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TRANSCRIPT
Vorl
esung S
oft
ware
Engin
eeri
ng I
IS
om
mers
em
este
r 2004
Univ
ers
ität
Salz
burg
O.U
niv
.-P
rof.
Dip
l.-I
ng
. D
r.te
ch
n.
Wo
lfg
an
g P
ree
© C
opyri
ght
Wolf
gang P
ree, A
ll R
ights
Reserv
ed
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Un
iver
sitä
tS
alzb
urg P
erm
issi
on to
mak
e di
gita
l or
hard
cop
ies
of a
ll or
par
t of t
his
wor
k fo
r pe
rson
al o
r cl
assr
oom
use
is g
rant
edw
ithou
t fee
pro
vide
d th
at c
opie
s ar
e no
t mad
e or
dis
trib
uted
for
prof
it or
com
mer
cial
adv
anta
ge a
nd th
at c
opie
sbe
ar th
is n
otic
e an
d th
e fu
ll ci
tatio
n on
the
first
pag
e. T
o co
py o
ther
wis
e, o
r to
rep
ublis
h, to
pos
t on
serv
ers
or to
redi
strib
ute
to li
sts,
req
uire
s pr
ior
spec
ific
perm
issi
on a
nd/o
r a
fee.
© 2
002,
W. P
ree
2
Conte
xt
�M
oti
vati
on
& b
asic
ter
min
olo
gy
�E
ssen
tial
co
nce
pts
fo
r ar
chit
ectu
re a
nal
ysis
�A
rch
itec
tura
l sty
les
�A
rch
itec
ture
des
crip
tio
n
�(R
e)d
esig
n s
trat
egie
s fo
r (O
O)
arch
itec
ture
s
�A
rch
itec
ture
an
alys
is�
SA
AM
(S
oft
war
e A
rch
itec
ture
An
alys
is M
eth
od
)
�A
TA
M (
Arc
hit
ectu
re T
rad
eoff
An
alys
is M
eth
od
)
�A
nal
ysis
fo
r re
arch
itec
tin
g le
gac
y sy
stem
s
© 2
002,
W. P
ree
3
Mo
tiva
tio
n &
bas
ic t
erm
ino
log
y
© 2
002,
W. P
ree
4
Defi
nit
ion o
f soft
ware
arc
hit
ectu
re (
I)
So
ftw
are
arch
itec
ture
:=
soft
war
e co
mp
on
ents
+
the
rela
tio
nsh
ips
amo
ng
th
em
�
top-
leve
l des
ign
of a
sys
tem
� id
entif
icat
ion
of c
ore
subs
yste
ms/
abst
ract
ions
© 2
002,
W. P
ree
5
De
fin
itio
n o
f so
ftw
are
arc
hit
ec
ture
(II
)
clo
sely
rel
ated
ter
ms/
con
cep
ts:
�d
om
ain
-sp
ecif
ic s
oft
war
e ar
chit
ectu
res,
fra
mew
ork
s,p
rod
uct
lin
es (
→→→→
reu
sab
le a
rch
itec
ture
s)
�ar
chit
ectu
ral s
tyle
s
�d
esig
n p
atte
rns
(so
me
of
the
Go
F p
atte
rns
focu
s o
n a
rch
itec
ture
, eg
, F
acad
e, M
edia
tor)
�co
mp
on
ent-
bas
ed s
oft
war
e
© 2
002,
W. P
ree
6
Be
ne
fits
of
arc
hit
ec
ture
an
aly
sis
�C
om
mu
nic
atio
n a
mo
ng
sta
keh
old
ers
bas
ed o
n an
exp
licit
desc
riptio
n of
hig
h-le
vel a
bstr
actio
ns o
f th
e sy
stem
und
erde
velo
pmen
t
�E
arly
des
ign
dec
isio
ns
, inf
luen
ced
by d
rivin
g qu
ality
attr
ibut
es.
�T
ran
sfer
able
ab
stra
ctio
n o
f a
syst
em; c
an p
rom
ote
larg
e-sc
ale
reus
e.
© 2
002,
W. P
ree
7
Ess
enti
al c
on
cep
ts f
or
arch
itec
ture
an
alys
is�
Arc
hit
ectu
ral s
tyle
s�
Arc
hit
ectu
re d
escr
ipti
on
�(R
e)d
esig
n s
trat
egie
s fo
r (O
O)
arch
itec
ture
s
© 2
002,
W. P
ree
8
Arc
hit
ectu
ral s
tyle
s
© 2
002,
W. P
ree
9
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�D
ata-
cen
tere
d:
�R
epo
sito
ry
�B
lack
bo
ard
�D
ata-
flo
w:
�P
ipes
& f
ilter
s
�B
atch
/seq
uen
tial
�C
all-a
nd-r
etur
n:�
Top
dow
n
�O
O
�la
yere
d
»V
irtua
l mac
hine
:–
Inte
rpre
ter
–R
ule-
base
d
»In
depe
nden
tco
mpo
nent
s:–
Com
mun
icat
ing
proc
esse
s
–E
vent
sys
tem
s
–im
plic
itin
voca
tion
–ex
plic
itin
voca
tion
*) T
he p
rese
ntat
ion
is b
ased
on
Sof
twar
e A
rchi
tect
ure
in P
ract
ice
(B
ass
et a
l.; A
ddis
on-W
esle
y, 1
998)
and
S
oftw
are
Arc
hite
ctur
e: P
eres
pect
ives
on
an E
mer
ging
Dis
cipl
ine
(S
haw
, Gar
lan;
Pre
ntic
e H
all,
1996
)
© 2
002,
W. P
ree
10
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llll ssss
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DDDDaaaa
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eeeennnn
tttt eeeerrrr eeee
dddd
(((( IIII))))
Acc
ess
to s
har
ed d
ata
rep
rese
nts
the
core
cha
ract
eris
tic o
fda
ta-c
ente
red
arch
itect
ures
. T
he d
ata
inte
grab
ility
for
ms
the
prin
cipa
l goa
l of
such
sys
tem
s.
Sha
red
Dat
a
Clie
ntC
lient
pass
ive
data
com
puta
tiona
lco
mpo
nent
/ ob
ject
data
flow
Lege
nd:
© 2
002,
W. P
ree
11
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dddd
(((( IIIIIIII ))))
The
mea
ns o
f co
mm
unic
atio
n be
twee
n th
e co
mpo
nent
sdi
stin
guis
hes
the
subt
ypes
of
the
data
-cen
tere
d ar
chite
ctur
alst
yle: �
Rep
osi
tory
: p
assi
ve d
ata
(se
e sc
hem
atic
rep
rese
ntat
ion
of p
revi
ous
slid
e)
�B
lack
bo
ard
: ac
tive
dat
aA
bla
ckbo
ard
send
s no
tific
atio
n to
sub
scrib
ers
whe
nre
leva
nt d
ata
chan
ge (
→ O
bser
ver
patte
rn)
© 2
002,
W. P
ree
12
SSSSaaaa
mmmmpppp
llll eeee
aaaarrrr cccc
hhhhiiii tttt
eeeecccc
tttt uuuurrrr aaaa
llll ssss
tttt yyyyllll eeee
::::
DDDDaaaa
tttt aaaa---- cccc
eeeennnn
tttt eeeerrrr eeee
dddd
(((( IIIIIIII IIII
))))
+cl
ient
s ar
e qu
ite in
depe
nden
t of
eac
h ot
her
=>
clie
nts
can
be m
odifi
ed w
ithou
t affe
ctin
g ot
hers
coup
ling
betw
een
clie
nts
mig
ht in
crea
se p
erfo
rman
ce b
utle
ssen
thi
s be
nefit
+ne
w c
lient
s ca
n be
eas
ily a
dded
No
rigid
sep
arat
ion
of s
tyle
s: W
hen
clie
nts
are
inde
pend
ently
exec
utin
g pr
oces
ses:
clie
nt/s
erve
r ar
chite
ctur
al s
tyle
© 2
002,
W. P
ree
13
SSSSaaaa
mmmmpppp
llll eeee
aaaarrrr cccc
hhhhiiii tttt
eeeecccc
tttt uuuurrrr aaaa
llll ssss
tttt yyyyllll eeee
::::
DDDDaaaa
tttt aaaa---- ffff
llll oooowwww
The
sys
tem
con
sist
s of
a s
erie
s o
f tr
ansf
orm
atio
ns
on
su
cces
sive
pie
ces
of
(in
pu
t) d
ata.
Reu
se a
nd
mo
dif
iab
ility
form
the
prin
cipa
l goa
ls o
f suc
h ar
chite
ctur
es.
� B
atch
seq
uen
tial
� P
ipe-
and
-filt
er (
→ in
crem
enta
l)
Val
idat
eS
ort
Rep
ort
Tap
eT
ape
Tap
eP
age
© 2
002,
W. P
ree
14
Arc
hit
ectu
red
escr
ipti
on
© 2
002,
W. P
ree
15
AAAArrrr cccc
hhhhiiii tttt
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tttt uuuurrrr aaaa
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rrrr eeee oooo
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ssssuuuu
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tttt
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rrrr iiiibbbb
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ssssyyyysssstttt eeee
mmmm‘‘‘‘ ssss
aaaa
rrrr cccchhhh
iiii tttteeee
cccctttt uuuu
rrrr eeee
Arc
hite
ctur
al s
tyle
s do
not
cle
arly
cat
egor
ize
arch
itect
ures
. T
hus
they
do
not s
uffic
e to
des
crib
e ar
chite
ctur
es a
s a
who
le.
Con
side
r th
e fo
llow
ing
sam
ple
case
s:
�T
he la
yers
in a
laye
red
arch
itect
ure
mig
ht b
e ob
ject
s/A
DT
s.
�C
omm
erci
al c
lient
/ser
ver
syst
ems
with
a C
OR
BA
-bas
edin
fras
truc
ture
cou
ld b
e de
scrib
ed a
s la
yere
d o
bje
ct-b
ased
pro
cess
sys
tem
s, i
.e.,
a hy
brid
of t
hree
sty
les.
