modul praktikum fisika dasar i

GUIDE OF BASIC PHYSICS LABORATORY

I. PRELIMINARY

A. The purpose experiment of Basic Physics in Laboratory

Developing the theory and the fact that the material given in lectures more

internalized and to understand.

Checking the truth of the laws of physics and visually see some of the

events in the actual events.

Acquire the necessary skills and skills in using and understood the

usefulness of laboratory equipment.

Ability to analyze, create hypotheses or conclusions from the data

obtained from the experiments.

B. Experiment Steps

1. Preparation, with special attention to the purpose of the experiment,

comprehensively understand the theory and physical quantities

related to the experiment, the function of the tools and

experimental nets.

2. Experiment, with due regard to environmental conditions, perform repeated

measurements, record all of the data is done, including the

smallest scale.

3. Analysis, check the data consistent, make the relationship in the graph and

perform calculations correctly.

4 The authors report.

II. CONDUCT (MSUST READ)

A. home / Before Pratikum:

1. Practitioners must be present 15 minutes before the lab starts and

practitioners come late 15 minutes after the lab begins not allowed to

participate in practicum.

2. Learn well the modules that you do in the lab.

3. Work on the preliminary task in the module in question and submit it to

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your assistant before working in the lab module.

4. At the time of leaving the lab will be sure to bring the control valve,

student identification, and lab coats.

5. In Laboratoorium practitioner should be calm, orderly, polite, well-dressed

in a shirt or collared shirt, do not wear sandals and shall wear

identification. Prohibited food, drink, or smoke in the laboratory.

6. Practitioners not allowed to participate if they do not meet the practical

requirements:

a. Wearing identification

b. Carry identification cards practicum

7. Submit the preliminary tasks to assistants and answer the initial test before

the lab begins.

B. DURING LABORATORY

1. Practitioners can begin the experiment after preliminary tests and get

permission from the assistant Instruction to use tool

2. Practitioners should get the data by experimenting. If they fail to to obtain

the data (due to equipment failure or other things), must report to the

assistant and lecturer responsible for the daily.

3. Practitioners must keep her safety, cleanliness and order laboratory

4. Special 4 for experiments using electricity, before turning on the power

supply ask the assistant if the circuit is correct.

5. If the practitioners make a faults, assistants can make a rule and sancsion.

C. FINISHED EXPERIMENT

After the lab is complete, before leaving the laboratory, the practitioner must:

1. Ask a preliminary report which has been re-checked.

2. Ask the signature on the control card.

3. Cleaning the table and throw garbage.

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D. OTHER PROVISIONS

1. Practicum must replace equipment damaged or lost during practicum takes

place with the same tool prior to attending practicum berikutnyaa.

2. The amount of practical value is 25% of the total value of college Physics

3. Practicum is not a requirement to pass the course Physics I.

E. TIME LAB

Shift I 7:30 to 10:00 a.m

Shift II: 10:00 to 12:30 p.m

Shift III: 12:30 to 15:00 p.m

Shift IV : 15.00 to 17.30 p.m

F. COPYRIGHT

This module was written by team of PASCO that Ann Hanks, Sean

McKeever and Geoffrey Clarion. Edited by a team of editors that Chaidir

Anwar, Yusriadi, Farchreza, Ilham Suganda, Ahmad Ruly, Miswar Tumpu, and

Andi Rafika . Direction of Sabaruddin Rahman, ST, MT, Phd. As Responsible

for the laboratory

Gowa,

Coordinator Praktikum

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LIST OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER I : NEWTON'S 2ND LAW 5

CHAPTER II : NEWTON'S 3RD LAW 13

CHAPTER III : HOOKE'S LAW 16

CHAPTER IV : ROTATIONAL INERTIA 19

CHAPTER V : VARIABLE-G PENDULUM 25

CHAPTER VI : PROJECTILE MOTION 29

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CHAPTER I

NEWTON'S 2ND LAW

I. PURPOSE

1. Determine and verify Newton’s 2nd Law.

2. The purpose of this activity is to determine what happens to an object’s

acceleration when the net force applied to the object stays constant but the

mass of the system is changed.

3. The purpose of this activity is to determine what happens to an object’s

acceleration when the net force applied to the object increases but the mass

of the system is constant.

II. BASIC THEORY

According to Newton’s Second Law, F = ma, where F is the net force

acting on the object of mass m, and ais the resulting acceleration of the

object.For a cart of mass m1 on a horizontal track with a string attached over a

pulley to a hanging mass m2 , the net force F on the entire system (cart and

hanging mass) is the weight of hanging mass, F = m2g, (assuming that friction

is negligible).

According to Newton’s Second Law, this net force should be equal to ma,

where m isthe total mass that is being accelerated, which in this case is m1+ m2.

