modtech2015 program book of abstracts

ModTech International Conference

Modern Technologies in Industrial Engineering

June 17-20, Mamaia, Romania

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ModTech 2015

The Third International Conference on

Modern Manufacturing Technologies in Industrial Engineering

Book of Abstracts

June 17-20, 2015

Mamaia, Romania




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ModTech Publishing House

Blvd. Carol I, No. 28A, Bl. E4, Sc. B, Et.1, Ap. 6, 700504 Iasi, Romania

http://www.modtech.ro

Tel.-Fax: 0040. 332. 415 472

E-mail: [email protected]

Director of Publishing House: Professor Octavian Pruteanu

Redactor: Associate Professor Constantin Carausu

Scientific Referees:

Professor Octavian Pruteanu, DHC

Professor Traian Gramescu

ISSN 2286-4369

Copyright © 2015

All rights are reserved to ModTech Professional Association, Iasi, Romania

http://www.modtech.ro/

mailto:[email protected]




3

Content

Conference Committes.....................................................................................................................

4

Sponsors...........................................................................................................................................

8

Program Over View ........................................................................................................................

9

Program Sections.............................................................................................................................

12

Abstracts – Plenary Session.............................................................................................................

19

Abstracts – Section A ......................................................................................................................

36

Abstracts – Section B ......................................................................................................................

86

Abstracts – Section C ......................................................................................................................

.

112

Abstracts – Section D ......................................................................................................................

191

Abstracts – Section E ......................................................................................................................

209

Abstracts – Section F ......................................................................................................................

239

Abstracts – Section G ......................................................................................................................

257

Author Index ...................................................................................................................................

289




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Conference Committees

Honorary Presidents

Professor Violeta-Vali Ciucur, Ph.D., Rector, Constanta Maritime University, Romania.

Professor Octavian Pruteanu, Ph.D., DHC, Vicepresident ModTech Professional Association Iasi,

Romania.

Professor Jerzy Swider, Ph.D., Director of the Institute of Engineering Processes Automation and

Integrated Manufacturing Systems, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland.

Professor Olexander Minayev, Ph.D., Rector, Donetsk National Technical University, Ukraine.

Academician Dr. Hab. Prof. Univ. Ion Bostan Rector, Technical University of Moldova, Republic

of Moldova.

Presidents

Professor Mat. Eliodor Constantinescu, Ph.D., Vice-Rector, Constanta Maritime University,

Romania.

Professor Dumitru Nedelcu, Ph.D., President of ModTech Professional Association Iasi, Romania.

Professor Dr. Hab. inz. Arkadiusz Mezyk, Dean of Mechanical Engineering Faculty, Silesian

University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland.

Professor Ilia Navka, Ph.D., Vice-Rector, Donetsk National Technical University, Ukraine.

Dr. Hab. Prof. Univ. Valerian Dorogan, Vice-Rector, Technical University of Moldova, Republic of

Moldova.

Presidents of Organizing Committee

Associate Professor Ec. Costel Stanca, Ph.D., Dean of Navigation and Naval Faculty, Constanta

Maritime University, Romania.

Lecturer Ciprian Ciofu, Ph.D., Member of Executive Council of ModTech Professional Association

Iasi, Romania.

Assistant Professor Marek Placzek, Ph.D., Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Silesian University

of Technology, Gliwice, Poland.

Professor Alexander Mikhaylov, Ph.D., Donetsk National Technical University, Ukraine.

Dr. Associate Professor Alexei Toca, Dean of Faculty of Engineering and Management in Machine

Manufacturing, Republic of Moldova.

Scientific Committee

Dumitru AMARANDEI, "Stefan cel Mare" University of Suceava, Romania

Silvia AVASILCAI, "Gheorghe Asachi" Technical University of Iasi, Romania

Andrzej BAIER, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland

Mihaela BANU, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA

Peter BIKFALVI, University of Miskolc, Hungary

Radhey Shyam BENIWAL, CSIR-NISCAIR, New Delhi, India

Esteban BROITMAN, Linkoping University, Sweden

Leandru Gheorghe BUJOREANU, "Gheorghe Asachi" Technical University of Iasi, Romania

Konstantinos -Dionysios BOUZAKIS, "Aristotelis" University of Salonic, Greece




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Ion BOSTAN, Technical University of Moldova, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova

Nicolae BÂLC, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Romania

Florin BLAGA, University of Oradea, Romania

Gheorghe BRABIE, "Vasile Alexandri" University of Bacau, Romania

Paul Dan BRÂNDASU, "Lucian Blaga"University of Sibiu, Romania

Andrzej BUCHACZ, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland

Doru BARDAC, "Politehnica" University of Bucharest, Romania

Ioan CARCEA, "Gheorghe Asachi" Technical University of Iasi, Romania

Constantin CARAUSU, "Gheorghe Asachi" Technical University of Iasi, Romania

Gabriela CARJA, "Gheorghe Asachi" Technical University of Iasi, Romania

Tudor CHERECHES, Military Academy of Bucharest, Romania

Ciprian CIOFU, "Gheorghe Asachi" Technical University of Iasi, Romania

Violeta-Vali CIUCUR, Constanta Maritime University, Romania

Francisco CHINESTA, Ecole Centrale Nantes, France

Laurentiu CHIOTOROIU, Jade University of Applied Sciences, Elsfleth, Germany

Viorel COHAL "Gheorghe Asachi" Technical University of Iasi, Romania

Radu COMANECI "Gheorghe Asachi" Technical University of Iasi, Romania

Gheorghe CRETU "Gheorghe Asachi" Technical University of Iasi, Romania

Ioan DOROFTEI, "Gheorghe Asachi" Technical University of Iasi, Romania

Laurentiu Dan GHENGHEA, "Gheorghe Asachi" Technical University of Iasi, Romania

António GONÇALVES-COELHO, University Nova de Lisboa, Portugal

JoÃo Paulo DAVIM, University of Aveiro, Portugal

George DRAGHICI, "Politehnica" University of Timisoara, Romania

Cristian DOICIN, "Politehnica" University of Bucharest, Romania

Manuel Alberto M. FERREIRA, ISCTE-IUL, Lisboa, Portugal

Catalin FETECAU, "Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati, Romania

Hidehiro KAMIYA, TAT, BASE, Tokyo, Japan

Natalia KAMANINA, Vavilov State Optical Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia

Ziyi GE, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences,

Ningbo, China

Mihai GOANTA, "Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati, Romania

Nil GULER, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey

Traian GRAMESCU, "Gheorghe Asachi" Technical University of Iasi, Romania

Huran LIU, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, China

Alexandru EPUREANU, "Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati, Romania

Cornel IOANA Politechnical Institute, Grenoble, France

Romeo IONESCU, "Stefan cel Mare" University of Suceava, Romania

Gabriel KOST, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland

David HUI, University of New Orleans, USA

Vasile KRIVTOV, University of Michigan, USA

Chris LACOR, Vrije University, Brussels, Belgium

Peter LORENZ, University of Applied Sciences Saarbrücken, Germany

Nouras LUPULESCU, "Transilvania" University of Brasov, Romania

Olexander MINAYEV, Donetsk National Technical University, Ukraine

Sarwoko MANGKOEDIHARDJO, Tenth of November Institute of Technology, Surabaya,

Indonesia

Alexandr MALIARENCO, National Technical University of Belarus, Belarus

Sergiu MAZURU, Technical University of Moldova, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova

Arkadiusz MEZYK, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland




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Boyan MEDNIKAROV, Naval Academy, Varna, Bulgaria

Alexandru MIHAILOV, UTN Donetsk, Ukraine

Olivera MILOSEVIC, Institute of Technical Sciences, Belgrade, Serbia

Sevasti MITSI, "Aristotelis" University of Salonic, Greece

Corneliu MUNTEANU, "Gheorghe Asachi" Technical University of Iasi, Romania

António MOURÃO, University Nova de Lisboa, Portugal

Ilia NAVCA, National Technical University of Donetsk, Ukraine

Makio NAITO, JWRI, Osaka University, Japan

Vasile NASTASESCU, Military Academy of Bucharest, Romania

Dumitru NEDELCU, "Gheorghe Asachi" Technical University of Iasi, Romania

Nicolae OANCEA, "Dunarea de Jos" Unversity of Galati, Romania

Emil OANTA, Constanta Maritime University, Romania

Constantin OPREAN, "Lucian Blaga" University of Sibiu, Romania

Cezar OPRISAN, "Gheorghe Asachi" Technical University of Iasi, Romania

Viorel PAUNOIU, "Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati, Romania

Marcel Sabin POPA, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Romania

Remon Pop ILIEV, UOIT University, Oshawa, Canada

Mihaela PICU, "Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati, Romania

Marek PLACZEK, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland

Octavian PRUTEANU, "Gheorghe Asachi" Technical University of Iasi, Romania

Serban RAICU, "Politehnica" University of Bucharest, Romania

Akos REDEY, University of Pannonia, Veszprem, Hungary

Robert O. RITCHIE, University of California, Berkeley, USA

Loredana SANTO, "Tor Vergata" University of Rome, Italy

Francisco SANTOS, University of Valladolid, Spain

Mamoru SENNA, Keio University, Japan

Bozena SKOLUD, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland

Costel STANCA, Constanta Maritime University, Romania

Nadezda STEVULOVA, Technical University of Kosice, Slovakia

Andrey N. STRELETSKII, N.N. Semenov Institute, Moscow, Russia

Carol SCHNAKOVSZKY, "Vasile Alecsandri" University of Bacau, Romania

Anatolii SUSLOV, Technical University of Briansk, Russia

Janos SZAVA, "Transilvania" University of Brasov, Romania

Jerzy SWIDER, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland

Razvan TAMAS, Constanta Maritime University, Romania

Alexei TOCA, Technical University of Moldova, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova

Pavel TOPALA, "Alecu Russo" University of Balti, Republic of Moldova

Marcel VAN DE VOORDE, University of Technology DELFT, Netherlands

Gabriel VASILE, CNRS, Grenoble, France

Petrica VIZUREANU, Technical University "Gheorghe Asachi" of Iasi, Romania

Aurelian VLASE, "Politehnica" University of Bucharest, Romania

Andrzej WROBEL, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland

Remus ZAGAN, Constanta Maritime University, Romania

Organizing Committee

Constanta Maritime University, Constanta, Romania Members: Lecturer PhD Danut Argintaru, Assoc. Prof. PhD Eng. Paulica Arsenie, Lecturer PhD Eng.




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Ion Omocea, Prof. PhD Eng. Dan Popa, Assoc. Prof. PhD Eng. Alexandra Raicu, Lecturer PhD Eng.

Liviu Stan, Lecturer PhD Ec. Felicia Surugiu

Professional Association ModTech Iasi-Romania Members: Prof. Traian Gramescu, Prof. Gheorghe Plesu, Prof. Gavril Musca, Sl. Margareta Coteata,

Assoc. Prof. Constantin Carausu, Assoc. Prof. Viorel Cohal, Prof. Corneliu Munteanu, Prof. Ioan

Carcea, Assoc. Prof. Romeu Chelariu, Assoc.Prof. Radu Comaneci, Prof. Remus Zagan, Prof. Ioan

Doroftei, Prof. Petrica Vizureanu, Prof. Viorel Goanta, Prof. Gabriel Badescu, Prof. Catalin Fetecau,

Assoc. Prof. Laurentiu Dan Ghenghea, Prof. Viorel Paunoiu, Prof. Adrian Mihai Goanta, Prof. Tudor

Chereches, Lecturer Elisabeta Ciortea, Prof. Aurora Catalina Ianasi, Assoc.Prof. Magda Sficlea,

Assoc.Prof. Monica Iordache, Assoc.Prof. Iosif Dumitrescu

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering of Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland Members: Lecturer Katarzyna Bialas, PhD Eng., Lecturer Mariusz Hetmanczyk, PhD Eng., Lecturer

Michal Majzner, MSc. Eng., Lecturer Piotr Michalski, PhD Eng., Lecturer Iwona Paprocka, PhD Eng.,

Lecturer Dominik Rabsztyn, MSc. Eng., Lecturer Agnieszka Sekala, PhD Eng., Lecturer Andrzej

Wrobel, PhD Eng.

Donetsk National Technical University, Ukraine Members: Assoc.Prof. Roman Grubka, Assoc. Prof.Medvedev Vadim Grubka,Assoc. Prof.Victor

Polchenko,Post-graduate student Irina Petryaeva,Post-graduate student Hanna Dolhykh,Engineer

Kulbida Olga

Technical University of Moldova, Republic of Moldova Members: Dr. Assoc. Prof. Univ. Sergiu Mazuru, Head of Department of Machine Manufacturing

Technology; Dr. Hab. Prof. Univ. Petru Stoicev, Head of Department of Machines and Production

Systems; Dr. Hab. Prof. Univ. Valeriu Dulgheru, Head of Base Machines Design; Dr. Assoc. Prof.

Univ. Iurie Ciofu, Head of Department of Materials Technology and Study; Dr. Assoc. Prof.Univ.

Valeriu Podborschi, Head of Department of Industrial Design and Product; Dr. Assoc. Prof.Univ.

Demian Usanli, Head of Department of Engineering and Management in Production Systems; Dr.

Assoc. Prof. Univ. Vasile Cartofeanu, Dean of Mechanical and Transports Faculty.

Conference Secretariat

ModTech2015 Secretariat, Constanta, Romania: Contact Persons: Assist. Prof. Eng. Daniela Deacu, Assist. Prof. PhD. Eng. Tiberiu Axinte

Tel. +40 755 210 720; Email: [email protected]

ModTech 2015 Secretariat, Iasi, Romania: Contact person: Assoc. Prof. Constantin Carausu, Ph.D.

Tel-Fax: +40.332.41 54 72; Email: [email protected]

ModTech2015 Secretariat, Gliwice, Poland: Contact person: Assistant Prof. Marek Placzek

Tel-Fax: +48 32 237 24 37; +48 32 237 16 24; Mobile: +48 668 365 737; Email:

[email protected]

ModTech2015 Secretariat, Donetsk, Ukraine: Contact Persons:Kulbida Olga

Tel./Fax: +38 062 3050104; +38 062 3010805; Mobile: +38 050 6202396; Email:

[email protected]; [email protected]

ModTech2015 Secretariat, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova: Contact Persons:Assoc. Prof. Alexei Toca

Tel.: +373 22 50 99 50; Email: [email protected]








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Sponsors

http://www.nanovea.com/

http://www.romautomatic.ro/

http://www.redesignsolutions.ro/

http://www.romautomatic.ro/




9

PROGRAM OVER VIEW Time Wednesday,

June 17, 2015

Thursday, June 18, 2015

Friday, June 19, 2015

Saturday, June 20, 2015

700

15‟

BREAKFAST Flora Hotel Restaurant



30‟

45‟

60‟

800

15‟

30‟

45‟

TRIP

Danube Delta

Sections: A, B Oral

Presentation Magnolia 1

Room 1st Floor

Papers ID: A-31÷A-45 B-17÷B-24

Poster Presentation

Foyer Magnolia 1st Floor

A40, A42, B21

Sections: C Oral

Presentation Orhideea Room

10th Floor Papers ID: C-40÷C-59

Poster Presentation


C46, C47, C48, C51,C52

Sections: D, E Oral


Room 1st Floor

Papers ID: D-11÷D-14 E-15÷E-22

Poster Presentation

Foyer Magnolia 1st Floor D12, D13

Sections: F, G Oral

Presentation Small Orhideea

Room 10th Floor Papers ID: F-10÷F-14 G-17÷G-25

Poster Presentation


60‟

900

15‟ Plenary Session -Orhideea Room-

Chairman, Dr. Jae-Ho Jeon

Korea Institute of Materials Science, South Korea

Prof. Olivera Milosevic, Institute of Technical Sciences of the Serbian

Academy of Sciences and Arts, Belgrade, Serbia HIERARCHICALLY ORGANIZED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS

PROCESSED THROUGH SOFT CHEMICAL ROUTES

Prof. Rainer Gadow, University of Stuttgart, Germany

PRODUCT INNOVATION WITH FIBER REINFORCED CERAMIC

COMPOSITES – MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGIES OF LIGHTWEIGHT STRUCTURES FOR EXTREME OPERATING

CONDITIONS

Prof. Marcel Van de Voorde, Delft University of Technology, Netherlands

REVOLUTIONARY DEVELOPMENTS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY, IN

THE FUTURE “EDUCATION – RESEARCH – INNOVATION – INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS”

Prof. Chris Lacor, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium EFFICIENT UNCERTAINTY QUANTIFICATION IN ENGINEERING

WITH POLYNOMIALCHAOS

30‟

45‟

60‟

1000

15‟

30‟

45‟ COFFEE BREAK

60‟ Sections: A, B Oral


Room 1st Floor

Papers ID: A-46÷A-59 B-25÷B-28

Poster Presentation


A55

Sections: C Oral


10th Floor

Papers ID: C-60÷C-82

Poster

Presentation Foyer

Magnolia 1st Floor

C61, C66, C71, C72, C74, C76,

C79

Sections: D, E Oral


Room 1st Floor


Poster Presentation


D18

Sections: F, G Oral

Presentation Small

OrhideeaRoom 10th Floor Papers ID: F-15÷F-18 G-26÷G-33

Poster Presentation


F15, F16, G29, G31

1100

15‟ COFFEE BREAK


Chairman, Prof. Remus Zagan

Constanta Maritime University, Constanta, Romania

Prof. Fiqiri Hodaj, National Polytechnique Institute of Grenoble, France

45‟

60‟

1200

15‟

CLOSING CEREMONY / PAPERS AWARDS 30‟

45‟ General Meeting 60‟




10

REGISTRATION

FACTORS GOVERNING THE GROWTH KINETICS OF

INTERMETALLICS AT SOLDER / SUBSTRATE INTERFACE

Prof. Hong Seok Park, University of Ulsan, South Korea

DEVELOPMENT OF INFRARED STACKING PROCESS FOR

AN AUTOMOTIVE PART

Prof. Der-Jang Liaw, National Taiwan University of Science and

Technology, Taiwan FUNCTIONAL POLYMERS VIA PRECISION POLYMERIZATION:

SYNTHESIS, OPTOELECTRONIC AND PHOTOVOLTAICS

APPLICATIONS

Prof. Wojciech Sitek, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland

APPLICATION OF FUZZY SYSTEMS TO CALCULATION OF THE HARDENABILITY OF THE STEEL

Prof. Petrica Vizureanu, “Gh. Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, Romania EXPERT SYSTEMS USED FOR THERMAL PROCESSES

of ModTech Professional Association Magnolia 1 Room, 1st Floor

1300

15‟

30‟

45‟

60‟

LUNCH BREAK Flora Hotel Restaurant

1400

15‟

30‟

45‟

60‟

1500

15‟

30‟



Room 1st Floor

Papers ID: A-1÷A-15 B-1÷B-8 Poster

Presentation Foyer

Magnolia 1st Floor

B3

Sections: C Oral


10th Floor


Poster

Presentation Foyer Magnolia

1st Floor

Sections: D, E Oral

Presentation Magnolia 2 Room

1st Floor

Papers ID: D-1÷D-5 E-1÷E-7 Poster


1st Floor D4

Sections: F, G Oral

Presentation Small Orhideea

Room 10th Floor Papers ID: F-1÷F-4 G-1÷G-8

Poster Presentation


F2

60‟

1600

15‟

30‟

45‟ Opening Ceremony. Welcome addresses

-Orhideea Room-

60‟

1700


Chairman, Assoc. Prof. Radu Comaneci

“Gh. Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, Romania

Prof. Esteban Broitman, Linkoping

University, Sweden TRIBOLOGICAL ISSUES IN

MICROMACHINES

30‟

Laboratories Tour of the Constanta Maritime

University 45‟ COFFEE BREAK


Presentation

Sections: C Oral

Presentation

Sections: D, E Oral

Presentation

Sections: F, G Oral

Presentation 1800

15‟

30‟




11

45‟

Prof. Ziyi Ge, NIMTE, Chinese

Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China HIGHLY EFFICIENT POLYMER