© 2
002,
W. P
ree
16
Ch
oo
se
an
ap
pro
pri
ate
mix
of
va
rio
us
no
tati
on
s +
in
form
al
de
sc
rip
tio
n
As
a co
nseq
uenc
e, o
ne h
as to
dec
ide
on th
e ap
prop
riate
des
crip
tion,
whi
chw
ill b
e a
mix
of t
he fo
llow
ing
prin
cipa
l opt
ions
:
�sc
hem
atic
rep
rese
ntat
ion
acco
rdin
g to
CM
U/S
EI
�4+
1 V
iew
Mod
el o
f Arc
hite
ctur
e (K
ruch
ten
, 199
5)
�U
ML:
�su
bsy
stem
/pac
kag
e-d
iag
ram
s
�cl
ass-
dia
gra
ms
�in
tera
ctio
n-/
ob
ject
-dia
gra
ms
�st
ate-
dia
gra
ms
�an
y sc
hem
atic
figu
res
that
hel
p; in
form
al te
xt a
s gl
ue
�so
urce
cod
e fr
agm
ents
of c
oars
e-gr
aine
d co
mpo
nent
s or
com
pone
nt in
terf
aces
�fo
rmal
spe
cific
atio
ns, e
g, w
ith a
rchi
tect
ure
desc
riptio
n la
ngua
ges
© 2
002,
W. P
ree
17
Sa
mp
le a
rch
ite
ctu
ral d
esc
rip
tio
n o
fJ
ava
Sp
ac
es
Java
Spa
ces
char
acte
ristic
s (f
rom
an
arch
itect
ural
poin
t of v
iew
):
�da
ta-c
ente
red,
mai
nly
a re
posi
tory
arch
itect
ural
sty
le,
som
etim
es b
lack
-boa
rdar
chite
ctur
al s
tyle
�m
ain
desi
gn g
oals
�ex
ten
sib
ility
thr
ough
loos
e co
uplin
g of
dis
trib
uted
proc
esse
s an
d di
strib
uted
Jav
a co
mpo
nent
s
�si
mp
licit
y fr
om a
reu
ser‘s
poi
nt o
f vie
w
© 2
002,
W. P
ree
18
JavaS
paces a
rchit
ectu
reoverv
iew w
rite
wri
te
take
read
read
(wai
ting)
© 2
002,
W. P
ree
19
Ch
ara
cte
risti
cs o
f J
ava
Sp
ac
es (
JS
)
�h
igh
-lev
el c
oo
rdin
atio
n t
oo
l for
glu
ing
proc
esse
s an
dco
mpo
nent
s to
geth
er in
a d
istr
ibut
ed s
yste
m w
ith
ou
t m
essa
ge
pas
sin
g a
nd
rem
ote
met
ho
d i
nvo
cati
on
�a
spac
e is
a s
har
ed,
net
wo
rk-a
cces
sib
le r
epo
sito
ry f
or
ob
ject
s
�in
stea
d of
com
mun
icat
ing
dire
ctly
, JS
app
s co
nsis
t of
pro
cess
esth
at c
oord
inat
e by
exc
hang
ing
obje
cts
thro
ugh
spac
es
© 2
002,
W. P
ree
20
Sam
ple
JS
use s
cenari
os (
I)
Exa
mpl
e is
n‘t a
noth
er w
ay to
teac
h, it
is th
e on
ly w
ay to
teac
h (
Alb
ert E
inst
ein)
(1)
Sp
ace
acti
ng
as
“au
ctio
n r
oo
m“:
Sel
lers
dep
osit
for-
sale
item
s w
ith d
escr
iptio
ns a
nd a
skin
gpr
ices
as
obje
cts
into
the
spac
e.
Buy
ers
mon
itor
the
spac
e fo
r ite
ms
that
inte
rest
them
. If
an it
em in
tere
st th
em th
ey p
ut b
id o
bjec
ts in
to th
e sp
ace.
Sel
lers
mon
itor
the
spac
e fo
r bi
ds.
etc.
© 2
002,
W. P
ree
21
Sam
ple
JS
use s
cenari
os (
II)
(2)
Co
mp
ute
-in
ten
sive
job
s
A s
erie
s of
task
s—fo
r ex
ampl
e, r
ende
ring
a fr
ame
in a
com
pute
r an
imat
ion
repr
esen
ts a
task
—ar
e w
ritte
n in
to a
spac
e.
Par
ticip
atin
g gr
aphi
c w
orks
tatio
ns s
earc
h th
e sp
ace
for
rend
erin
g ta
sks.
Eac
h on
e fin
ding
task
s to
be
done
,re
mov
es it
, acc
ompl
ishe
s it,
writ
es th
e re
sult
back
into
the
spac
e.
© 2
002,
W. P
ree
22
Inte
rfa
ce
s o
f J
S k
ey a
bstr
ac
tio
ns
an
d t
he
ir u
sa
ge
The
res
t o
f th
e ar
chit
ectu
re d
escr
ipti
on
co
uld
be
a s
erie
sof
doc
umen
ted
sou
rce
cod
e a
nd c
om
men
ted
UM
L c
lass
and
in
tera
ctio
n d
iag
ram
s th
at il
lust
rate
the
sim
plic
ity o
fre
usin
g th
e JS
arc
hite
ctur
e.
publ
ic c
alls
Sam
pleM
sg i
mp
lem
ents
En
try
{ /
/ em
pty
JS in
terf
ace
...
} // pu
tting
an
obje
ct in
to a
spa
ce
Sam
pleM
sg m
sg=
new
Sam
pleM
sg()
;
Java
Spa
ce s
pace
= S
pace
Acc
esso
r.ge
tSpa
ce()
;
spac
e.w
rite
(msg
, ...)
; // o
ther
par
amet
ers
omitt
ed...
© 2
002,
W. P
ree
23
Arc
hit
ectu
re a
nal
ysis
:T
he
SA
AM
© 2
002,
W. P
ree
24
AAAApppp
pppprrrr oooo
pppprrrr iiii
aaaatttt eeee
mmmm
oooodddd
uuuullll aaaa
rrrr iiiizzzzaaaa
tttt iiiioooo
nnnn iiii nnnn
tttt hhhh
eeeeoooo
rrrr yyyy (((( IIII
))))
Bal
ance
bet
wee
n
�m
axim
izin
g t
he
coh
esio
n w
ith
in a
co
mp
on
ent
�m
inim
izin
g t
he
cou
plin
g b
etw
een
co
mp
on
ents
One
mod
ule
=>
coup
ling
= 0
cohe
sion
→ m
ax
Eac
h op
erat
ion
in a
sep
arat
e m
odul
e =
>co
uplin
g →
max
cohe
sion
= 0
com
plex
ity
num
ber
of m
odul
es
coup
ling
cohe
sion
over
all c
ompl
exity
© 2
002,
W. P
ree
25
Wh
en
an
d W
hy T
o A
na
lyze
Arc
hit
ec
ture
-1
�A
naly
zing
for
sys
tem
qua
litie
s ea
rly in
the
life
cyc
le a
llow
s fo
r a
com
paris
on o
f ar
chite
ctur
al o
ptio
ns.
�W
hen
build
ing
a sy
stem
�A
rchi
tect
ure
is th
e ea
rlies
t art
ifact
whe
re tr
ade-
offs
are
visi
ble.
�A
naly
sis
shou
ld b
e do
ne w
hen
deci
ding
on
arch
itect
ure.
�T
he r
ealit
y is
that
ana
lysi
s is
ofte
n do
ne d
urin
g da
mag
eco
ntro
l, la
ter
in th
e pr
ojec
t.
© 2
002,
W. P
ree
26
Wh
en
an
d W
hy T
o A
na
lyze
Arc
hit
ec
ture
-2
.
�W
hen
acqu
iring
a s
yste
m�
Arc
hite
ctur
al a
naly
sis
is u
sefu
l if t
he s
yste
m w
illha
ve a
long
life
time
with
in o
rgan
izat
ion.
�A
naly
sis
prov
ides
a m
echa
nism
for
unde
rsta
ndin
g ho
w th
e sy
stem
will
evo
lve.
�A
naly
sis
can
also
pro
vide
insi
ght i
nto
othe
rvi
sibl
e qu
aliti
es.
© 2
002,
W. P
ree
27
Qu
ali
tie
s A
re T
oo
Va
gu
e f
or
An
aly
sis
�Is
the
follo
win
g sy
stem
mod
ifiab
le?
�B
ackg
roun
d co
lor
of th
e us
er in
terf
ace
is c
hang
edm
erel
y by
mod
ifyin
g a
reso
urce
file
.�
Doz
ens
of c
ompo
nent
s m
ust b
e ch
ange
d to
acco
mm
odat
e a
new
dat
a fil
e fo
rmat
.
�A
rea
sona
ble
answ
er is
�ye
s w
ith r
espe
ct to
cha
ngin
g ba
ckgr
ound
col
or
�no
with
res
pect
to c
hang
ing
file
form
at
© 2
002,
W. P
ree
28
Qu
ali
tie
s A
re T
oo
Va
gu
e f
or
An
aly
sis
�Q
ualit
ies
only
hav
e m
eani
ng w
ithin
a c
onte
xt.
�S
AA
M s
peci
fies
cont
ext t
hrou
gh s
cena
rios.
© 2
002,
W. P
ree
29
Sc
en
ari
os
�A
sce
nario
is a
brie
f des
crip
tion
of a
sta
keho
lder
’sin
tera
ctio
n w
ith a
sys
tem
.