You will check to see if m2g = (m1+ m2)aas predicted by theory. To determine

the acceleration, you will release the cart from rest and measure the time (t) for

it to travel a certain distance (d). Since d = (1/2)at2, the acceleration can be

calculated using .

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III. EQUIPMENT

INCLUDED: PASPORT

1 PAScar Dynamics System ME-6955

1 Motion Sensor PS-2103

1 Force Sensor PS-2104

1 Smart Pulley with Clamp ME-9448A

1 Mass and Hanger Set ME-9348

1 Physics String SE-8050

1 Adjustable Feet (Optional) ME-9470

1 Computer Interface PS-2001

1 DataStudio Software CI-6870

IV. EQUIPMENT SET-UP

a. Connect the Motion Sensor to a PASPORT interface. Make sure the

switch on the top of the Motion Sensor is set to "cart."

b. Connect the Force Sensor to a PASPORT interface. Connect the

interface to the computer.

c. Using the long thumbscrew, attach the Force Sensor to

the cart.

d. Place the Motion Sensor on one end of the track as in

the picture above. Adjust the alignment knob on the

side of the Motion Sensor so that it points parallel to

the track.

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e. Level the track.

f. Optional: Use adjustable feet on both ends to level the track. Attach the

Motion Sensor to the end of the track as shown at right.

g. Clamp the pulley to the other end of the track. Place this end over the

edge of the table.

h. Wrap one end of a one meter length of string around the notch of the

mass hanger (m1).

i. Place the Cart/Force Sensor assembly on the track. Tie the other end of

the string to the hook of the Force Sensor. Hang the mass hanger (m1)

over the pulley

j. Level the string by adjusting the pulley.

k. Open the file “2nd Law (PP).ds.

V. PROCEDURE

1. Procedure Newton’s Second Law–Constant Force

a. With no tension on the string, press the "TARE" or "ZERO" button on the

Force Sensor.

b. Pull the cart (m2) back as far as possible without allowing the mass hanger

to contact the pulley.

c. Simultaneously press the START button at the top of

DataStudio and release the cart (m2). Prevent the cart from colliding with

the pulley.

d. Make sure the Force Sensor’s cord does not impede the cart’s motion.

e. Data recording will stop automatically.

f. Using the cursor, highlight only the section of the velocity graph that

corresponds to the intended motion. Press the Fit button and select

“Linear Fit.” Enter the value of the acceleration into the data table.

g. Using the cursor, highlight only the section of the force graph that

corresponds to the accelerated motion. The legend displays the mean force

for this highlighted section. Enter the value of the mean force into the data

table.

h. Go to the EXPERIMENT menu and select "Delete all Data Runs."

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i. Repeat the previous steps until a total of 4 data runs are collected. Each

time increase the mass cart (m2)

j. Observe the Force v Acceleration graph. Press the Fit button and select

“Linear Fit.” Record the values of the slope and vertical intercept.

k. Find the mass in kilograms of the Cart and Force Sensor.

2. Procedure Newton’s Second Law–Constant Force

a. With no tension on the string, press the "TARE" or "ZERO" button on the

Force Sensor.

b. Pull the cart (m2) back as far as possible without allowing the mass hanger

to contact the pulley.

c. Simultaneously press the START button at the top of

DataStudio and release the cart (m2). Prevent the cart from colliding with

the pulley.

d. Make sure the Force Sensor’s cord does not impede the cart’s motion.

e. Data recording will stop automatically.

f. Using the cursor, highlight only the section of the velocity graph that

corresponds to the intended motion. Press the Fit button and select

“Linear Fit.” Enter the value of the acceleration into the data table.

g. Using the cursor, highlight only the section of the force graph that

corresponds to the accelerated motion. The legend displays the mean force

for this highlighted section. Enter the value of the mean force into the data

table.

h. Go to the EXPERIMENT menu and select "Delete all Data Runs."

i. Repeat the previous steps until a total of 4 data runs are collected. Each

time increase the mass hanger(m1)

j. Observe the Force v Acceleration graph. Press the Fit button and select

“Linear Fit.” Record the values of the slope and vertical intercept.

k. Find the mass in kilograms of the Cart and Force Sensor.

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VI. CALCULATIONS

Calculate the theoretical acceleration when the mass is constant and the net

force is changed andrecord the calculations in the Data Table 3.

The theoretical acceleration is the ratio of the net force divided by the total

mass.

m1g = (m1 + m2)a

For runs #2, #3, and #4, the total mass of the system (mass of cart plus

hanging mass) increases and the net force (hanging mass x 9.8) remains

constant.

Assuming no friction, the net force is the weight of the hanging mass

(mass x 9.8 N/kg).