SOLAR CELLS

Prof. Thomas Graule, EMPA, Swiss

Federal Laboratories for Materials and

Technology, Switzerland CERAMIC BASED

NANOCOMPOSITES – A

PROCESSING CHALLENGE

Prof. Razvan Tamas, Maritime

University of Constanta, Romania NUMERICAL METHODS FOR

TIME-DOMAIN AND

FREQUENCY-DOMAIN ANALYSIS: APPLICATIONS IN

ENGINEERING

Magnolia 1 Room

1st Floor Papers ID: A-16÷A-30 B-9÷B-16

Poster Presentation


A25, A27, B13

Orhideea Room 10th Floor


Poster


1st Floor C28, C38

Magnolia 2 Room 1st Floor


Poster Presentation


Small OrhideeaRoom-

10th Floor Papers ID: F-5÷F-9

G-9÷G-16 Poster


1st Floor

60‟

1900

15‟

30‟

45‟

60‟

2000

15‟

DINNER Flora Hotel Restaurant

30‟

GALA DINNER

Flora Hotel Restaurant

45‟

DINNER Flora Hotel Restaurant

60‟

2100

15‟

30‟

45‟

60‟

2200

15‟

30‟

45‟

60‟




12

Program Sections

Orhideea Room: Plenary Session / Keynote Speakers

Wednesday, June 17, 2015 17

00-19

00

Chairman, Assoc. Prof. Radu Comaneci “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, Romania

Prof. Esteban Broitman, Linkoping University, Sweden

TRIBOLOGICAL ISSUES IN MICROMACHINES

Prof. Ziyi Ge, NIMTE, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China

HIGHLY EFFICIENT POLYMER SOLAR CELLS

Prof. Thomas Graule, EMPA, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials and

Technology, Switzerland

CERAMIC BASED NANOCOMPOSITES – A PROCESSING CHALLENGE

Prof. Razvan Tamas, Maritime University of Constanta, Romania

NUMERICAL METHODS FOR TIME-DOMAIN AND FREQUENCY-

DOMAIN ANALYSIS: APPLICATIONS IN ENGINEERING




13


Thursday, June 18, 2015 9

00-11

00

Chairman, Dr. Jae-Ho Jeon Korea Institute of Materials Science, South Korea

Prof. Olivera Milosevic, Institute of Technical Sciences of the Serbian

Academy of Sciences and Arts, Belgrade, Serbia

HIERARCHICALLY ORGANIZED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS

PROCESSED THROUGH SOFT CHEMICAL ROUTES

Prof. Rainer Gadow, University of Stuttgart, Germany


COMPOSITES – MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGIES OF

LIGHTWEIGHT STRUCTURES FOR EXTREME OPERATING

CONDITIONS

Prof. Marcel Van de Voorde, Delft University of Technology, Netherlands

REVOLUTIONARY DEVELOPMENTS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY, IN

THE FUTURE “EDUCATION – RESEARCH – INNOVATION –

INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS”

Prof. Chris Lacor, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium

EFFICIENT UNCERTAINTY QUANTIFICATION IN ENGINEERING

WITH POLYNOMIALCHAOS

1100

-1115

Cofee Break




14


Thursday, June 18, 2015 11

15-13

15

Chairman, Prof. Remus Zagan

Constanta Maritime University, Romania

Prof. Fiqiri Hodaj, National Polytechnique Institute of Grenoble, France

FACTORS GOVERNING THE GROWTH KINETICS OF

INTERMETALLICS AT SOLDER / SUBSTRATE INTERFACE

Prof. Hong Seok Park, University of Ulsan, South Korea

DEVELOPMENT OF INFRARED STACKING PROCESS FOR AN

AUTOMOTIVE PART

Prof. Der-Jang Liaw, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology,

Taiwan

FUNCTIONAL POLYMERS VIA PRECISION POLYMERIZATION:

SYNTHESIS, OPTOELECTRONIC AND PHOTOVOLTAICS

APPLICATIONS

Prof. Wojciech Sitek, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland

APPLICATION OF FUZZY SYSTEMS TO CALCULATION OF THE

HARDENABILITY OF THE STEEL

Prof. Petrica Vizureanu, “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi,

Romania

EXPERT SYSTEMS USED FOR THERMAL PROCESSES




15

Section A & Section B

Oral Presentation: Magnolia 1 Room, 1st floor

Poster Presentation: Foyer Magnolia 1st floor

A. Engineering of Manufacturing Processes: Novel Manufacturing Methods; Advances in

Nontraditional Manufacturing Processes; Virtual Manufacturing; Advanced Methods and Tools for

Computer Integrated Manufacturing; New Industrial Applications; Smart Manufacturing; Energy

Efficiency in Manufacturing.

Presidents:

Dr. Miloš Vasić, Institute for Testing of Materials, Belgrade, Serbia

Assoc. Prof. Gheorghe Gurau, “Dunarea De Jos”, University, Galati, Romania

Secretary:

Eng. Simona Plavanescu, Ph.D. Student, “Gheorghe Asachi" Technical University of Iasi, Romania

B. Advances in Composite Materials and Technologies: Advanced Metals, Ceramics and Polymers;

Bio-Materials; Recycling of Materials

Presidents:

Prof. Camelia Cerbu, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania

Professor Grzegorz Ćwikła, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland

Secretary:

Dr. Elvis Hozdic, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia

Thursday, June 18, 2015 Friday, June 19, 2015 Saturday, June 20, 2015 15

30-17

30

Oral Presentation Papers ID: A-1÷A-15; B-1÷B-8 Poster Presentation

*

B3

- 830

-1030


*

A40, A42, B21

1730

-1745

Coffee Break - 10

30-10

45

Coffeee Break

1745

-1930


*

A25, A27, B13

- 1045

-1200


*

A55 Please follow the steps:

1) Check the author index (Book of Abstracts) for the page number; 2) Go to your abstract and note the ID; 3) Check the

day and room of your presentation. * The poster session started after the oral presentation.




16

Section C

Oral Presentation: Orhideea Room 10th

floor


C. Characterization, Modeling and Simulation of Mechanical Processes: Mechanical, Structural,

Physical and Geometrical Characterization; Probabilistic Modeling and Analysis

Presidents:

Lecturer Ciortea Mihaela Elisabeta, “1 Decembrie 1918” University of Alba Iulia, Romania

Assoc. Prof. Aleksander Gwiazda, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland

Secretary:

Eng. Adriana Mihaela Coroiu, Ph.D. Student, Babes-Bolyai University of Cluj Napoca, Romania


30-17

30

Oral Presentation Papers ID: C-1÷C-19 Poster Presentation

*

C28, C38

- 830

-1030


*

C46, C47, C48, C51, C52

1730

-1745

Coffee Break - 10

30-10

45

Coffeee Break

1745

-1930


*

- 1045

-1200


*

C61, C66, C71, C72, C74,

C76, C79 Please follow the steps:






17

Section D & Section E Oral Presentation: Magnolia 2 Room 1

st floor


D. Robotics and Computer Integrated Manufacturing: Industrial Robots, CIM Systems, Biological

Inspired Robotics, Social Robotics, Entertainment Robotics

Presidents:

Lecturer Dr. Sinan Sezek, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey

Phys. Mircea-Petru Ursu, Ph.D., University of Oradea, Romania

Secretary:

Lecturer Radu Caliman, Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Romania

E. Technology Transfer: Knowledge Management Case Studies; Knowledge Communication;

Knowledge Portals, Innovation and Engineering Education; Business Intelligence; Business Process

Modeling and Analysis, Process Planning and Flexible Workflow; Security in Business Process

Presidents:

Prof. Silvia Avasilcai, "Gheorghe Asachi" Technical University of Iasi, Romania

Eng. Nicolae Fildan – President of AGIR, Constanta Branch

Secretary:

Assistant Prof. Iwona Paprocka, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland


30-17

30

Oral Presentation Papers ID: D-1÷D-5; E-1÷E-7 Poster Presentation

*

D4

- 830

-1030


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Poster Presentation*

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18

Section F & Section G Oral Presentation: Small Orhideea Room 10

th floor


F. Micro- and Nano- Technologies: New Developments in Micro/Nano Scale Processes; Fabrication

of Nanostructure and Materials: Nanofilms, Nano-bubbles, Nano-droplets, Nanofluids

Presidents:

Eng. Alexandr Ojegov, “A.Russo” University, Balti, Republic of Moldova

Prof. Corneliu Munteanu, “Gheorghe Asachi" Technical University of Iasi, Romania

Secretary:

M. Sc. Irina Arhire, University of Stuttgart, Germany

G. Maritime Engineering and Navigation: Maritime Engineering and Technologies, Maritime

Transport and Economics.

Presidents:

Prof. Raicu Serban, “Politehnica” University of Bucharest, Romania, Member of the Academy of

Technical Sciences of Romania

Assoc. Prof. Serban Berescu, Constanta Maritime University, faculty of Navigation and Maritime

Transport, Constanta, Romania

Secretary:

Lecturer Nadia Belu, University of Pitesti, Romania


30-17

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Oral Presentation

Papers ID: F-1÷F-4; G-1÷G-8


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Papers ID: F-10÷F-14; G-17÷G-25


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Oral Presentation Papers ID: F-5÷F-9; G-9÷G-16


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Oral Presentation Papers ID: F-15÷F-18; G-26÷G-33


F15, F16, G29, G31 Please follow the steps:






19

Abstracts – Plenary Session




20

Keynote Speaker

TRIBOLOGICAL ISSUES IN MICROMACHINES

Esteban Broitman

Thin Film Physics Division, IFM, Linköping University, SE581 83 Linköping, Sweden

Corresponding author: Esteban Broitman, [email protected]

Abstract: Micromachines are mechanical machines designed in the range 100 nm to 100 µm in size, and

usually fabricated with semiconductor technologies to integrate mechanical components with

electronics on a single chip. Known also as MEMS (micro-electro-mechanical systems), present

industrial applications include accelerometers in automotive systems, inkjet printer heads, game

controllers, and rotation sensors for smartphones.

Most of commercial micromachines are designed as transducers for applications with no contact or

sliding: they are either sensors or actuators. Despite of niche industrial applications with designs of

more complex MEMS devices containing moving mechanical assemblies (MEMS-MMA) like

micromotors, gears and levers, the commercial production of these kind of micromachines is

inexistent. The main problem in micromachines is tribological: the presence of stiction, high friction

and wear between the small components. Adhesion at the microscale is a consequence of van der

Waals forces: electrostatic interactions between surface dipoles and charges, as well as capillary

phenomena and chemical forces. Friction and wear are inevitable in mechanisms where components in

contact have relative motion. Friction become increasingly significant as the system size shrinks and it

is a crucial factor that determines not only efficiency but durability. Therefore, it becomes critical on

the microscale and is one of the fundamental limitations in the design of reliable micromotors,

microgenerators, and microengines. Lubrication for decreasing friction and wear in these devices is

difficult, because capillary forces created by confining liquids to small geometries is in the same order

of magnitude as actuation forces generated by micromachines. Therefore, only solid or vapor-phase

lubrication can be used. However, there are some applications like stepper motors taking advantage of

friction: with step sizes on the order of 10 to 100 nm, and actuation forces in the milli-Newton scale,

they could be used for positioning optical, data storage, and medical applications.

This work focuses on the main tribological issues of micromachines. Basic silicon mechanical and

tribological properties and micromachining methods are reviewed. Solid lubrication by depositing

carbon-based coatings using thin film technology, and liquid lubricants applied by vapor-phase

lubrication are discussed. Potential improvements and economic feasibility issues are also addressed.




21

Keynote Speaker

HIGHLY EFFICIENT POLYMER SOLAR CELLS

Xinhua Ouyang, Ruixiang Peng, Xingye Zhang, Ling Ai & Ziyi Ge

Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering (NIMTE), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS),

Ningbo 315201, China

Corresponding author: Ziyi Ge, [email protected]

Abstract: Polymer solar cells (PSCs) have been currently attracting an extensive attention and gaining

increasing importance due to their applied prospect as renewable, lightweight and low-cost energy

sources1-2

. Recent advances in polymer solar cells‟ performance have been achieved with the reported

power-conversion efficiency (PCE) of PSCs over 9% in the scientific literature3. Nevertheless, the

PSCs power conversion efficiencies are still constrained within 10%, which does not break the

threshold for commercial applications. The development of high-efficient PSCs is still urgently

required. Here, we reported PSCs with exceptionally high PCE which was up to 10.02% using novel

material in single heterojunction conventional PSCs. The material was found to simultaneously offer

good contact for photogenerated charge-carrier collection and allow optimum photon harvest in the

device. Furthermore, the enhanced performance is attributed to improved electron mobility, enhanced

active-layer absorption, and properly active-layer microstructures with optimal horizontal phase

separation and vertical phase gradation. Our discovery opens a new avenue for fully exploiting the

potential of various material systems to move the efficiency of devices over the threshold of 10%.

Fig. 1 Properties of the PSC

Acknowledgment: This work was Financial supported from National Natural Science Foundation of China

(21074144, 21102156, 51273209), Ningbo International Cooperation Foundation (2012D10009, 2013D10013)

and the External Cooperation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. GJHZ1219). References:

1. Wang, Y.; Yang, F.; Liu, Y.; Peng, R.; Chen, S.; Ge. Z.; New Alkylfuranyl-Substituted Benzo [1,2-b:4,5-b′]

dithio phene-Based Donor-Acceptor Polymers for Highly Efficient Solar Cells, Macromolecules 2013, 46,

1368.

2. Yang Wang, Yin Liu, Shaojie Chen, Reixiang Peng, Ziyi Ge. “Significant Enhancement of Polymer Solar

Cell Performance via Side-Chain Engineering and Simple Solvent Treatment”, Chemistry of Materials，2013,

25(15) 3196-3204.

3. He, Z. C. et al. Enhanced power-conversion efficiency in polymer solar cells using an inverted device

structure. Nature Photon. 6, 591-595 (2012).

http://pubs.acs.org/action/doSearch?action=search&author=Wang%2C+Yang&qsSearchArea=author

http://pubs.acs.org/action/doSearch?action=search&author=Yang%2C+Feng&qsSearchArea=author

http://pubs.acs.org/action/doSearch?action=search&author=Liu%2C+Ying&qsSearchArea=author

http://pubs.acs.org/action/doSearch?action=search&author=Peng%2C+Ruixiang&qsSearchArea=author

http://pubs.acs.org/action/doSearch?action=search&author=Chen%2C+Shaojie&qsSearchArea=author

http://pubs.acs.org/action/doSearch?action=search&author=Ge%2C+Ziyi&qsSearchArea=author




22

Keynote Speaker

CERAMIC BASED NANOCOMPOSITES – A PROCESSING CHALLENGE

Thomas Graule

Empa, Swiss Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for High Performance Ceramics,

Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland

Corresponding author: Thomas Graule, [email protected]

Abstract: Several Ceramic based nanocomposites will open new applications in structural applications

in machine industry and for medical implants, for sensor development, in energy related technologies

( fuel cells; hydrogen and synthetic fuel generation) as well as in environmental applications e.g. in

nanofiltration and in photocatalysis based degradation of air and water pollutants.

To achieve a good performance of these nanocomposites, the efficient stabilisation of the ceramic

based nanopowders is a prerequisite for the preparation of these highly reliable ceramic

nanocomposites or as translucent or even transparent nanoparticle containing composites.

Agglomeration or re-agglomeration due to Van der Waals forces can be avoided using different

concepts to increase the separation barrier by electrostatic or steric means. Extensive studies using

silica, alumina and zirconia submicron and nanoparticles were therefore performed in order to develop

a basic understanding of the mechanism of dispersing small particles in polar and nonpolar medium.

The effectiveness of the dispersants was evaluated on the basis of adsorption, zeta potential

measurements, transparency and rheology measurements.

Some results for the application of such surface modified nanopowders in nanoceramics and

nanocomposite development are shown.




23

Keynote Speaker

NUMERICAL METHODS FOR TIME-DOMAIN AND FREQUENCY-DOMAIN

ANALYSIS: APPLICATIONS IN ENGINEERING

Razvan D. Tamas

Constanta Maritime University, Str.Mircea cel Batran nr.104, 900663 Constanta, Romania

Corresponding author: Razvan D. Tamas, [email protected]

Abstract: Characteristic equations modeling different phenomena in engineering do not generally lead to

analytic solutions. Numerical methods are therefore widely used in order to compute solutions to most

equations with linear operators e.g., differential and integral equations. Most phenomena are time-

dependent, so they can be modeled as functions of time. A time-domain approach would better model

a transient behavior; however, when an oscillatory or repetitive process is investigated, a frequency-

domain representation might be preferred. This actually is the case of many problems to be solved in

mechanics, electromagnetism, heat transfer, etc. A frequency-domain approach saves time provided

that the response of a system is needed for a given frequency of oscillation and/or for a small number

of harmonics. Nevertheless, a time-domain analysis with a pulsed excitation would provide thorough

information on the oscillatory response for a myriad of frequencies by means of an inverse Fourier

transform, and that despite of a long computing time.

In this paper, we present and compare two numerical methods primarily employed in

electromagnetism, but potentially applicable to other fields, as similar equations are to be solved.

Although our examples belong to the field of electromagnetism, they are far from being typical and we

show therefore the high flexibility and the potential of application of the two methods. The Method of

Moments (MoM) is a general purpose method for solving equations with a linear operator applied to a

function to be found. It is based on an approximate expansion of the unknown function, by using

known basis functions. Basically, applications of the MoM in electromagnetism deal with functions of

a coordinate (e.g., current distributions); though, we show that time-domain equations can also be

accurately solved, and further a frequency-domain approach is absolutely feasible. The Transmission

Line Method (TLM) is a more specific method that could solely be applied to wave-type differential

equations, as that method is inspired from the way in which a pulse propagates within a transmission

line mesh. It is therefore more appropriated to the time-domain analysis of the propagation of

electromagnetic waves, sound, heat, etc.

An insight of how the two methods could be applied to other fields of engineering is eventually

provided. Key words: numerical methods, time-domain, frequency-domain, method of moments (MoM), transmission lines matrix

method (TLM).




