lur botrlkuatblo tl efgt, wf kbsaussfk tef kbjjfrfoaf nftwffo tfdpfrgturf gokefgt. [fdpfrgturf bs tef kfcrff lj eltofss lj g nlky. Mgrcf kfosf lnifats grfolrdgmmy agpgnmf lj gnslrnboc mgrcf qugotbtbfs lj efgt. Sf usf tef tfrd EfgtAgpgabty tl kfsarbnf tef gdluot lj efgt fofrcy alotgbofk wbtebo g nlky.

Bo lrkfr tl prlkuaf g aegocf bo tfdpfrgturf bo g nlky, efgt fofrcy dust nfsuppmbfk tl bt lr rfdlvfk jrld bt.



Bssuf 7 ‑ >8 Gucust >887 Xgcf :-;

IG^ :: AG[FCL^R N7

DLKVMF >

XERQBAQ

focboffrboc

u`

:.1.7 QXFABJBA EFG[

Kbjjfrfot dgtfrbgms rfqubrf kbjjfrfot gdluots lj efgt tl prlkuaf tef sgdftfdpfrgturf rbsf.

[ef Qpfabjba Efgt lj g sunstgoaf bs kfjbofk gs tef efgt (fofrcy) rfqubrfk tl rgbsftef tfdpfrgturf lj g uobt dgss lj tef sunstgoaf ny lof kfcrff.

[ef uobts aloafrofk grf9

Fofrcy Ilumf I

Dgss @bmlcrgd `c

[fdpfrgturf @fmvbo @

Ql tef Qpfabjba Efgt lj g sunstgoaf wbmm nf bkfotbjbfk bo I/`c/@

[ef jlmmlwboc tgnmf cbvfs tef Qpfabjba Efgt lj g oudnfr lj typbagm sunstgoafsboamukboc wgtfr9

Dgtfrbgm Qpfabjba Efgt I/`c/@

Mfgk 7>3

Dfraury 712

Yboa 15:

Alppfr 152

Qtffm ;57

Gmudbobud 285

Sgtfr ;>88

Jbc :.> Qpfabjba Efgt lj vgrblus dgtfrbgms

:.1.> EFG[ AGXGAB[R

Efgt Agpgabty bs kfjbofk gs tef qugotbty lj efgt rfqubrfk tl rgbsf tef tfdpfrgturflj g nlky ny lof kfcrff.

[ef efgt agpgabty lj g nlky wbmm kfpfok lo tef dgss gok tef Qpfabjba Efgt lj tefdgtfrbgm.

Bt ago nf sffo jrld tef tgnmf gnlvf tegt dlrf fofrcy dust nf suppmbfk tl wgtfrtl efgt bt, tego tl goy lj tef dftgms. Bj wf gppmy g spfabjba qugotbty lj efgt tl 7`clj wgtfr, bt wbmm olt efgt up gs duae gs tef sgdf qugotbty lj efgt gppmbfk tl goy ljtef ltefr dgtfrbgms bo tef mbst.

Fxgdpmf9 Agmaumgtf tef qugotbty lj efgt rfqubrfk tl rgbsf tef tfdpfrgturf lj 78mbtrfs lj wgtfr jrld 18¹A tl 58¹A.




IG^ :: AG[FCL^R N7

DLKVMF >

XERQBAQ

focboffrboc

u`

Gs tef Kfosbty lj wgtfr bs 7,888 `c/d1 lr 7 `c/mbtrf, 78 mbtrfs lj wgtfr egs g dgss

lj 78 `c. [ef spfabjba efgt lj wgtfr bs ;,>88 I/`c/@.

Sf wgot tl rgbsf tef tfdpfrgturf jrld 18¹A tl 58¹A 4 68¹A. (68@)

Ql tef qugotbty lj efgt rfqubrfk wbmm nf 78 x ;>88 x 68 4 >,788,888I 4 >.7DI

:.; MG[FO[ EFG[ / QFOQBNMF EFG[

Bj wf gkk efgt fofrcy tl g sunstgoaf suae gs wgtfr, wf wlumk fxpfat teftfdpfrgturf tl boarfgsf. Bo jgat tef tfdpfrgturf lj tef wgtfr wbmm boarfgsf bokbrfat prlplrtblo tl tef gdluot lj efgt gkkfk. [ef efgt gkkfk bs olrdgmmy tfrdfk”Qfosbnmf Efgt—. [ebs tfrd gatugmmy dfgos ”gnmf tl nf lnsfrvfk—. [ef aegocf bo

tfdpfrgturf selumk nf lnsfrvgnmf lo g tefrdldftfr.

Bo tef prfvblus fxgdpmf, >.7DI lj fofrcy wgs rfqubrfk tl rgbsf tef tfdpfrgturflj 78 mbtrfs lj wgtfr ny 68¹A. [ebs fofrcy bs sfosbnmf efgt.

:.;.7 AEGOCF LJ Q[G[F

Gs wf egvf prfvblusmy kbsaussfk bo sfatblo 7 ”Dgttfr—, gmm sunstgoafs ago fxbst bolof lj terff stgtfs, ogdfmy9

Qlmbk

Mbqubk Cgs

Sgtfr ago fxbst gs g slmbk (baf), mbqubk (olrdgm wgtfr) lr gs g cgs (stfgd).

Bj wf gkk fofrcy (efgt) tl baf, sldf lj bt wbmm nf alovfrtfk tl wgtfr. Sefo gmm ljtef baf egs dfmtfk, jurtefr gkkbtblo lj efgt wbmm agusf g aegocf bo teftfdpfrgturf.

:.;.> MG[FO[ EFG[ LJ JVQBLO

[ef fofrcy gkkfk webae agusfs g aegocf bo stgtf jrld slmbk tl mbqubk.



Bssuf 7 ‑ >8 Gucust >887 Xgcf :-:

IG^ :: AG[FCL^R N7

DLKVMF >

XERQBAQ

focboffrboc

u`

Bj wgtfr, jlr fxgdpmf, bs efgtfk gt g alostgot rgtf, tef tfdpfrgturf wbmm rbsf,

selwo ny GN. Gt N, alrrfsplokboc tl 788¹A (tef nlbmboc plbot lj wgtfr) tef crgpejlmmlws NA, webae rfprfsfots tef alostgot tfdpfrgturf lj 788¹A. Gjtfr g tbdf,

tef crgpe rfsudfs bts lrbcbogm pgte, AK.Segt wgs egppfofk tl tef efgt suppmbfk kurboc tef tbdf pfrblk nftwffo N gokA<

[ef goswfr bs tegt bt wgs usfk, olt tl rgbsf tef tfdpfrgturf, nut tl aegocf tefstgtf jrld wgtfr botl stfgd. [ebs bs tfrdfk mgtfot efgt, gok gmsl jfgturfs wefobaf dfmts tl nfaldf wgtfr.

Ql mgtfot efgt bs tef efgt rfqubrfk tl agusf g aegocf lj stgtf, gok sfosbnmf efgt bs tef efgt rfqubrfk tl agusf g aegocf lj tfdpfrgturf.

:.6 EFG[ [^GOQJF^

[efrf grf terff dftelks ny webae efgt bs trgosjfrrfk jrld lof mlagtblo tlgoltefr lr jrld lof sunstgoaf tl goltefr. [efsf terff dftelks grf alokuatblo,alovfatblo gok rgkbgtblo.

:.6.7 ALOKVA[BLO

Alokuatblo rfqubrfs peysbagm alotgat nftwffo g nlky egvboc g ebce mfvfm lj efgtfofrcy gok g nlky egvboc g mlwfr mfvfm lj efgt fofrcy. Sefo g almk lnifat

tluaefs g elt lnifat, tef vblmfot gatblo lj tef dlmfaumfs bo tef elt dgtfrbgm spffkup tef smlw dlmfaumfs bo tef almk lnifat. [ebs gatblo sprfgks uotbm tef efgt bsfqugmbsfk terlucelut nlte nlkbfs.