Find the percent difference between the theoretical and experimental acceleration

and record it in the data table.

x 100%

%diff= theoretical experimental

theoretical

VII. Data

VII.1. Data Newton’s Second Law–Constant Force

Data Table 1

Total mass of the hanging mass (m2):_________

Run Item Massa(kg)

#Run1 Total mass of cart (m1):

#Run2 Total mass of cart plus 0.250 kg:



Net force (hanging mass x 9.8 N/kg): _________

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Data Table 2: Experimental Acceleration

Run Acceleration (m/s2)

#Run1

#Run2

#Run3

#Run4

Data Table 3

Run Massa cart(kg) Acc., theory

(m/s2)

Acc., exp. (m/s2) Difference (%)

#Run1

#Run2

#Run3

#Run4

Sketch a graph of velocity versus time for one run of data. Include labels and units

for your y axes and x-axes.

VII.2. Data Newton’s Second Law–Constant Mass

Data Table 1

Initial mass of cart + masses (m1): _________

Run Item Massa(kg)

#Run1 Initial mass of the hanging mass :

#Run2 Total mass of hanging masses (0.02 kg + 0.02 kg):

#Run3 Total mass of hanging masses (0.05 kg + 0.01 kg):

#Run4 Total mass of hanging masses (0.05 kg + 0.02 kg + 0.01 kg):

Net force (hanging mass x 9.8 N/kg): _________

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Data Table 2: Experimental Acceleration

Run Acceleration (m/s2)

#Run1

#Run2

#Run3

#Run4

Data Table 3

Fnet, (net force) = hanging mass x 9.8 N/kg

Run Hanging

Massa (kg)

Fnet(N) Acc.,

theory

(m/s2)

Acc., exp.

(m/s2)

Difference (%)

#Run1

#Run2

#Run3

#Run4

Sketch a graph of velocity versus time for one run of data. Include labels and units

for your y axes and x-axes.

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VIII. PRELIMINARY TASK

1. A truck can produce a force of 7000 N. If the truck can move with an

acceleration of 3.5 m / s, determine the mass of the truck!

2. A block of mass (m1) is located on a smooth horizontal surface, and is

pulled by a rope which connected to another block with mass (m2) through

a pulley (Figure 3.2). Pulleys are assumed to have not mass and friction,

and only function to deflect the direction of the pull rope. Count the

acceleration and tension rope system.

3. A block of mass m which pulled along a horizontal plane by a force F

slick forming an angle of 450 to the horizontal plane.

a. If the the mass of the block is 2.0 kg, how large a force F needed for

the the horizontal beams have velocity 4.0 m / s in 2.0 s starting from

a state of rest.

b. Determine the magnitude of the normal force

4. Block of ice which has a mass of 25 kg pushed by Rafli, with an angle of

30 °. If a block of ice moving with a constant acceleration of 2m / s2,

determine major thrust of Rafli!

5. Pongki pull a block mass of 10 kg with a force of 100 N with a direction

forming an angle of 37 ° to the floor. The coefficient of static and kinetic

swipe material to the floor is 0.5 and 0.4. If the acceleration of gravity at

the 10 ms-2, then specify the object moves or not, if the objects are already

moving determine the acceleration!

REFERENCES

Geoffrey Clarion. Newton’s 2 Law. Pasco : Unied State Of America

Congratulations work and hopefully we will all be a reliable technocrats.

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CHAPTER II

NEWTON'S 3RD LAW

I. EQUIPMENT

INCLUDED: ScienceWorkshop PASPORT

1 PAScar Dynamics System ME-6955 ME-6955

2 Force Sensor CI-6746 SE-2104

NOT INCLUDED, BUT REQUIRED:

1 Computer Interface CI-6400 PS-2001

1 DataStudio Software CI-6870 CI-6870

II. INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this experiment is to determine the relationship between

interacting forces. Two Force Sensors are used to measure the paired forces in

a rubber band tug-o-war and the paired forces in a collision of two carts.

III. THEORY

Students may be familiar with the following definition of Newton's 3rd Law:

"For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction."

However, how does the statement above manifest itself in physical

interactions? Specifically, what determines the magnitude and direction of the

forces? These are all questions best left for direct investigation...

SET-UP for PASPORT Sensors

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1. Connect one Force Sensor to a PASPORT interface. Connect the other

Force Sensor to a PASPORT interface. Connect the interface(s) to the

computer.

2. With nothing connected to the Force Sensors, press the "ZERO" or

"TARE" buttons on the Force Sensors.

3. Attach the hooks of the Force Sensors to the ends of a long rubber band as

in the picture above.