�W
hen
crea
ting
scen
ario
s, it
is im
port
ant t
o co
nsid
er a
llst
akeh
olde
rs, e
spec
ially
�en
d us
ers
�de
velo
pers
�m
aint
aine
rs
�sy
stem
adm
inis
trat
ors
© 2
002,
W. P
ree
30
Ste
ps o
f a
SA
AM
Eva
lua
tio
n
�Id
entif
y an
d as
sem
ble
stak
ehol
ders
�D
evel
op a
nd p
riorit
ize
scen
ario
s
�D
escr
ibe
cand
idat
e ar
chite
ctur
e(s)
�C
lass
ify s
cena
rios
as d
irect
or
indi
rect
�P
erfo
rm s
cena
rio e
valu
atio
n
�R
evea
l sce
nario
inte
ract
ions
�G
ener
ate
over
all e
valu
atio
n
© 2
002,
W. P
ree
31
Ste
p 1
: Id
en
tify
an
d A
sse
mb
leS
tak
eh
old
ers
-1
Sta
keho
lder
In
tere
stC
usto
mer
S
ched
ule
and
budg
et; u
sefu
lnes
s of
sy
stem
; mee
ting
cust
omer
s’ (
or
mar
ket’s
) ex
pect
atio
nsE
nd u
ser
F
unct
iona
lity,
usa
bilit
yD
evel
oper
C
larit
y an
d co
mpl
eten
ess
of
arc
hite
ctur
e; h
igh
cohe
sion
and
lim
ited
coup
ling
of p
arts
;
cle
ar in
tera
ctio
n m
echa
nism
sM
aint
aine
r
Mai
ntai
nabi
lity;
abi
lity
to lo
cate
plac
es o
f cha
nge
© 2
002,
W. P
ree
32
Ste
p 1
: Id
en
tify
an
d A
sse
mb
leS
tak
eh
old
ers
-2
Sta
keho
lder
In
tere
stS
yste
m
Eas
e in
find
ing
sour
ces
ofad
min
istr
ator
op
erat
iona
l pro
blem
sN
etw
ork
N
etw
ork
perf
orm
ance
,
adm
inis
trat
or
pred
icta
bilit
y
Inte
grat
or
Cla
rity
and
com
plet
enes
s of
a
rchi
tect
ure;
hig
h co
hesi
on a
nd
limite
d co
uplin
g of
par
ts;
c
lear
inte
ract
ion
mec
hani
sms
© 2
002,
W. P
ree
33
Ste
p 1
: Id
en
tify
an
d A
sse
mb
leS
tak
eh
old
ers
-3
.
Sta
keho
lder
In
tere
stT
este
r
Inte
grat
ed, c
onsi
sten
t err
or-h
andl
ing;
lim
ited
com
pone
nt c
oupl
ing;
high
com
pone
nt c
ohes
ion;
conc
eptu
al in
tegr
ityA
pplic
atio
n
Arc
hite
ctur
al c
larit
y, c
ompl
eten
ess;
build
er (
if
inte
ract
ion
mec
hani
sms;
sim
ple
prod
uct l
ine
ta
ilorin
g m
echa
nism
sar
chite
ctur
e)R
epre
sent
ativ
e
Inte
rope
rabi
lity
of th
e do
mai
n
© 2
002,
W. P
ree
34
Ste
p 2
: S
tak
eh
old
ers
De
ve
lop
an
d P
rio
riti
ze S
ce
na
rio
s
�S
cena
rios
shou
ld b
e ty
pica
l of t
he k
inds
of
evol
utio
n th
at t
he s
yste
m m
ust
supp
ort:
�fu
nctio
nalit
y�
deve
lopm
ent a
ctiv
ities
�ch
ange
act
iviti
es�
Sce
nario
s al
so c
an b
e ch
osen
to g
ive
insi
ght i
nto
the
syst
em s
truc
ture
.�
Sce
nario
s sh
ould
rep
rese
nt ta
sks
rele
vant
to a
llst
akeh
olde
rs.
�R
ule
of th
umb:
10-
15 p
riorit
ized
sce
nario
s
© 2
002,
W. P
ree
35
Ste
p 3
: D
esc
rib
e C
an
did
ate
Arc
hit
ec
ture
s
�It
is fr
eque
ntly
nec
essa
ry to
elic
it ap
prop
riate
arch
itect
ural
des
crip
tions
.
�S
truc
ture
s ch
osen
to d
escr
ibe
the
arch
itect
ure
will
depe
nd o
n th
e ty
pe o
f qua
litie
s to
be
eval
uate
d.
�C
ode
and
func
tiona
l str
uctu
res
are
prim
arily
use
dto
eva
luat
e m
odifi
catio
n sc
enar
ios.
© 2
002,
W. P
ree
36
Ste
p 4
: C
lassif
y S
ce
na
rio
s
�T
here
are
two
clas
ses
of s
cena
rios.
�D
irect
sce
nario
s ar
e th
ose
that
can
be
exec
uted
by
the
syst
em w
ithou
t mod
ifica
tion.
�In
dire
ct s
cena
rios
are
thos
e th
at r
equi
rem
odifi
catio
ns to
the
syst
em.
�T
he c
lass
ifica
tion
depe
nds
upon
bot
h th
e sc
enar
io a
ndth
e ar
chite
ctur
e.�
For
indi
rect
sce
nario
s w
e ga
uge
the
orde
r of
diff
icul
tyof
eac
h ch
ange
: e.g
. a p
erso
n-da
y, p
erso
n-w
eek,
pers
on-m
onth
, per
son-
year
.
© 2
002,
W. P
ree
37
Ste
p 5
: P
erf
orm
Sc
en
ari
oE
va
lua
tio
n
�F
or e
ach
indi
rect
sce
nario
�id
entif
y th
e co
mpo
nent
s, d
ata
conn
ectio
ns,
cont
rol c
onne
ctio
ns,
and
inte
rfac
es t
hat
mus
t be
adde
d, d
elet
ed, o
r m
odifi
ed�
estim
ate
the
diffi
culty
of
mod
ifica
tion
�D
iffic
ulty
of m
odifi
catio
n is
elic
ited
from
the
arch
itect
and
is b
ased
on
the
num
ber
ofco
mpo
nent
s to
be
mod
ified
and
the
effe
ct o
f the
mod
ifica
tions
.�
A m
onol
ithic
sys
tem
will
sco
re w
ell o
n th
is s
tep,
but
not o
n ne
xt s
tep.
© 2
002,
W. P
ree
38
Ste
p 6
: R
eve
al S
ce
na
rio
Inte
rac
tio
ns
�W
hen
mul
tiple
indi
rect
sce
nario
s af
fect
the
sam
eco
mpo
nent
s, th
is c
ould
indi
cate
a p
robl
em.
�co
uld
be g
ood,
if s
cena
rios
are
varia
nts
of e
ach
othe
r
�ch
ange
bac
kgro
und
colo
r to
gre
en
�ch
ange
bac
kgro
und
colo
r to
red
�co
uld
be b
ad, i
ndic
atin
g a
pote
ntia
lly p
oor
sepa
ratio
n of
conc
erns
�ch
ange
bac
kgro
und
colo
r to
red
�po
rt s
yste
m to
a d
iffer
ent p
latfo
rm
© 2
002,
W. P
ree
39
Ste
p 7
: G
en
era
te O
ve
rall
Eva
lua
tio
n
�N
ot a
ll sc
enar
ios
are
equa
l.
�T
he o
rgan
izat
ion
mus
t det
erm
ine
whi
ch s
cena
rios
are
mos
t im
port
ant.
�T
hen
the
orga
niza
tion
mus
t dec
ide
as to
whe
ther
the
desi
gn is
acc
epta
ble
“as
is”
or if
it m
ust b
e m
odifi
ed.
© 2
002,
W. P
ree
40
Inte
rac
tio
n o
f S
AA
M S
tep
s
clas
sific
atio
nof
sce
nario
sin
divi
dual
eval
uatio
nof
indi
rect
scen
ario
s
asse
ssm
ent
of s
cena
rioin
tera
ctio
n
over
all
eval
uatio
n
scen
ario
deve
lopm
ent
arch
itect
ure
desc
riptio
n
© 2
002,
W. P
ree
41
Ex
am
ple
: S
AA
M A
pp
lie
d t
oR
evis
ion
Co
ntr
ol S
yste
m
�“W
RC
S”
is a
larg
e, c
omm
erci
ally
-ava
ilabl
e re
visi
onco
ntro
l sys
tem
.�
No
docu
men
ted
syst
em a
rchi
tect
ure
exis
ted
prio
r to
the
eval
uatio
n.�
The
pur
pose
of t
he e
valu
atio
n w
as to
ass
ess
the
impa
ctof
ant
icip
ated
futu
re c
hang
es.
�T
hree
iter
atio
ns w
ere
requ
ired
to d
evel
op a
sat
isfa
ctor
yre
pres
enta
tion,
alte
rnat
ing
betw
een
�de
velo
pmen
t of s
cena
rios
�re
pres
enta
tion
of a
rchi
tect
ure
© 2
002,
W. P
ree
42
Arc
hit
ec
tura
l R
ep
rese
nta
tio
n o
fW
RC
S
visd
iffct
rls
win
31
OW
Lfm
ext
fnte
xt
mai
n
repo
rt
wrc
sho
ok
bcex
t
mce
xt
vbex
t
pvcs
2rcs
sccs
2rcs
msa
rn20
0
mak
e
diff
diff
bind
iff
nwca
lls
nwsp
xipx
nwni
m
© 2
002,
W. P
ree
43
Sc
en
ari
os U
se
d in
WR
CS
�U
ser
scen
ario
s
�co
mpa
re b
inar
y fil
e re
pres
enta
tions
�co
nfig
ure
the
prod
uct’s
tool
bar
�M
aint
aine
r
�po
rt to
ano
ther
ope
ratin
g sy
stem
�m
ake
min
or m
odifi
catio
ns to
the
user
inte
rfac
e
�A
dmin
istr
ator
�ch
ange
acc
ess
perm
issi
ons
for
a pr
ojec
t
�in
tegr
ate
with
a n
ew d
evel
opm
ent e
nviro
nmen
t
© 2
002,
W. P
ree
44
Sc
en
ari
o C
lassif
ica
tio
n
�U
ser
scen
ario
s�
com
pare
bin
ary
file
repr
esen
tatio
ns:
indi
rect
�co
nfig
ure
the
prod
uct’s
tool
bar:
dire
ct�
Mai
ntai
ner
�po
rt to
ano
ther
ope
ratin
g sy
stem
: in
dire
ct�
mak
e m
inor
mod
ifica
tions
to th
e us
er in
terf
ace:
indi
rect
�A
dmin
istr
ator
�ch
ange
acc
ess
perm
issi
ons
for
a pr
ojec
t: di
rect
�in
tegr
ate
with
a n
ew d
evel
opm
ent e
nviro
nmen
t:in
dire
ct
© 2
002,
W. P
ree
45
Sc
en
ari
o I
nte
rac
tio
ns
�E
ach
indi
rect
sce
nario
nec
essi
tate
d a
chan
ge in
som
em
odul
es.