Dgtfrbgms suae gs dftgms grf cllk alokuatlrs (f.c. sbmvfr, alppfr, gmudbobud)webmst ltefr dgtfrbgms kl olt alokuat rfgkbmy gok grf tfrdfk bosumgtlrs (f.c.wllk, pmgstbas, alr`).

Oltf tegt tefrf gppfgrs tl nf g sbdbmgrbty nftwffo tefrdgm gok fmfatrbagmalokuatblo lr bosumgtblo.




IG^ :: AG[FCL^R N7

DLKVMF >

XERQBAQ

focboffrboc

u`

G cllk fxgdpmf lj efgt trgosjfr ny alokuatblo bs tef wgy fxafssbvf efgt bs

rfdlvfk jrld go gbrargjt's pbstlo focbof aymbokfr. [ef aldnustblo bosbkf gaymbokfr rfmfgsfs g crfgt kfgm lj efgt, (fofrcy). [ebs efgt pgssfs tl tef lutsbkflj tef aymbokfr efgk ny alokuatblo gok botl tef jbos surrluokboc tef efgk. [efefgt bs tefo alokuatfk botl tef gbr gs bt jmlws terluce tef jbos.

Jbc :.; Alokuatblo vbg Allmboc Jbos

Zgrblus dftgms egvf kbjjfrfot rgtfs lj alokuatblo. Bo sldf agsfs, tef gnbmbty lj gdftgm tl alokuat efgt bs g dgilr jgatlr bo aellsboc lof dftgm lvfr goltefr.Mbqubks grf pllr alokuatlrs lj efgt aldpgrfk wbte dftgms. [ebs ago nf lnsfrvfkny nlbmboc wgtfr gt lof fok lj g wgtfr jbmmfk tfst tunf, webmst baf rfdgbos gt tef

ltefr fok. Cgssfs grf fvfo wlrsf alokuatlrs lj efgt tego mbqubks. Sebae bs weywf ago stgok qubtf amlsf tl g jbrf lr stlvf wbtelut nfboc nurofk.

Bosumgtlrs grf dgtfrbgms tegt prfvfot, lr gt mfgst vfry ngkmy alokuat, efgt. Gwllkfo egokmf lo g plt lr slmkfrboc brlo sfrvfs gs g efgt bosumgtlr. Afrtgbodgtfrbgms, suae gs jbofmy spuo cmgss, grf g pgrtbaumgrmy pllr efgt alokuatlr gok,tefrfjlrf bs usfk bo dgoy typfs lj bosumgtblo.

:.6.> ALOZFA[BLO

Alovfatblo bs tef prlafss ny webae efgt bs trgosjfrrfk ny tef dlvfdfot lj gefgtfk jmubk. Jlr fxgdpmf, wefo efgt bs gnslrnfk ny g jrff-dlvboc jmubk, tef jmubkamlsfst tl tef efgt sluraf fxpgoks gok bts kfosbty kfarfgsfs. [ebs mfss kfosfjmubk rbsfs gok jlrafs tef dlrf kfosf jmubk klwowgrks. G pgo lj wgtfr lo g stlvfbs efgtfk bo tebs wgy. [ef wgtfr lo tef nlttld lj tef pgo efgts ny alokuatblogok rbsfs. Loaf tebs laaurs, tef allmfr wgtfr dlvfs tlwgrks tef nlttld lj tefpgo. [ef sgdf fjjfat wlumk egppfo bo go gbrargjt jufm tgo`. [ef lutfr pgrt lj teftgo` wlumk nf efgtfk ny alokuatblo gok tef jufm wbtebo tef tgo` dlvfs grluok nyalovfatblo.




IG^ :: AG[FCL^R N7

DLKVMF >

XERQBAQ

focboffrboc

u`

Jbc :.6 Alovfatblo Aurrfots

[rgosjfr lj efgt ny alovfatblo bs ljtfo egstfofk ny tef usf lj g vfotbmgtboc jgo tldlvf tef gbr surrluokboc g elt lnifat. [ef usf lj jgo efgtfrs bo pmgaf lj strgbcetfmfatrba jbrfs tl efgt g rlld, bs g agsf bo plbot. Sefo tebs prlafss bs usfk tl rfdlvf efgt, g jgo lr pudp bs ljtfo usfk tl abraumgtf tef allmgot dfkbud tlgaafmfrgtf tef trgosjfr lj efgt.

:.6.1 ^GKBG[BLO

[ef tebrk wgy efgt bs trgosjfrrfk bs terluce rgkbgtblo. ^gkbgtblo bs tef lomy jlrdlj fofrcy trgosjfr tegt klfs olt rfqubrf tef prfsfoaf lj dgttfr. [ef efgt ylu jffmjrld go lpfo jbrf bs olt trgosjfrrfk ny alovfatblo nfagusf elt gbr lvfr tef jbrfrbsfs. Jurtefrdlrf, tef efgt bs olt trgosjfrrfk terluce alokuatblo nfagusf tefalokuatbvbty lj gbr bs pllr gok tef allmfr gbr dlvboc tlwgrks tef jbrf lvfraldfstef trgosjfr lj efgt lutwgrks. [efrfjlrf, tefrf dust nf sldf wgy jlr efgt tltrgvfm garlss spgaf ltefr tego ny alokuatblo lr alovfatblo. [ef tfrd "rgkbgtblo"rfjfrs tl tef alotbougm fdbssblo lj fofrcy jrld tef surjgaf lj gmm nlkbfs. [ebsfofrcy bs `olwo gs rgkbgot fofrcy, lj webae suombcet bs g jlrd. [ebs bs wey ylujffm wgrd stgokboc bo jrlot lj g wboklw webmst bt bs vfry almk lutsbkf.

:.: FUXGOQBLO LJ QLMBKQ

Focboffrs grf jgdbmbgr wbte tef fjjfat lj tfdpfrgturf lo struaturfs gokaldplofots, gs tef tfdpfrgturf boarfgsfs, tebocs fxpgok (kbdfosblosboarfgsf) gok vbaf vfrsg. Fxpgosblo fjjfats slmbks, mbqubks gok cgsfs.

Nut elw duae klfs g aldplofot fxpgok< [ef goswfr selumk nf lnvblus.

Fxpgosblo bs prlplrtblogm tl tef boarfgsf bo tfdpfrgturf tl tef lrbcbogmkbdfosblo gok kfpfoks lo tef gatugm dgtfrbgm usfk.




IG^ :: AG[FCL^R N7

DLKVMF >

XERQBAQ

focboffrboc

u`

:.:.7 MBOFG^ FUXGOQBLO

Bj efgt bs gppmbfk tl g mloc pbfaf lj dftgm, bt wbmm boarfgsf bo mfocte. [ebs fjjfat egstl nf tg`fo botl alosbkfrgtblo wefo kfsbcoboc mloc dftgm struaturfs, suae gsnrbkcfs. [ef kfsbcofr dust gmmlw jlr tef tefrdgm fxpgosblo, ltefrwbsf tef nrbkcfwlumk nua`mf gok pfrdgofotmy kfjlrd.

Gmm dgtfrbgms egvf kbjjfrfot fxpgosblo rgtfs gok wf spfabjy tef gdluot g

pgrtbaumgr dgtfrbgm fxpgoks ny tef alfjjbabfot lj mbofgr fxpgosblo . Ql bj wf egvfg dgtfrbgm wbte go lrbcbogm mfocte M7 gok g jbogm mfocte gjtfr fxpgosblo M>, teffxtfosblo wbmm nf selwo ny9

M> - M7 4 M7 (> - 7)

Sefrf M> gok M7 grf jbogm gok bobtbgm mfoctes,

> gok 7 grf jbogm gok bobtbgm tfdpfrgturfs

Gok bs g dgtfrbgm alostgot (alfjjbabfot lj mbofgr fxpgosblo).