4. Open the file “3rd Law Tug-O-War (PP).ds.”

IV. PROCEDURE

1. Press the Start button in DataStudio.

2. Play a small-scale game of tug-o-war with neither Person A nor Person B

winning.

3. Data Collection will end after several seconds.

4. If necessary to delete unwanted data, click the "Experiment" button and

select "Delete all data runs."

5. Record the direction and magnitude of the:

A. Force of person A on Person B (FAB)

B. Force of person B on Person A (FBA)

6. Repeat steps 1-5 above with Person A winning.

7. Repeat steps 1-5 above with Person B winning.

V. PRELIMINARY TASK

1. Please describe Newton’s 3rd Law !

2. Matter how strong you jump, you always fall back to the ground. This is

because the work yourself gravity trending downward. Newton's third law

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states that the earth was withdrawn by you. Why the earth seemed to move

closer to you when you jump?

3. When a tennis ball fell to the floor, the ball bounced up. Is a force required

to make the ball bounce to the top? If he who is doing this style.

4. Why can a rocket work in space while a jet engine is not?

5. Try brother describes the application of Newton's third law on a beam that

was on the floor !

6. Are action and reaction can be mutually exclusive ? explain you opinio !

7. A block lies on a sloping field. The beam is tied by rope. If the rope is

decided what happens in this block ?

Note the image below:

REFERENCES

Geoffrey R. Clarion. Newton’3 Law. Pasco : Unied State Of America


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CHAPTER III

HOOKE'S LAW

I. EQUIPMENT AND MATERIAL

Qty Equipment and Material

2 Force Sensor

1 Stative

1 Hooked Mass Set

1 Equal Length Spring Set

1 Explorer GLX

II. INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this experiment is to find the spring constant for several

springs. The force applied to the spring is measured using a force sensor. The

subsequent extension or compression is measured with a meter stick. A close

analysis of the data produces the spring constant.

III. THEORY

When force is applied to a spring, the resulting extension or compression

of the spring maintains a linear relationship with the applied force. This

relationship manifests itself in the following equation:

where F is the applied force, x is the extension or compression of the

spring and k is the spring constant.

Elasticity is: The tendency of an object to the change in the form of

either length, width or height, but its mass remains, it is caused by the forces

pressing or pulling, the force removed when the object back to normal shape.

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IV. PROCEDURE PART A: EXTENSION

1. Hang the heavy spring on a hook force sensor

2. Hang booth mass at the spring

3. Press zero on the force sensor.

4. Measure the initial length of the spring.

5. Select digit on the explorer glx

6. Press Play

7. Add 10 g mass on booth.

8. Record the result (N).

9. Measure the length of the spring

10. Repeat Steps 1-6 for 20g and 50g.

11. Repeat steps 1-11 with use light spring

V. PROCEDURE PART B: COMPRESSION

1. Equip the heavy spring bumper

2. Select digit on the explorer glx.

3. Measure the initial length of the spring.

4. Press Play.

5. Give pressure on the spring to experience the shortening of 0.5 cm.

6. Record the pressure recorded at the force sensor.

7. Repeat steps 1-6. And give make spring shortering 1 cm

8. Repeat steps 1-7 with equip ligh spring bumber

VI. PRELIMINARY TASK

1. Write the Hooke's Law.

2. Write:

a. Equality of Hooks Law

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b. Defenition of spring constant

c. Defenition of Elastic Limit

d. Effect of spring constant to spring

e. The units are included in the International unit

3. In general, what pattern do you notice between the force and the

displacement/extension of the spring?

4. A spring is given a force of 10 N and a length change of 0.05 m. If the

force exerted on the spring by 15 N how much the extension.

5. Some springs are considered non-Hookian. Explain what this term means.

REFERENCES

Geoffrey Clarion. Hocke law. Pasco : Unied State Of America


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CHAPTER IV

ROTATIONAL INERTIA

I. EQUIPMENT

INCLUDED: ScienceWorkshop PASPORT

1 Large Triangle Rod Stand ME-8735 ME-8735

1 90 cm Long Steel Rod ME-8738 ME-8738

1 Mini-Rotational Accessory CI-6691 CI-6691

1 Mass Set (5 g resolution) ME-9348 ME-9348

1 Rotary Motion Sensor CI-6538 PS-2120

1 Mass Balance (not supplied) SE-8723 SE-8723

1 Calipers (not supplied) SE-8711 SE-8711

1 Ring

1 Disk


1 Computer Interface CI-6400 PS-2100

1 Data Studio Software CI-6870 CI-6870

II. INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this experiment is to find the rotational inertia of a ring

and a disk experimentally and to verify that these values correspond to the

calculated theoretical values. A known torque is applied to the pulley on the

Rotary Motion Sensor, causing a disk and ring to rotate.