Thi
s ca
n be
rep
rese
nted
eith
er ta
bula
rly o
rvi
sual
ly.
�T
he n
umbe
r of
sce
nario
s th
at a
ffect
ed e
ach
mod
ule
can
be s
how
n w
ith a
tabl
e or
gra
phic
ally
, with
a fi
sh-e
ye v
iew
.
�A
fish
-eye
vie
w u
ses
size
to r
epre
sent
are
as o
f int
eres
t.
© 2
002,
W. P
ree
46
Sc
en
ari
o I
nte
rac
tio
n T
ab
le
Mod
ule
No.
cha
nges
mai
n4
wrc
s7
diff
1bi
ndiff
1pv
cs2r
cs1
sccs
2rcs
1nw
calls
1nw
spxi
px1
nwnl
m1
hook
4re
port
1vi
sdiff
3ct
rls2
© 2
002,
W. P
ree
47
Sc
en
ari
o I
nte
rac
tio
n F
ish
-Eye
v
isd
iff
ctrl
s
fmex
t
fnte
xt
wwww
rrrr cccc
ssss h
oo
k
pvcs
2rcs
sccs
2rcs
msa
rn20
0
mak
e
diff
diff
bind
iff
nwca
lls
nwsp
xipx
win
31
OW
L
bcex
t
mce
xt
vbex
t
nwni
m
repo
rt
mai
n
© 2
002,
W. P
ree
48
Le
sso
ns L
ea
rne
d f
rom
WR
CS
�G
ranu
larit
y of
arc
hite
ctur
al d
escr
iptio
n
�In
terp
reta
tion
of s
cena
rio in
tera
ctio
ns
© 2
002,
W. P
ree
49
Pro
pe
r G
ran
ula
rity
of
Arc
hit
ec
tura
l D
esc
rip
tio
n
�T
he le
vel o
f det
ail o
f arc
hite
ctur
al d
escr
iptio
n is
dete
rmin
ed b
y th
e sc
enar
ios
chos
en.
�T
he n
ext s
lide
show
s w
hat a
n ar
chite
ct th
ough
t was
an
appr
opria
te le
vel o
f det
ail.
�C
ompo
nent
s ar
e an
nota
ted
with
the
num
bers
of i
ndire
ctsc
enar
ios
that
affe
ct th
em.
© 2
002,
W. P
ree
50
Ori
gin
al R
ep
rese
nta
tio
n o
fW
RC
S
visd
iff11 11
diff
msa
rn20
012
mak
e12
11,1
2
ctrls
mai
n11
,12,
13
repo
rt13
fmex
t13
fnte
xt13
© 2
002,
W. P
ree
51
Th
e “
ma
in”
Sc
en
ari
oIn
tera
cti
on
s
�P
ossi
bilit
ies:
�S
cena
rios
are
all
of th
e sa
me
clas
s.�
Sce
nario
s ar
e of
diffe
rent
cla
sses
and
“mai
n”
cann
otbe
sub
divi
ded.
�S
cena
rios
are
ofdi
ffere
nt c
lass
es,
and
“mai
n”
can
besu
bdiv
ided
.
visd
iff11 11
diff
msa
rn20
012
mak
e12
11,1
2
ctr
ls
mai
n11
,12,
13
repo
rt13
fmex
t13
fnte
xt13
mai
n1
11m
ain
212
mai
n3
13
© 2
002,
W. P
ree
52
WR
CS
: W
ha
t d
id w
e le
arn
?
�W
e id
entif
ied
seve
re li
mita
tions
in a
chie
ving
the
desi
red
port
abili
ty a
nd m
odifi
abili
ty. A
maj
or s
yste
m r
edes
ign
was
rec
omm
ende
d.�
The
eva
luat
ion
itsel
f obt
aine
d m
ixed
res
ults
.�
Sen
ior
deve
lope
rs/m
anag
ers
foun
d it
impo
rtan
t an
dus
eful
.�
Dev
elop
ers
rega
rded
this
as
just
an
acad
emic
exer
cise
.�
SA
AM
allo
wed
insi
ght i
nto
capa
bilit
ies
and
limita
tions
that
wer
en’t
easi
ly a
chie
ved
othe
rwis
e.�
Thi
s w
as a
ccom
plis
hed
with
onl
y sc
ant k
now
ledg
e of
the
inte
rnal
wor
king
s of
WR
CS
.
© 2
002,
W. P
ree
53
Le
sso
ns f
rom
SA
AM
-1
�D
irect
sce
nario
s pr
ovid
e a
�fir
st-o
rder
diff
eren
tiatio
n m
echa
nism
for
com
petin
g ar
chite
ctur
es�
mec
hani
sm fo
r el
iciti
ng a
nd u
nder
stan
ding
stru
ctur
es o
f arc
hite
ctur
es (
both
sta
tic a
nddy
nam
ic)
�It
is im
port
ant t
o ha
ve s
take
hold
ers
pres
ent a
tev
alua
tion
mee
tings
.�
Sta
keho
lder
s fin
d it
to b
e ed
ucat
iona
l.�
Arc
hite
ctur
al e
valu
ator
s m
ay n
ot h
ave
the
expe
rienc
e to
kee
p pr
esen
ters
“ho
nest
.”
© 2
002,
W. P
ree
54
Le
sso
ns f
rom
SA
AM
-2
.
�S
AA
M a
nd tr
aditi
onal
arc
hite
ctur
al m
etric
s�
Cou
plin
g an
d co
hesi
on m
etric
s do
not
rep
rese
ntdi
ffere
nt p
atte
rns
of u
se.
�H
igh
scen
ario
inte
ract
ion
show
s lo
w c
ohes
ion.
�A
sce
nario
with
wid
espr
ead
hits
sho
ws
high
cou
plin
g.�
Bot
h ar
e tie
d to
the
cont
ext o
f use
.�
SA
AM
pro
vide
s a
mea
ns o
f sha
rpen
ing
the
use
ofco
uplin
g an
d co
hesi
on m
etric
s.
© 2
002,
W. P
ree
55
Su
mm
ary
�A
SA
AM
eva
luat
ion
prod
uces
�te
chni
cal r
esul
ts: p
rovi
des
insi
ght i
nto
syst
emca
pabi
litie
s
�so
cial
res
ults
�fo
rces
som
e do
cum
enta
tion
of a
rchi
tect
ure
�ac
ts a
s co
mm
unic
atio
n ve
hicl
e am
ong
stak
ehol
ders
© 2
002,
W. P
ree
56
Su
mm
ary
and
con
clu
sio
n
© 2
002,
W. P
ree
57
Wh
ere
Ha
ve
We
Be
en
?
Hop
eful
ly, b
y no
w, y
ou a
re c
onvi
nced
that
:
�it
is a
goo
d id
ea to
hav
e a
softw
are
arch
itect
ure
�th
is a
rchi
tect
ure
shou
ld b
e do
cum
ente
d
�th
is a
rchi
tect
ure
shou
ld b
e co
mm
unic
ated
to th
esy
stem
’s s
take
hold
ers
�th
is a
rchi
tect
ure
shou
ld b
e an
alyz
ed
© 2
002,
W. P
ree
58
WWWWhhhh
yyyy AAAA
nnnnaaaa
llll yyyyzzzzeeee
aaaa
nnnn AAAA
rrrr cccchhhh
iiii tttteeee
cccctttt uuuu
rrrr eeee???? ----
1111
To
get i
nsig
hts
into
a s
yste
m‘s
qua
litie
s th
at c
ould
not
be
achi
eved
via
des
ign
insp
ectio
ns, c
ode
insp
ectio
ns,..
.
We
can
anal
yze
to u
nder
stan
d:
�ho
w to
rea
rchi
tect
a s
yste
m
�th
e ev
entu
al m
odifi
abili
ty o
f a s
yste
m
�w
here
arc
hite
ctur
al tr
adeo
ffs o
ccur
© 2
002,
W. P
ree
59
WWWWhhhh
yyyy AAAA
nnnnaaaa
llll yyyyzzzzeeee
aaaa
nnnn AAAA
rrrr cccchhhh
iiii tttteeee
cccctttt uuuu
rrrr eeee???? ----
2222
�A
rchi
tect
ure
anal
ysis
is e
asy
to d
o.
�A
rchi
tect
ure
anal
ysis
is (
rela
tivel
y) c
heap
.
�It
can
be d
one
early
, whe
n di
scov
ered
pro
blem
s ar
e st
illfix
able
at a
rea
sona
ble
cost
.
�It
impr
oves
the
qual
ity o
f an
arch
itect
ure
as w
ell a
s th
est
akeh
olde
rs‘ u
nder
stan
ding
and
con
fiden
ce.
�It
is a
way
of e
nhan
cing
team
com
mun
icat
ion.
�It
is a
n ef
fect
ive
risk
miti
gatio
n te
chni
que.