24

Keynote Speaker

HIERARCHICALLY ORGANIZED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS PROCESSED

THROUGH SOFT CHEMICAL ROUTES

Olivera Milošević 1, Lidija Mančić

1 & Maria Eugenia Rabanal

2

1Institute of Technical Sciences of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, K.Mihailova 35/IV, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia

2University Carlos III, Avd.Universidad 30, 28911 Leganes, Madrid, Spain

Corresponding author: Olivera Milosevic, [email protected]

Abstract: Global warming, climate change and natural resources depletion forces tremendous

technological and scientifical research activities for the development of next generation of materials

able to address both the energy and environmental problems. This implies an exciting progress in the

field of nanoscience and nanotechnology, particularly regarding the control synthesis of nanoscaled

particles that might have a great potential for use in solid-state functional materials and devices, like

phosphors, sensors, photovoltaics, catalysts, drug delivery carriers etc. The key points important for

the future research and development of nanophased materials represent the ability for further

improvement of material properties through nanostructuring and fundamental research of structure-

properties relationship, from one side, as well as development of assigned and controlled synthesis

route with the ability to ensure nanophase synthesis in a controlled manner, from another.

Among the diversity of the soft chemical approaches for nanomaterials processing, synthesis through

dispersion phase (aerosol) enables generation of ultrafine, either single or complex powders with

controlled stoichiometry, chemical and phase content provided by high heating and cooling rates, short

residence time and high surface reaction. This may favors to the formation of either amorphous,

nanocrystalline or metastable phases that might have a huge impact in the processing of advanced

functional materials having novel and unique structures and properties. Particularly, the opportunities

of the hot wall aerosol processing, provided by high heating and cooling rates, short residence time

and high surface reaction, is demonstrated for the synthesis of spherical three-dimensional (3D),

hierarchically organized nanostructured particles with uniformly distributed components and phases.

The particles composite inner structure, representing an assembly of nanosized primary particles,

opens the possibility for particle surface modification and functionalization emphasizing their

application in photovoltaics, energy transfer and bioimaging. The diverse levels of structural,

morphological and functional complexity are explored by means of appropriate selection of different

precursor solutions, either true or colloid, surface modification and proper selection of rare-earth based

dopants for the generation of either photocatalytic titanium (IV) oxide or a range of both down and up-

conversion phosphor particles. When one-dimensional (1D) nanomaterials are considered, the

hydrothermal method (HT) is shown to be one of the simplest techniques for their obtaining. With the

help of various analyzing techniques like XRPD, SEM/EDS, FE-SEM, TEM, HR-TEM, STEM,

nanotomography, UV-Vis diffusive reflectance (UV-Vis DRS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR)

spectroscopy and luminescence measurements, the opportunities of both methods for the synthesis of

novel functional materials based on Gd2O3:Eu, Y2O3:Eu,Yb,Er,Ho,Tm, (Y1-xGdx)2O3:Eu,

Y3Al5O12:Ce, NaYF4, TiO2 etc. for solving energy/environmental problems will be reviewed. The

obtained results offer a general route for the synthesis of nanomaterials with tunable structure,

morphology and optical properties.

Key words: nanoparticles, aerosol, hydrothermal route, phosphors, Ti (IV) oxide.




25

Keynote Speaker


COMPOSITES – MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGIES OF LIGHTWEIGHT

STRUCTURES FOR EXTREME OPERATING CONDITIONS

Rainer Gadow1, 2

1 Institute for Manufacturing Technologies of Ceramic Components and Composites (IMTCCC), University of Stuttgart,

Allmandring 7b, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany 2 Graduate School of Excellence in advanced Manufacturing Engineering (GSaME), University of Stuttgart, Nobelstraße

12, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany

Corresponding author: Rainer Gadow, [email protected]

Abstract: SiC composites have been developed by various processing methods, i. e. reaction bonding,

CVD/CVI and liquid phase impregnation. This class of composites is handicapped by the high cost of

investment and processing, interface coatings and raw materials and therefore only attractive for

applications in astronautics and military aviation. Polymer Matrix Composites (PMC) are widely used

in lightweight applications. The manufacturing technologies are fully developed and raw materials are

cheap. The major drawback and limiting factor of these reinforced polymers is the limited service

temperatures. Novel composite materials, bridging the gap between PMC and CMC, are manufactured

by the use of polysiloxanes as SiOC matrix precursor. Such competitive free formable composites are

capable for service temperatures up to 650 °C even in oxidative atmosphere. In order to make the

material attractive for series applications, cost effective manufacturing technologies like Resin

Transfer Moulding (RTM), filament winding or warm pressing techniques are employed.

Beside the improved thermal and chemical resistivity in comparison to reinforced polymers and light

metals, a major benefit of SiOC composites is investigated in the field of friction materials. A

promising alternative to carbon and synthetic ceramic fibers are mineral based basalt fibers. These

lightweight fibers show high thermochemical stability up to 700 °C, are relatively cheap and became

recently available on an industrial scale. Their processing in various manufacturing chains is shown

and the properties of the obtained composites are described. Lightweight, high wear resistance and an

adjustable coefficient of friction make them an interesting and much cheaper alternative for CFC and

CMC. Key words: ceramic composites, lightweight structures, basalt fibers, polymer derived ceramics.




26

Keynote Speaker

REVOLUTIONARY DEVELOPMENTS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY, IN THE

FUTURE “EDUCATION – RESEARCH – INNOVATION – INDUSTRIAL

APPLICATIONS”

Marcel Van De Voorde

Delft University of Technology, Eeuwige Laan, 33, 1861 CL Bergen, Netherlands

Corresponding author: Marcel Van De Voorde, [email protected]

Abstract: An overview will be given of the history and “State of the Art” of nanotechnology in the

world; this will cover nanoMaterials (structural-, functional and bioMaterials) and nanotechnologies.

Fundamental research is the backbone for future industrial success including theories; new design of

third generation nanomaterials; characterisation, properties and computer modelling,

Innovations and Technology Applications -Breakthroughs in communication and information;

-Grand challenges in life science and medical applications;

-Nanomaterials with tailored functionalities for new generation energy sources;

-Role of nanomaterials in transportation: aeronautics and car industry;

-Potentials for the chemical industry;

-Trends in nanotextiles: laundry & home care;

-Opportunities for nanoindustrial- & consumer products: i.e. adhesives, sealants;

-………………….

Environment and Safety Issues -Man-Made environment;

-Nanopotentials in Safety (Toxicology) and Security;

-Regulations for safe operation;

-………………….

Guidelines for a prosperous modern industry and welfare for the society

-Initiate “university – science/technology institutes -industry” partnerships;

-Create European NanoIndustry Centres;

-Install a European Industrial Agency;

-Promote Nanoindustrialisation: Technology Parks, nanometrology and standardization and so on;

-Initiate European Infrastructures for nanomaterials R&D&T;

-Familiarise the Society with the new Culture of NanoTechnology” i.e. Consumer protection;

-.............................

Market opportunities for nanomaterials and nanotechnologies




27

Keynote Speaker

EFFICIENT UNCERTAINTY QUANTIFICATION IN ENGINEERING WITH

POLYNOMIALCHAOS

Chris Lacor

Department Mechanical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, Belgium

Corresponding author: Chris Lacor, [email protected]

Abstract: The present paper focuses on the use of uncertainty quantification (UQ) in engineering.

In the design of engineering systems one typically wants to optimize the output(s) of the system, which

are function of the system inputs, as can be described by:

y=f(x)

Where y is an output and x is a vector of input variables. f is usually a nonlinear relation. E.g. in the

design of an airplane, x will contain the geometrical parameters describing the geometry, as well as the

cruise flow conditions (Mach, AoA, p, T,…), whereas y is for instance the drag D which is to be

minimized. The relation between output and input is given either by experiment or a CFD simulation.

Several of the input parameters are in fact uncertain: e.g. in reality, at cruise speed, the Mach number

will deviate from the theoretical one, as well as the other conditions. If one distinguishes between

deterministic input variables d and uncertain input variables u, one has:

y=f(d,u)

We assume that u can be described by a probability density function (PDF), e.g. a Gaussian

distribution, and its moments i.e. mean, variance,…

UQ methods allow to propagate the uncertainties through the system, in order to characterize the

uncertainty of the output (with PDF and moments). For instance the mean output 𝑦 is given by (taking

the nonlinearity of f into account):

),(),( udfudfy

Implying the mean output cannot be simply obtained on the basis of the mean of the input

uncertainties.

Polynomial Chaos (PC) is a powerful method to deal with the propagation of uncertainties. In the

present talk it will be introduced and illustrated with several examples and complex applications from

the NODESIM-CFD and UMRIDA EU projects.

The main drawback of PC is the so-called curse of dimensionality in case of many uncertainties. Ways

to deal with this will also be discussed.




28

Keynote Speaker

FACTORS GOVERNING THE GROWTH KINETICS OF INTERMETALLICS

AT SOLDER / SUBSTRATE INTERFACE

Fiqiri Hodaj

Grenoble Institute of Technology, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, SIMAP,

F-38000 Grenoble, France

Corresponding author: Fiqiri Hodaj, [email protected]

Abstract: Soldering is and in future will remain an important technological process in microelectronics

and in other fields. In recent years, ternary alloys based on Sn-rich, Sn-Cu and Sn-Ag binary eutectics

have attracted considerable attention as potential Pb-free solders. However, intermetallic layers formed

at the interface between the solder and pads of a printed circuit board may adversely affect the

reliability of solder joints due to excessive growth during storage and service. The inherent complexity

of the substrate-solder systems and a large variety of possible reactions in these materials (their

sequential and concurrent occurrence) makes it extremely difficult to develop a predictive model that

describes quantitatively morphological evolution within the solder joints. This problem becomes more

complex with the continuing trend towards increasing miniaturization of microchips. In this work

some fundamental thermodynamic and kinetic aspects of interfacial interactions between solder alloys

and Cu substrate, confronted with experimental results, will be discussed. Here, we have clearly

established the role of the microstructure of the reaction product on the growth kinetics of intermetallic

layers between liquid solders and Cu substrate by performing two specific series of experiments. The

experimental conditions are chosen such that: (i) for the first series of experiments a significant change

in the driving force of diffusion do not lead to a change in the microstructure of the reaction product

and (ii) for the second series of experiments a drastic change in the microstructure of the reaction

product is provoked by changing the experimental conditions and maintaining practically the same

driving force of diffusion process. A detailed thermodynamic and kinetic analysis of experimental

results is presented in order to model the growth kinetics of interfacial layers under different

conditions and configurations and thus to highlight the factors that govern this growth. The

consequences of the interfacial reactivity on the physical properties of the solder joints obtained in

electronic packaging industry are also discussed for the case of micrometric size systems that operate

under metastable conditions. Key words: soldering, interfacial reactivity, growth kinetics, metastability, thermodynamics, diffusion.




29

Keynote Speaker

DEVELOPMENT OF INFRARED STACKING PROCESS FOR

AN AUTOMOTIVE PART

Hong- Seok Park & Trung-Thanh Nguyen

School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ulsan,

93 Daehak-ro, Nam-gu, 680-749, Ulsan, South-Korea

Corresponding author: Hong- Seok Park, [email protected]

Abstract: Stacking plastic is a new technology that uses infrared light as the energy sources in order to

assembly the different plastic parts at the semi-molten temperature. The process takes place in four

basic phases, including clamping, heating, staking & cooling, and retracting. In the processing time,

the plastic is firstly heated, and formed by the impact of die. Subsequently, the cooling process is

conducted in order to reduce the plastic temperature. In comparison with the conventional stacking

technology, this process provides some advantages, such as higher energy efficiency, product quality,

and productivity. In this work, the proposed method that couples between FEA (Finite Element

Analysis), CFD (Computational fluid dynamic), optimization algorithm is employed to simulate and

optimize the stacking plastic process. An automotive part, namely Door Trim with poly polypropylene

material is implemented by using new developed technology. The analysis of sub-process, including

heating, forming and cooling process is conducted in order to identify the significant parameters. The

effects of process parameters, such as heating time, punch time, air flow rate-SCFH on the thermo-

mechanical behavior of the joint has been investigated. The non-linear equations and ABAQUS-based

simulation model are used to predict the plastic temperature after heating process. The material

behavior after forming process is investigated using a simulation model in DEFORM-3D environment.

The integration of ABAQUS and ANSYS Fluent is employed to obtain the time-dependent heat fluxes.

The analyzed results of sub-process are considered as the inputs of holistic optimization of the process

chain. The simulation procedure based on DEFORM-3D multi operation is conducted to integrate sub-

process and simulate the sequential steps. Finally, the optimization based on GMDH-type neural

network and Genetic algorithm is employed to obtain optimization results. The optimizing results

indicated that heating time is more contributed to tensile force, following by punch time and SCFH.

The optimum values, including heating time, forming time, and SCFH are 14 second, 14 second, and

60 (ft3/h), respectively. In addition, the results imply that increasing heating time and air flow rate can

contribute significantly the tensile strength of the joint. The correlation between simulation and

experimental results indicates the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Key words: Stacking plastic, FEA and CFD, DEFORM-3D multi operation, the tensile strength, GMDH-type neural

network.




30

Keynote Speaker

FUNCTIONAL POLYMERS VIA PRECISION POLYMERIZATION:

SYNTHESIS, OPTOELECTRONIC AND PHOTOVOLTAICS APPLICATIONS

Qiang Zhang1, Po-I Wang

1, Chun-Hsien Wu

1, Chou-Yi Tsai

1, Ying-Chi Huang

1, Wei-Ting

Wang1, Yian Tai

1, Jun-Yuan Jeng

2, Tzung-Fang Guo

2 & Der-Jang Liaw

1

1 Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Techenology

2 Department of Photonics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan

Corresponding author: Der-Jang Liaw, [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract: Advanced polymer materials such as polyimides (PIs), polyamides (PAs), poly(amide-

imide)s (PAIs), conjugated polymers and polynorbornenes (PNBs) were successfully synthesized

through various polymerization methods including low temperature polycondensation, Suzuki

coupling and ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP). PIs derived from different architecture

designs (e.g., noncoplanar, cyclic aliphatic, bulky groups, fluorinated, heterocyclics, perylene, chiral,

and unsymmetrical structure) revealed unique physical-mechanical, electrical and chemical properties.

PAs with the pyridine moiety displayed good film forming abilities, flexibility, high thermal resistance

and proton sensitivity.The (PAIs) synthesized from polycondensation exhibited high viscosity, thermal

stablity (thermal decomposition temperature was higher than 400oC), highly transparency and

flexibility which are important properties for optical applications. The Conjugated polymers were used

for single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) wrapping to separate metallic and semiconducting

nanotubes and their chiralities were characterized by photoluminescence-excitation (PLE) map as well

as UV/vis/NIR absorption sprectra. Polytriarylamines- or poly(triarylamine-fluorene)-based

conjugated polymers possessed water/alcohol solubility and high carrier mobility about 10-3 cm2 V-1

s-1 which were suitable materials for hole-transporting layer of solar cell. Their HOMO levels were

controlled between -4.9 to -5.2 eV to fabricate heterojunction thin film devices which play an

important role in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) and organic photovoltaics (OPVs). When alcohol

soluble polytriarylamine-based conjugated polymers was used in perovskite solar cells, the overall

power conversion efficiency (PCE %) at 6.3% was higher than PSS: PEDOT -based solar cell with

PCE at 3.9%. In addition, the conjugated polymer with hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene (nanographene)

was polymerized by Suzuki coupling and its dispersion prepared by bath soication was characterized

by PLE measurements for graphene optical applications. PNBs synthesized via ROMP showed

excellent transparency at about 90 % and high thermal stability (Tgs > 160 oC) by aromatic

chromophores incorporation, for example, naphthalene, pyrene, fluorene, triphenylamine and

carbazole. Triarylamine-containing polymers cast on flexible graphene-coated PET had electrochromic

properties and capacity for multiple colour change reversibilities. These polymeric materials had high

organo-solubility in common solvents (e.g., tetrahedronfuran, dimethylfoamaide, N-

methylpyrrolidone, dimethylacetamide and dimethylsulfoxide) and as a result can be used to fabricate

optoelectronic devices such as solar cells, organic field effect transistors, polymer memories, and smart

windows through solution process.

Key words: electrochromism, hole-transporting materials, organic photovoltaics, SWCNTs wrapping.




31

Keynote Speaker

APPLICATION OF FUZZY SYSTEMS TO CALCULATION OF THE

HARDENABILITY OF THE STEEL

Wojciech Sitek & Artur Irla

Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Engineering Materials and

Biomaterials, Konarskiego 18a street, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland

Corresponding author: Wojciech Sitek, [email protected]

Abstract: Hardenability is one of the main criteria for the selection of steels for machine

components, hence it plays an important role in designing machinery and, therefore, is of

interest to technologists. It dependent primarily on the concentration of carbon and the type and

concentration of alloying elements dissolved in solid solution during austenitizing and the size of the

primary austenite grains. Hardenability describe susceptibility of steel to hardening, expressed

the dependence of hardness increase due to austenitizing conditions and cooling rate. Its

determination can ensure that the assumed distribution of property on the cross section of the heat

treated component. In case of structural heat-treatable steels it depends mainly on the content of the

main alloying elements: C, Mn, Cr, Ni, Mo, V. Today once again hardenability became the subject of

scientific interest, especially because of the possibility of using advanced numerical methods and

computer tools for modeling hardenability. Extensive comparative studies on different methods

for calculating the hardenability indicate a different accuracy for various methods for hardenability

calculation. In the process of designing construction engineer must consider many externals that

interact at the same time on the item. Therefore, it is necessary to reconcile all the criteria so that the

produced constructions perform its role properly. The possibility of the steel production with specific

mechanical properties makes it not difficult to manage these criteria - one of the mechanical properties

under consideration is the hardness of steel, which is affected by the alloying elements. The aim of the

research was to create a fuzzy system which will be allow the calculation of the hardenability of the

steel based on chemical composition and the distance from the quenched end, as well as to predict the

hardenability curves which are the chart of hardness versus the distance from the hardened surface. In

the study, was analyzed many combinations of parameters (eg. the size of the cluster, the range of

impact of the cluster center), which allowed to the creation of many fuzzy systems with the varying

quality. They allow to obtain a response with different accuracy and everyone else manage with the

calculation of hardenability curve. The research on the development of fuzzy system with different

parameters and their analysis allowed to formulate conclusions that this computer tool, which was used

in materials science for forecasting of properties of structural steels, could be successfully used for

other materials and other properties. Key words: steels, hardenability, Jominy curve, modelling, fuzzy system.




32

Keynote Speaker

EXPERT SYSTEMS USED FOR THERMAL PROCESSES

Petrică Vizureanu

“Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University from Iaşi, România

Corresponding author: Petrică Vizureanu, [email protected]

Abstract: Measurement and numeric control (digital) systems have mainly imposed in the last decades

because the technological revolution within electronic components domain. It is thus obtained a bigger

accuracy in numeric information processing by facilitating the direct connection with computer, a

higher work speed and an increased automation degree of the manufacturing process.

The expert systems are numerical structures of adjusting and automat control using an operation

system, a programming environment and a series of execution elements that fulfill promptly the

commands of the expert systems.

An expert system undertakes a human problem of which solutions can be logically determined by a

natural deductive system (natural system based on a series of solid knowledge) and codes it with the

help of a computer. It results in this manner a software component that interprets the logical solution

and transforms it into a codes solution. If all this process takes place in its expected order, then one can

foresee the expected results.

It was accomplished an original „on-line” management system in closed circuit with gradual command

of heating electric power and self-adaptive control with PID behavior of temperature.