The resulting angular acceleration is measured using the slope of a

graph of angular velocity versus time. The rotational inertia of the disk and

ring combination is calculated from the torque and the angular acceleration.

The procedure is repeated for the disk alone to find the rotational inertias of

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the ring and disk separately.

III. THEORY

Theoretically, the rotational inertia, I, of a ring is given by

(1)

where M is the mass of the ring, R1 is the inner radius of the ring, and R2 is

the outer radius of the ring. The rotational inertia of a disk is given by

(2)

where M is the mass of the disk and R is the radius of the disk.

To find the rotational inertia of the ring and disk experimentally, a known torque

is applied to the ring and disk, and the resulting angular acceleration, , is

measured. Since = I,

(3)

where is the torque caused by the weight hanging from the string which is

wrapped around the 3-step pulley of the apparatus.

=rT (4)

where r is the radius of the pulley about which the string is wound and F is the

tension in the string when the apparatus is rotating. Also, a=r, where "a" is the

linear acceleration of the string.

Applying Newton’s Second Law for the hanging mass, m, gives (see figure 2.

(5)

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a

F

mg

Figure 2 : Rotational Apparatus and free body

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Diagram

Solving for the tension in the string gives F m(g a) . (6)

Once the linear acceleration of the mass (m) is determined, the torque and the

angular acceleration can be obtained for the calculation of the rotational inertia.

SET-UP for PASPORT Sensors

1. Set up the rotational apparatus as

shown in Figure 3. The thread should

be tied around the smallest step on the

Rotary Motion Sensor pulley, threaded

down through the edge hole, and

wrapped around the middle step of the

pulley.

2. Plug the Rotary Motion Sensor into

Explorer GLX or PASPORT Interface

channel 1

3. Plug Computer interface into Explorer

with USB Cable.

4. Run DataStudio on the computer and

open the file called "Rotational Inertia

(PP)".

5. Definitly data which in explorer GLX

same with Data Studio.

Figure 3: Setup

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IV. PROCEDURE

IV.1.MEASUREMENTS FOR THE THEORETICAL ROTATIONAL

INERTIA

1. Find the masses of the ring and the disk using the mass balance.

2. Find the masses of the mass set using the mass balance.

3. Measure the inside and outside diameters and calculate the radial R1 and

R2 and R.

IV.2 MEASUREMENTS FOR THE EXPERIMENTAL METHOD

1. FINDING THE ACCELERATION OF THE RING AND DISK

(a) Put the ring and disk on the Rotary Motion Sensor. To find the

acceleration of this combination, put about 20 g over the pulley and

record the angular velocity versus time on a graph as the mass falls to

the table.

(b) Use the curve fit button on the graph to find the straight line that best

fits the data. Use the mouse to select the part of the graph where the

mass was falling, so the line will be fitted only to this part of the data.

(c) The slope of the best-fit line is the angular acceleration of the

apparatus. Record this acceleration.

(d) Repeat procedure point (a)-(c) with load masses 5 gr.

(d) Remove the ring and load masses 5 gr, repeat this procedure with only

the disk on the Rotary Motion

2. FINDING THE ACCELERATION OF THE ROTARY MOTION

SENSOR

In Step 1 the Rotary Motion Sensor is rotating as well as the ring and

disk. It is necessary to determine the acceleration, and the rotational inertia,

of the Rotary Motion Sensor by itself so this rotational inertia can be

subtracted from the total, leaving only the rotational inertia of the ring and

disk. To do this, take the ring and disk off the rotational apparatus and

repeat Step 1 for the Rotary Motion Sensor alone. Note that it is only

necessary to put about 5 g over the pulley in Step 1.

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m1

m2

V. CALCULATIONS

1. Calculate the experimental value of the rotational inertia of the ring, load

masses 5 gr, disk, and Rotary Motion Sensor together using Equations (3),

(4), and (5).

2. Calculate the experimental value of the rotational inertia of the disk and

Rotary Motion Sensor together using Equations (3), (4), and (5).

3. Calculate the experimental value of the rotational inertia of the Rotary

Motion Sensor alone using Equations (3), (4), and (5).

4. Calculate the theoretical values of the rotational inertia of the ring and disk

using Equations (1), and (2).

5. Use percent differences to compare the experimental values to the

theoretical values.

6. Draw the graph of motion from Data Studio in report.

VI. PRELIMINARY TASK

1. A system consists of two block m1 and m2

which tied to a hollow cylindrical of pulley.

in th first block rope is wound on the outside

of cylinder, and the second block is wound

on the inside of cylinder, as shown. If the

known the mass of 6 kg in th first block, a

second block the mass of 9 kg, outer radius

of pulley 30 cm, inner radius of the of pulley

20 cm, 2 kg the mass of of pulley, gravity

9.8 N / kg, determine the angular acceleration in this system and

determine the direction of rotation in this system!