© 2
002,
W. P
ree
60
Ap
pen
dix
A
Ove
rvie
w o
far
chit
ectu
ral s
tyle
s
© 2
002,
W. P
ree
61
Ove
rvie
w o
f a
rch
ite
ctu
ral
sty
les
*)
�D
ata-
cent
ered
:�
Rep
osito
ry
�B
lack
boar
d
�D
ata-
flow
:�
Pip
es &
filte
rs
�B
atch
/seq
uent
ial
�C
all-a
nd-r
etur
n:�
Top
dow
n
�O
O
�la
yere
d
»V
irtua
l mac
hine
:–
Inte
rpre
ter
–R
ule-
base
d
»In
depe
nden
tco
mpo
nent
s:–
Com
mun
icat
ing
proc
esse
s
–E
vent
sys
tem
s
–im
plic
itin
voca
tion
–ex
plic
itin
voca
tion
*) T
he p
rese
ntat
ion
is b
ased
on
Sof
twar
e A
rchi
tect
ure
in P
ract
ice
(B
ass
et a
l.; A
ddis
on-W
esle
y, 1
998)
and
Sof
twar
e A
rchi
tect
ure:
Per
espe
ctiv
es o
n an
Em
ergi
ng D
isci
plin
e (
Sha
w, G
arla
n; P
rent
ice
Hal
l, 19
96)
© 2
002,
W. P
ree
62
Da
ta-c
en
tere
d (
I)
Acc
ess
to s
har
ed d
ata
rep
rese
nts
the
core
cha
ract
eris
tic o
fda
ta-c
ente
red
arch
itect
ures
. T
he d
ata
inte
grab
ility
for
ms
the
prin
cipa
l goa
l of
such
sys
tem
s.
Sha
red
Dat
a
Clie
ntC
lient
pass
ive
data
com
puta
tiona
lco
mpo
nent
/ ob
ject
data
flow
Lege
nd:
© 2
002,
W. P
ree
63
Da
ta-c
en
tere
d (
II)
The
mea
ns o
f co
mm
unic
atio
n be
twee
n th
e co
mpo
nent
sdi
stin
guis
hes
the
subt
ypes
of
the
data
-cen
tere
d ar
chite
ctur
alst
yle: �
Rep
osi
tory
: p
assi
ve d
ata
(se
e sc
hem
atic
rep
rese
ntat
ion
of p
revi
ous
slid
e)
�B
lack
bo
ard
: ac
tive
dat
aA
bla
ckbo
ard
send
s no
tific
atio
n to
sub
scrib
ers
whe
nre
leva
nt d
ata
chan
ge (
→ O
bser
ver
patte
rn)
© 2
002,
W. P
ree
64
Da
ta-c
en
tere
d (
III)
+cl
ient
s ar
e qu
ite in
depe
nden
t of
eac
h ot
her
=>
clie
nts
can
be m
odifi
ed w
ithou
t affe
ctin
g ot
hers
coup
ling
betw
een
clie
nts
mig
ht in
crea
se p
erfo
rman
ce b
utle
ssen
thi
s be
nefit
+ne
w c
lient
s ca
n be
eas
ily a
dded
No
rigid
sep
arat
ion
of s
tyle
s: W
hen
clie
nts
are
inde
pend
ently
exec
utin
g pr
oces
ses:
clie
nt/s
erve
r ar
chite
ctur
al s
tyle
© 2
002,
W. P
ree
65
Da
ta-f
low
The
sys
tem
con
sist
s of
a s
erie
s o
f tr
ansf
orm
atio
ns
on
su
cces
sive
pie
ces
of
(in
pu
t) d
ata.
Reu
se a
nd m
odifi
abili
ty fo
rm th
e pr
inci
pal
goal
s of
suc
h ar
chite
ctur
es.
Val
idat
e
proc
ess
data
flow
Lege
nd:
Sor
tR
epor
tT
ape
Tap
eT
ape
Pag
e
© 2
002,
W. P
ree
66
Da
ta-f
low
su
bsty
les
�B
atch
seq
uen
tial
(→
sam
ple
on p
revi
ous
slid
e)
�co
mpo
nent
s (=
pro
cess
ing
step
s) a
re in
depe
nden
t pro
gram
s
�ea
ch s
tep
ru
ns
to c
om
ple
tio
n b
efo
re t
he
nex
t st
ep s
tart
s,
i.e.,
each
bat
ch o
f dat
a is
tran
smitt
ed a
s a
who
le b
etw
een
step
s
�P
ipe-
and
-filt
er (
→ U
NIX
pip
es &
filte
rs)
�in
crem
enta
l tr
ansf
orm
atio
n o
f d
ata
base
d on
str
eam
s
�fil
ters
are
str
eam
tran
sduc
ers
and
use
little
con
text
ual
info
rmat
ion
and
reta
in n
o st
ate
info
rmat
ion
betw
een
inst
antia
tions
�pi
pes
are
stat
eles
s an
d ju
st m
ove
data
bet
wee
n fil
ters
© 2
002,
W. P
ree
67
Pro
s a
nd
co
ns o
f p
ipe
s-a
nd
-fi
lters
+no
com
plex
com
pone
nt in
tera
ctio
ns to
man
age
+fil
ters
are
bla
ck b
oxes
+pi
pes
and
filte
rs c
an b
e hi
erar
chic
ally
com
pose
d
–ba
tch
men
talit
y =
> h
ardl
y su
itabl
e fo
r in
tera
ctiv
e ap
plic
atio
ns
–fil
ter
orde
ring
can
be d
iffic
ult;
filte
rs c
anno
t in
tera
ct c
oope
rativ
ely
to s
olve
a p
robl
em
–pe
rfor
man
ce is
ofte
n po
or
pars
ing/
unpa
rsin
g ov
erhe
ad d
ue to
low
est c
omm
on d
enom
inat
orda
ta r
epre
sent
atio
n
–fil
ters
whi
ch r
equi
re a
ll in
put f
or o
utpu
t pro
duct
ion
have
to c
reat
eun
limite
d bu
ffers
© 2
002,
W. P
ree
68
Vir
tua
l m
ac
hin
e (
I)
Virt
ual m
achi
nes
sim
ula
te s
om
e fu
nct
ion
alit
y t
hat
is n
ot
nat
ive
to t
he
har
dw
are/
soft
war
e o
n w
hic
h it
isim
ple
men
ted
. T
his
supp
orts
ach
ievi
ng th
e qu
ality
attr
ibut
e of
po
rtab
ility
.
Exa
mpl
es:
�in
terp
rete
rs
�co
mm
and
lang
uage
pro
cess
ors
�ru
le-b
ased
sys
tem
s
© 2
002,
W. P
ree
69
Vir
tua
l m
ac
hin
e (
II)
Sch
emat
ic r
epre
sen
tati
on
:
Dat
a(p
rogr
am s
tate
)P
rogr
am b
eing
inte
rpre
ted
Inte
rpre
tatio
nE
ngin
eIn
tern
al s
tate
inpu
ts
outp
uts
prog
ram
inst
ruct
ions
stat
e da
ta
sele
cted
inst
ruct
ion
sele
cted
dat
a
data
upda
tes
© 2
002,
W. P
ree
70
Ca
ll-a
nd
-re
turn
Cal
l-and
-ret
urn
arch
itect
ures
rel
y on
the
wel
l-kno
wn
abst
ract
ion
of p
roce
dure
s/fu
nctio
ns/m
etho
ds.
Sha
w a
ndG
arla
n di
scer
n be
twee
n th
e fo
llow
ing
subs
tyle
s:
�m
ain-
prog
ram
-and
-sub
rout
ine
styl
e
�re
mot
e-pr
oced
ure-
call
syst
ems
also
bel
ong
to th
is c
ateg
ory
but a
re d
ecom
pose
d in
part
s th
at li
ve o
n co
mpu
ters
con
nect
ed v
iaa
netw
ork
�ob
ject
-orie
nted
or
abst
ract
-dat
a-ty
pe s
tyle
�la
yere
d st
yle
© 2
002,
W. P
ree
71
La
ye
red
sty
le
Com
pone
nts
belo
ng to
laye
rs. I
n pu
re la
yere
d sy
stem
s ea
chle
vel s
ho
uld
co
mm
un
icat
e o
nly
wit
h it
s im
med
iate
nei
gh
bo
rs.
Eac
h su
cces
sive
laye
r is
bui
lt on
its
pred
eces
sor,
hid
ing
the
low
er la
yer
and
prov
idin
g so
me
serv
ices
tha
t th
e up
per
laye
rsm
ake
use
of. U
pper
laye
rs o
ften
form
virt
ual m
achi
nes.
Use
r in
terf
ace
Bas
ic u
tiliti
es
Cor
e sy
stem
© 2
002,
W. P
ree
72
Event
syste
ms
Pub
lish/
subs
crib
e (o
bser
ver)
pat
tern
: C
ompo
nent
s ca
n re
gist
er a
nin
tere
st in
not
ifica
tions
.
Exa
mpl
e: c
oupl
ing
betw
een
Java
Bea
ns
Lis
tene
r
Sour
ceL
iste
ner
Lis
tene
r
© 2
002,
W. P
ree
73
Hete
rogeneous s
tyle
s (
I)
Exa
mpl
e: e
vent
sys
tem
+ la
yere
d st
yle
Lis
tene
r
Sour
ceL
iste
ner
Lis
tene
r
© 2
002,
W. P
ree
74
Hete
rogeneous s
tyle
s (
II)
In g
ener
al, t
he p
rese
nted
arc
hite
ctur
al s
tyle
s do
not
cle
arly
cate
goriz
e ar
chite
ctur
es. S
tyle
s ex
ist a
s co
gniti
ve a
ids
and
com
mun
icat
ion
cues
.
�T
he d
ata-
cent
ered
sty
le, c
ompo
sed
out o
f thr
ead-
inde
pend
ent c
lient
s is
like
an
inde
pend
ent c
ompo
nent
arch
itect
ure.
�T
he la
yers
in a
laye
red
arch
itect
ure
mig
ht b
e ob
ject
s/A
DT
s.
