Modulating Role of Vitamins C Modulating Role of Vitamins C and E against Transport-Induced and E against Transport-Induced Stress in Pullets during the Hot-Stress in Pullets during the Hot-

Dry ConditionsDry Conditions

N. S.Minka1 and J. O. Ayo2N. S.Minka1 and J. O. Ayo21College of Agriculture and Animal Science, Division of 1College of Agriculture and Animal Science, Division of

Agricultural Colleges, P. M. B 2134, Ahmadu Bello Agricultural Colleges, P. M. B 2134, Ahmadu Bello UniversityUniversity,,

Mando, 2134 Kaduna, Mando, 2134 Kaduna, NigeriaNigeria2Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty 2Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty

of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello Universityof Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University,,10821082 Zaria, NigeriaZaria, Nigeria

ياسين / أسعد الطالب . . الوزيري محمد أحمد د أ اشراف

Vit C & Vit E as AntioxidentsVit C & Vit E as Antioxidents• Both AA and E are known to be chain-Both AA and E are known to be chain-

breaking antioxidants, involved in the breaking antioxidants, involved in the prevention and restriction of free radical prevention and restriction of free radical chain formation and propagation, and chain formation and propagation, and consequently, protecting the blood cells from consequently, protecting the blood cells from oxidative damage oxidative damage

• Similarly, AA and vitamin E are shown to Similarly, AA and vitamin E are shown to inhibit the release of corticosteroid, a inhibit the release of corticosteroid, a hormone known to destroy immune cells.hormone known to destroy immune cells.

Both of Vit C & Vit E are Both of Vit C & Vit E are AntioxidentsAntioxidents

What Are AntioxidantsWhat Are Antioxidants ? ?

Antioxidants:Antioxidants: chemicals that protect chemicals that protect cells from damage from oxidation,cells from damage from oxidation, including the following nutrientsincluding the following nutrients

– Vitamin EVitamin E– Vitamin CVitamin C– Beta-caroteneBeta-carotene– Vitamin AVitamin A– SeleniumSelenium

Structure of AtomsStructure of Atoms

Atom:Atom: the smallest unit of matter. the smallest unit of matter.– Atoms are composed ofAtoms are composed of

•NucleusNucleus—positively charged center portion —positively charged center portion of the atomof the atom

•ElectronsElectrons—negatively charged particles —negatively charged particles surrounding the nucleussurrounding the nucleus

Structure of AtomsStructure of Atoms

Figure 8.1

OxidationOxidationOxidationOxidation: the loss of electrons from a molecule.: the loss of electrons from a molecule.

ReductionReduction: the gain of electrons by a molecule.: the gain of electrons by a molecule.

Oxidation and reduction usually occur together as Oxidation and reduction usually occur together as an an exchange reactionexchange reaction..

OxidationOxidation

Figure 8.2

OxidationOxidationStable atoms contain an even number Stable atoms contain an even number of paired electrons.of paired electrons.

Free radicalFree radical: an atom that has lost an : an atom that has lost an electron and is left with an unpaired electron and is left with an unpaired electron.electron.

– Free radicals are highly reactive and can Free radicals are highly reactive and can cause damage to molecules in the cellcause damage to molecules in the cell

Formation of Free RadicalsFormation of Free Radicals

Figure 8.4

Formation of Free RadicalsFormation of Free Radicals

Many metabolic processes involve oxidation Many metabolic processes involve oxidation reactions and can produce free radicals.reactions and can produce free radicals.

– Free radicals are also produced byFree radicals are also produced by•PollutionPollution

•Ultraviolet light and radiationUltraviolet light and radiation

•Toxic substancesToxic substances

Formation of Free RadicalsFormation of Free Radicals

Free radicals cause damage toFree radicals cause damage to– Cell membranesCell membranes– Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs)Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs)– Proteins in the cellProteins in the cell– Genetic material (DNA)Genetic material (DNA)

Diseases Linked to Free Diseases Linked to Free RadicalsRadicals

CancerCancer Heart diseaseHeart disease DiabetesDiabetes

Arthritis Arthritis Kidney DiseaseKidney Disease Alzheimer’s Alzheimer’s diseasedisease

AntioxidantsAntioxidantsAntioxidants can function in different Antioxidants can function in different ways.ways.