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2. If the system at number 1, the system rotates counter-clockwise with an

angular acceleration of 5 rad / s2, gravity was considered 10 N / kg, 6 kg

the mass of first block, the second block the mass of 9 kg, outer radius of

pulley cylinder 30 cm, while the inner radius of inside 15 cm, determine

the mass of the pulley !

3. A rigid ball rolled perfectly (without slip) on an inclined plane with slope

θ. If a ball mass of 2 kg with a radius

of 10 cm, determine the linear

acceleration the ball down the

inclineand Show step by step!

(acceleration of gravity 10 N / kg

and tan θ = 21/72)

REFERENCES

Ann Hanks. Rotational Inertia. Pasco : Unied State Of America


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θ

CHAPTER V

VARIABLE-G PENDULUM

I. THEORY

A simple pendulum consists of a point mass at a distance L away from

a pivot point. In this experiment, a mass is attached to a lightweight rod and

the mass is concentrated enough to assume it is a point mass and the rod's

mass can be neglected.

The period of a simple pendulum is given by

(1)

for small amplitude (less than 20o).

In this experiment, the acceleration due to gravity (g) will be varied. To

accomplish the variation in g, the plane of oscillation of the pendulum will be

varied. See Figure 1. The component of g that pulls straight down on the

pendulum when it is in equilibrium is the effective g:

(2)

II. EQUIPMENT

INCLUDED:

1 Large Rod Stand ME-8735

1 45 cm Long Steel Rod ME-8736

1 Variable-g Pendulum Accessory ME-8745

1 Mini-Rotational Accessory (Need rod and masses only) CI-6691

1 Rotary Motion Sensor CI-6538


1 ScienceWorkshop 500 Interface CI-6400

1 DataStudio Software CI-6870

III. SET UP

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1. Remove the thumb screw from the clamp on the Rotary Motion

Sensor. See Figure 2.

2. Remove one of the rod clamps from the Adjustable Angle Clamp.

3. Screw the Adjustable Angle Clamp onto the Rotary Motion Sensor.

Figure 2: Attaching the Rod Clamp

4. Mount the Rotary Motion Sensor on

the rod stand (see Figure 3).

5. Put the pulley on the Rotary Motion

Sensor with the largest step outward.

Attach the rod to the Rotary Motion

Sensor pulley and put the two 75 g

masses on the end of the rod.

Figure 3: Setup

Figure 4: Attaching Angle Indicator

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6. Slide the angle indicator onto the end of the Rotary Motion Sensor (see

Figure 4).

7. Plug the Rotary Motion Sensor into Channels 1 and 2 on the

ScienceWorkshop interface.

8. Open the DataStudio file called "Variable-g".

IV. PROCEDURE

1. Clamp the pendulum clamp at zero degrees. Click on START and

displace the pendulum from equilibrium (no more than 20 degrees

amplitude) and let go. Read the period on the digits display and type

the value into the table on the line next to zero degrees. Do NOT click

on STOP.

2. Clamp the pendulum at 5 degrees. Displace the pendulum from

equilibrium (no more than 20 degrees amplitude) and let go. Record

the new period in the table.

3. Repeat Step 2 for 10 degrees to 85 degrees, in increments of 5 degrees.

Then click on STOP.

4. Examine the graph of the period vs. geffective. To determine how the

period depends on g, use the Curve Fit by clicking on the Fit button at

the top of the graph. Select various functions to try to find which

function fits the data.

V. PRELIMINARY TASK

1. Explain the definition of :

a. variabel G

b. pendulum

c. periode

d. frekuensi

e. length of wafe

2. Explain about why T (periode ) in experiment Variable G is very

important

3. Explain the working principle of a pendulum

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4. Explain derivation formulas of the variable G

5. Explain:

a. The influence angle of the variable G

b. how much and why maximum angle which used in attaching angle

indicator ?

6. Explain the difference between Gef in angle 00 and angle 200

REFERENCES

Ann Hanks. Variable-G. Pasco. United State Of America.


CHAPTER VI

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PROJECTILE MOTION

A. EQUIPMENT

1 Mini Launcher ME-6825

2 Smart Timer ME-8930

1 Time of Flight Accessory ME-6810

3 Photogate Head ME-9498A

1 Photogate Bracket ME-6821

1 Universal Table Clamp ME-9376B

1 Carbon Paper SE-8693

1 Metric Measuring Tape SE-8712A

1 Steel Ball

B. INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this experiment is to predict the horizontal range of a projectile

shot from various heights and angles. In addition, students will compare the time

of flight for projectiles shot horizontally at different muzzle velocities.