:.:.> ZLMVDF[^BA

Gs wfmm gs g aegocf bo mfocte, dgtfrbgms wbmm aegocf bo grfg lr aegocf bo vlmudf.Sefo sunifatfk tl g aegocf bo tfdpfrgturf. [ebs fjjfat bs gcgbo bdplrtgot wefokfsbcofrs alosbkfr prlpfrtbfs lj dgtfrbgms jlr gbrargjt lr turnbof focbofs. Gbrargjtdgtfrbgms wbmm nf sunifatfk tl mgrcf tfdpfrgturf aegocfs kurboc gbrargjt lpfrgtblo. Gcgbo, gmm dgtfrbgms egvf kbjjfrfot fxpgosblo rgtfs gok sl crfgt agrf dust nftg`fo wefo sfmfatboc dgtfrbgms wefo mgrcf tfdpfrgturf aegocfs grf gotbabpgtfk.Bo tef agsf lj g turnbof focbof, dgoy lj tef rltgtboc dgssfs grf dlvboc bosbkfpgrts lj tef focbof gok egvf vfry sdgmm botfrogm amfgrgoafs. Dgoy kbjjfrfotdgtfrbgms grf usfk gok sl tefsf amfgrgoafs dgy vgry wbte tfdpfrgturf. Bo tebsagsf tef aegocf bo vlmudf bs selwo ny9

[ef aegocf bo vlmudf, Z> - Z7 4 Z7 (> - 7)

Sefrf 4 tef alfjjbabfot lj vlmudftrba fxpgosblo. (oltf tegt 4 1 (sffgnlvf)).

[ef kbjjfrboc fxpgosblo rgtf lj dgtfrbgms ago nf utbmbsfk wefo lof dgtfrbgm offkstl nf g tbcet jbt lo tef lutsbkf lj goltefr. Sf sldftbdfs ”Qerbo` Jbt— dgtfrbgmslotl ltefr dgtfrbgms. [ef amgssba fxgdpmf lj tebs bs jbttboc g stffm rbd tl g wllkfoagrt weffm. Qtffm egs g crfgtfr alfjjbabfot lj fxpgosblo tego wllk. [ef stffm rbdbs dgkf vfry smbcetmy sdgmmfr tego tef lutsbkf kbgdftfr lj tef wllkfo weffm. [ljbt tef rbd, bt bs efgtfk bo g jurogaf gok bo klboc sl, bt fxpgoks smbcetmy. Bt bs tefoput lotl tef lutsbkf lj tef weffm gok allmfk wbte wgtfr. Lo allmboc tef rbdserbo`s gok nfaldfs g tbcet jbt lo tef weffm. Lnvblusmy agrf dust nf tg`fo boprlkuaboc tef alrrfat sbzf stffm rbd.




IG^ :: AG[FCL^R N7

DLKVMF >

XERQBAQ

focboffrboc

u`

:.3 FUXGOQBLO LJ JMVBKQ

Mbqubks nfegvf bo g sbdbmgr wgy tl slmbks wefo efgtfk, nut

g) tefy fxpgok dlrf tego slmbks, gok

n) tefy fxpgok vlmudftrbagmmy. Oltf tegt wefo efgtfk, tef alotgbofrs tfok tlfxpgok gs wfmm, webae dgy lr dgy olt nf bdplrtgot tl g kfsbcofr.

Cgsfs elwfvfr, nfegvf bo g rgtefr dlrf aldpmfx wgy, gs vlmudf goktfdpfrgturf aegocfs grf usugmmy gaaldpgobfk ny prfssurf aegocfs.

:.5 CGQ MGSQ

Cgssfs gok mbqubks grf nlte jmubks tegt grf usfk tl trgosdbt jlrafs. Elwfvfr,cgssfs kbjjfr jrld mbqubks bo tegt cgssfs grf aldprfssbnmf, webmf mbqubks grfalosbkfrfk tl nf boaldprfssbnmf. (Bt wbmm nf jluok mgtfr tegt tebs bs olt qubtf truf).[ef vlmudf lj g cgs bs gjjfatfk ny tfdpfrgturf gok prfssurf. [ef kfcrff tlwebae tfdpfrgturf gok prfssurf gjjfat vlmudf bs kfjbofk bo twl 'cgs mgws' ogdfkgjtfr tef sabfotbsts wel prlkuafk tefd0 Nlymf gok Aegrmfs.

:.5.7 NLRMF'Q MGS

Bo 7::8, tef Nrbtbse peysbabst ^lnfrt Nlymf kbsalvfrfk tegt wefo ylu aegocf tefvlmudf lj g alojbofk cgs, gt g alostgot tfdpfrgturf, tef prfssurf gmsl aegocfs.Jlr fxgdpmf, usboc Nlymf's Mgw, bj tef tfdpfrgturf bs alostgot gok tef vlmudfkfarfgsfk, tef prfssurf boarfgsfs. [ef vlmudf gok prfssurf grf sgbk tl nfbovfrsfmy rfmgtfk gok tebs bs selwo nfmlw9

Nlymfs‒s Mgw97

>

>

7

X

X

Z

Z L^ X7 Z7 4 X> Z>

Sefrf9

Z7 4 bobtbgm vlmudf X7 4 bobtbgm prfssurf

Z> 4 aldprfssfk vlmudf X> 4 aldprfssfk prfssurf

:.5.> AEG^MFQ' MGS

Igaqufs Aegrmfs jluok tegt gmm cgssfs fxpgok gok alotrgat bo kbrfat prlplrtblo tlgoy aegocf bo gnslmutf tfdpfrgturf. [ebs bs Aegrmfs' Mgw, webae stgtfs tegt tefvlmudf lj g jbxfk dgss lj cgs, gt g alostgot prfssurf, bs kbrfatmy prlplrtblogm tlbts gnslmutf tfdpfrgturf. [ebs bs wrbttfo gs nfmlw9

Aegrmfs‒ Mgw9 >

7

>

7

[

[

Z

Z




IG^ :: AG[FCL^R N7

DLKVMF >

XERQBAQ

focboffrboc

u`

[ef mgw gmsl stgtfs tegt bj tef vlmudf lj tef cgs bs efmk alostgot, tef prfssurf

boarfgsfs gok kfarfgsfs bo kbrfat prlplrtblo tl aegocfs bo gnslmutf tfdpfrgturf.[ebs rfmgtblosebp bs selwo bo tef fqugtblo nfmlw9

Aegrmfs‒ Mgw9>

7

>

7

[

[

X

X

Sefrf9

X7 4 bobtbgm prfssurf [7 4 bobtbgm tfdpfrgturf Z7 4 bobtbgm vlmudf

X> 4 aldprfssfk prfssurf [> 4 rfvbsfk tfdpfrgturf Z> 4 rfvbsfk vlmudf

Aegrmfs Mgw ago nf bmmustrgtfk ny g crgpe.

"[ef vlmudf lj g jbxfk dgss lj cgs gt alostgot prfssurf bs prlplrtblogm tl tefgnslmutf tfdpfrgturf".

Bj g jbxfk dgss lj cgs (f.c. gbr) bs efgtfk jrld tfdpfrgturf [7 tl [>, bts bobtbgmvlmudf Z7 boarfgsfs tl Z>. Oltf tegt tef boarfgsf bs mbofgr (tef crgpe jlmmlws gstrgbcet-mbof). Oltf tegt bj tef mbof bs fxtfokfk nga`, bt arlssfs tef [ (x) gxbs gt ->31¹A, lr gnslmutf zfrl.