�T
he c
ompo
nent
s in
a p
ipe-
and-
filte
r ar
chite
ctur
e ar
e us
ually
inde
pend
ently
ope
ratin
g pr
oces
ses
and
thus
als
o co
rres
pond
to a
n in
depe
nden
t co
mpo
nent
arc
hite
ctur
e.
�C
omm
erci
al c
lient
/ser
ver
syst
ems
with
a C
OR
BA
-bas
edin
fras
truc
ture
cou
ld b
e de
scrib
ed a
s la
yere
d ob
ject
-bas
edpr
oces
s sy
stem
s, i.
e., a
hyb
rid o
f thr
ee s
tyle
s.
© 2
002,
W. P
ree
75
Ap
pe
nd
ix B
—B
iblio
gra
ph
y (
I)
Bas
s L.
, Cle
men
ts P
., K
azm
an R
. (19
98)
Sof
twar
e A
rchi
tect
ure
in P
ract
ice,
Add
ison
-Wes
ley
Fay
ad M
., S
chm
idt D
., Jo
hnso
n R
. (19
99)
Bui
ldin
g A
pplic
atio
n F
ram
ewor
ks: O
bjec
t-O
rient
ed F
ound
atio
ns o
f Fra
mew
ork
Des
ign,
Wile
y
Fay
ad M
., S
chm
idt D
., Jo
hnso
n R
. (19
99)
Impl
emen
ting
App
licat
ion
Fra
mew
orks
: Obj
ect-
Orie
nted
Fra
mew
orks
at W
ork,
Wile
y
Fay
ad M
., S
chm
idt D
., Jo
hnso
n R
. (19
99)
Dom
ain-
Spe
cific
App
licat
ion
Fra
mew
orks
: Man
ufac
turin
g, N
etw
orki
ng, D
istr
ibut
edS
yste
ms,
and
Sof
twar
e D
evel
opm
ent,
Wile
y
Gab
riel R
.P. (
1996
). P
atte
rns
of S
oftw
are
—T
ales
from
the
Sof
twar
e C
omm
unity
. New
Yor
k: O
xfor
d U
nive
rsity
Pre
ss
Gam
ma
E.,
Hel
m R
., Jo
hnso
n R
. and
Vlis
side
s J.
(19
95)
Des
ign
Pat
tern
s—E
lem
ents
of R
eusa
ble
OO
Sof
twar
e. R
eadi
ng, M
A:
Add
ison
-Wes
ley
(als
o av
aila
ble
as C
D)
Pre
e W
. (19
95)
Des
ign
Pat
tern
s fo
r O
bjec
t-O
rient
ed S
oftw
are
Dev
elop
men
t. R
eadi
ng, M
assa
chus
etts
: Add
ison
-Wes
ley/
AC
M P
ress
Szy
pers
ki C
. (19
98)
Com
pone
nt S
oftw
are
—B
eyon
d O
bjec
t-O
rient
ed P
rogr
amm
ing,
Add
ison
-Wes
ley.
Sha
w M
., G
arla
n D
. (19
96)
Sof
twar
e A
rchi
tect
ure
—P
ersp
ectiv
es o
n an
Em
ergi
ng D
isci
plin
e. P
rent
ice-
Hal
l
com
preh
ensi
ve a
rchi
tect
ure
desc
riptio
ns o
f rea
l-wor
ld s
oftw
are
syst
ems:
Fre
eman
E, H
upfe
r S
, Arn
old
K (
1999
) Ja
vaS
pace
s—P
rinci
ples
, Pat
tern
s, a
nd P
ract
ice,
Add
ison
-Wes
ley
Wirt
h N
, Gut
knec
ht J
. (19
93)
Pro
ject
Obe
ron
—T
he D
esig
n of
an
Ope
ratin
g S
yste
m a
nd C
ompi
ler,
Add
ison
-Wes
ley
© 2
002,
W. P
ree
76
Ap
pe
nd
ix B
—B
iblio
gra
ph
y (
II)
Bib
liogr
aphy
on
Soft
war
e A
rchi
tect
ure
Ana
lysi
s (h
ttp://
ww
w.fi
t.ac.
jp/~
zhao
/pub
/sa.
htm
l),
mai
ntai
ned
by J
ianj
un Z
hao
Thi
s is
the
bibl
iogr
aphy
on
soft
war
e ar
chit
ectu
re a
naly
sis,
wit
h sp
ecia
l em
phas
is o
n ar
chit
ectu
ral-
leve
l und
erst
andi
ng, t
esti
ng, d
ebug
ging
, rev
erse
eng
inee
ring
, re-
engi
neer
ing,
mai
nten
ance
, and
com
plex
ity
mea
sure
men
t.
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
R. B
alze
r, "
Inst
rum
enti
ng, M
onit
orin
g an
d D
ebug
ging
Sof
twar
e A
rchi
tect
ures
."
P. B
engt
sson
and
J. B
osch
, "Sc
enar
io-B
ased
Sof
twar
e A
rchi
tect
ure
Ree
ngin
eeri
ng,"
Pro
c. 5
th I
nte
rna
tion
al C
on
fere
nce
on
So
ftw
are
Re
use
(IC
SR
5)
, pp.
308-
317,
IE
EE
Com
pute
rSo
ciet
y Pr
ess,
Vic
tori
a, B
.C, C
anad
a, J
une
1998
.
P. B
engt
sson
, "T
owar
ds M
aint
aina
bili
ty M
etri
cs o
n So
ftw
are
Arc
hite
ctur
e: A
n A
dapt
atio
n of
Obj
ect-
Ori
ente
d M
etri
cs,"
Fir
srt
No
rdic
Wo
rksh
op
on
So
ftw
are
Arc
hite
ctu
re(N
OS
A'9
8), R
onne
by, A
ugus
t 199
8.
P. B
engt
sson
and
J. B
osch
, "A
rchi
tect
ure
Lev
el P
redi
ctio
n of
Sof
twar
e M
aint
enan
ce,"
Pro
c. 3
rd E
uro
pe
an
Co
nfe
ren
ce o
n M
ain
ten
an
ce a
nd
Re
en
gin
ee
rin
g (
CS
MR
99
) , A
mst
erda
m,
The
Net
herl
ands
, Mar
ch 1
999.
L. B
ass,
P. C
lem
ents
, and
R. K
azm
an, "
Soft
war
e A
rchi
tect
ure
in P
ract
ice,
" Pu
blis
hed
by A
ddis
on-W
esle
y in
the
SEI
Seri
es, 1
998.
A. B
erto
lino
, P. I
nver
ardi
, H. M
ucci
ni, a
nd A
. Ros
etti
, "A
n A
ppro
ach
to I
nteg
rati
on T
esti
ng B
ased
on
Arc
hite
ctur
al D
escr
ipti
ons,
" P
roc.
Th
ird
IE
EE
In
tern
atio
na
l Co
nfe
ren
ce o
nE
ng
ine
eri
ng
of
Co
mp
lex
Co
mp
ute
r S
yste
ms
(IC
EC
CS
97
), p
p.77
-84,
Com
o, I
taly
, Sep
tem
ber
1997
.
G. C
anfo
ra, A
. De
Luc
ia, G
. di L
ucca
, and
A. F
asol
ino,
"R
ecov
erin
g th
e A
rchi
tect
ural
Des
ign
for
Soft
war
e C
ompr
ehen
sion
," P
roc.
IE
EE
Th
ird
Wo
rksh
op
on
Pro
gra
mC
om
pre
he
nsi
on, W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C, N
ovem
ber
1994
.
S. J
. Car
rier
e an
d R
. Kaz
man
, "T
he P
eril
s of
Rec
onst
ruct
ing
Arc
hite
ctur
es,"
Pro
c. 3
rd I
nte
rna
tion
al S
oft
wa
re A
rch
itect
ure
Wo
rksh
op
(IS
AW
3)
, pp.
13-1
6, A
CM
SIG
SOFT
, Orl
ando
,F
lori
da, U
SA
, Nov
embe
r 19
98.
S. J
. Car
rier
e, R
. Kaz
man
, and
S. W
oods
, "A
sses
sing
and
Mai
ntai
ning
Arc
hite
ctur
al Q
uali
ty,"
Pro
c. 3
rd E
uro
pe
an
Co
nfe
ren
ce o
n M
ain
ten
an
ce a
nd
Re
en
gin
ee
rin
g (
CS
MR
99
) ,
Am
ster
dam
, The
Net
herl
ands
, Mar
ch 1
999.
P. C
lem
ents
, R. K
rut,
E. M
orri
s, a
nd K
. Wal
lnau
, "T
he G
adfl
y: A
n A
ppro
ach
to A
rchi
tect
ural
-Lev
el S
yste
m C
ompr
ehen
sion
," P
roc.
4th
In
tern
atio
na
l Wo
rksh
op
on
Pro
gra
mC
om
pre
he
nsi
on
(IW
PC
96
), I
EE
E C
ompu
ter
Soci
ety
Pres
s, p
p.17
8-18
6, 1
996.
J. F
. Gir
ard
and
R. K
osch
ke, "
Find
ing
Com
pone
nts
in a
Hie
rarc
hy o
f M
odul
es: A
Ste
p to
war
ds A
rchi
tect
ural
Und
erst
andi
ng,"
Pro
c. I
nte
rna
tion
al C
on
fere
nce
on
So
ftw
are
Ma
inte
na
nce
(IC
SM
97
), IE
EE
Com
pute
r So
ciet
y Pr
ess,
pp.
58-6
5, B
ari,
Ital
y, O
ctob
er 1
997.
© 2
002,
W. P
ree
77
Ap
pe
nd
ix B
—B
iblio
gra
ph
y (
III)
G. Y
. Guo
, J. M
. Atl
ee, a
nd R
. Kaz
man
, "A
Sof
twar
e A
rchi
tect
ure
Rec
onst
ruct
ion
Met
hod,
" P
roc.