C. THEORY

The horizontal range, x, for a projectile can be found using the following

equation:

(1)

where vx is the horizontal velocity and t is the time of flight.

To find the time of flight, t, the following kinematic equation is needed:

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(2)

where y is the height, ay is the acceleration due to gravity and vy0 is the vertical

component of the initial velocity.

When a projectile is fired horizontally (from a height), the time of flight can be

found from rearranging Equation 2. Since the initial velocity is zero, the last term

drops out of the equation yielding:

(2a)

When a projectile is fired at an angle and it lands at the same elevation from

which it was launched, the first term in Equation 2 is dropped. Rearranging yields:

(2b)

When a projectile is fired from a height, none of the terms drop out and Equation

2 must be rearranged as follows:

(2c)

Equation 2c must be solved quadratically to find the time of flight, t.

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D. EXPERIMENT SETUP – Part A1: Muzzle Velocity

1. Choose one corner of a table to place the projectile launcher. Make sure a

distance of about 3 meters is clear on the floor around the table.

2. Clamp the launcher to the corner of the table using the Universal Table

Clamp (see photo below).

3. Using the attached plumb bob, adjust the angle of the launcher to 0o.

4. Slide the Photogate Bracket into the groove on the bottom of the launcher

and tighten the thumbscrew.

5. Connect two photogates to the bracket (see photo below).

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SafetyWear Safety Goggles. Do not place foreign objects into the Launcher. Do not look into the Launcher. Do not aim the Launcher at others.

6. Plug the photogate closest to the launcher into port 1 on the Smart Timer.

Plug the other photogate into port 2.

7. Turn on the Smart Timer. Using the red "Select Measurement" button,

choose the "Time" Measurement.


Plug the Time of Flight Accessory into port 2.


choose the "Time" Measurement.

10. Using the blue "Select Mode" button, choose the "Two Gates Mode." This

will measure the time it takes the projectile to travel between the two

photogates.

D.1 PROCEDURE – Part A1: Muzzle Velocity

1. Using the cross-hairs on the side, record the height of the projectile. In

addition, record the spacing between the two photogates.

2. Place the steel ball into the launcher and use the push rod to load the ball

until the “3rd click” is heard.

3. Hold a piece of cardboard a few centimeters past the 2nd photogate to block

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the ball.

4. Press the Start button on the Smart Timer.

5. Pull the launch cord on the launcher.

6. Record the time from the Smart Timer display.

7. Repeat steps 2-6 for 2 clicks and 1 click.

Data Table A1

Projectile Height: _________ m

Photogate Spacing: ________________ m

Number of Clicks Time Between Photogates (s)

3rd Click

2nd Click

1st Click

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D.2 PROCEDURE - Part A2: Muzzle Velocity v. Time of Flight

1. Remove the photogate from port 2 of the Smart Timer and replace it with

the Time of Flight Accessory.

2. Load the ball into the launcher to the 3rd click.

3. Predict where the ball will land and explain your prediction.

4. Launch the ball and note where it lands. Place the Time of Flight

Accessory such that the ball will land on it.

5. Place the steel ball into the launcher and use the loader to push the ball in

until the “3rd click” is heard.

6. Press the Start button on the Smart Timer. Note: Use the same Smart

Timer setting as Part A1.

7. Pull the launch cord on the launcher.

8. Record the time from the Smart Timer display into Data Analysis Table

A2.

9. Repeat steps 2-8 for 2 clicks and 1 click.

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D.3 DATA ANALYSIS – Part A2: Muzzle Velocity v. Time of Flight

1. Use the time between the photogates and the spacing between the

photogates to find the muzzle velocity of the projectile for each firing.

2. Record these values into Data Analysis Table A2.

Data Analysis Table A2

Number of Clicks Muzzle Velocity (m/s) Time of Flight (s)

3rd Click

2nd Click

1st Click

E. PREDICTION - Part B: RANGE

1. Using the initial height of the projectile and the muzzle velocity from the

"3rd click," calculate the theoretical horizontal range of the ball.

E.1 EXPERIMENT SETUP – Part B: RANGE

1. Tape a target to the floor in front of the projectile launcher at a distance

equal to the range prediction calculated above.

2. Place carbon paper over the target.

3. Align the projectile launcher.

4. Launch the ball from the 3rd click. Repeat four more times.

5. Remove the carbon paper. Observe the locations where the ball struck the

Bull's Eye.

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E.2 PARTS A and B: CONCLUSIONS/QUESTIONS

1. Draw a force diagram for the ball as it flies through the air.

2. Which variable(s) affect the horizontal range?

3. How would the horizontal range change if the muzzle velocity was

doubled? Explain how.