33

Keynote Speaker

TENDENCIES OF THE OPTICAL MATERIALS PROPERTIES CHANGE VIA

NANO- AND BIO-STRUCTURING

Natalia V. Kamanina

Lab for Photophysics of media with nanoobjects, Vavilov State Optical Institute

Kadetskaya Liniya V.O., dom.5, korpus 2, Str. Petersburg, 199053, Russia

Corresponding author: Natalia V. Kamanina, [email protected]

Abstract: The present paper contains of the two parts. The first one in connected with the drastic

improvement of the photorefractive parameters of the organic structures founding via nano- and bio-

structuring process of the compounds. The spectral, mass-spectral and photoconductive features

supported the photorefractive effect of some conjugated materials, including the liquid crystal ones,

have been presented. The holographic recording technique in the visible spectral range has been used

to investigate the photorefractivity. Some evidences of the influence of the nano- and bioobjects

doping on the laser-induced change of the refractive index have been established. Moreover some

innovative perspective dyes and DNA have been investigated to study the effect of the rotation of the

polarization plane of light. The area of application of the materials to be used in the optoelectronics

and biomedicine has been discussed.

The second part regarded to study the use of the perspective carbon nanotubes in order to improve the

spectral and mechanical characteristics of some inorganic materials, including MgF2, NaCl, KCl, KBr,

etc. Laser deposition technique with the following treatment via surface electromagnetic waves has

been applied at the wavelength of 10.6 micrometers. The evidences of the influence of the covalent

bonded carbon nanotubes with small refractive index at the material surface on the wetting phenomena

have been established. The increase of the microhardness due to the large number of the carbon

nanotubes C-C bonds has been observed. The area of application of the optimized inorganic materials

to be used in the laser techniques, general optoelectronics, displays, and biomedicine has been

discussed.

Acknowledgement: The presented results are partially supported by Russian Foundation for Basic Research

Fond, grant No.13-03-00044 (2013-2015) as well as by FP7 program, Marie Curie International researchers

exchange proposal “BIOMOLEC” (2011-2015).

Key words: Laser-matter interaction, nano-objects, bio-objects, organics, inorganics, interface.




34

Keynote Speaker

CARBON NANOTUBE THIN FILMS FOR FLEXIBLE ELECTRONICS APPLICATIONS

Esko I. Kauppinen

Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University School of Science,

Puumiehenkuja 2, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076, Aalto, Finland

Corresponding author: Esko I. Kauppinen, [email protected]

Abstract: We present our recent results on single walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) floating catalyst

synthesis and dry deposition of flexible and transparent thin films for touch sensor (TC), field effect

transistor (TFT-FET) and solar cell (SC) applications. High quality SWNTs with tunable diameter,

length and bundle size have been produced from carbon monoxide (CO) using Fe cluster catalyst

produced both via physical evaporation and via ferrocene vapour thermal decomposition in laminar

flow of CO. State-of-the-art flexible SWCNT films on PET (1) show transparency-sheet resistance

properties surpassing those of ITO-PET films, being optically better than ITO, metal nanowires and

metal mesh based TCs. We demonstrate the use SWCNT transparent films as capacitive touch sensors

for mobile devices and as transparent OLED electrodes. We fabricate high performance transparent,

flexible and even moldable all-carbon TFT-FETs with metallic-type conductivity CNT films as source,

drain and gate electrodes and with thick PMMA polymer gate insulator, in addition to using SWCNT

network as FET active i.e. semiconductor material (2). We discuss tube-to-tube contact resistance

dependence on the tube as well as the bundle diameter and the influence of chemical doping, based on

conducting AFM experiments (3). In addition, SWNT thin films were used in novel SWNT-Si solar

cells (4). Also, we developed flexible, high efficiency organic solar cells via replacing ITO electrodes

with SWNT thin films (5).

References:

1. Kaskela, A., A.G. Nasibulin, M. Zavodchikova, B. Aitchison, A. Papadimitratos, Y. Tian, Z. Zhu, H. Jiang,

D.P. Brown, A. Zakhidov and E.I. Kauppinen (2010) Aerosol synthesized SWCNT networks with tuneable

conductivity and transparency by dry transfer technique. NanoLetters 10, 4349-4355.

2. Sun, D.-M., M. Y. Timmermans, A. Kaskela, A. G. Nasibulin, S. Kishimoto, T. Mizutani, E. I. Kauppinen

and Y. Ohno (2013) Moldable, all-carbon integrated circuits. Nature Comminications 4, 2302.

3. Znidarsic, A., Kaskela, A., Laiho, P., Gaberscek, M., Ohno, Y., Nasibulin, A.G., Kauppinen, E.I., and

Hassanien, A. (2013) Spatially Resolved Transport Properties of Pristine and Doped Single-Walled Carbon

Nanotube Networks. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 117, 13324-13330.

4. Cui, K., Anisimov, A.S., Chiba, T., Fujii, S., Kataura, H., Nasibulin, A.G., Chiashi, S., Kauppinen, E.I., and

Maruyama, S. (2014) Air-Stable High-Efficiency Solar Cells with Dry-Transferred Single-Walled Carbon

Nanotube Films. Journal of Materials Chemistry A 2, 11311-11318.

5. Jeon, I., Cui, K., Chiba, T., Anisimov, A.S., Nasibulin, A.G., Kauppinen, E.I., Maruyama, S. And Matsuo, Y.

(2014) Submitted.




35

Keynote Speaker

SMART POWDER PROCESSING FOR ADVANCED MATERIALS

Makio Naito, Takahiro Kozawa, Akira Kondo & Mitsuaki Matsuoka

Joining and Welding Research Institute, Osaka University,

11-1, Mihogaoka, Ibaraki city, Osaka 567-0047, Japan

Corresponding author: Makio Naito, [email protected]

Abstract: Various novel powder processing techniques have been recenlty developed for advanced

material productions due to the growing of high-tech industry, especially in consideration of green and

sustainable manufacturing. Smart powder processing stands for novel powder processing techniques

that create advanced materials with minimal energy consumption and environmental impacts. Particle

bonding technology is a typical smart powder processing technique to make advanced composites. The

technology has two main unique features. Firstly, it creates direct bonding between particles without

any heat support or binders of any kind in the dry phase. The bonding is achieved through the

enhanced particle surface activation induced by mechanical energy, in addition to the intrinsic high

surface reactivity of nanoparticles. Using this feature, desired composte particles can be successfully

fabricated. The second feature of this technology is its ability to control the nano/micro structure of

assembled composite particles. As a result, it can custom various kinds of nano/micro structures and

can produce new materials with a simpler manufacturing process in comparison to other techniques

such as wet chemical ones.

In this paper, its applications for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) will be explained. LIBs have been

supporting the developments of wide applications from portable electric devices to energy storage

systems of a renewable energy to build a sustainable society. These offer a high operation voltage and

energy density, low self-discharge rate, flexibility and lightness compared with the traditional

batteries. It is generally accepted that cathode materials for LIBs play a key role in their performance

advances. Since the discovery of LiCoO2 as the cathode material, Li-intercalation oxides with

transition metals have been found and investigated over the last decades. Usually, cathode powders are

prepared by solid-state reaction and various solution methods. However, these synthetic methods

require the multi-step processes. Recently, we have demonstrated the synthesis of LiCoO2, LiFePO4

and LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 powders as cathode materials by applying the particle bonding technology using

an attrition-type mill. This mechanical process can directly synthesize the cathode powders from their

starting materials without any heat assiatane. Additionally, the particle design such as composite

granule, porous granule and core@shell particle are easily achieved by this one-step mechanical

processing. In this paper, we will explain the particle design and synthesis of cathode materials for

LIBs by applying the particle bonding technology and introduce the electrochemical performances of

the batteries using their powders.

Key words: smart powder processing, composite particle, nanoparticle synthesis, Lithium-ion battery, energy-saving

process.




36

Abstracts-Section A Engineering of Manufacturing Processes: Novel Manufacturing Methods; Advances in

Nontraditional Manufacturing Processes; Virtual Manufacturing; Advanced Methods and Tools for

Computer Integrated Manufacturing; New Industrial Applications; Smart Manufacturing; Energy

Efficiency in Manufacturing




37

Paper ID: A-1

SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS OF TRANSIENT QUEUE BEHAVIOUR IN

MANUFACTURING MODEL WITH FAILURES AND BATCHED ARRIVALS

Wojciech M. Kempa 1, Iwona Paprocka

2, Krzysztof Kalinowski

2 & Cezary Grabowik

2

1Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Applied Mathematics, Institute of Mathematics,

23 Kaszubska Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland 2Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Engineering Processes Automation

and Integrated Manufacturing Systems, 18A Konarskiego Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland

Corresponding author: Wojciech M. Kempa, [email protected]

Abstract: The optimal utilization of the manufacturing line requires permanent monitoring of key

reliability characteristics like e.g. failure-free and repair periods‟ durations, the level of the queue of

jobs waiting for service or instantaneous queueing delay. One of the most important stochastic

characteristics of the operation of each manufacturing line is the queue-size distribution i.e. the

distribution of the number of jobs not completely processed or waiting in the buffer queue (see e.g. [1],

[2] and [3]). Time-dependent behaviour of the queue-size distribution can be used in the performance

evaluation of the manufacturing system. In particular, it can be helpful:

in the projection of the buffer size to adjust it to service speed and intensity of arrivals;

in the estimation of the level of manufacturing line‟s utilization;

in the detection of untypical phenomena during the operation of the system, like periods of

significantly increasing intensity of incoming jobs or, simultaneously, periods of low traffic level;

in the prediction of buffer overflows during which the input flow of new jobs is timely suspended.

Obviously, to simulate the behaviour of the real manufacturing system in different scenarios and to

protect it, eventually, against different-type adverse phenomena occurring in the real traffic, it is

desired and necessary to investigate the sensitivity of the time-dependent queue-size distribution on

“input‟‟ parameters characterizing arrival flow of jobs, service speed, working period duration and

repair time.

In the paper we consider the model of a single-machine manufacturing line based on the finite-buffer

queueing system with batched Poisson arrivals and exponential service times, in which successive

failure-free times of the server (machine) are followed by repair times. We investigate the reaction of

the queue-size distribution on changes of the following system parameters:

intensity of batched Poisson arrivals;

probability distribution of sizes of job batches;

parameter of exponential processing time;

working period duration;

repair period duration.

Such an analysis can provide valuable information to make better the utilization of the manufacturing

line, or adapt it to the level of the actual traffic of incoming jobs. Moreover, the observation of the

time-dependent progress of successive probabilities is helpful in the estimation of the relaxation time

i.e. the time needed for the system to reach the equilibrium.

Key words: finite buffer capacity, manufacturing line, queue-size distribution, repair time, transient state, working time.




38

Paper ID: A-2

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON THE EFFECTS OF COOLING

SYSTEM ON SURFACE QUALITY IN HIGH-SPEED MILLING

OF Al 6061-T6

Bogdan Chirita, Nicolae Catalin Tampu, Gheorghe Brabie & Maria Crina Radu

“Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacău,

Calea Marasesti, No. 157, 600115, Bacau, Romania

Corresponding author: Chirita Bogdan, [email protected]

Abstract: Surface quality represents a key aspect in appreciating an industrial product. A high quality

surface can increase corrosion resistance, assure a prolongued life cycle for a product, lower the wear

and improve the aesthetic aspect. For a machined part, surface quality is influenced by a series of

factors such as material of the part, the process type, tool geometry, cutting parameters or the cooling

system. The choice of the cooling system is especially important, taking into account that the proper

conditions will not only assure a superior surface quality, but will also lower the costs and reduce the

environmental impact and health risks. The present study aims to investigate the performance of the

cooling system and the effect of the cutting parameters on the characteristics of the surfaces resulted

from high speed face milling of the parts made of Al 6061-T6 alluminum alloy. Dry cutting conditions

and minimul quantity lubrication (MQL) where used. The results were analysed by using analysis of

variance (ANOVA). Key words: surface quality, face milling, cooling system, Al 6061-T6 alluminum alloy.

Paper ID: A-3

ULTRASONIC WAVES IN GRANULAR MEDIA

Remus Zăgan1, Mihaela-Greti Chiţu

2 & Petre Petculescu

2

1 Constanta Maritime University, Faculty of Naval Electromechanics, MirceacelBătrân Street, No. 104, Constanta, Romania

2 Ovidius University of Constanta, Faculty of Mechanical Enginering, Blvd. Mamaia, No. 124, 900527, Constanta,

Romania

Coresponding author: Zăgan Remus, [email protected]

Abstract: Granular material consists of a collection of discret macroscopic solid particles integrated

through repulsive contact forces. Clasical example is sand, powders, sugar, salt and gravel, which

range from tens of micrometers to the macroscopic scale. Their physical behaviour involves complex

non-linear phenomena, such as non-equilibrum configuration, energy dissipation, non-linear elastic

response and pelicular flow dynamics. The dynamics of granular media shows many distinct facets and

it is currently a very active field of research in the values science area. Elastic waves propagating in

granular media provide a unique probe of both its structure and nonlinear properties. I our paper we

examine the dependence of the nonlinear parameters on the applied loading. Key words: ultrasound, granular, MATLAB.




39

Paper ID: A-4

RESIDUAL STRESSES GENERATED BY MILLING IN SURFACE LAYERS

AND THE EFFECT OF THEIR DISTRIBUTION ON THE QUALITY OF THE

MACHINED SURFACES

Nicolae Catalin Tampu, Gheorghe Brabie, Bogdan Alexandru Chirita

& Eugen Herghelegiu

“Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacău,

Calea Marasesti, nr 157, 600115, Bacau, Romania

Corresponding author: Tampu Nicolae Catalin, [email protected]

Abstract: Residual stress is generated by all technological operations that lead to material deformations.

It can be useful or detrimental, critical or insignificant. In the case of milling operations, the level and

type of residual stresses depend on material chemical composition and mechanical proprieties,

working parameters and working conditions. But in this case the main effects of residual stresses

distribution on the machined materials and parts were not extensively investigated. The present paper

analyses the experimental results concerning the residual stresses distribution generated by milling in

surface layers as a function of materials proprieties and cutting speeds and the effect of such stresses

distribution on the machined surface quality (surface flatness). Three types of materials were analysed,

carbon steel C4U5, aluminium alloy AL 6061 T6, and high carbon steel K390. From the obtained

results it can be observed that high values of residual stress correspond to high values of surface

microhardness, while surface flatness deviations will be determined by the residual stress relaxation

after the removal of the cutting tools. Key words: milling, residual stress, surface quality, flatness deviations, surface layer.

Paper ID: A-5

INFLUENCE OF TECHNOLOGICAL FACTORS ON ACCURACY OF FORM,

SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND MICROHARDNESS PROCESSED BY COLD

PLASTIC DEFORMATION

Octavian Pruteanu & Constantin Carausu

“Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, Department of Machine Manufacturing Technology, 59A Blvd.

D. Mangeron, 700050, Iasi, Romania

Corresponding author: Pruteanu Octavian, [email protected]

Abstract: Processing technology by cold plastic deformation of important machine parts, took a rapid

development in recent time due to the size of shape of high precision, low roughness of machined

surfaces and a higher productivity compared to mechanical working by cutting. Experimental tests

were carried processing usher cold forming raceways of the outer and inner rings of a ball bearing

medium sized, aiming the influence of deformation force, down feed, piece revolution as main parts of

deformation process, upon the deviations of form, surface roughness and microhardness processed.

Were drowning diagrams of variation of parameters obtained and after mathematical modeling to

establish dependency relations for determined the optimal working parameters.

Key words: cold plastic deformation, force, down feed, roughness, microhardness.




40

Paper ID: A-6

CONTRIBUTIONS REGARDING ULTRASONIC FIELD PARTICULARITIES

USED IN AUTOMOTIVE METAL PARTS RECONDITIONING

Gheorghe Amza, Dan Florin Nitoi, Zoia Apostolescu, Andrei Dimitrescu

& Dan Gabriel Tasca

Politechnica University from Bucharest, IMST Faculty,

Splaiul Independenţei No. 313, sect.6, Bucharest, Romania

Corresponding author: Gheorghe Amza, [email protected]

Abstract: Paper presents the ultrasonic energy possibility in the reconditioning by powder metallization

process. Three ultrasonic separated methods of energy activation in the deposition metal zone are

presented. Advantages and disadvantages are studied for the following technological methods: additive

material ultrasonic activation, base material ultrasonic activation, reconditioned metal piece activation,

both additive and base material ultrasonic activation. Metallization devices design are presented

according to ultrasonic method activation for the ultrasonic field metallization process using metal

powder. Key words: ultrasonic, filed, metallization, filler material.

Paper ID: A-7

CONTRIBUTIONS REGARDING CALCULUS AND DESIGN OF AN

ULTRASONIC SYSTEM USED IN PLASMA METALLIZATION

Gheorghe Amza

Politechnica University from Bucharest, IMST Faculty,

Splaiul Independenţei no. 313, sect.6, Bucharest, Romania

Corresponding author: Gheorghe Amza, [email protected]

Abstract: Paper presents the calculus elements and construction for the ultrasonic system used in

reconditioning process by metallization. A series of necessary elements used in ultrasonic system

dimensioning are given and an ultrasonic system used in reconditioning process by plasma and grain

metallization are presented. Also, a calculated ultrasonic system is modeled to work in resonance

regime at the frequency f = 22 Khz. Stress map inside material, internal energy variation, lost energy

variation on length and volume unit are presented. Key words: ultrasonic, field, metallization, plasma, powder.




41

Paper ID: A-8

CONSIDERATIONS ON ROUGHNESS PARAMETERS AT DEFORMATION

AND SPLITTING PROCESS OF INTERIOR AND EXTERIOR SURFACES

Alecsandru Marin1 & Ionel Crinel Raveica

2

1 University of Moldova, 168, Stefan cel Mare blvd., Chisinau, Republic of Moldavia

2 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacău, Romania, Department of Engineering and Management of Industrial Systems,

Calea Marasesti 157, Bacau, Romania

Corresponding author: Ionel Raveica, [email protected]

Abstract: For going of the durability of the machining tools at the making of mild steel is proposed the

advanced straining, process which was applied in practice at the broaching the parts of holes valve

rocker type. In this paper we propose to present some of specific aspects on the combined splinting and

deforming process on internal and external surfaces. In this paper is presented the influence of process

parameters on roughness processed It has been noticed that while the charging voltage on the battery

of condensers increases till Uc = 80V, multiple extraction of conic meniscuses occurs. This

phenomenon points to the existence of more canals of discharging through which parallel currents of

the same direction flow simultaneously. Key words: roughness, broach, straining, valve rocker, turning and milling process.

Paper ID: A-9

ASPECTS OF LOCALIZATION OF CONTACT AT THE MANUFACTURING

OF WORM GEARS

Gheorghe Plesu &Victor Stajilov

“Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi,

Blvd. Mangeron, No. 59A, 700050, Iasi, Romania

Corresponding author: Gheorghe Plesu, [email protected]

Abstract: Process of manufacturing worm gears used as spare parts comes with difficulties in

determining worm gear and tools parameters and geometry. Because of machining restrictions and six

thread worm this task require several problems solving. So, main role in this case has process of

calculation of parameters. Because of uniqueness of worm gear we decide to machine worm wheel

using a fly cutter, which profile, geometry and processing parameters were defined using graphical

simulation. Same method was used to localize contact pattern.