Fir
st W
ork
ing
IF
IP C
on
fere
nce
on
So
ftw
are
Arc
hite
ctu
re (
WIC
SA
1)
, San
Ant
onio
,T
X, U
SA, F
ebru
ary
1999
.
D. H
arri
s, H
. Reu
bens
tein
, and
A. S
. Yeh
, "R
ever
se E
ngin
eeri
ng to
the
Arc
hite
ctur
al L
evel
," P
roc.
In
tern
atio
na
l Co
nfe
ren
ce o
n S
oft
wa
re E
ng
ine
eri
ng
(IC
SE
95
), p
p.18
6-19
5, I
EE
EC
ompu
ter
Soci
ety
Pres
s, J
uly
1995
.
S. H
enry
and
D. K
afur
a, "
Soft
war
e St
ruct
ure
Met
rics
Bas
ed o
n In
form
atio
n Fl
ow,"
IE
EE
Tra
nsa
ctio
ns
on
So
ftw
are
En
gin
ee
rin
g, 7
(5),
Sep
tem
ber
1981
.
P. I
nver
ardi
and
A. L
. Wol
f, "
Form
al S
peci
fica
tion
and
Ana
lysi
s of
Sof
twar
e A
rchi
tect
ures
usi
ng th
e C
hem
ical
Abs
trac
t Mac
hine
Mod
el,"
IE
EE
Tra
nsa
ctio
ns
on
So
ftw
are
En
gin
ee
rin
g, 21
(4):
373-
-386
, Apr
il 1
995.
R. K
azm
an, "
Too
l Sup
port
for
Arc
hite
ctur
al A
naly
sis
and
Des
ign,
" P
roc.
2n
d S
oft
wa
re A
rch
itect
ure
Wo
rksh
op
(IS
AW
2)
, pp.
94-9
7, S
an F
ranc
isco
, CA
, Oct
ober
199
6.
R. K
azm
an, G
. Abo
wd,
L. B
ass,
and
P. C
lem
ents
, "Sc
enar
io-B
ased
Ana
lysi
s of
Sof
twar
e A
rchi
tect
ure,
" IE
EE
So
ftw
are,
pp.
47-5
5, N
ovem
ber
1996
.
R. K
azm
an a
nd M
. Bur
th, "
Ass
essi
ng A
rchi
tect
ural
Com
plex
ity,
" P
roc.
2n
d E
uro
mic
ro W
ork
ing
Co
nfe
ren
ce o
n S
oft
wa
re M
ain
ten
an
ce a
nd
Re
en
gin
ee
rin
g (
CS
MR
98
), p
p.10
4-11
2,IE
EE
Com
pute
r So
ciet
y Pr
ess,
Flo
renc
e, I
taly
, Mar
ch 1
998.
R. K
azm
an a
nd S
. J. C
arri
ere,
"V
iew
Ext
ract
ion
and
Vie
w F
usio
n in
Arc
hite
ctur
al U
nder
stan
ding
," P
roc.
5th
In
tern
atio
na
l Co
nfe
ren
ce o
n S
oft
wa
re R
eu
se (
ICS
R5
), p
p.29
0-29
9,IE
EE
Com
pute
r So
ciet
y Pr
ess,
Vic
tori
a, B
.C, C
anad
a, J
une
1998
.
R. K
azm
an, M
. Kle
in, M
. Bar
bacc
i, H
. Lip
son,
T. L
ongs
taff
, and
S. J
. Car
rier
e, "
The
Arc
hite
ctur
e T
rade
off
Ana
lysi
s M
etho
d,"
Pro
c. F
ou
rth
IE
EE
In
tern
atio
na
l Co
nfe
ren
ce o
nE
ng
ine
eri
ng
of
Co
mp
lex
Co
mp
ute
r S
yste
ms
(IC
EC
CS
98
), p
p.68
-78,
Mon
tery
, USA
, Aug
ust 1
998.
R. K
azm
an, S
. Woo
ds, a
nd S
. J. C
arri
ere,
"R
equi
rem
ents
for
Int
egra
ting
Sof
twar
e A
rchi
tect
ure
and
Ree
ngin
eeri
ng M
odel
s: C
OR
UM
II"
, Pro
c. 5
th W
ork
ing
Co
nfe
ren
ce o
n R
eve
rse
En
gin
ee
rin
g (
WC
RE
98
), pp.
154-
163,
Hon
olul
u, H
I, O
ctob
er 1
998.
R. K
azm
an a
nd S
. J. C
arri
ere,
Pla
ying
Det
ecti
ve: R
econ
stru
ctin
g So
ftw
are
Arc
hite
ctur
e fr
om A
vail
able
Evi
denc
e", J
ou
rna
l of
Au
tom
ate
d S
oft
wa
re E
ng
ine
eri
ng
, Apr
il 1
999.
(to
appe
ar)
T. H
. Kim
, Y. T
. Son
g, L
. Chu
ng, a
nd D
. Huy
nh, "
Soft
war
e A
rchi
tect
ure
Ana
lysi
s U
sing
Dyn
amic
Sli
cing
", P
roc.
Ao
M/I
Ao
M C
S'9
9, Aug
uest
199
9.
T. H
. Kim
, Y. T
. Son
g, L
. Chu
ng, a
nd D
. Huy
nh, "
Dyn
amic
Sof
twar
e A
rchi
tect
ure
Slic
ing"
, Pro
c. 2
3th
IE
EE
An
nu
al I
nte
rna
tion
al C
om
pu
ter
So
ftw
are
an
d A
pp
lica
tion
s C
on
fere
nce
(CO
MP
SA
C9
9), O
ctob
er 1
999.
(to
app
ear)
J. K
ram
er a
nd J
. Mag
ee, "
Ana
lysi
ng D
ynam
ic C
hang
e in
Sof
twar
e A
rchi
tect
ures
: A C
ase
Stud
y", P
roc.
IE
EE
4th
In
tern
atio
na
l Co
nfe
ren
ce o
n C
on
figu
rab
le D
istr
ibu
ted
Sys
tem
s(C
DS
98
), pp.
91-1
00, A
nnap
olis
, May
199
8.
R.L
. Kri
khaa
r, R
.P. d
e Jo
ng, J
.P. M
edem
a, a
nd L
.M.G
. Fei
js, "
Arc
hite
ctur
e C
ompr
ehen
sion
Too
ls f
or a
PB
X S
yste
m",
Pro
c. 3
rd E
uro
pe
an
Co
nfe
ren
ce o
n M
ain
ten
an
ce a
nd
Re
en
gin
ee
rin
g (
CS
MR
99
) , Am
ster
dam
, The
Net
herl
ands
, Mar
ch 1
999.
D.C
. Luc
kham
, J.J
. Ken
ney,
L.M
. Aug
usti
n, J
. Ver
a, D
. Bry
an, a
nd W
. Man
n, "
Spec
ific
atio
n an
d A
naly
sis
of S
yste
m A
rchi
tect
ure
Usi
ng R
apid
e,"
IEE
E T
ran
sact
ion
s o
n S
oft
wa
reE
ng
ine
eri
ng,
Vol
.21,
No.
4, p
p.33
6-35
5, A
pril
199
5.
C. H
. Lun
g, S
. Bot
, K. K
alai
chel
van,
and
R. K
azm
an, "
An
App
roac
h to
Sof
twar
e A
rchi
tect
ure
Ana
lysi
s fo
r E
volu
tion
and
Reu
sabi
lity
," P
roc.
of
CA
SC
ON
'97, N
ovem
ber
1997
.
© 2
002,
W. P
ree
78
Ap
pe
nd
ix B
—B
iblio
gra
ph
y (
IV)
C. H
. Lun
g an
d K
. Kal
aich
elva
n, "
A Q
uant
itat
ive
App
roac
h to
Sof
twar
e A
rchi
tect
ure
Sens
itiv
ity
Ana
lysi
s", P
roc.
of
the
10
th I
nte
rna
tion
all
Co
nfe
ren
ce o
n S
oft
wa
re E
ng
ine
eri
ng
an
dK
no
wle
dg
e E
ng
ine
eri
ng, p
p. 1
85-1
92, J
une
1998
.
C. H
. Lun
g, "
Soft
war
e A
rchi
tect
ure
Rec
over
y an
d R
estr
uctu
ring
thro
ugh
Clu
ster
ing
Tec
hniq
ues,
" P
roc.
3rd
In
tern
atio
na
l So
ftw
are
Arc
hite
ctu
re W
ork
sho
p (
ISA
W3
), p
p.10
1-10
4,A
CM
SIG
SOFT
, Orl
ando
, Flo
rida
, USA
, Nov
embe
r 19
98.
J. M
agee
, J. K
ram
er, a
nd D
. Gia
nnak
opou
lou,
"A
naly
sing
the
Beh
avio
ur o
f D
istr
ibut
ed S
oftw
are
Arc
hite
ctur
es: a
Cas
e St
udy"
, Pro
c. 5
th I
EE
E W
ork
sho
p o
n F
utu
re T
ren
ds
inD
istr
ibu
ted
Co
mp
utin
g S
yste
ms
(FT
DC
S9
7)
, pp.
240-
247,
Tun
isia
, Oct
ober
199
7.
J. M
agee
, J. K
ram
er, a
nd D
. Gia
nnak
opou
lou,
"So
ftw
are
Arc
hite
ctur
e D
irec
ted
Beh
avio
r A
naly
sis,
" P
roc.
Nin
th I
nte
rna
tion
al W
ork
sho
p o
n S
oft
wa
re S
pe
cific
atio
n a
nd
De
sig
n(I
WS
SD
9), p
p.14
4-14
6, I
EE
E C
ompu
ter
Soci
ety
Pres
s, I
se-S
him
a, J
apan
, Apr
il 1
998.
J. M
agee
, J. K
ram
er a
nd D
. Gia
nnak
opou
lou,
"B
ehav
iour
Ana
lysi
s of
Sof
twar
e A
rchi
tect
ures
" P
roc.