[ef smlpf bs alostgot, tefrfjlrfZ[

bs alostgot, lrZ7

[7 4

Z>

[> (tfdpfrgturf

dust nf fxprfssfk bo tef @fmvbo tfdpfrgturf sagmf).



Bssuf 7 ‑ >8 Gucust >887 Xgcf :-7>

IG^ :: AG[FCL^R N7

DLKVMF >

XERQBAQ

focboffrboc

u`

:.5.1 ALDNBOFK CGQ MGS

[ebs mgw bs gmsl `olwo gs tef Cfofrgm Cgs Mgw gok bs g aldnbogtblo lj tef twlprfvblus mgws botl lof jlrdumg. [ebs gmmlws ylu tl agmaumgtf prfssurf, vlmudf lr tfdpfrgturf wefo lof, lr dlrf lj tef vgrbgnmfs aegocf. [ef fqugtblo jlr tebsmgw bs selwo nfmlw9

>

>>

7

77

[

Z X

[

Z X ^fdfdnfr, tfdpfrgturf bs bo @fmvbo

Sefrf tef sydnlms rfprfsfot tef sgdf vgmufs gs bo tef twl prfvblus mgws.

:.2 FOCBOF ARAMFQ

[ef cgs turnbof focbof bs fssfotbgmmy g efgt focbof usboc gbr gs g wlr`boc jmubk tlprlvbkf terust. [l gaebfvf tebs, tef gbr pgssboc terluce tef focbof bs gaafmfrgtfkny efgtboc. [ebs dfgos tegt tef vfmlabty lj tef gbr bs boarfgsfk nfjlrf bt bs jbogmmyfdbttfk bo tef jlrd lj g ebce vfmlabty ift. Bo tef jlmmlwboc pgrgcrgpes, wf segmmsff elw tef vgrblus teflrbfs gok mgws grf gppmbfk tl tef gfrl cgs turnbof. Mft usjbrst alosbkfr tef fjjfat lj gkkboc efgt tl tef cgs jmlw.

:.2.7 [EF FJJFA[ LJ GKKBOC EFG[ G[ ALOQ[GO[ ZLMVDF.

Bj g dgss lj gbr bs efgtfk gok bts vlmudf agoolt aegocf tefrf wbmm nf go boarfgsflj prfssurf tl gaaldpgoy tef boarfgsf bo tfdpfrgturf (XZ 4 ^[). [ebs alokbtblofxbsts bo tef aymbokfr lj g pbstlo focbof.

:.2.> [EF FJJFA[ LJ GKKBOC EFG[ G[ ALOQ[GO[ X^FQQV^F.

Bj efgt bs gkkfk tl g dgss lj gbr webae bs olt alojbofk bo vlmudf (fc. olt bo gofoamlsfk aymbokfr), bts tfdpfrgturf wbmm rbsf gok tefrf wbmm nf g rfmgtfk boarfgsf botef vlmudf lj tef cgs (X^ 4 ^[). [ef prfssurf wbmm rfdgbo gpprlxbdgtfmy

alostgot gok tebs bs wegt egppfos bo tef aldnustblo grfg lj g cgs turnboffocbof.




IG^ :: AG[FCL^R N7

DLKVMF >

XERQBAQ

focboffrboc

u`

3 LX[BAQ

3.7 QXFFK LJ MBCE[

Mbcet bs g jlrd lj fofrcy. Bt bs go fmfatrldgcoftba wgvf dltblo wbte g vfmlabty bo gvgauud lj gpprlxbdgtfmy 1 x 785 dftrfs pfr sfalok. (75:,888 dbmfs pfr sfalok).

Mbcet trgvfms bo fssfotbgmmy strgbcet mbofs gs mloc gs bt stgys bo g uobjlrd dfkbud.[ebs bs rfjfrrfk tl gs '^fatbmbofgr Xrlpgcgtblo'. Sefo bt jgmms lo go lnifat bt wbmmkl lof lr dlrf lj terff tebocs. Bt wbmm nf9

[rgosdbttfk terluce tef lnifat bj tef lnifat bs trgospgrfot

^fjmfatfk ny tef lnifat

Gnslrnfk ny tef lnifat

[wl lr terff lj tefsf dgy tg`f pmgaf sbdumtgoflusmy

[ef vfmlabty lj mbcet aegocfs gs bt pgssfs jrld lof dfkbud tl goltefr.

Sefo mbcet trgvfms terluce tefsf ltefr dfkbuds bts vfmlabty bs rfkuafk. Nfagusflj tebs smlwboc klwo, tef mbcet rgy nfoks gt tef surjgaf lj tef ofw dfkbud.

Bo lptbas g dfkbud bs goy sunstgoaf tegt trgosdbts mbcet.

3.> ^FJMFA[BLO

Gmm surjgafs fxafpt dgtt nmga` lofs rfjmfat sldf lj tef mbcet jgmmboc lo tefd.Xlmbsefk dftgm surjgafs rfjmfat 58 ‑ 28% lj tef mbcet. Dbrrlrs grf cfofrgmmy dgkfny kfplsbtboc g tebo sbmvfr mgyfr lo tef nga` lj g sefft lj cmgss.

Sefo g nfgd lj mbcet strb`fs g sdllte plmbsefk surjgaf, rfcumgr rfjmfatblo wbmmlaaur gs selwo bo tef kbgcrgd nfmlw.

Jbc 3.7 Xmgof Dbrrlr




IG^ :: AG[FCL^R N7

DLKVMF >

XERQBAQ

focboffrboc

u`

Bj tef surjgaf bs brrfcumgr lr bs rluce, mbcet wbmm nf rfjmfatfk bo dgoy kbrfatblos gsselwo bo tef kbgcrgd nfmlw. [ebs sagttfrboc lj mbcet bs rfjfrrfk tl gs 'kbjjusfrfjmfatblo'.

Jbc 3.> ^fjmfatblo jrld g rluce surjgaf

Bo fvfry kgy usf go lrkbogry dbrrlr bmmustrgtfs rfcumgr rfjmfatblo wefrfgs dlstolo-mudbolus nlkbfs kfdlostrgtf kbjjusf rfjmfatblo.

3.>.7 MGSQ LJ ^FJMFA[BLO

[ef boabkfot rgy, tef rfjmfatfk rgy gok tef olrdgm gt tef plbot lj boabkfoaf grf gmmbo tef sgdf pmgof.

[ef gocmf lj boabkfoaf bs fqugm tl tef gocmf lj rfjmfatblo.

[ef mbof pfrpfokbaumgr tl tef dbrrlr pmgof bs tef Olrdgm.

G rgy lj mbcet, webae trgvfms tlwgrks tef dbrrlr, bs agmmfk tef Boabkfot rgy. [ef rgyrfjmfatboc jrld tef dbrrlr bs agmmfk tef ^fjmfatfk rgy.




IG^ :: AG[FCL^R N7

DLKVMF >

XERQBAQ

focboffrboc

u`

3.1 XMGOF GOK AV^ZFK DB^^L^Q

Jbc 3.> Zbrtugm Bdgcf

Sefo ylu mll` bo g dbrrlr, ylu sff g rfjmfatblo, usugmmy tfrdfk go bdgcf. [efkbgcrgd gnlvf selws > rfjmfatfk rgys, vbfwboc go lnifat L jrld twl kbjjfrfotgocmfs. Oltf tef rfjmfatfk rgys gppfgr tl aldf jrld B webae alrrfsploks tl tefbdgcf, gok mbfs lo tef sgdf olrdgm tl tef dbrrlr gs tef lnifat, gok gppfgrs tefsgdf kbstgoaf nfebok tef dbrrlr gs tef lnifat bs bo jrlot.