4. How would the horizontal range change if the height from the ground was

quadrupled? Explain how.

5. How would the horizontal range change if the mass of the ball was

doubled? Explain how.

6. Which variable(s) affect the time of flight?

7. How would the time of flight change if the muzzle velocity was doubled?

Explain how.

8. How would the time of flight change if the height from the ground was

quadrupled? Explain how.

9. How would the time of flight change if the mass of the ball was doubled?

Explain how.

10. What force are we able to ignore in this experiment? Explain.

F. EXPERIMENT SETUP PART C - LAUNCHING AT AN ANGLE

1. Clamp the launcher to the edge of a table using the Universal Table Clamp

so that the ball launches from and lands at the same elevation (see photo

below).

2. Adjust the angle of the launcher to 10o. Note: With the photogate bracket

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and photogates attached to the launcher, the lowest angle is approximately

23o.


Plug the other photogate into port 2.


choose the "Time" Measurement."


Plug the time of flight into port 2.


choose the "Time" Measurement."

7. Using the blue "Select Mode" button, choose the "Two Gates Mode." This

will measure the time it takes the projectile to travel between the two

photogates.

F.1 PROCEDURE PART C - LAUNCHING AT AN ANGLE

1. Using the push rod, push the ball as far as possible into the Launcher. Make

sure three clicks are heard. Using the string, pull back on the trigger. Note

the location on the table where the ball lands.

2. Tape a sheet of blank paper at this location. Place carbon paper over the

blank paper.

3. Load the Launcher.

4. Press the Start button on the Smart Timer.

5. Launch the ball.

6. Use the tape measure to find the horizontal range.

7. Record the experimental data. Enter the value of the angle in degrees, the

time between photogates, and the horizontal range in meters into the

“Measured Range” data table.

8. Repeat the steps 1-7 for 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 degrees.

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Data Table: C1 Measured Range

Distance Between Photogates: __________ m

Angle

(degrees)

Time between

Photogates (s)

Horizontal

Range (m)

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

F.2 ANALYSIS PART C - LAUNCHING AT AN ANGLE

1. Using the distance between the photogates and the time between the

photogates (Data Table C1), calculate the initial velocities of the ball.

Record these values into the Initial Velocity Analysis Table.

Analysis Table C2: Initial Velocity

Angle (degrees) Initial Velocity (m/s)

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

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2. Using the initial velocity and the angle; calculate the horizontal range in

meters. Enter this value for each angle into the “Calculated Range” Analysis

Table. Hint: Calculate the components of the initial velocities. See the

“THEORY” section.

Analysis Table C3: Calculated Range

Angle (degrees) Horizontal Range (m)

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

3. Use DataStudio to plot both the Measured Horizontal Range vs. Angle and the

Calculated Horizontal Range vs. Angle on the same graph.

F.3 PART C: CONCLUSIONS/QUESTIONS

1. Sketch the trajectory of your projectile when it was shot at an angle of 25o.

Draw 5 qualitative horizontal velocity vectors at different locations on

your sketch. Make sure the lengths of the vectors represent the relative

magnitudes of the velocities. In other words, low velocities should be

represented by short arrows and long arrows should represent large

velocities.

2. Draw 5 qualitative vertical velocity vectors at the same points on your

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sketch. Make sure the lengths of the vectors represent the relative

magnitudes of the velocities.

3. Draw another sketch of the trajectory of your projectile when it was shot at

25 degrees. Draw 5 qualitative horizontal acceleration vectors at different

locations on your sketch. Make sure the lengths of the vectors represent

the relative magnitudes of the accelerations.

4. Draw 5 qualitative vertical acceleration vectors at the same points on your

sketch. Make sure the lengths of the vectors represent the relative

magnitudes of the accelerations.

5. Draw a force diagram of the ball as it rests in the Launcher. Draw a force

diagram of the ball as it flies through the air.

6. Refer to your Angle vs. Range graph. What angle corresponds to the

maximum range? Explain why this particular angle produces the

maximum range.

7. In general terms, at what angle is the Launcher the most precise? Explain.

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G. PRELIMINARY TASK

1. Draw projection track of projectile motion along with projection

component that work at any high?

2. Mention of components which work in projectile motion?

3. Write formulas contained in projectile motion?

REFERENCES

McKeever, Clarion. Projectil Motion. Pasco : United State Of America

If you train hard, you'll not only experiencing difficulties, but you will be hard

to beat. (Herschel Walker)

Congratulations work and hopefully we will all be a reliable technocrats

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modul praktikum fisika dasar i

Documents

lab module

time lab

lab coats

order laboratory

experiment steps

preliminary report

practicum berikutnyaa

preliminary tests