42

Paper ID: A-10

WORKLOAD ANALYSE OF AN ASSEMBLING PROCESS

Laurentiu Dan Ghenghea

“Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, Department of Machine Manufacturing Technology,


Corresponding author: Laurentiu Dan Ghenghea, [email protected]

Abstract: The workload is the most important indicator for managers responsible of industrial

technological processes no matter if these are automated, mechanised or simply manual in each case,

machines or workers will be in the focus of workload measurements. The paper will present in

Modtech 2015 International Conference workload analyse due, for a most part manual assembling

process for roller bearings assembling process, that take place in a big company with integrated

bearings manufacturing processes. In this analyse the delay sample technique have been used to

identify and divide all bearing assemblers activities, to get information about time parts from 480

minutes day work time, workers allow to each activity. The developed study shows some ways to

increase the process productivity without supplementary investments and also underlines directions to

introduce automation to gain maximum productivity. Key words: bearings, assembling, work sample, analyse, efficiency.

Paper ID: A-11

RESEARCHES REGARDING THE HYDROFORMING PROCESS

OF ALUMINIUM COMPONENTS

Viorel Paunoiu

Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Department of Manufacturing Engineering,

Galati, 800008, Romania

Corresponding author: Viorel Paunoiu, [email protected]

Abstract: In the paper are presented the researches made for studing the treeform process applyed to

sheet metal parts from Al alloys. In treeform process the blank sheet is placed under a flexibile rubber

pad and it is deformed under the action of the hydraulic pressure applied from the top of the

equipment. The part shape is given by the shape of the die located at the bottom of the equipment. In

the paper are presented both the experimental and simulations results, using finite element approach,

regarding the influence of the fluid pressure towards the parts properties. The parts quality is evaluated

in terms of springback and stresses and strains state variation. The results could lead to the

implementation of the die and equipment design procedure for such type of deformation. Key words: hydroforming, treeform sheet hydroforming, numerical simulation, FEM.




43

Paper ID: A-12

SHAPING OF TEETH GEAR COUPLING SLEEVES WITH GEOMETRY

CLOSE TO GROUP SPACE GEOMETRY

Roman Grubka, Aleksandr Mikhaylov & Leonid Fenik

Donetsk National Technical University, 58 Artema Street, Donetsk,

83001, People's Republic of Donetsk (DNR)

Corresponding author: Roman Grubka, [email protected]

Abstract: The most modern method of enhancement of gear couplings running abilities is realization of

space jointing between teeth of race cage and sleeving. Also there is jointing of race cage with

rectilinear generator and sleeve with group space geometry on the side face of teeth which are able to

compensate changeable drive shaft mounting misalignment. Structure of any teeth space geometry

differs essentially from structure of teeth with rectilinear or curvilinear generator, because it supposes

continuous change of tooth thickness both longwise and throughout the height. In consequence of

which, technological methods of toothing cutting with space geometry as a rule are based on

observation of two conditions of the second Olivier method and imply usage of special technological

equipment and cutting tool, that is not always justified under conditions of this or that manufacturing.

At that, universal tooth-cutting equipment on the enterprises can be used for getting toothings with

geometries close to stated space geometries.

Methods of toothing cutting of cylindrical gearwheels with modified teeth on existing serial equipment

are described in literature. They are based on displacement of tool either in radial or in tangential or

simultaneously in radial and tangential directions against workpiece. But for their realization in

practice it is necessary to use special cutting tool. This circumstance is attributable to peculiarities of

space geometries structure and kinematics of relative motions of tool and workpiece in the toothing

cutting process. Alongside with that, standard cutting instrument which is available on enterprises can

be used for toothing cutting with different types of space geometries including for processing of teeth

gear coupling sleeves with geometry close to group space geometry. That`s why vital task is

determination of interrelation between tooth gear coupling sleeve geometry with space geometry,

geometry of tool edge and trajectory of relative displacement of tool and workpiece in the toothing

cutting process.

The aim of this work is to develop technological method of shaping of teeth gear coupling sleeves with

geometry close to group space geometry using the method of breaking-in on the existing serial

equipment with the help of standard cutting tool.

At the heart of this work there is task in determination of interrelation between geometry of side face

teeth gear coupling sleeve with space geometry, geometry of tool edge and trajectory of relative

displacement of tool and workpiece in the space.

Key words: gear coupling, tool, workpiece, method, space geometry, relative motions.




44

Paper ID: A-13

SOME TRENDS AND PROPOSALS FOR THE INCLUSION OF

SUSTAINABILITY IN THE DESIGN OF MANUFACTURING PROCESSES

João Fradinho1, Dumitru Nedelcu

2, António Santos

1, António Gonçalves-Coelho

1

& António Mourão1

1UNIDEMI & DEMI, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa,

Campus de Caparica, Caparica 2829-516, Portugal 2“Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iaşi, Department of Machine Manufacturing Technology,

Blvd. Mangeron, No. 59A, 700050, Iaşi, România

Corresponding author: João Fradinho, [email protected]

Abstract: Usually, production processes are designed in order to meet requirements of three different

natures: quality, cost and time. Environmental concerns have expanded the field of conceptual design

through the introduction of sustaintability requirements that are driven by the growing of societal

thoughtfulness about environmental issues. In the latest years, there has been a considerable amount of

work addressing sustainability. That work has focused mostly on environmental issues (for example,

setting limits of CO2 emissions), legal concerns, and the current engineering approaches are mainly

related to the clarification of the factors that can impact the “goodness” of ecodesign. On this matter,

one could say that the major concern has been the definition of metrics or indices for sustainability.

However, those metrics or indeces usually have some overall lack of consistency. Given the

complexity of the problem that arises from the multiplicity of different kinds of factors, the difficulty

of establishing methods and tools to support decision-maiking in design is clearly understood when

one attempts to quantify the results. More than ever, there is a need for a holistic view at any level of

decision-making, from the establishment of the design requirements to the implementation of the

solutions. According to the Axiomatic Design Theory, sustainable designs are usually coupled designs,

which should be avoided. This raises a concern that is related with the very nature of sustainability: the

cross effects of the actions that are taken in the atempt to decouple the design solutions. In terms of

production, one shoud clarify the characterization of the sustainability of production systems. The

objectives of this parer are: i) to analyze some approach trends for the sustainability of the production

processes; ii) to define sustainability in terms of requirements for the design of the production

processes; iii) to make some proposals based on the Axiomatic Design Theory, in order to establish the

principles in which the guidelines for designing production processes must comply; iv) to discuss how

to introduce this matter in teaching both manufacturing technology and design of production systems. Key words: manufacturing processes, sustainability, axiomatic design, engineering decision, engineering education.




45

Paper ID: A-14

DETERMINATION OF THE WORKING INSERT LIFE

IN MACHINING 100Cr6 HARDENED STEEL WITH CUTTING FLUIDS

Aleksandr Mikhaylov1, Elena Sydorova

1 & Ilya Navka

2

1Donetsk National Technical University, Department of Manufacturing Engineering, 58 Artiom, 83001, Donetsk

2Donetsk National Technical University, Institute of International Collaboration, 58 Artiom, 83001, Donetsk

Corresponding author: Elena Sydorova, [email protected]

Abstract: Machining of hardened steels primarily is associated with significant values of contact

pressure, contact shear and contact temperature in the contact zone of cutting tool. Currently in

machining of specifies materials widely used a carbide cutting inserts with TiAlN-coating. To change

the thermomechanical loading of the cutting insert different methods of assisted machining are used,

such as cutting fluids that is one of the leading position, due to the ease of use and relatively low cost.

The main actions of cutting fluids are the cooling and lubricating. The method for determining the

cutting conditions and the combination of cooling and lubricating actions of cutting fluids in

machining 100Cr6 steel (45 HRC) was proposed, providing maximum working life of carbide insert

with TiAlN-coating. The working insert life corresponds to the volume of material removed cutting

insert in tool life period. The insert tool life was determined by a regression equation of the tool life

dependence of thermomechanical loading parameters. To solve these problems the numerical models

were used. These models take into account the physical and mechanical properties of machining and

tool materials, their contact interaction, cutting conditions and cutting tool geometry, material behavior

at large strains, including the phenomenon of work hardening, dynamic processes and heat-drawing

process. Thus, the thermomechanical loading parameters of the cutting insert (contact pressure, contact

shear and contact temperature) was determined on the basis of thermomechanical modeling of the

cutting process by finite element method in the software SIMULIA/Abaqus (Dassault Systèmes,

France). An Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian formulation method was used. The cutting processes for

the different cutting conditions and combination of cooling and lubricating actions of cutting fluids

were simulated. The obtained results of numerical simulation of the cutting insert loading primarily are

explained by the response of the machining material to the effect of strain hardening, strain rate and

temperature as well as the nature of the tribological interaction with the cutting insert. Based on the

working insert life dependence of cutting parameters, the cutting conditions were identified that ensure

maximum working life of carbide insert with TiAlN-coating. The developed method can also be

applied to determine the cutting conditions and the combination of the cooling and lubricating actions

of cutting fluids for other materials and cutting tools. Key words: cutting, thermomechanical loading, working insert life, cutting fluids, 100Cr6.




46

Paper ID: A-15

FINISHING SMOOTHING THE SURFACES OF PARTS

Ion Dohotaru & Alexei Toca

Technical University of Moldova – Republic of Moldova, Department of Machine Manufacturing Technology,

Blvd. Stefan cel Mare, No. 168, 2004, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova

Corresponding author: Alexei Toca, [email protected]

Abstract: Finishing the functional surfaces of machine parts has a significant impact on their

performance characteristics. When the diamond smoothing rougness of the machined surface is

reduced to Ra=0.04-0.01 mcm, or 2-3 times compared to the initial rougness. The hardness is

increased by 15-20%. Increases the wear resistance and fatigue strength. The experiments were

performed on several types of materials – Fe HB50, steel to HRC60-62, Hastelloy D, hard cover.

Key words: finishing, diamond smoothing, rougness, hardness.

Paper ID: A-16

COOLING LUBRICATION LIQUID METAL

Sergiu Mazuru

Technical University of Moldova, Department of Machine Manufacturing Technology,

168, Stefan cel Mare Blvd., MD-2004, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova

Corresponding author: Mazuru Sergiu, [email protected]

Abstract: Used for highly productive machines (machining centers), the new production conditions,

cooling lubricating fluid does not provide the desired roughness to increase cutting speed. With

increasing cutting speed and temperature increase, which can lead to evaporation of acetic acid, which

in turn will lead to corrosion of parts and equipment, as well as possible damage to health conditions

and upper respiratory tract infections. Key words: cooling, lubricating, fluid, cutting, machining centers.




47

Paper ID: A-17

PARAMETERS CONTROL AND AUTOMATION OF THE

ELECTROSPINNING PROCESS

Valentin Buliga1, Dominique C. Adolphe2, Laurence Schacher2 & Antonela Curteza2

1”Gheorghe Asachi” Technical Univerisity of Iasi , B-dul D. Mangeron, Nr. 67, 700050, Iasi, Romania

2Laboratoire de Physique et Mécanique Textiles, EA 4365 UH, ENSISA, 11 rue Alfred Werner, 68093 Mulhouse Cedex,

France

Corresponding author: Valentin Buliga, [email protected]

Abstract: In this study, we analyze the parameters of the electrospinning process and explain how the

process can be improved threw control of this parameters. We are working in developing a solution for

control and automation of the electrospinning process, combining different hardware parts and a

software system to achieve a better control. Behind this challenge stands our goal represented in

development of setups to yield fibrous structures of various forms and arrangements with improved

physical and mechanical properties.

The method to obtain nanofibers threw electrospinning has a rather simple operating principle, it

consists in using an electrical charge to draw very fine fibers from a fluid solution. As simple as it

may seem, actually there are many parameters that influence the morphology of the resultant

electrospun fibers, from beaded fibers to fibers with pores on its surface. During our researches we

have been electrospinning using different polymer solutions, which we need to setup according to the

results we want to obtain. Thus, the parameters affecting electrospinning of polymer solution are of

great interest for us.

The parameters affecting electrospinning and the fibers can be classified, as follows: polymer solution

and ambient parameters, and processing conditions which include the applied voltage, temperature,

effect of collector and the distance between the tip and the collector. Varying this parameters give us

the opportunity to create setups to obtain improved fibrous structures of various forms and

arrangements and to create nanofibers with different morphology.

Our approach shows how we control the distance between the tip and the collector, changing the

position of the collector, and the benefits of having this function. First of all we have set the solution

and ambient parameters, and after that we set the processing conditions according to the desired

properties of the resulted nanofibers. Key words: electrospinning, automation, modeling, software system, processing conditions, polymer solution parameters,

ambient parameters.




48

Paper ID: A-18

RESEARCHES TO ANALYZING THE DURABILITY OF CUTTING

INSERTS COATED WITH AlTiN THIN LAYERS

Ana Bădănac, Octavian Lupescu, Vasile Manole, Adrian Ciprian Bălan

& Mădălina Popa



Corresponding author: Ana Bădănac, [email protected]

Abstract: It is known that during the cutting processes, due to the high contact pressures, to the high

temperatures, to the relative velocities and shocks between the contact surfaces tool-part can lead to a

wear more or less pronounced of the metal carbide cutting inserts. Are known numerous coating

processes regarding the increasing the durability of the used cutting inserts, namely by deposition of

different materials, having protection role for the cutting inserts locating and clearance surfaces,

methods as: vapor chemical deposition at low pressure, pulverization, ionic plating, vacuum thermal

evaporation and condensation from the vapor phase. Researches carried out by authors in this paper,

have followed the deposition of aluminum and titanium materials (AlTiN) in thin layers, on surface of

some metal carbide cutting inserts profiled. The depositions of aluminum and titanium materials are

new coatings which consists in deposition of the compound solid of AlTiN in the form of vapor in thin

layers on different tools or/and the cutting inserts. In the purpose of increasing the cutting inserts

durability, they used deposition method by ionic plating in vacuum. The authors chose this method due

to its advantages, which can be enumerate: the relatively low costs of the equipment, the simplicity in

operation, the possibility to be used also to realize researches and industrial installations. As a result of

using this method was found a considerable increase of the durability for the metal carbide cutting

inserts coated with aluminum and titanium materials (AlTiN), used in the cutting process, compared to

cutting inserts which were not coated with aluminum and titanium. Researches made are useful for

predicting the lifetime of metal carbide cutting inserts after application of thin films of AlTiN, with a

significant cost reduction. Key words: cutting inserts AlTiN thin layers, ionic plating, durability, wear.




49

Paper ID: A-19

LIFE AND WEAR OF MONOLITHIC CARBIDE MILLS

Piotr Wittbrodt & Alfred Paszek

University of Technology Opole, Ozimska 75 Street, 45-370 Opole, Poland

Corresponding author: Piotr Wittbrodt; [email protected],

Abstract: Machining is the commonest method of forming objects from among all applied techniques of

mechanical manufacturing and constitutes ca. 60 ÷ 70%. It consumes large financial outlays, that is

why we aim at selecting the most rational machining conditions.

Tool costs influence general costs of product manufacturing to a large extent. This is mainly related to

purchasing, operating and sharpening machining tools. A pivotal point is operating tools. The period of

their use is highly dependent on machining parameters. Applying very high machining velocities, large

feed values, as well as limitation or complete elimination of working liquids may cause the life of tools

to be small. This constitutes a barrier to increasing the effectiveness of machining process.

Prolonging the life of a tool is a basis for the decrease of production costs. However, there is a problem

in the evaluation of the tool‟s wear. This especially refers to ball milling cutters. The difficulty lies in

describing the wear of ball surface, which can work with a part of machining edge or on the whole

length of the arch.

It is confirmed by practice that in small lot or mass production enterprises a tool is used for machining

various parts with the use of absolutely different machining parameters. In such an environment the

evaluation of the tool‟s suitability for further machining, or determining whether the tool is sharp, are

quite difficult.

This problem needs paying attention to because of numerous uses of cutting mills. It is assumed that

several percent of all operations are milling operations. This participation increases year by year.

Obviously, many works hale published on the life and wear of machining tools, but they only describe

turning-type tools (replaceable multi-blade plates).

This paper presents the results of investigation of wear mills of monolithic carbide using the indexes

method. The article also shows inadequacy of this method to industrial uses and proposes use of

equipment monitoring the condition of a tool using the self-learning systems. Presents the concept of

building the system of monitoring, diagnosis and prediction ball milling cutters.




50

Paper ID: A-20

THE INFLUENCE OF ELECTRODISCHARGE MACHINING PARAMETERS

ON THE MATERIAL SURFACE ROUGHNESS OF TITANIUM ALLOY

Vlad Mihai Nicodim, Gheorghe Brabie & Cosmin Constantin Grigoraş

”Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Faculty of Engineering,

Calea Marasesti 157, 600115, Bacau, Romania

Corresponding author: Nicodim Vlad Mihai, [email protected]

Abstract: The main purpose of this paper is to determine the surface roughness value due to

modification of the electrodischarge machining parameters. This research has as objective, to follow

variations of surface imperfections of surface roughness, due to the machining operations conducted

on Ti alloy, for obtaining a suitable precision manufacturing to be used as temporary or long term bone

implant, by improving the electroerosion machining time for assuring that the implant offers enough

support as a result of stress shielding. The evaluation of the surface roughness was made by measuring

the roughness absolute value [Ra], with levels ranging from 0.7 to 1.2 [µm]. with working values

parameters ranging from 1.4 [A] to 40 [A], dielectric pumping pressure of 0.25 Mpa to a range of 0.5

Mpa method combined with sinking method, at a voltage starting from 110 [V] and a depth of cut of

0.25 [mm], using copper and graphite electrode wear tool, for an improving result, the same values

parameters of machining were managed to be worthy trying working with. The depth of cut was taken

in consideration to be not as high [0.25] due to the fact that good results were taken for more less

hights before, enough to indicate that the use of electroerosion machining is suitable for biomedical Ti

alloy. The studys that were taken place helped us, to understand, that in the case of Ti alloy, the

surface roughness is limited not less than 0.7 using the Fem 110 CNC. The machining time remains

the main factor that influence surface roughness, rotative toll wear should to be taken in consideration

for further investigations in this case. Key words: electrodischarge, surface roughness, titanium alloy, machining parameter, EDM.




51

Paper ID: A-21

THE INFLUENCE OF ELECTRODISCHARGE MACHINING PARAMETERS

ON THE MATERIAL HARDNESS OF TITANIUM ALLOY

Vlad Mihai Nicodim, Gheorghe Brabie & Cosmin Constantin Grigoraş

”Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Faculty of Engineering,


Corresponding author: Nicodim Vlad Mihai, [email protected]

Abstract: The main purpose of this paper is to determine the surface hardness value due to

modification of the electrodischarge machining parameters. This research has as objective, to follow

variations of surface imperfections of surface hardness, due to the machining operations conducted on

Ti alloy, for obtaining a suitable precision manufacturing to be used as temporary or long term bone

implant, by improving the electroerosion machining time for assuring that the implant offers enough

support as a result of stress shielding. The surface hardness of the alloy was determined based on the

Vickers scale [HV], with working values parameters ranging from 1.4 [A] to 40 [A], dielectric

pumping pressure of 0.25 [Mpa] to a range of 0.5 [Mpa] method combined with sinking method, at a

voltage starting from 110 [V] and a depth of cut of 0.25 [mm], using copper and graphite electrode

wear tool, for an improving result, the same values parameters of machining were managed to be

worthy trying working with. The depth of discharging was taken in consideration to be not as high

[0.25] due to the fact that good results were taken for more less hights before, enough to indicate that

the use of electroerosion machining is suitable for biomedical Ti alloy. The studys that were taken

place helped us, to understand, that in the case of Ti alloy, the surface hardness can be significantly

improved not more under the deph of 0.7 [mm]. The machining time remain a main objective to be

taken in consideration for further investigations in this case.