Fir
st W
ork
ing
IF
IP C
on
fere
nce
on
So
ftw
are
Arc
hite
ctu
re (
WIC
SA
1)
, San
Ant
onio
, Tex
as, F
ebru
ary
1999
.
T. J
. McC
abe
and
C. W
. But
ler,
"D
esig
n C
ompl
exit
y M
easu
rem
ent a
nd T
esti
ng,"
Co
mm
un
ica
tion
s o
f A
CM, V
ol.3
2, N
o.12
, pp.
1415
-142
5, 1
989.
G. N
aum
ovic
h, G
.S. A
vrun
in, L
.A. C
lark
e, a
nd L
.J. O
ster
wei
l, "A
pply
ing
Stat
ic A
naly
sis
to S
oftw
are
Arc
hite
ctur
es,"
Pro
c. t
he
Six
th E
uro
pe
an
So
ftw
are
En
gin
ee
rin
g C
on
fere
nce
He
ld J
oin
tly w
ith t
he
5th
AC
M S
IGS
OF
T S
ymp
osi
um
on
Fo
un
da
tion
s o
f S
oft
wa
re E
ng
ine
eri
ng
, pp.
77-9
3, L
ectu
re N
otes
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. Per
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nd A
. L. W
olf,
``F
ound
atio
ns f
or th
e St
udy
of S
oftw
are
Arc
hite
ctur
e'',
AC
M S
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OF
T S
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No
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Oct
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199
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and
M. S
ulzm
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"A
naly
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of A
rchi
tect
ures
usi
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onst
rain
t-B
ased
Typ
es,"
Pro
c. F
irst
Wo
rkin
g I
FIP
Co
nfe
ren
ce o
n S
oft
wa
re A
rch
itect
ure
(W
ICS
A1
), S
an A
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io,
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ruar
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99.
M. D
. Ric
e an
d S.
B. S
eidm
an, "
An
App
roac
h to
Arc
hite
ctur
al A
naly
sis
and
Tes
ting
," P
roc.
3rd
In
tern
atio
na
l So
ftw
are
Arc
hite
ctu
re W
ork
sho
p (
ISA
W3
), p
p.12
1-12
3, A
CM
SIG
SOFT
, Orl
ando
, Flo
rida
, USA
, Nov
embe
r 19
98.
D.J
. Ric
hard
son
and
A. L
. Wol
f, "
Soft
war
e T
estin
g at
the
Arc
hite
ctur
al L
evel
," P
roc.
2n
d I
nte
rna
tion
al S
oft
wa
re A
rch
itect
ure
Wo
rksh
op
(IS
AW
2)
, pp.
68-7
1, S
an F
ranc
isco
,C
alif
orni
a, O
ctob
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996.
M. S
haw
and
D. G
arla
n, "
Soft
war
e A
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tect
ure:
Per
spec
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s on
an
Em
ergi
ng D
isci
plin
e,"
Pren
tice
Hal
l, 19
96.
J.A
. Sta
ffor
d, D
.J. R
icha
rdso
n, a
nd A
. L. W
olf,
"C
hain
ing:
A S
oftw
are
Arc
hite
ctur
e D
epen
denc
e A
naly
sis
Tec
hniq
ue,"
Tec
hnic
al R
epor
t CU
-CS-
845-
97, U
nive
rsit
y of
Col
orad
o,Se
ptem
ber
1997
.
J.A
. Sta
ffor
d, D
.J. R
icha
rdso
n, a
nd A
. L. W
olf,
"A
ladd
in: A
Too
l for
Arc
hite
ctur
e-le
vel D
epen
denc
e A
naly
sis
of S
oftw
are
Syst
ems,
" U
nive
rsit
y of
Col
orad
o T
echn
ical
Rep
ort,
CU
-C
S-85
8-98
, 199
8.
J.A
. Sta
ffor
d an
d A
. L. W
olf,
"A
rchi
tect
ural
-lev
el D
epen
denc
e A
naly
sis
in S
uppo
rt o
f So
ftw
are
Mai
nten
ance
," P
roc.
3rd
In
tern
atio
na
l So
ftw
are
Arc
hite
ctu
re W
ork
sho
p (
ISA
W3
),
pp.1
29-1
32, A
CM
SIG
SOFT
, Orl
ando
, Flo
rida
, USA
, Nov
embe
r 19
98.
W. T
racz
, "T
estin
g an
d A
naly
sis
of S
oftw
are
Arc
hite
ctur
es,"
Pro
c. A
CM
In
tern
atio
na
l Sym
po
siu
m o
n S
oft
wa
re T
est
ing
an
d A
na
lysi
s (I
SS
TA
96
), S
.Die
go, U
SA, J
anua
ry 1
996.
V. T
zerp
os a
nd R
.C. H
olt,
"The
Orp
han
Ado
ptio
n pr
oble
m in
Arc
hite
ctur
e M
aint
enan
ce,"
Pro
c. W
ork
ing
Co
nfe
ren
ce o
n R
eve
rse
En
gin
ee
rin
g (
WC
RE
97
), A
mst
erda
m, T
heN
ethe
rlan
ds, O
ctob
er 1
997.
© 2
002,
W. P
ree
79
Ap
pe
nd
ix B
—B
iblio
gra
ph
y (
V)
C. W
illi
ams,
"So
ftw
are
Arc
hite
ctur
e: I
mpl
icat
ions
for
Com
pute
r Sc
ienc
e R
esea
rch,
" P
roc.
Fir
st W
ork
ing
IF
IP C
on
fere
nce
on
So
ftw
are
Arc
hite
ctu
re (
WIC
SA
1)
, San
Ant
onio
, TX
,U
SA, F
ebru
ary
1999
.
J. Z
hao,
"So
ftw
are
Arc
hite
ctur
e Sl
icin
g,"
Pro
c. 1
4th
Co
nfe
ren
ce o
f Ja
pa
n S
oci
ety
fo
r S
oft
wa
re S
cie
nce
an
d T
ech
no
log
y (J
SS
ST
'97
), p
p.49
-52,
Ish
ikaw
a, J
apan
, Sep
tem
ber
1997
.
J. Z
hao,
"U
sing
Dep
ende
nce
Ana
lysi
s to
Sup
port
Sof
twar
e A
rchi
tect
ure
Und
erst
andi
ng,"
in M
. Li (
Ed.
), "
Ne
w T
ech
no
log
ies
on
Co
mp
ute
r S
oft
wa
re,"
pp.
135-
142,
Int
erna
tion
alA
cade
mic
Pub
lish
ers,
Sep
tem
ber
1997
.
J. Z
hao,
"A
pply
ing
Slic
ing
Tec
hniq
ue to
Sof
twar
e A
rchi
tect
ures
," P
roc.
Fo
urt
h I
EE
E I
nte
rna
tion
al C
on
fere
nce
on
En
gin
ee
rin
g o
f C
om
ple
x C
om
pu
ter
Sys
tem
s (I
CE
CC
S9
8)
, pp.
87-
98, A
ugus
t 199
8.
J. Z
hao,
"O
n A
sses
sing
the
Com
plex
ity
of S
oftw
are
Arc
hite
ctur
es,"
Pro
c. 3
rd I
nte
rna
tion
al S
oft
wa
re A
rch
itect
ure
Wo
rksh
op
(IS
AW
3)
, pp.
163-
166,
AC
M S
IGSO
FT, O
rlan
do,
Flo
rida
, US
A, N
ovem
ber
1998
.
J. Z
hao,
"E
xtra
ctin
g R
eusa
ble
Soft
war
e A
rchi
tect
ures
: A S
lici
ng-B
ased
App
roac
h,"
Pro
c. E
SE
C/F
SE
'99
Wo
rksh
op
on
Ob
ject
-Ori
en
ted
Re
en
gin
ee
rin
g, T
oulo
use,
Fra
nce,
Sep
tem
ber
1999
. (to
app
ear)
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Oth
er L
inks
on
Soft
war
e A
rchi
tect
ure
Bib
liog
raph
ies:
Ric
Hol
t's A
nnot
ated
Bib
logr
aphy
on
Soft
war
e A
rchi
tect
ure
h
ttp
://p
lg.u
wa
terl
oo
.ca
/~h
olt/
cs/7
46
/98
/bib
lio.h
tml
Ric
k K
azm
an's
Sof
twar
e A
rchi
tect
ure
Bib
liog
raph
y
htt
p:/
/ww
w.c
gl.u
wa
terl
oo
.ca
/~rn
kazm
an
/SA
-bib
.htm
l
Kam
ran
Sart
ipi's
Sof
twar
e A
rchi
tect
ure
Bib
liog
raph
yh
ttp
://s
e.m
ath
.uw
ate
rlo
o.c
a:8
0/~
ksa
rtip
i/pa
pe
rs/s
a-b
ib.p
s
SEI
Bib
liog
raph
y on
Sof
twar
e A
rchi
tect
ure
htt
p:/
/ww
w.s
ei.c
mu
.ed
u/a
rch
itect
ure
/bib
pa
rt1
.htm
l
Oth
ers:
Dew
ayne
Per
ry's
Web
Pag
e on
Sof
twar
e A
rchi
tect
ure
htt
p:/
/ww
w.b
ell-
lab
s.co
m/u
ser/
de
p/w
ork
/sw
a/
Soft
war
e A
rchi
tect
ure
Tec
hnol
ogy
Gui
de
htt
p:/
/ww
w-a
st.t
ds-
gn
.lmco
.co
m/a
rch
/gu
ide
.htm
l
On-
line
Pro
ceed
ings
of
the
Inte
rnat
iona
l Wor
ksho
p on
the
Rol
e of
Sof
twar
e A
rchi
tect
ure
in T
esti
ng a
nd A
naly
sis
(RO
SAT
EA
)
htt
p:/
/ww
w.ic
s.u
ci.e
du
/~d
jr/r
osa
tea
/
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Mai
ntai
ned
by J
ianj
un Z
hao
(zh
ao
@cs
.fit.
ac.
jp)