– Some vitamins donate their electrons to free Some vitamins donate their electrons to free radicals to stabilize themradicals to stabilize them

– Some Vitamins act with complex enzyme Some Vitamins act with complex enzyme systems to destroy free radicalssystems to destroy free radicals•Superoxide dismutaseSuperoxide dismutase

•CatalaseCatalase

•Glutathione peroxidaseGlutathione peroxidase

ComponentlocationNutrient involved

function

Superoxide dismutase

cytosolCu,Zn,MnAn enzyme that converts super oxide to hydrogen

peroxide

Glutathione peroxidase

cytosolSeAn enzyme that converts hydrogen peroxide to water

CatalasecytosolFeAn enzyme that converts Hydrogen peroxide to water

Alpha tocopherol

membrane

Vitamin EBreak fatty acid peroxidation chain reaction

Carotenemembrane

CarotenePrevents initiation of fatty acid peroxidation chain

reactions

Antioxidant system of mammalian cells

Smith et al.,1984

Vitamin EVitamin E

Functions of Vitamin EFunctions of Vitamin E– Primary role is as an antioxidantPrimary role is as an antioxidant– Protects polyunsaturated fatty acids Protects polyunsaturated fatty acids

(PUFAs) (PUFAs) – Protects low-density lipoproteins (LDLs)Protects low-density lipoproteins (LDLs)

Vitamin EVitamin E

Deficiency:Deficiency:

– Vitamin E deficiencies are uncommonVitamin E deficiencies are uncommon– Can result in fragile red blood cells Can result in fragile red blood cells

(erythrocyte hemolysis)(erythrocyte hemolysis)

Vitamin CVitamin C

Functions of Vitamin CFunctions of Vitamin C– AntioxidantAntioxidant– Synthesis of Synthesis of collagencollagen– Prevents the disease Prevents the disease scurvyscurvy– Enhances the immune systemEnhances the immune system– Enhances the absorption of ironEnhances the absorption of iron

Vitamin CVitamin CDefeciency:Defeciency:

– Scurvy:Scurvy: the most common vitamin C the most common vitamin C deficiency diseasedeficiency disease

•Most scurvy symptoms are due to Most scurvy symptoms are due to collagencollagen breakdownbreakdown

Loss of appetiteAnemiaGrowth cessationRed spots on skinTenderness to touchWeakness

Bleeding gumsLoose teeth

IMMUNITY

INNATEPhysical and chemical barriersPhagocytes (Neutrophils (heterophiles) & Macrophages) -Inflammatory process.

ACQUIRED

antigen antibody immunity: Specific towards particular antigen and enhanced with repeated exposure(Mediated by lymphocytes)

Heterophil/lymphocyte ratioHeterophil/lymphocyte ratio

• The H/L ratio has been accepted as the The H/L ratio has been accepted as the most reliable index for determining long-most reliable index for determining long-term effect of various stressors in poultry term effect of various stressors in poultry and other livestockand other livestock

Increased cortisol in blood

Antagonist theinsulin action

Prevents glucose uptake by insulin receptor

Prevent entry of glucose to vital tissue

Immune system under stress.

In stress

Aims of StudyAims of Study• The aims of the present study were to The aims of the present study were to

investigate changes in blood investigate changes in blood parameters, liveweight loss, traumatic parameters, liveweight loss, traumatic injury, and mortality encountered by injury, and mortality encountered by Black Harco pullets during road Black Harco pullets during road transport and to suggest the use of transport and to suggest the use of antioxidant vitamins AA and E as an antioxidant vitamins AA and E as an antistress.antistress.

Materials and MethodsMaterials and MethodsBirds and ManagementBirds and Management

Meteorological DataMeteorological Data..

Experimental DesignExperimental Design

Blood SampelsBlood Sampels

vehicle used for the journey vehicle used for the journey was a modified Bedford bus was a modified Bedford bus (made in England)(made in England)

Vehicle Design and Journey Vehicle Design and Journey DurationDuration..

Blood Sampling and Blood Sampling and AnalysisAnalysis

Detection of Traumatic Detection of Traumatic InjuriesInjuries

Body Weight MeasurementBody Weight Measurement

• body weight of 20 birds from each body weight of 20 birds from each group was recorded before, group was recorded before, immediately, after and three days immediately, after and three days post transportation.post transportation.

ResultsResults

Table 1: Meteorological data during the study period.

Period

Ambient temperature (°C, mean ± SEM)

MeanMaximumMinimumRangeRelative humidity

(%)Pre-

transport: Outside

pen37.2±1.1a39.727.212.558±6.4a

 Inside pen34.3±0.9b36.428.48.056±2.4aDuring

transport: Outside

vehicle37.2±0.2a39.629.410.254±4.2a

 Inside vehicle

38.2±0.7a38.730.58.262±8.4b

Post-transport:

 Outside pen

37.0±0.9a39.024.815.151±6.9a

 Inside pen35.6±0.4b37.428.68.854±8.4aFor each parameter, mean values with different superscript alphabets along the same column are significantly (P<.05) different.

conclusionconclusion

• the administration of antioxidant the administration of antioxidant vitamins AA, E, and AA + E, vitamins AA, E, and AA + E, especially AA, alleviated the risk of especially AA, alleviated the risk of adverse effects of road adverse effects of road transportation stress in pullets during transportation stress in pullets during the hot-dry seasonthe hot-dry season..

The EndThe End