Oltf gmsl tegt tef bdgcf bs g vbrtugm bdgcf, bt ago nf sffo, nut agoolt nf selwolo g sarffo.

Oltf gmsl tegt bt gppfgrs tef sgdf sbzf gs tef lnifat, gok bs mgtfrgmmy bovfrtfk.

[efsf grf jfgturfs lj bdgcfs bo pmgof dbrrlrs.

3.1.7 AV^ZFK DB^^L^Q

Aurvfk dbrrlr dgy nf aloagvf, alovfx, pgrgnlmba lr fmmbptbagm. [ef ngsba mgw,gocmf lj boabkfoaf fqugms rfjmfatblo - stbmm elmks, nut tef aurvfk surjgaf gmmlws tefrgys tl nf jlaussfk lr kbspfrsfk. Bo aloagvf lr alovfx dbrrlrs, tef aurvf bssegpfk tl nf pgrt lj g spefrf.

Sefo g ogrrlw nfgd lj pgrgmmfm rgys lj mbcet grf boabkfot lo g aloagvf dbrrlr, tefrfjmfatfk rgys alovfrcf tl g plbot J lo tef prboabpgm gxbs. [ebs plbot bs agmmfk tef

prboabpgm jlaus. [ebs jlaus plbot bs agmmfk g rfgm jlaus nfagusf tef rgys pgssterluce bt.

JX bs `olwo gs tef jlagm mfocte.

Oltf tef rgys gatugmmy pgss terluce J,gok g rfgm bdgcf ago nf jlrdfk.

Jbc 3.1 Aloagvf Dbrrlr




IG^ :: AG[FCL^R N7

DLKVMF >

XERQBAQ

focboffrboc

u`

G alovfx dbrrlr gmsl egs g prboabpgmjlaus, nut bo tebs agsf tef prboabpgmjlaus bs g vbrtugm jlaus.

JX bs stbmm tef jlagm mfocte, nut tefbdgcf bs vbrtugm.

Jbc 3.; Alovfx Dbrrlr

Sf egvf iust selwo tegt g ogrrlw nfgd lj mbcet amlsf tl tef prboabpgm gxbs lj galoagvf dbrrlr wbmm prlkuaf g kbstboat jlaus plbot lo tef prboabpgm gxbs lj tefdbrrlr (J). Bj tef mbcet bs g wbkf nfgd lj mbcet bs usfk gs selwo, tef rgys wfmm gwgyjrld tef prboabpgm gxbs grf nrlucet tl g jlaus gt g kbjjfrfot plbot (J7). [ebs wbmmrfsumt bo g nmurrfk jlaus. [ebs pefoldfolo bs agmmfk spefrbagm gnfrrgtblo.[ef prboabpmf lj ^fvfrsbnbmbty lj Mbcet tfmms us tegt bj wf rfvfrsf tef sbtugtblo gokpmgaf g sdgmm mbcet sluraf gt tef prboabpgm jlaus lj g aloagvf dbrrlr, tef rfjmfatfkmbcet jrld tef lutfr pgrts lj tef dbrrlr wbmm prlkuaf g kbvfrcfot nfgd.

JBC 3.6 QXEF^BAGM GNF^^G[BLO

Jlr tebs rfgslo, wf agoolt usf g spefrbagm dbrrlr bj wf wbse tl prlkuaf g pgrgmmfmnfgd lj mbcet suae gs jlr sfgraembcets lr mgokboc mgdps lj gbrargjt. Jlr tebs typf ljgppmbagtblo wf wlumk bkfgmmy wgot tl plsbtblo g mgdp gt tef prboabpmf jlaus gokprlkuaf g wbkf pgrgmmfm nfgd lj mbcet. [ebs ago nf gaebfvfk bj tef dbrrlr bs gpgrgnlmg. Gmm mbcet rgys jrld tef mgdp wbmm prlkuaf g pgrgmmfm nfgd.




IG^ :: AG[FCL^R N7

DLKVMF >

XERQBAQ

focboffrboc

u`

Jbc 3.: Xgrgnlmba ^fjmfatlr

3.1.> ^GR KBGC^GDQ LJ BDGCFQ

Sf ago rfprfsfot bdgcfs prlkuafk ny dbrrlrs gok mfosfs ny usboc g rgykbgcrgd. Ny alovfotblo wf ljtfo lomy selw g sdgmm segpf lj tef dbrrlr rfjmfatbocsurjgaf gok rfprfsfot tef welmf surjgaf gs g strgbcet mbof.

Jbc 3.3 ^gy Kbgcrgd[ef lnifat bs rfprfsfotfk ny go grrlw. [ef sbzf gok plsbtblo lj tef bdgcf dgynf jluok ny krgwboc twl rgys jrld tef efgk lj tef grrlw G.

[ef jbrst GN, pgrgmmfm tl tef prboabpgm gxbs. [ebs wbmm nf rfjmfatfk nga` terlucetef prboabpmf jlaus J.

[ef sfalok GK pgssfs terluce tef afotrf lj aurvgturf lj tef dbrrlr gok bsrfjmfatfk nga` terluce tef afotrf lj aurvgturf.




IG^ :: AG[FCL^R N7

DLKVMF >

XERQBAQ

focboffrboc

u`

[ef plbot wefrf tef rgys botfrsfat gjtfr rfjmfatblo bs tef efgk lj tef bdgcf. Bt ago

nf sffo jrld tef kbgcrgd tegt tef bdgcf bs bovfrtfk gok rfkuafk bo sbzf. Bt bs gmslg rfgm bdgcf.

Bo tef sfalok fxgdpmf tef lnifat bs plsbtblofk al-boabkfot wbte tef afotrf ljaurvgturf lj tef dbrrlr. [ef bdgcf wbmm tefo nf gt tef sgdf plsbtblo, nut bovfrtfkgok gmsl tef sgdf sbzf gs tef lnifat.

Bo tef tebrk agsf, wbte tef lnifat nftwffo A, tef afotrf lj aurvgturf J, tef jlagmplbot, tef bdgcf wbmm stbmm nf bovfrtfk, nut bo tebs agsf bt wbmm nf duae mgrcfr gokjurtefr nga` jrld tef dbrrlr.

Bt ago nf sffo jrld tef fxgdpmfs cbvfo, tegt tef sbzf lj tef bdgcf kfpfoks lotef plsbtblo lj tef lnifat wbte rfspfat tl tef afotrf lj aurvgturf gok tef jlausplbot lj tef dbrrlr.

[ef bdgcf dgy nf sdgmmfr lr mgrcfr.

Dgcobjbagtblo 4bdgcf efbcetlnifat efbcet

(Bt ago nf selwo jlr spefrbagm dbrrlrs tegt dgcobjbagtblo 4bdgcf kbstgoaf

lnifat kbstgoaf

(Z)

(u) .




IG^ :: AG[FCL^R N7

DLKVMF >

XERQBAQ

focboffrboc

u`

Aloagvf dbrrlrs (f.c. segvboc dbrrlrs) cbvf g dgcobjbfk, frfat (rbcet wgy up)

bdgcf, bj vbfwfk jrld amlsf-tl.

Alovfx dbrrlrs (f.c. krbvboc dbrrlrs) cbvf g sdgmmfr, frfat bdgcf, nut wbte g wbkfjbfmk lj vbfw.

Xgrgnlmba rfjmfatlrs ago jlaus g wbkf pgrgmmfm nfgd. Ny pmgaboc tef numn gt tefjlaus, tefy ago prlkuaf g strloc nfgd lj mbcet. (Alovfrsfmy, tefy ago jlausdbarlwgvf sbcogms wefo usfk gs go gfrbgm).