Key words: electrodischarge, hardness, stress shielding, titanium alloy, machining parameter, EDM.




52

Paper ID: A-22

INFLUENCE OF THE COOLING LIQUID ON THE SURFACE QUALITY

CHARACTERISTICS IN MILLING

Nicolae Catalin Tampu, Gheorghe Brabie, Bogdan Alexandru Chirita,

Eugen Herghelegiu & Maria Crina Radu

University “Vasile Alecsandri” of Bacău, Calea Marasesti, nr 157, 600115, Bacau, Romania

Corresponding author: Tâmpu Nicolae Cătălin, [email protected]

Abstract: Several negative aspects may occur in high speed milling machining, such as tool wear and

deterioration of surface layer quality. For this reason, many studies from the scientific literature are

concentrated on the optimisation of cutting parameters, use of different geometries of the cutting tools,

the use of different cooling liquid types, etc. Cooling system and liquid characteristichs are among the

main factors that can influence the suraface quality and tool wear. The aim of this study is to analyze

the effect of the cooling liquid used in different mixtures with water at different temperatures on the

quality of surface layer processed by milling. In order to make this analysis a MQL cooling device is

used. The combination with pure water was made in order to decrease production costs. Surface

roughness, hardness and deviation from surface flatness are analised. Three temperatures were used for

the cooling liquid 6°C, 12°C, and 27 °C. Cooling liquid composition was varied (pure water / water

miscible coolant type TS 30 PT) as follows: 25% water and 75 % emulsion, 50% water and 50 %

emulsion, 75% water and 25 % emulsion. From the obtained results were observed that cooling liquid

with 25% water and 75% oil will lead to a high value of hardness (165 HV) at 6°C while the use of

ambiental temperature cooling liquide (27 °C) lead to smallest value of hardness (108 HV). The

deviation from surface flatness and surface roughness were influenced by the use of mixture in equal

proportion at 6°C. The optimum conditions were determined using design of experiments methods. Key words: surface quality, milling, MQL cooling system, cooling liquid temperature, surface layer.





53

Paper ID: A-23

ANALYSIS OF LARGE SHEET METAL TAILORED TUBES

Valentina Mihaela Pomazan

Ovidius University of Constanta, 124 Mamaia, 900527, Constanta, Romania

Corresponding author: Valentina M. Pomazan, [email protected]

Abstract: Several gaseous media are transported in non-standardized piping, using custom designed

large, reinforced tubes. The main issues of such structures is the stability of certain segments, as the

site topology requires certain tube length and geometry, for rather big gas volumes needed. These

tubes work with gas at normal pressures, temperatures under 100°C and are built in open air, exposed

to wind, rain and snow.

The primary structural calculus of such tubes takes into account the general geometry of the shell-like

structure and promts for holders and props. Custom and empirical reinforcements are designed if

section quotient is larger than the material (austenitic steel) thickness.

The present study was triggered by the need to verify and optimize the primary constructive solution,

for tubular and rectangular shaped large tubes (section lengths larger than 1000 mm), under the gravity

and natural loads. The two cases presented needed to be checked for the reinforcement design and

reinforcement welding calculus.

Given the complex tridimensional geometry of the axisymmetric shell structures, the basic shape of the

tube was modelled, with its actual thickness. A corresponding thickness was calculated against static

and buckling loads. An equivalent welded reinforcement‟s grid design was developed and checked for

stability. Optimal welding sections along ribs in longitudinal and transversal directions were calculated

and reported for better project management and further costs calculus.

The solid model of the tube built in Autodesk Inventor® was exposed to FEA, searching for static and

buckling loads the best reinforcement distribution and minimum displacement, in the stress safe zone.

Shell elements with optimized grid distribution were used and local stress in corners and reinforcement

ribs was checked with refined discretization and optimal convergence. The transversal ribs that bring

extra charge in terms of gravity load and manufacturing costs were optimally distributed for the given

tube geometry.

Key words: reinforced tubes, FEA static, buckling.




54

Paper ID: A-24

GRAPHICAL METHOD FOR PROFILING HIB MILL THAT GENERATE

CYCLIODAL WORMS

Virgil Gabriel Teodor1, Silviu Berbinschi

2, Nicuşor Baroiu

1 & Nicolae Oancea

1

1 “Dunărea de Jos” University of Galaţi, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Manufacturing Engineering,

Domnească Str., No. 111, 800201, Galaţi, Romania 2 “Dunărea de Jos” University of Galaţi, Faculty of Engineering, Mechanical Engineering Department,

Domnească Str., No. 111, 800201, Galaţi, Romania

Corresponding author: Virgil Gabriel Teodor, [email protected]

Abstract: The hob mill for generating ordered curls of cycloidal surface with non-involute profiles may

be profiled based on the fundamental theorems of surface enveloping – Olivier – as surface

reciprocally enveloping with point-like contact.

The analytical solution is difficult to obtain, even for a simple analytical expression of the flank to be

generated.

The analytical solution is based on the principle of intermediary surface – generating rack-gear – tool

that has linear contact with each of the two surfaces: the surface of ordered curl of helical flanks and

the surface of hob mill‟s flank.

In these conditions, are defined two distinct characteristic curves, both of them belongs to the

intermediary surface, the generating rack-gear. The two characterisctic curves can be in three different

situations: are identical and everlapped, in this case between the enveloping surface the contact is

linear; can be a single common point, for surfaces in enveloping with point-like contact or does not

exist a contact point – the surface are not in enveloping.

In this paper is proposed a methodology based on a complementary theorem of the surface enveloping,

in a graphical expression developed in a graphical design environment – CATIA.

The graphical method presented in this paper is developed in two stages: determining of the rack-gear

model based on the solid model of the surface to be generated, using an original algorithm, following

this, based on 3D modelling is determined the solid model of the primary peripheral surface of the hob

mill.

On the solid model of the rack-gear are drawned the two characteristic curve and is determined the

contact point.

An application for a cyloidal worm is presented – a central screw of helical pumps. In order to prove

the quality of method, the analytical and graphical solutions are comparatively presented. Key words: surface enveloping, hob mill, graphical profiling method, cycloidal worm.




55

Paper ID: A-25

OPTIMIZATION OF THE BLANK HOLDER FORCE DURING FORMING

PROCESS OF A V – SHAPED PART

Aurelian Albut

“Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Faculty of Engineering,

Calea Mărăşeşti, No. 157, Bacau, 600115, Romania

Corresponding author: Aurelian Albut [email protected]

Abstract: In case of sheet metal forming the main dimensional errors are caused by the springback

phenomenon. The present work deals with numerical simulation related to draw bending and

springback of V - shaped parts. The current paper is trying to prove out the important role of the blank

holder force variation during the forming process. The Dynaform 5.9 software was used to simulate

the forming process, in which the blank holder force varies linearly in four steps between 30 and 60

kN. The factorial simulations test plan was made using the Design Experts 7.0 software and 72

simulations were necessarily to cover completely the variation domain. The part obtained after each

simulation is analyzed and measured to quantify the errors caused by springback. Parameters as: angle

between flange and sidewall, angle between sidewall and part bottom, chamfer radius between part

bottom and sidewall or chamfer radius between sidewall and flange are recorded in a data base. The

initial simulations plan together with the generated data base is loaded in a neural network software

called NeuroSolution 5. This software is able to learn the part behavior after the forming process and

to optimize the variation of the blank holder force in such way to minimize the springback effect. The

optimized blank holder force is used to make another simulation and in the final part of the paper is

presented a comparison between the springback parameters predicted by the NeuroSolution software

and the parameters obtained by simulation. The presented optimization method is a good method to

reduce the springback effect. The inconvenient of this method is the large number of simulations tests

that must be done and the large amount of data necessarily as input for the NeuroSolution software.

The precision of this method depends on the number of simulation tests used by the neural network to

learn the part behavior after the springback, function to the initial forming parameters. Key words: deep drawing, factorial plan, V – shaped part, optimization, neural network.




56

Paper ID: A-26

OPTIMIZATION OF THE PRODUCTION PROCESS

USING VIRTUAL MODEL OF A WORKSPACE

Monica Zbigniew

Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Engineering Processes Automation

and Integrated Manufacturing Systems, Konarskiego 18A, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland

Corresponding author: Zbigniew Monica, [email protected]

Abstract: Optimization of the production process is an element of the design cycle consisting of:

problem definition, modelling, simulation, optimization and implementation. Without the use of

simulation techniques, the only thing which could be achieved is larger or smaller improvement of the

process, not the optimization (ie, the best result it is possible to get for the conditions under which the

process works). Optimization is generally management actions that are ultimately bring savings in

time, resources, raw materials and improve the performance of a specific process. It does not matter

whether it is a service or manufacturing process. Optimizing the savings generated by improving and

increasing the efficiency of the processes. Optimization consists primarily of organizational activities

that require very little investment, or rely solely on the changing organization of work.

Modern companies operating in a market economy shows a significant increase in interest in modern

methods of production management and services. This trend is due to the high competitiveness among

companies that want to achieve success are forced to continually modify the ways to manage and

flexible response to changing demand. Modern methods of production management, not only imply a

stable position of the company in the sector, but also influence the improvement of health and safety

within the company and contribute to the implementation of more efficient rules for standardization

work in the company. This is why in the paper is presented the application of such developed

environment like Siemes NX to create the virtual model of a production system and to simulate as

well as optimize its work. The analysed system is the robotized workcell consisting of: machine tools,

industrial robots, conveyors, auxiliary equipment and buffers. In the program could be defined the

control program realizing the main task in the virtual workcell. It is possible, using this tool, to

optimize both the object trajectory and the cooperation process.

Key words: robotised workcell, simulation, optimization.




57

Paper ID: A-27

AN IMPROVED METHOD FOR RISK EVALUATION IN FAILURE MODES

AND EFFECTS ANALYSIS OF LATHE CNC

Nicoleta Rachieru, Nadia Belu & Daniel – Constantin Anghel

University of Pitesti, Faculty of Mechanics and Technology, Department of Manufacturing and Industrial Management,

Str. Targu din Vale, nr.1, 110040, Pitesti, Romania

Corresponding author: Nadia Belu, [email protected]

Abstract: Failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) is a widely used risk assessment tool for defining,

identifying, and eliminating potential failures or problems in products, process, designs, and services.

In traditional FMEA, the risk priorities of failure modes are determined by using risk priority numbers

(RPNs). RPN number includes three factors: the severity of a failure effect (S), the probability of

occurrence of a failure mode (O) and the probability of a failure being detected (D). Each factor uses a

numeric scale (rating) from 1 to 10. However, the crisp RPN method has been criticized to have

several deficiencies. In this paper, linguistic variables, expressed in Gaussian, trapezoidal or triangular

fuzzy numbers, are used to assess the ratings and weights for the risk factors S, O and D. A new risk

assessment system based on the fuzzy set theory and fuzzy rule base theory is to be applied to assess

and rank risks associated to failure modes that could appear in the functioning of Turn 55 Lathe CNC.

The Concept Turn 55 is a desktop lathe driven by interchangeable CNC control Software running on a

commercially available PC. This dual purpose turning centre is the ideal solution for training students

in further education when large industrial machines are not suitable. Its role in education is defined by

its interchangeable control systems. Using the fuzzy logic, the three risk factors, inputs, are fuzzified

and evaluated in a fuzzy inference engine built on consistent base of IF –THEN rules. The fuzzy

output is defuzzified to get crisp value of the RPN that will be used for a more accurate ranking of the

potential risks. The fuzzy logic toolbox of Matlab software program has been used in calculating the

values of RPN. Two case studies have been shown to demonstrate the methodology thus developed. It

is illustrated a parallel between the results obtained by the traditional method and fuzzy logic for

determining the RPNs. The results show that the proposed approach can reduce duplicated RPN

numbers and get a more accurate, reasonable risk assessment. As a result, the stability of product and

process can be assured. Key words: failure mode and effects analysis, fuzzy inference system, Turn 55 Lathe CNC, risk evaluation.




58

Paper ID: A-28

QUALITY CONTINUOUS IMPROVEMENT OF PRODUCTION PROCESSES

WITH USAGE THE POKA-YOKE METHOD

Nadia Belu 1, Laurenţiu Mihai Ionescu

2, Agnieszka Misztal

3 & Alin Mazăre

2

1 University of Pitesti, Faculty of Mechanics and Technology, Department of Manufacturing and Industrial Management,

Str. Targu din Vale, nr.1, 110040, Pitesti, Romania 2 University of Pitesti, Faculty of Electronics, Communcations and Computers, Department of Electronics, Computers and

Electrical Engineering, Str. Targu din Vale, nr.1, 110040, Pitesti, Romania 3 Poznan University of Technology, Faculty of Engineering Management, 60-965 Poznan, ul. Strzelecka 11, Poland

Corresponding author: Nadia Belu, [email protected]

Abstract: Poka-yoke is a method of quality management which is related to prevent defects from arising

during production processes. It deals with “fail-safing” or “mistake-proofing”. This method helps

operator to avoid (yokeru) mistakes (poka). The Poka-yoke concept was generated and developed by

Shigeo Shingo for the Toyota Production System. Poka-yoke is used in many fields, especially in

monitoring production processes. In our case, the solution presented in this paper aims at optimizing

the production process of pistons engines by reducing faults caused by the threading operation. The

solution proposed by us has gone from an analysis of the process on the time interval required for

threading operation for several samples of pieces and also, it is included a personal shift. It is a

threading process by pressure applied to the piston with handling equipment and parts are made by a

human user. There were also analyzed the problems that arose during the process. We're talking about

the human operator inadvertently omitting certain steps in the process of threading. Based on these

data, we designed a poka yoke system that detects whether a particular operation is omitted, this is

signaled operator (visual alarm) and continuing the thread is suspended until the problem is corrected.

Our system is based on the use of a weighing as a parts counter. Although in the threading process

does not occur weight change of finished parts, the stand where the finished pieces are placed is

mounted on the weighing. Placing a finished part leads to weight gain of the stand, which is signaled to

our system. Also, there are two sensors placed at different points of the press: support for placing the

piece in the press and the press operating lever itself. These sensors allow monitoring by our system of

steps to be taken in the process. The aim of our system is to pursue the correct sequence threading

process: placing the piece in the press, the operation and placing pieces in the finished parts stand.

Along with correct sequence monitoring our system must deal with registration operations and

treatment of special cases: the operators‟ exchange, the exchange of a finished pistons stand and

testing of samples. Key words: quality management, mistake proofing, Poka-Yoke method, quality improvement.




59

Paper ID: A-29

APPLICATION OF MULTIOBJECTIVE METHODS FOR OPTIMIZATION OF

MACHINING PROCESS PARAMETERS

Cătălin Gheorghiță & Vlad Gheorghiță

Politehnica University of Bucharest Romania, Department of Manufacturing Technology

Splaiul Independeței, No. 313, 060042, Bucharest, Romania

Corresponding author: Cătălin Gheorghiță, [email protected]

Abstract: The determination of optimal cutting parameters, is important in increasing the productivity of

the machining operations.The response surface methodology which sets the relationship between

factors and response, was used for developing the objective function and constraints for determine the

models of power milling. The selection for a given problem is made by using methods of

multiobjective decision making (MODM) to eliminate unsuitable alternatives, and to select the most

suitable alternative. In this paper the methods are used to identify the best solution for the

mathematical model of cutting power for milling 30Cr130 Steel. Key words: decision making, SAW method, TOPSIS method, ARAS method, multi-objective optimization, milling.

Paper ID: A-30

THE DISTRIBUTED AGENT-BASED APPROACH IN THE E-

MANUFACTURING ENVIRONMENT

Agnieszka Sękala, Gabriel Kost, Wacław Banaś & Anna Dobrzańska-Danikiewicz

Silesian University of Technology, Institute of Engineering Processes Automation and Integrated Manufacturing Systems,

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Konarskiego 18a, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland

Corresponding author: Gabriel Kost, [email protected]

Abstract: The deficiency of a coherent flow of information from a production department causes

unplanned downtime and failures of machines and their equipment, which in turn results in production

planning process based on incorrect and outdated data. All of these factors entail, as the consequence,

the additional difficulties associated with the process of decision-making. They concern, among other,

the coordination of components of a distributed system and providing the access to the required

information, thereby generating unnecessary costs. The use of agent technology significantly speeds up

the flow of information within the virtual enterprise. This paper includes the proposal of an agent-

based approach for the integration of processes within the virtual enterprise. Key words: agent, multi-agent systems, e-manufacturing.




60

Paper ID: A-31

INVESTIGATION SMOOTHING SHAFT CHARACTERISTICS

Gayrat Bahadirov & Abdusalom Abdukarimov

Scientific research center by branch engineering science problems after Tashkent State Technical University, Durmon Yuli

Str., 31, 100125, Tashkent, Uzbekistan

Corresponding author: Gayrat Bahadirov, [email protected]

Abstract: This paper deals with the screw shaft smoother with blades when it is on the surface of the

sheet material, which in turn rests on the conveying surface of the conveyor moving at a constant

forward speed, or on the surface of the working shaft rotating with a constant angular velocity. Blades

of smoothing shaft and the sheet material is contacted at several points (here, a point is meant pad

formed smoothing blade edge and the shaft surface of the sheet material) positioned on one straight

form of the cylindrical outer surface of the blades. The number of points depends on the number of

contact blades and the width of the sheet material.

The length of the chord of each arc trochoid movement of the sheet material corresponds to the

processing time for one blade of smoothing shaft, i.e. feeding the sheet material is equal to one blade.

It was established that the presence of multiple blades on the smoothing shaft chord length is inversely

proportional to the angular velocity of the smoothing shaft, number of blades and is directly

proportional to the feed rate of the sheet material.

Comparing the results obtained, it was found that the length of the chord of each arc trochoid

corresponding movement of the sheet material during processing with one blade of smoothing shaft,

i.e. feeding the sheet material on one blade smoothing shaft at the same flow rate in the second case is

less than the first.

Next, consider smoothing shaft with variable pitch screw blades. We derive equations describing the

trajectory of the curve of the blade faces relative to the surface of the processed sheet material for the

case in which the linear velocity of the blade faces of smoothing shaft and the sheet material are the

same and are directed oppositely.

The results allow, depending on the technological requirements for certain mechanical operations,

scientifically select options of smoothing shaft.

Based on research developed a smoothing device for semi-finished leather to optimize machine

performance, quality and yield of usable area of semi-leather. Key words: smoothing shaft, sheet material, speed of material.




61

Paper ID: A-32

MANUFACTURING AND DESIGN OF THE OFFSHORE STRUCTURE

FROUDE SCALE MODEL RELATED TO BASIN RESTRICTIONS

Ionut Cristian Scurtu

Constanta Maritime University, Constanta, Romania

Corresponding author: Ionut Cristian Scurtu, [email protected]

Abstract: In this article are proposed some new solutions for manufacturing three columns offshore

scale models using CFD/CAE software. The three column offshore is part of the WindFloat Project

already realized as prototype for wind energy extraction in water depths more than 40 meters, and the

actual model will not consider the wind turbine. The model will have heave plates for a smaller heave

motion in order to compare it with the case without heave plates. The heave plates will be part of the

Froude scale model.

The scale model will be tested in basin of University”Dunarea de Jos” Galati and all basin restriction

will be applied to the design. Using a smaller model will determine a smaller heave motion and this

will affect predictions of the vertical movement of the three column offshore structure in real sea.

Froude criterion will be applied to determine time and speed an acceleration scale. The scale model is

manufactured from steel and fiberglass and all parts are subjected to software analysis in order to get

the smallest stress in connections inside the model. Software 3D analysis will present steel and

fiberglass connections and strengthening ways in order to obtain a rigid body after building the model.

The Fiberglass and steel model will be developed in order to respect Froude criterion and all basin

restrictions presented in the paper. The model is developed especially for heave motion analysis for

three column offshore structure in basin conditions of University”Dunarea de Jos” Galati.

Model mass will be restricted by scale dimensions and also the vertical position of centre gravity

(VCG) will be considered during the manufacturing and design process of the Froude scale offshore

structure. Maximum allowed mass in University”Dunarea de Jos” Galati basin is 200kg, the basin

breadth is 4 meters and all conditions must converge in model manufacturing and design in order to

get the best results to compare with real sea states and heave motion data.

The considered reasons for the solutions are related to basin test restrictions and are exactly satisfy the

boundary conditions and compared to those found in the literature. Also, a complex comparative study

for modern manufacturing and design solutions is presented. Keywords: Froude scaled model, offshore structure, basin test, CFD/CAE software.




62

Paper ID: A-33

THE METHODS AND TECHNOLOGIES OF INCREMENTAL FORMING

Costel Catalin Coman

Technical University “Gheorghe Asachi” of Iasi-Romania, Department of Machine Manufacturing Technology,


Corresponding author: Costel Catalin Coman, [email protected]

Abstract: Incremental sheet metal forming is a technique which uses CNC tools to form sheet metals. The

method is not applicable for mass production but found to be very useful in small batch quality production. The

study includes fundamentals of incremental sheet metal forming, classifications, tools used and effect of various

parameters such as plane anisotropy, tool size and shape, lubrication on it. The study also includes the advance

methods incorporated in incremental sheet forming such as doubly curved surfaces .The multi-pass single point

incremental forming is a promising technology for the sheet metal forming process, characterized by high

formability, product independent tooling and great process flexibility. In this work, based on a pyramidal shape,

a finite element model for the multi-pass forming process is established first. Unlike simplifications in previous

studies, with the process of three-dimensional coordinates in numerical controlled machining code, the tool

trajectory in this finite element model is obtained by a java parameterized application, based on a simple

algorithm developed especially for the multi-pass single point incremental forming process. Two forming

methods are applied to form the goal product: the multi-pass and the single-pass method. The final geometric

profiles obtained are studied. Then an investigation of the thickness and maximal equivalent stress distribution

is carried out. It makes it possible to locate and analyses the most critical areas and establish a comparison

between the single-pass and the multi-pass process. The effect of the asymmetric nature of the initial sheet on

the thickness and the maximal equivalent stress variation is also discussed. It's concluded that the tool path

generation method is fast and easy to be implemented in finite element code for such investigation. Both the

multi-pass and the single-pass method produce critical thickness and stress areas in the final shapes, but not the

same in term of value and position. Moreover, the difference between the two forming methods in term of

thickness distribution depends on the wall size. This process has been promising a flexible and inexpensive way

to form sheet products. Which have important industrial applications with a high ratio of weight/strength.Single-

point incremental forming (SPIF) uses one small hemispherically ended tool moving along a predefined

toolpath to locally deform a completely peripherally clamped sheet of metal such that the sum total of the local

deformations yields the final desired shape of the sheet. While SPIF is characterized by greater formability than

conventional forming processes, it suffers from significant geometric inaccuracy.Accumulative double-sided

incremental forming (ADSIF) is a substantial improvement over SPIF in which one hemispherically ended tool

is used on each side of the sheet metal. The supporting tool moves synchronously with the forming tool,

therefore acting as a local but mobile die. ADSIF results in considerably enhanced geometric accuracy and

increased formability of the formed part as compared to SPIF. In light of the aforementioned advantages of

ADSIF as compared with SPIF, an investigation of the mechanics associated with the ADSIF process, which

has yet to be presented in the literature, is warranted.The present study sheds light on the differences in

deformation mechanisms between SPIF and ADSIF. Finite element analyses are performed to simulate

deformation in the two processes, and a detailed analysis of the deformation history is presented. It is shown

that the presence of the supporting tool in ADSIF elicits substantial differences in the plastic strain, hydrostatic

pressure, and shear strains as compared to SPIF. The implications of these trends on the prevalent modes of

deformation in ADSIF along with possible explanations for increased formability observed in the process are

discussed.

Key words: SPIF, ADSIF, finite element analyses, pyramidal shape, multi-pass forming process.




63

Paper ID: A-34

RECYCLING OF GLASS CULLET IN DECORATIVE GLASS PANEL

Camelia Neagu-Cogălniceanu1, 2

1“Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iaşi, Department of Machine Manufacturing Technology,

Blvd. Mangeron, No. 59A, 700050, Iaşi, Romania 2Pro Ideas Trade SRL, Str. Râmnicu-Sărat, No. 123, 8100166, Brăila, Romania

Corresponding author: Camelia Neagu-Cogălniceanu, [email protected]

Abstract: In last decades, simultaneously with the urban and industrial development of communities, the

issue of waste management became a significant challenge. The increasing quantities of generated

waste and the variety of waste lead to development of new technologies for processing them and

incorporating in new products. The main difficulty for this task consist in the fact that the total cost of

waste processing is, sometime, for instance in case of glass, more expensive due the following causes:

precarious infrastructure for waste management (recovery procedures, sorting plants, recycling and

treatment facilities), the complexity of the implementing process, the long distance between glass

cullet processors and the companies which can use this raw material; the availability of this resource).

Glass waste requires important cleaning/processing before it reaches the quality criteria needed to be

used from glass manufacturers for re-melting into new glass products. On the other hand, in actual

times, in order to meet customers‟ requirements, the industries specialized in custom made products

has to manufacture many products in low volume or unique pieces in economically viable manner.

Within this context, Rapid Prototyping (RP) has been identified as an innovative manufacturing

technology. The aim of this paper is to present the possibilities of subtractive rapid prototyping

technology in development of moulds used for glass slumping process and to demonstrate the

advantages and disadvantages of this technology on a practical example. Mould manufacturing was

derived from a single photography provided by the customer. Based on this photography, authors

prepared this input image using different software for obtaining the mould. In order to obtain

dimensions requirements, it was necessary processing by slicing the STL file into three layers. Flat

glass post-industrial cullet (soda-lime glass) was collected from a glass processor and was processed

using glass slumping technology into an electrical furnace. The presented method for converting glass

cullet in value-added products (in presented example- decorative glass panel) have many benefits like

these: reduced energy compared with the classic route for re-melting, possibility of obtaining eco-

friendly products derived from glass waste. In addition, the use of recycled glass cullet leads to a

number of environmentally friendly advantages: the correspondent cost for energy when is used glass

cullet drop between 2-3% for every 10 % recycled glass used in the glass manufacturing process

comparing to produce glass from virgin raw materials; 1 tonne of recycled glass saving approximately

1.2 tons of raw materials and 315 kg of CO2 emissions. Key words: glass recycling, glass cullet, glass slumping, recycled glass, mould design and manufacturing, subtractive rapid

prototyping, glass waste, glass, eco-friendly.




64

Paper ID: A-35

ENERGY TRANSFER AND CONVERSION RECORDED ON

MECHANICALLY ACTIVATED FLY ASH GRAINS

Anja Terzić1, Ljubiša Andrić

2, Ljiljana Miličić

1 & Zagorka Radojević

1

1Institute for testing of materials, Bulevar vojvode Mišića 43, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia

2Institute for Technology of Nuclear and other Raw Mineral Materials, Franchet d‟Esperey 86, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia

Corresponding author: Anja Terzić, [email protected]

Abstract: The investigation was conducted with an aim to increase the reactivity of the lignite coal fly

ash originating from the power-plant filters and to establish the optimal mechanical activation period.

In order to obtain complete insight into the process and phenomena of the fly ash activation, a good

understanding of the theoretical principles of the procedure is necessary. The influence of the

mechanical activation procedure parameters on the grain-size distribution related characteristics of the

lignite coal ash was discussed. The characteristics of the mechanically activated fly ash and the

possibility of the fly ash grain inertia measurement by means of automatic grain counter (AGC) were

also investigated and presented in this paper. Mechanically activated grains are the most convenient

mineral form for physical concentration since the energy change that occures in the system mill-

material is recorded on them. An increase of potential energy of the activated grains was measured by

means of an automatic grain counter (AGC). Following the proposed operating hypothesis of the

automatic grain counter, the energy and the properties of fly ash grains induced by mechanical force

were expressed in the form of the grain inertia change. The fly ash used in the experiment was

thoroughly analyzed, particularly in its activated state, primarily by means of the X-ray diffraction

method for a reliable identification of the crystal phases and change in crystallinity; followed by

comparison of SEM microphotographs of initial and activated ash; and finally establishing the upper

limit of activation period. Key words: milling; grain size; ceramic materials; mechanical activator; recycling.




65

Paper ID: A-36

AN ANALYSIS OF THE PERFORMANCE OF AN EJECTOR

REFRIGERATION CYCLE WORKING WITH R134A

Feiza Memet & Andrei Preda

Constanta Maritime University, Faculty of Naval Electro-Mechanics,

104 Mircea cel Batran Street, 900663, Constanta, Romania

Corresponding author: Andrei Preda, [email protected]

Abstract: In the context of recent developments in the field of energy, the aspect related to energy

consumption is of great importance for specialists. Many industries rely on refrigeration technologies,

a great challenge being expressed by attempts in energy savings in this sector. In this respect, efforts

oriented towards efficient industrial refrigeration systems revealed the necessity of a proper design.

The most commonly used method of cooling is based on vapor compression cycles. Compared to

vapor compression refrigeration systems, an ejector refrigeration system shows an inferior

performance, indicated by the Coefficient of Performance of the cycle, but it is more attractive from

energy saving point of view. In this respect, the present study deals with a theoretically analysis of an

Ejector Refrigeration System, started with the presentation of the typical ejector design. It is stated that

ejector refrigeration is a thermally driven system which requires low grade thermal energy for its

working. After a short description of the analyzed system, are given equations for thermal loads and

Coefficient of Performance calculation, on First Law basis. The working fluid considered in this

research is Freon R134a.

The developed study is focused on the effect of generating temperature variation on the Coefficient of

Performance (COP) and on the work input to the pump when the cooling effect, the condensation

temperature, the evaporation temperature and the reference state temperature are kept constant.

Are obtained results in the following conditions: the condensation temperature is tc = 33oC, the

evaporation temperature is te = 3oC, the reference state temperature is to = 23

oC. The generating

temperature varies in the range 82 ÷ 92oC and the cooling effect is 1 kW. Also, are known the

isentropic efficiencies of the ejector, which are 0. 90, and the isentropic efficiency of the pump, which

is 0.75.

Calculation will reveal that the Coefficient of Performance is increasing together with the increase of

the generating temperature values, the best COP value being 0.178, in the considered range for the

mentioned temperature. In the same time, the generating temperature increase leads to the increase of

the work input to the pump. Key words: ejector refrigeration system, performance, generating temperature.




66

Paper ID: A-37

NON ISOTERMAL DRYING PROCESS OPTIMISATION - DRYING OF CLAY

TILES

Miloš Vasić & Zagorka Radojević

“Institute for testing of materials”, Bulevar vojvode Mišića 43 1100 Belgrade, Serbia

Corresponding author: Miloš Vasić, [email protected]

Abstract: In our previous studies we have developed a model for determination of the variable effective

diffusivity and identification of the exact transition points between possible drying mechanisms. The

next goal was to develop a model which could in advance characterize the real non isothermal process

of drying clay tiles. In order to do that four isothermal experiments were done. Temperature and

humidity were maintained at 400C / 80%

0C; 60

0C / 80%; 70

0C / 80%; 70

0C / 60%; respectively in each

experiment. All experimentally collected data were analyzed and the exact transition points between

possible drying mechanisms were detected. Characteristic drying period (time) for each isothermal

drying mechanism was also detected. The real, non isothermal drying process was approximated by 5

segments. In each of these segments approximately isothermal drying condition were maintained. In

the first four segments temperature and humidity were maintained as in conducted isothermal

experiments and in the fifth segment temperature and humidity were kept at 800C / 40% respectively.

Duration of the first segment was the same as the duration of the characteristic drying period t0C

obtained from the experiment 1 (figure Deff – t), form starting point till point C. Duration of the

second segment was the same as the duration of the characteristic drying period tCD obtained from the

experiment 2 (figure Deff – t) from point C till point D. Duration of the third segment was the same as

the duration of the characteristic drying period tDF obtained from the experiment 3 (figure Deff – t)

from point D till point F. Duration of the fourth segment was the same as the duration of the

characteristic drying period tFH obtained from the experiment 4 (figure Deff – t) from point F till point

H. Theoretically speaking, when point F is passed shrinkage of the product is over and the product will

not crack. That is the reason why the temperature and humidity are 800C / 40% respectively in the fifth

drying segment. The real non isothermal process of drying clay tiles was obtained by combining five

isothermal drying processes. Previously mentioned drying segments were linked in experiment 5. It

must be said that the clay tile dried in experiment 5 had been dried without cracking. Key words: drying process, variable diffusivity, clay tiles, convective drying, diffusion, non isothermal drying.




67

Paper ID: A-38

THE INFLUENCE OF MILLING PARAMETERS ON THE SURFACE

ROUGHNESS IN THE CASE OF MAGNESIUM ALLOY AZ61A

Cosmin Constantin Grigoraş & Gheorghe Brabie

”Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Faculty of Engeneering, Calea Marasesti 157, 600115, Bacau, Romania

Corresponding author: Grigoras Cosmin Constantin, [email protected]

Abstract: The purpose of this study is to analyse how the milling cutting parameters influence the

surface roughness and hance the surface quality of biomedical implants made from biodegradable

magnesium alloys. Such alloys can be used as temporary bone implants. The surface roughness of

AZ61A magnesium-aluminium alloy was analysed by changing different cutting parameters for

milling operations, using a face mill with a diameter of 50 [mm] and 0.8 [mm] radius inserts. The

cutting parameters were modified as follows: speeds of 200, 350, and 500 [m/min], feeds of 500, 1000,

and 1500 [mm/min] and depth of cut of 0.15, 0.25, and 0.35 [mm]. The total number of samples was

reduced by a pre-optimization, using DesignExpert software with the Box-Behnken model; after this

optimization a total number of 17 samples were obtained for analysis. The cutting process was

performed in dry conditions, because water based cooling agents react with magnesium. It was

recorded that dry cutting magnesium-aluminium alloy AZ61A with the used parameters did not lead to

chip ignition. The evaluation of the surface roughness was made by measuring the roughness absolute

value (Ra), with levels ranging from 0.081 [µm], using a speed of 500 [m/min] combined with a feed

of 1500 [mm/min] and a depth of cut of 0.25 [mm], to 0.269 [µm], for a speed of 500 [m/min], depth

of cut of 0.15 [mm] and the same feed. An ANOVA analysis for response surfaces was performed

using the DesingExpert software in order to reveal which of cutting parameters were relevant for the

roughness change. The obtained results showed that only the speed and feed have a significant impact

in obtaining the optimal surface roughness, with a p value of 0.0007, respective 0.0026. The Taguci

optimization method was used and made by considering the maximization of the speeds, feeds and

depth of cut and the minimization of the surface roughness. From the performed analysis it was

concluded that the use of higher speeds combined with average feeds and maximum depth of cut have

an important role in lowering the Ra values for the surface roughness, with a desirability factor of

0.980. It was also concluded that the optimization of the cutting parameter is a technique that improves

the surface quality in terms of surface roughness. Key words: milling, surface roughness, magnesium alloy, cutting parameters, optimization.




68

Paper ID: A-39

THE INFLUENCE OF MILLING PARAMETERS ON THE MATERIAL

HARDNESS IN THE CASE OF MAGNESIUM ALLOY AZ61A

Cosmin Constantin Grigoraş & Gheorghe Brabie

”Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Faculty of Engeneering,


Corresponding author: Grigoras Cosmin Constantin, [email protected]

Abstract: This study was conducted in order to determine the material hardness value due to

modification of the milling cutting parameters. In other words this research has as main objective to

notice how these variations influence the AZ61A magnesium-aluminium alloy surface hardness in

order to obtain a suitable alloy that can be used as temporary bone implant, by improving the corrosion

time and assuring that the implant offers enough support as a result of stress shielding. The surface

roughness of the alloy was analysed as a function of different cutting parameters for milling

operations, using a face mill with a diameter of 50 [mm] and 0.8 [mm] radius inserts; the cutting

parameters were modified, as follows: speeds of 200, 350, and 500 [m/min], feeds of 500, 1000, and

1500 [mm/min] and depth of cut of 0.15, 0.25, and 0.35 [mm]. A total number of 17 samples were

machined using parameters obtained by combining the feeds, speeds and depth of cut values. The total

number of combinations is reduced by a pre-optimization, using the DesignExpert software based on

the Box-Behnken model. The cutting process was performed in dry conditions, and it was recorded

that dry cutting magnesium-aluminium alloy AZ61A with the used parameters did not lead to chip

ignition. The surface hardness was determined based on the Vickers scale (HV), values ranging from

110.59 [HV], for a speed 200 [m/min] combined with a feed of 500 [mm/min] and a depth of cut of

0.25 [mm], to 121.37 [HV], for a speed of 300 [m/min], feed of 1000 [mm/min] and the same value for

the depth of cut. The obtained results showed that the feed has a significant contribution in the surface

harness modification. The optimization was made using the Taguci method and considering the

maximization of the speeds, feeds, depth of cut and surface roughness and it indicates the use of higher

speeds combined with maximum feeds and maximum depth of cut. The study reveals that in the case

of AZ61A magnesium-aluminium alloy the material hardness can be improved, together with the

manufacturing time, by means of the speed, feed and depth of cut maximization. Key words: milling, hardness, stress shielding, magnesium-aluminum alloy, cutting parameters, optimization.




69

Paper ID: A-40

TWO-STAGE ORDERS SEQUENCING SYSTEM FOR MIXED-MODEL

ASSEMBLY

Marcin Zemczak1, Bożena Skołud

2 & Damian Krenczyk

2

1 University of Bielsko-Biala, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Informatics, Department of Production Engineering,

Willowa 2, 43-309 Bielsko-Biala, Poland 2Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Engineering Processes Automation and

Integrated Manufacturing Systems, Konarskiego 18A, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland

Corresponding author: Marcin Zemczak, [email protected]

Abstract: In the paper, the authors focus on the NP-hard problem of orders sequencing, formulated

similarily to Car Sequencing Problem (CSP). The object of the research is the assembly line in an

automotive industry company, on which few different models of products, each in a certain number of

versions, are assembled on the shared resources, set in a line. Such production type is usually

determined as a mixed-model production, and arose from the necessity of manufacturing customized

products on the basis of very specific orders from single clients. The producers are nowadays obliged

to provide each client the possibility to determine a huge amount of the features of the product they are

willing to buy, as the competition in the automotive market is large. Due to the previously mentioned

nature of the problem (NP-hard), in the given time period only satisfactory solutions are sought, as the

optimal solution method has not yet been found. Most of the researchers that implemented inaccurate

methods (e.g. evolutionary algorithsm) to solving sequencing problmes dropped the research after

testing phase, as they were not able to obtain reproducible results, and met problems while determining

the quality of the received solutions. Therefore a new approach to solving the problem, presented in

this paper as a sequencing system is being developed. The sequencing system consists of a set of

determined rules, implemented into computer environment. The system itself works in two stages.