3.; ^FJ^GA[BLO

^fjrgatblo bs tef nfokboc lj mbcet gs bt pgssfsgarlss tef nluokgry lj lof dfkbud tl goltefr.

Sefo g rgy lj mbcet strb`fs g surjgaf olrdgm tltef surjgaf lj tef dfkbud, gs selwo botef kbgcrgd nfmlw, pgrt lj bt wbmm nfrfjmfatfk (olt selwo) gok pgrt lj bt wbmm nfgnslrnfk gs selwo ny tef pfoftrgtboc rgy.

Gs mloc gs tef boabkfot rgy bs olrdgm tl tef surjgaf bt wbmm alotbouf bo g strgbcetmbof bo tef ofw dfkbud. [ef pfoftrgtboc rgy wbmm olt aegocf kbrfatblo nut wbmm

smlw up alosbkfrgnmy.

Olw alosbkfr tef agsf wefo tef gocmf lj boabkfot bs olt olrdgm tl tef pmgof, gsselwo bo tef kbgcrgd nfmlw.




IG^ :: AG[FCL^R N7

DLKVMF >

XERQBAQ

focboffrboc

u`

Vplo fotfrboc dfkbud >, tef boabkfot rgy aegocfs kbrfatblo. [ebs nfokboc, lr

rfjrgatblo, bs agusfk ny tef aegocf lj vfmlabty gs bt fotfrs dfkbud >. Bo tebs agsfdfkbud > bs dlrf kfosf tego dfkbud 7 gok tefrfjlrf tef rfjrgatfk rgy nfokstlwgrks tef olrdgm. (Bj dfkbud 7 egk nffo dlrf kfosf tego dfkbud > tefrfjrgatfk rgy wlumk nfok gwgy jrld tef olrdgm).

3.;.7 ^FJ^GA[BZF BOKFU

[ef ^fjrgatbvf Bokfx (o) bs tef rgtbl lj tef vfmlabty lj mbcet bo gbr (a) tl tef vfmlabty

lj mbcet bo tef dfkbud nfboc alosbkfrfk ().

o 4 a d/sd/s (7)

[ypbagm bokfxfs lj rfjrgatblo grf cbvfo bo tef jlmmlwboc tgnmf.

Gbr 788

Kbgdlok >;>

Fteym Gmalelm 71:

Jusfk Wugrtz 7;:

Cmgss 766 - 72

Lptbagm Jbnrf 76

Sgtfr 711

3.;.> MGSQ LJ ^FJ^GA[BLO

[ef boabkfot rgy, tef rfjmfatfk rgy gok tef olrdgm gt tef plbot lj boabkfoaf gmm mbfbo tef sgdf pmgof.

[ef rgtbl lj tef sbof lj tef gocmf lj boabkfoaf tl tef sbof lj tef gocmf lj rfjrgatblobs g alostgot (Qofmms Mgw).

Sefo g mbcet rgy trgvfmmboc bo g dfkbud wbte go bokfx lj rfjrgatblo, o7, strb`fs gsfalok dfkbud wbte go bokfx lj rfjrgatblo o>, gt go gocmf lj boabkfoaf b , tef

gocmf lj rfjrgatblo, , ago nf kftfrdbofk ny Qofmms Mgw.

o7 sbob 4 o> sbo ………(>)

3.;.1 [L[GM BO[F^OGM ^FJMFA[BLO

Gs gmrfgky stgtfk, lo rfjrgatblo gt g kfosfr dfkbud, g nfgd lj mbcet bs nfot

tlwgrks tef olrdgm gok, vbaf vfrsg.




IG^ :: AG[FCL^R N7

DLKVMF >

XERQBAQ

focboffrboc

u`

Bo tef kbgcrgd, tef rgy GXN bs rfjrgatfk gwgy jrld tef olrdgm. Jlr goy rgrfrdfkbud tef gocmf lj rfjrgatblo bs gmwgys crfgtfr tego tef gocmf lj boabkfoaf. Nyboarfgsboc tef gocmf lj boabkfoaf, tef gocmf lj rfjrgatblo wbmm fvfotugmmy nfaldf

28, gs bo tef agsf lj tef rgy GX'K. G jurtefr boarfgsf bo tef gocmf lj boabkfoaf

selumk cbvf go gocmf lj rfjrgatblo crfgtfr tego 28, nut tebs bs bdplssbnmf gok tef

rgy bs rfjmfatblo gt tef nluokgry, rfdgboboc wbtebo tef kfosfr dfkbud, tebs bs 'tltgmbotfrogm rfjmfatblo'. Olof lj tef mbcet pgssboc terluce tef nluokgry.

3.;.; A^B[BAGM GOCMF A

Alosbkfr tef rgy GX'K bo tef kbgcrgd nfmlw. [ef rgy trgvfms pgrgmmfm tl tefsurjgaf. [ebs bs tef arbtbagm gocmf. Qunstbtutboc bo Qofmm's Mgw.

o7 sboa 4 o> sbo28

4 o>

sboa 4o>

o7 ………(1)

[ef alokbtblos jlr tltgm botfrogm rfjmfatblo grf9

[ef mbcet rgy dust nf gttfdptboc tl trgvfm jrld g dfkbud lj ebcefr rfjrgatbvfbokfx tl g dfkbud wbte g mlwfr rfjrgatbvf bokfx.

[ef gocmf lj boabkfoaf dust nf crfgtfr tego tef arbtbagm gocmf.




IG^ :: AG[FCL^R N7

DLKVMF >

XERQBAQ

focboffrboc

u`

3.;.6 KBQXF^QBLO

Gmteluce bt egs olt nffo stgtfk bt egs nffo gssudfk tegt tef mbcet rgy alosbstfklj lomy lof wgvfmfocte. Quae mbcet bs agmmfk Dlolaerldgtba, gok bs olt ogturgmmyfoaluotfrfk.

Dlst mbcet nfgds grf aldpmfx wgvfs webae alotgbo g dbxturf lj wgvfmfoctes gokgrf teus agmmfk plmyaerldgtba.

Gs selwo bo tef kbgcrgd nfmlw, webtf mbcet ago nf sfpgrgtfk botl bokbvbkugmwgvfmfoctes ny g cmgss prbsd terluce tef prlafss lj 'kbspfrsblo'.

Kbspfrsblo bs ngsfk lo tef jgat tegt kbjjfrfot wgvfmfoctes lj mbcet trgvfm gt

kbjjfrfot vfmlabtbfs bo tef sgdf dfkbud. Nfagusf kbjjfrfot wgvfmfoctes egvfkbjjfrfot bokfxfs lj rfjrgatblo, sldf wbmm nf rfjrgatfk dlrf tego ltefr.

^fjrgatblo bs tef ngsba prboabpmf webae fxpmgbos tef wlr`bocs lj prbsds gokmfosfs.




IG^ :: AG[FCL^R N7

DLKVMF >

XERQBAQ

focboffrboc

u`

3.6 ALOZFU GOK ALOAGZF MFOQFQ

Mfosfs ago nf dgkf lj cmgss lr pmgstba, gok mb`f dbrrlrs, egvf spefrbagm surjgafssl gs, tl cbvf aloagvf lr alovfx mfosfs. [ef mbcet rgys tefo dfft tef surjgaf ljtef mfos gt go gocmf tl tef olrdgm, gok grf tefo rfjrgatfk. Gs tef rgys fxbst tefmfos, g sfalok rfjrgatblo tg`fs pmgaf.

Gs wbte dbrrlrs, bdgcfs ago nf rfgm lr vbrtugm, frfat lr bovfrtfk, gok mgrcfr lrsdgmmfr. [ef ogturf lj tef bdgcf wbmm kfpfok lo tef typf lj mfos, gok tef

plsbtblo lj tef lnifat bo rfmgtblo tl tef jlagm mfocte lj tef mfos, (tef jlagm mfoctebs g juoatblo lj tef aurvgturf lj tef mfos surjgafs).




IG^ :: AG[FCL^R N7

DLKVMF >

XERQBAQ

focboffrboc

u`

3.: JBN^F LX[BAQ

Fgrmbfr lo bo tebs sfatblo wf kbsaussfk rfjrgatblo lj mbcet. Bj mbcet bs trgvfmmboc bo loftrgospgrfot dgtfrbgm gok bt dffts tef surjgaf lj goltefr trgospgrfot dgtfrbgm9

Qldf lj tef mbcet wbmm nf rfjmfatfk

Qldf lj tef mbcet wbmm nf trgosdbttfk botl tef sfalok dgtfrbgm.

3.:.7 LX[BAGM JBN^FQ

Go lptbagm jbnrf bs g tebo jmfxbnmf terfgk ljtrgospgrfot pmgstba lr cmgss webae agrrbfsvbsbnmf mbcet lr bovbsbnmf (ofgr-bojrgrfk)rgkbgtblo. Bt dg`fs usf lj [ltgm Botfrogm^fjmfatblo tl alojbof tef mbcet wbtebo tefalrf lj tef agnmf.

[ef alrf egs g ebcefr rfjrgatbvf bokfx tegotef amgkkboc.

Gs selwo gnlvf, go lptbagm jbnrf alosbsts ljg afotrgm alrf, surrluokfk ny g mgyfr lj

dgtfrbgm agmmfk tef amgkkboc webae bo turo bsalvfrfk ny g iga`ft.

[ef alrf trgosdbts tef mbcet wgvfs, tef amgkkboc `ffps tef mbcet wgvfs wbtebo tefalrf gok prlvbkfs strfocte tl tef alrf. [ef iga`ft prltfats tef jbnrf jrlddlbsturf gok gnrgsblos.

3.:.> GKZGO[GCFQ

Lptbagm jbnrfs ago agrry sbcogms wbte duae mfss fofrcy mlss tego alppfr agnmf gok

wbte g duae ebcefr ngokwbkte. [ebs dfgos tef agnmfs ago agrry dlrf bojlrdgtblolvfr mlocfr kbstgoafs wbte jfwfr rfpfgtfrs rfqubrfk.

Lptbagm jbnrfs grf duae mbcetfr gok teboofr tego alppfr agnmfs. Duae mfss spgafwbmm nf rfqubrfk jlr tefbr bostgmmgtblo.




IG^ :: AG[FCL^R N7

DLKVMF >

XERQBAQ

focboffrboc

u`

5 SGZF DL[BLO GOK QLVOK

Sgvfs fxbst bo dgoy kbjjfrfot jlrds. [ef mbcet wf sff bs fmfatrldgcoftba rgkbgtblojrld tef suo. Gs tefsf oltfs grf nfboc wrbttfo, tef gutelr bs lnsfrvboc wgvfsrbppmboc lo g swbddboc pllm. ^gkbl gok tfmfvbsblo sbcogms grf trgosdbttfk terlucetef gbr jrld trgosdbttfrs.

5.7 DFAEGOBAGM SGZFQ

Dfaegobagm wgvfs lr vbnrgtblos gmsl fxbst bo dgoy kbjjfrfot jbrds. [ef jmfxboc ljgo gbrargjt wboc gok tef vbnrgtblo lj g pbstlo focbof vgmvf sprboc grf nlte jlrds lj

dfaegobagm vbnrgtblo. Sgvfs bo wgtfr grf gmsl fgsbmy prlkuafk dfaegobagmwgvfs.

5.7.7 XMGOF GOK QXEF^BAGM SGZFQ

Bj g sdgmm lnifat bs terlwo botl tef afotrf lj g plok, spefrbagm lj abraumgr wgvfssprfgk lut jrld tef plbot tef lnifat mgoks.

Bj g strgbcet lnifat bs kbppfk botl g tgo` lj wgtfr, pgrgmmfm pmgof wgvfs sprfgkgarlss tef surjgaf lj tef wgtfr.




IG^ :: AG[FCL^R N7

DLKVMF >

XERQBAQ

focboffrboc

u`

Bj wf lnsfrvf jmlgtboc lnifats bo tef pgte lj fbtefr lj tefsf twl typfs lj wgvfs, wf

wbmm sff tegt tefy dlvf up gok klwo gs tef wgvf pgssfs. Sgtfr pgrtbamfs kl oltdlvf wbte tef wgvf, tef wgvf lomy agrrbfs fofrcy.

[ebs ago gmsl nf kfdlostrgtfk bj wf prlkuaf g wgvf bo g mloc rlpf, jbxfk gt loffok. Bj g wgvf trgvfms gmloc tef rlpf, goy lnifats jbxfk tl tef rlpf wbmm dlvf upgok klwo gs tef wgvf pgssfs. Bt ago nf sffo gcgbo tegt9

[ef wgvf trgvfms gmloc tef rlpf gok agrrbfs fofrcy

Zbnrgtblos grf rfqubrfk tl prlkuaf tef wgvf

5.7.> [^GOQZF^QF GOK MLOCB[VKBOGM SGZFQ

Bo tef wgtfr gok rlpf fxgdpmfs dfotblofk, tef vbnrgtblos prlkuaboc tef wgvf grfvfrtbagm. [ef wgvf, elwfvfr, trgvfms elrbzlotgmmy. [ebs typf lj wgvf bs agmmfk gtrgosvfrsf wgvf. Mbcet gok efgt wgvfs grf fmfatrl-dgcoftba wgvfs tegt nfegvfkbjjfrfotmy. [efy trgvfm bo tef sgdf pmgof gs tef vbnrgtblos tegt arfgtf tef wgvfs.[ebs typf lj wgvf bs agmmfk g mlocbtukbogm wgvf.

Qluok bs trgosdbttfk ny g wgvf dltblo tegt bs uomb`f mbcet lr efgt rgkbgtblo, bo tegtbt bs olt fmfatrl-dgcoftba, nut rfmbfs lo tef trgosdbssblo lj prfssurf pumsfs - tefdlmfaumfs vbnrgtf nga`wgrks gok jlrwgrks gnlut tefbr dfgo plsbtblo, gok tebsvbnrgtblo trgosdbts tef prfssurf wgvf. Qluok wgvfs grf tefrfjlrf mlocbtukbogmwgvfs.

5.> SGZF X^LXF^[BFQ

5.>.7 J^FWVFOAR

Jrfqufoay (j) lj g wgvf bs rfmgtfk tl tef oudnfr lj wgvfs pgssboc g cbvfo plbotbo g uobt lj tbdf. Sf olrdgmmy spfabjy jrfqufoay bo efrtz (Ez) wefrf 7 Ez bs lofwgvf pfr sfalok. Qluok wgvfs egvf duae ebcefr jrfqufoabfs tego wgtfr wgvfsgok rgkbl wgvfs grf ebcefr stbmm. Jlr fxgdpmf tef gvfrgcf pfrslo ago efgr sluokwgvfs nftwffo 788 Ez (lof euokrfk ayamfs pfr sfalok) gok >8 `Ez (>8,888

ayamfs pfr sfalok). [ef mlw jrfqufoay 788 Ez bs mlw pbtae gok tef >8`Ez sluokbs vfry ebce pbtae. G rgkbl sbcogm dgy nf nrlgkagst gt 7DEz lr lof dfcgefrtz.[ef gdluot (lr kbstgoaf) webae tef dlmfaumfs vbnrgtf gnlut tefbr dgbo plsbtblo bstfrdfk tef gdpmbtukf.

5.>.> SGZFMFOC[E GOK ZFMLAB[R

[ef wgvfmfocte () lj g wgvf bs tef kbstgoaf nftwffo suaafssbvf arfsts (lrtrluces) lj g wgvf. Bj tef spffk lj tef wgvf bs alostgot G jlrdumg fxbsts, mbo`bocjrfqufoay gok wgvfmfocte.




IG^ :: AG[FCL^R N7

DLKVMF >

XERQBAQ

focboffrboc

u`

Bj tef jrfqufoay lj tef wgvf bs 788 Ez (ayamfs pfr sfalok) gok tef wgvfmfocte bs

> ad, wf ago sgy tegt bo 7 sfalok 788 wgvfs wbte g kbstgoaf nftwffo tefd lj >ad egvf pgssfk g cbvfo plbot. [ef spffk lj tef wgvfs bs tefrfjlrf 788 x > adpfr sfalok lr >88 ad/s.

Ql Zfmlabty 4 jrfqufoay (j) x wgvfmfocte () v 4 j.

Bj tef vfmlabty lj tef wgvf bs alostgot tefo j. 4 alostgot

5.1 QLVOK

Qluok trgvfms duae smlwfr tego mbcet, lomy gnlut 3:8 dbmfs pfr elur gt sfg mfvfmlr 1;8 d/s.

Bj g sluok wgvf egs g jrfqufoay lj ;88 Ez, wf ago trgosplsf tef jlrdumg

Z 4 j x tl jbok tef wgvfmfocte () b.f. 4 d j

v56.8

;88

1;8

[ef spffk lj sluok bs prbdgrbmy gjjfatfk ny tfdpfrgturf, tef mlwfr teftfdpfrgturf, tef mlwfr tef spffk lj sluok.

G jlrdumg fxbsts, wefrf0

spffk lj sluok 4 ^[

wefrf 4 rgtbl lj spfabjba efgts lj tef cgs^ 4 cgs alostgot

[ 4 cgs tfdpfrgturf (bo @fmvbo)

Qpffk lj sluok bs lj utdlst bdplrtgoaf bo tef stuky lj gfrlkyogdbas, nfagusf btkftfrdbofs tef ogturf gok jlrdgtblo lj sela` wgvfs. Nfagusf lj tebs, gbrargjtspffk bs ljtfo aldprfssfk bo rfmgtblo tl tef spffk tl sluok.

[ruf Gbrspffk lj gbrargjtspffk lj sluok (gmmlwboc jlr tfdpfrgturf)

4 Dgae O¹

(Gbrargjt trgvfmmboc gt spffks crfgtfr tego Dgae 7 grf supfrsloba, gok cfofrgtboc

sela` wgvfs).

5.1.7 QLVOK BO[FOQB[R

[ef botfosbty lj sluok (bts 'mlukofss) bs kfpfokfot lo tef botfosbty lj tefprfssurf vgrbgtblos, gok teus bs rfmgtfk tl tef gdpmbtukf. [ef gdpmbtukf lj tefvbnrgtblo bs prlplrtblogm tl tef fofrcy boput botl tef cfofrgtblo lj tef wgvf.

5.1.> QLVOK XB[AE

Xbtae bs goltefr wlrk jlr jrfqufoay. [ef ebcefr tef pbtae tef crfgtfr tef

jrfqufoay gok vbaf vfrsg.




IG^ :: AG[FCL^R N7

DLKVMF >

XERQBAQ

focboffrboc

u`

5.; BO[F^JF^FOAF LJ SGZFQ

Botfrjfrfoaf bs aloafrofk wbte elw twl lr dlrf wgvfs rfgat wefo tefy dfftfgae ltefr. Bj twl wgvfs wbte bkfotbagm wgvfmfocte gok gdpmbtukf grrbvf gt tefsgdf plbot tlcftefr sl tegt tefrf arfsts gok trluces grf al-boabkfot, tefy wbmmaldnbof tl jlrd g wgvf wbte twbaf tef gdpmbtukf. [ebs wlumk nf agmmfkalostruatbvf botfrjfrfoaf.

Bj tef sgdf twl wgvf grrbvfk sl tegt tef arfst lj lof wgvf alboabkfk wbte teftrluce lj tef ltefr wgvf, tef twl wgvfs wlumk agoafm fgae ltefr lut gokprlkuaf ol wgvf. [ebs bs agmmfk kfstruatbvf botfrjfrfoaf.

5.6 KLXXMF^ FJJFA[Klppmfr fjjfat bs tef fjjfat tegt bs oltbafgnmf wefo jlr fxgdpmf, g agr bs efgrkspffkboc tlwgrks tef mbstfofr, tefo spffkboc gwgy. [ef sluok bobtbgmmy boarfgsfspbtae gs bt bs dlvboc tlwgrks ylu gok tefo kfarfgsfs pbtae gs bt dlvfs gwgy.[ebs bs nfagusf tef sluraf lj tef sluok (tef agr) bs dlvboc, webae agusfs gaegocf bo tef tbdf botfrvgm nftwffo suaafssbvf prfssurf vgrbgtblos bo tef fgr ljtef mbstfofr (b.f. tefrf gppfgrs tl nf g aegocf bo jrfqufoay, webae bs prlplrtblogmtl tef spffk lj tef agr).

5.6.7 KLXXMF^ FJJFA[ SGZFMFOC[E AGMAVMG[BLO

[ef spffk lj sluok bo gbr bs kfpfokfot lo tef gbr tfdpfrgturf. Gt g tfdpfrgturflj >8 kfcrffs A tef spffk lj sluok bs 1;1.3 d/s.

Bj tef sluraf jrfqufoay bs ;;8 Ez, tefo usboc 4 j

v, tef wgvfmfocte wbmm nf

sd /3577.8;;8

3.1;1

Jlr go gpprlgaeboc lnifat suae gs g agr (lr gbrargjt) tef gpprlgaeboc sluokwgvfmfocte wbmm kfpfok lo tef spffk lj tef agr.

[ef wgvfmfocte lj go gpprlgaeboc sluraf bs jluok usboc tef jlrdumg9

suraf

s

j

vv

Jlr g rfafkboc sluraf tef jlrdumg wbmm nf9

suraf

s

j

vv

Bj tef sluraf bs dlvboc gt :8 dpe lr >:.32 d/s, tef wgvfmfocte lj tefgpprlgaeboc sluraf wbmm nf 8.3>8 d gok jlr tef rfafkboc sluraf bt wbmm nf 8.5;> d

[ef wgvfmfocte jlr go gpprlgaeboc sluraf wbmm nf mlwfr tego g rfafkboc sluraf,




IG^ :: AG[FCL^R N7

DLKVMF >

XERQBAQ

focboffrboc

u`

5.6.> J^FWVFOAR AGMAVMG[BLO

Vsboc tef sgdf vgmuf gs jlr tef wgvfmfocte agmaumgtblo, tef jrfqufoay lj tefgpprlgaeboc gok rfafkboc sluraf ago nf agmaumgtfk usboc tef jlrdumgf9

slu raf

slu raf

j vv

vlnsfvfk jrfqufoay

(jlr go gpprlgaeboc sluraf)

slu raf

slu raf

j vv

vlnsfvfk jrfqufoay

(jlr g rfafkboc sluraf)

[ef jrfqufoay lj go gpprlgaeboc sluraf wbmm nf ebcefr gok sl tef pbtae lj tef

sluok wbmm nf ebcefr.



IG^ :: AG[FCL^R N7

DLKVMF >

XERQBAQ

focboffrboc

u`

Xgcf Botfotblogmmy Nmgo`

module 02. physics

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