First of them is connected with the determination of a place in the storage buffer to which certain

production orders should be sent. In the second stage of functioning, precise sets of sequences are

determined and evaluated for certain parts of the storage buffer under certain criteria.

Key words: production planning, mixed-model production, CSP problem, sequencing.




70

Paper ID: A-41

WATER JET TECHNOLOGIES OF “LIQUID WOOD” MANUFACTURING

Daniel Marguta & Andra Giza



Corresponding author: Daniel Marguta, [email protected]

Abstract: Human society has used and continues to widely use plastic materials because of their

extensive versatility, low cost and manufacturing process. However, the widespread use of plastics has

become a significant concern due the their negative impact on the environment; specifically, the

sources from which plastics are derived (petroleum and its components) and their biodegradability.

Thus, there is an immediate need to develop non- petroleum- based and sustainable feed stocks, and

this has predominantly shifted the attention of many researchers, academic and industrial, towards

biobased and biodegradable plastics. Tecnaro Company meets this need by developing a biodegradable

material and known as “liquid wood. This new material is available in three different versions:

ARBOFORM - Liquid wood (based on lignin, organic additives and natural fibers), ARBOBLEND

plastic composite with wood (its content is based on biopolymers degree, e.g.: lignin, starch, natural

resins, wax and cellulose), ARBOFILL- biopolymeric composite (polymers and natural fibres-based

compound provided with natural cork aspect). “Liquid wood” granules can be processed like any other

plastic materials by different procedures, i.e. injection moulding, extrusion, calendering, blow

molding, deep drawing or pressing into moulded parts, semi-finished products, sheets, films or

profiles.

The goal of this paper is to present some aspects of research concerning the water jet technologies of

plastic materials referring at “liquid wood” manufacturing. Water jet technology is a method able to

cut a wide variety of materials and shapes using a very high-pressure jet of water. This technology use

two basic methods: with water jet or a mixture of water and an abrasive substance.

The experimental planning use Taguchi methodology in order to manufacture parts from “liquid

wood”. For this research 6 input parameters will be utilized: water flow, pressure, part thickness, angle

inclination of jet, velocity movement of injection head and abrasive granulation. Each factor had two

variation levels.

This method, water jet and abrasive jet, is used in various industries for cutting, shaping, and reaming

metallic and nonmetallic materials. Key words: water jet, abrasive jet, plastic materials, “liquid wood”, manufacturing, Taguchi methodology.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrasive

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reamer




71

Paper ID: A-42

APPLICATION OF CBR METHOD FOR ADDING THE PROCESS OF

CUTTING TOOLS AND PARAMETERS SELECTION

Piotr Ociepka & Krzysztof Herbuś



Corresponding author: Piotr Ociepka, [email protected]

Abstract: Market trends associated with rapidly changing demand, forcing producers to significantly accelerate

the development of new products and placing them in the market. Time for the implementation of the design

process, the constructional one and the production preparation one is getting shorter. This enforces of engineers

who carry out these processes using efficient tools that are able to significantly speed up the processes while

maintaining the profitability, quality and durability of products. In the case of design and constructional

processes are applied advanced and specialized tools of the CAD/CAE class, which significantly accelerate

them. The dynamic development of computer science and computer technology allows conducting researches on

effective methods of computing, basing on engineering knowledge and experience to support these processes. In

the process of production preparation and of manufacturing are used flexible manufacturing systems, which in

combination with CNC machine tools and computer programs of the CAM class allows to quickly and

effectively adapt the system to the new production schedule. One of the essential elements of the technology

process preparation is the selection of appropriate cutting tools and process parameters. This stage requires from

the technologist or machine tool operator the extensive knowledge and experience. This has a significant impact

on performance, cost of production and quality of manufactured parts. In the present article is described the

method based on engineering knowledge and experience for adding the process of cutting tools selection and

process parameters determination. The method proposed by the authors is based on the CBR (Cease Based

Reasoning) approach, and consists in searching the analogy (similarity) between the currently considered task,

and the earlier cases that - adequately described - are stored in the computer memory. The process of solving

problems using the CBR method could be presented as the series of action, which in literature is called the loop

of four R (Retrieval, Reuse, Revision, Retainment).

Fig. R

4 model of the CBR cycle

Software adding the process of tasks solving, basing on the CBR method, should be equipped with effective

mechanisms for acquisition and processing of knowledge and experience, with the mechanisms for rapid

databases searching and with efficient algorithms for similarity determining. The main advantage of this method

is the fact that experience acquisition may be parallel to the process of current solution searching (when the

knowledge of this solution is the most complete). This article presents an algorithm and the formalized

description of the developed method. It is also presented the example of the cutting tools selection and process

parameters determination in the case of a turning process.

Key words: CBR method, turning process, CAM systems.




72

Paper ID: A-43

THE SURFACE QUALITY OF AWJ CUT PARTS AS A FUNCTION OF

ABRASIVE MATERIAL REUSING RATE

Carol Schnakovszky, Eugen Herghelegiu, Maria Crina Radu & Nicolae Catalin Tampu



Corresponding author: Carol Schnakovszky, [email protected]

Abstract: Abrasive water jet cutting (AWJ) has been extensively used during the last years to process a

large variety of materials since it offers important advantages as a good quality of the processed

surface, without heat affected zones, low environmental impact (no emission of dust or other

compounds that endanger the health of the user), small induced mechanical stresses etc. The main

disadvantage is the high cost of processing (cost of equipment and consumables). In view of this, the

effects of reusing the abrasive material on the quality of processed surface are investigated in this

paper. Two steel materials were used: OL 37 (S 235) with large applicability in machine building

industry and 2P armor steel used in the arms industry. The reusing rate of the garnet abrasive material

was: 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100%. The quality of processed surface was quantified by the

following parameters: width at the jet inlet (Li), width at the jet outlet (Lo), inclination angle (α),

deviation from perpendicularity (u) and roughness (Ra).

As result of the study it was found that reusing of abrasive material leads to a good quality of the

processed surface, the processing productivity being slightly affected. This means a decreased

consumption of new abrasive material, which in turn results in a lower cost of processing per unit

length (economic benefits) as well as lower power consumption, lower transport costs and fewer

related problems (environmental benefits).

0,5

0,7

0,9

1,1

1,3

1,5

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Wid

th o

f the

pro

cess

ed s

urfa

ce a

t

the

jet

outle

t (L

o) [m

m]

Recycled abrasive

2P steel

OL 37

0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Dev

iatio

n fr

om p

erpe

ndic

ular

ity (

u)

[mm

]

Recycled abrasive

Steel 2POL 37

Key words: abrasive water jet cutting reused abrasive, surface quality.




73

Paper ID: A-44

ANALYSIS OF THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE CUTTING TOOL WEAR

AT DRILLING OF THE STAINLESS STEEL X22CrMoV12-1

Marius Iacob, AurelianVlase, Ovidiu Blăjină

& Vlad Darie

Politehnica University of Bucharest, Production Engineering Department,

313 Splaiul Independenţei, RO-060032, Bucharest, Romania

Corresponding author: Iacob Marius, [email protected]

Abstract: This article studies the cutting tool wear at drilling of the stainless steel X22CrMoV12-1. The

researches in the cutting domain have as purpose the cutting process economical optimization. The

experimental data and their subsequent processing represent the original contribution of the authors to

the estimation of polytropic exponents and to the assessment in terms of structure of the calculus

relation of the cutting tool wear. The obtained relationship of the cutting tool wear on the tool putting

surface at drilling of the steel X22CrMoV12-1 permits the determination of the wear on the putting

surface, in the case of a couple: stainless steel X22CrMoV12-1 - Rp5 high-speed spiral drill,

depending on the work parameters and the cutting conditions. Putting the condition of wear limitation,

from the obtained relation, the cutting speeds are exactly determinated. The paper also contains graphs

for the variation of the tool wear with parameters of the cutting technology. The results can be taken

into consideration in the educational studies and in the theoretical technical research. They can be

implemented in the manufacturing activity.

Keywords: drilling, tool wear, cutting speed, stainless steel, polytropic exponents.

Paper ID: A-45

RESEARCH REGARDING THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE AXIAL CUTTING

FORCE AT DRILLING OF THE STAINLESS STEEL X22CrMoV12-1

Marius Iacob, Ovidiu Blăjină, AurelianVlase & Vlad Darie

Politehnica University of Bucharest, Production Engineering Department, 313 Splaiul Independenţei, RO-060032,

Bucharest, Romania

Corresponding author: Iacob Marius, [email protected]

Abstract: This article represents a study of the cutting force at drilling of the stainless steel

X22CrMoV12-1. The structure of the cutting force relation was modified with respect to the relation

available in the technical literature for common steels. The tool speed was also included in the

calculation of the relation. The experimental data and their subsequent processing represent the

original contributions of the authors to the estimation of polytropic exponents and to the assessment in

terms of structure of the calculus relation of the cutting force. The article also contains graphs for the

variation of the cutting force with parameters of the cutting technology. The graphs are drawn based

on the analytic relationship of the cutting force, obtained in this paper, using the mathematical

software Maple. The results presented in this study can be taken into consideration in the educational

studies and in the theoretical technical research. Also, they can be certainly implemented in the

manufacturing activity. Our further studies will aim these problems also for other classes of steels. Keywords: drilling, cutting force, stainless steel, polytropic exponents.






74

Paper ID: A-46

INFLUENCE OF WORKING PARAMETERS ON THE COMPOSITE

ELECTRODEPOSITION

Minodora Maria Pasare

“Constantin Brancusi” University of Targu-Jiu, Faculty of Engineering,

30 Eroilor Street, 210135, Targu-Jiu, Romania

Corresponding author: Minodora Maria Pasare, [email protected]

Abstract: Composite materials are extensively studied, especially in recent years, which have a wide

application in industry. Among these composite materials, in this paper we studied about electrolyte

composites obtained. The matrix is made up of particles of Ni-P on which have been deposited Si-C

hard particles.The amount of phosphorusincorporatedinto the layer increaseswithincreasing the content

of phosphorousacid in the electrolyte. The content of phosphorusincorporatedinto the coating

composition evolves as bothsolid as well as particle-free solutions. When the content of

phosphorousacid in the electrolyteislow and wherealloys are microcrystallized, the presence of

particulates changes a little the phosphorus content. At the increase of phosphorus content included in

the coatingisobservedthat the incorporation of phosphorusishigher for increasing the amount of

siliconcarbideparticles.This matrix studywasdoneaccording to the amount of phosphorus in the

depositedlayer.The co-deposited phosphorus modifies the crystallization mechanism so the

supersaturation nickel network by phosphorus allows the inhibition of the growth of nickel crystallites

whose size decreases until the complete amorphization of the solid solution. The development of

thesedepositswasaimed at determining the influence of the variation of phosphorousacid in the

electrolyte, and therefore the change in the content of phosphorusincluded in the layer for the

SiCparticulate, on the one hand, and, on the other hand, itwasintended the influence of heattreatment

on the depositionhardness. After the measurements, itisnotedthat the layerthicknesses are higher for

the depositionobtainedfromelectrolytewithsmallcontaining of phosphorousacid.The structure of the Ni-

P alloy and the composite material Ni-P / SiC, depends on the amount of phosphoruscontained in the

layer and varies from the crystalline state (the low content of phosphorus) to the amorphous state (the

high content of phosphorus). Metallographic investigation and X-ray diffraction on the P20S40 sample

structure reveals the existence of nanocrystalline state of the layer, and itisnotedthat the grains of Ni-P

alloyislowerthanthatincorporatedSiCparticlesthat are more evident. Followingheattreatment,

itwasfoundthat the microcrystalline structure of the deposits, consisting of a solid nickel solution

supersaturated in phosphorus, ismaintained up to 1900C, and at highertemperaturesitisproducing the

precipitation of the Ni3P compound into the nickel matrix.

Key words: composite material, matrix, alloy, deposition, phosphorousacid.




75

Paper ID: A-47

UNIFORMITY OF THE ROUGHNESS PROFILE THROUGH THE ROTARY-

SOFTENING OF THE CYLINDERS OF THE ENGINE HEAT TO ELIMINATE

RUNNING

Daniel Chirita

„Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi,

Blvd. Mangeron, No. 59A, 700050 Iasi, Romania

Corresponding author: Daniel Chirita, [email protected]

Abstract: Following an analysis of the roughness resulting from honing it is found that the shape of the

roughness in cross-section resembles the saw teeth. For this reason, at the commissioning of a new or

repaired heat engine, it is controlled during the running operation, for the blunting of the roughness‟s

tips after the honing operation.

After the running, in addition to the blunting between the piston and the cylinder it is found that the

engine oil containing metal powders should be replaced, the clearance between piston and cylinder is

larger and the outer surface of the piston in the contact area with the cylinder surface is polished.

The research in this study will present a method of plastic superficial deforming of the roughness tips

resulting from the process of honing on the heat engine cylinder surface, and its effects during the

operation of the engine under the parameters specified by the manufacturer. The advantage of this

method is that the running operation is eliminated.

Given that roughness is influenced by technological factors, the experimental research will be based on

the Taguchi methodology with six input parameters, each with two levels of variation. The main

parameters to be considered are: the cut material, the cutting stone abrasive grit, roughness speed,

rotation of the meaning of roughness, the size of the rollers of smoothing, the advance work of the

head of roughness.

The idea of this process of repairing a heat engine was born because of the world of competition

engines where speeds and operating conditions are greatly accelerated wear resulting in a great

wearing of the engine set and also a low time for repairs and life service with the original factory

specifications. Keywords: rotary-polishing, plastic deformation, roughness, running.





76

Paper ID: A-48

STUDY OF CYLINDRICAL SURFACES TEXTURED IN MOTOR

MECHANISM

Daniel Chirita

„Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi,

Blvd. Mangeron, No. 59A, 700050 Iasi, Romania

Corresponding author: Daniel Chirita, [email protected]

Abstract: Roughness cylindrical surfaces resulting from mechanical processing are mocroneregularitati

what influence the bearing surface of the contact. Functional wear is due to clean the contact surfaces.

Like any phenomenon of attrition, in the first period functioning is reduced by more than 50% of the

height of small bumps, causing the reduction (in the trees) or increase (the holes) dimensions. This

changes the nature of the position. This connection appears to the Sub-Assembly or bad functioning

that Assembly (even damage).

So before applying any measures to reduce the frictions in the engine, you have to know the sources.

For this we will use the most used type, namely the four-cylinder engine on gasoline, where we

discover that the chemical energy of the fuel 100% engine only between 25-40% of it comes in the

form of mechanical energy to the wheel, the rest are losing through different kinematic systems that

make up and contributes to the good conditions of operation in heat engine.

The topography of the surface of the cylinder plays a major role in determining the friction, wear,

lubrication and piston Assembly sealing, the operating performance of the engine depending on it. The

cylinder surface is finished through the honing operation to generate the different layers of the surface

through a geometric structure with deep valleys for oil retention and a geometry of the plateau of

relative good thing that serves as contact, bearings for piston rings and piston sliding side.

In this paper will be presented to the study of cylindrical surface textured by the plastic deformation of

rotary-percussion. This plastic deformation will apply experimentally during surgery of honing as

follows: between honing of rough and finishing-after finishing, honing-after the operation of grinding,

then it tray area be put to work in different speed regimes and lubrication. Surface textured percussion

created by you to secure oil depots for the disposal of dry friction and percussion density on cylindrical

surfaces will help to decrease the bearing working surface. It will analyse this process at various stages

of lubrication in order to discover the technological advantages but also economic, such as malleability

of the metal cylinder, surface wear and built the skirt of the piston, the engine will be able to work at

higher revs or lower, operation running-in is necessary or not to decrease time commissioning the

parameters indicated by the manufacturer. Keywords: plastic deformation, rotary-percussion, boring, roughness, concavities.





77

Paper ID: A-49

MODEL FOR ECONOMIC OPTIMIZATION OF THE TOOL LIFE AND

THE CUTTING SPEED AT DRILLING OF THE STEEL X15CrNiSi20-12

Ovidiu Blăjină, Vlad Darie & Aurelian Vlase

Politehnica University of Bucharest-Romania, Production Engineering Department,

Str. Splaiul Independentei, No. 313, 060032, Sector 6, Bucharest, Romania

Corresponding author: Ovidiu Blăjină, [email protected]

Abstract: The problems related to the wear of the cutting tools wear and the tools life at the machining

of the stainless steels are very important due to the chemical and mechanical characteristics of these

steels. Over time the research have studied the causes which produce the cutting tool wear and the

methods to improve the cutting tools durability, either by creating new types of materials for tools,

either by the choice tools geometric parameters and cutting regime. The purpose of this paper is the

optimization of the cutting tool life and the cutting speed at the drilling of the stainless steels in terms

of the global indicator of the minimum machining cost. In the specialized literature the cost of the

machining process has been analyzed using a number of approaches and varying degrees of

simplification to determine the optimum cutting tool life and the cutting tool speed for minimum cost

of the machining operation. The accuracy of the prediction of the tool life and the cutting speed is

dependent on the degree of sophistication of the cost model. Therefore, in this paper the total cost of

the drilling operation is considered as the sum of eight incremental costs.

A more comprehensive nonlinear programming model to minimize the total cost at the drilling of a

stainless steel is developed in this paper. The optimum cutting tool life and the associated cutting tool

speed are obtained by solving this mathematical model. The numerical mathematical model developed

for the analyzed case study of the stainless steel X15CrNiSi20-12 is resolved using the specialized

software WinQSB. The tabular and graphical variations of the cost in relation to the tool life, valid

only for the studied steel, are also presented in the paper.

The optimum tool life to provide the minimum cost of the machining operation is derived from the

new proposed cost model. The use of a more comprehensive cost model allows greater accuracy in the

prediction of the cost and getting the optimum tool life and the optimum cutting speed. The presented

results can be taken into consideration in the educational studies and in the theoretical technical

research. They can be implemented in the manufacturing activity. Key words: tool life, cutting speed, machining cost, drilling, stainless steel.




78

Paper ID: A-50

TOOL LIFE AND CUTTING SPEED FOR THE MAXIMUM PRODUCTIVITY

AT THE DRILLING OF THE STAINLESS STEEL X15CrNiSi20-12

Aurelian Vlase, Vlad Darie & Blăjină Ovidiu

University Politehnica of Bucharest-Romania, Production Engineering Department,

Str. Splaiul Independentei, No. 313, 060032, Sector 6, Bucharest, Romania

Corresponding author: Aurelian Vlase, [email protected]

Abstract: The stainless steels are used more and more in various key domains of the technique. The

processing of these steels is determined by their specific physical-chemical characteristics and by their

technological properties. The research in the last decade regarding the cutting machinability of the

stainless steels have highlighted the insufficiency of the data for establishing of the optimum cutting

processing conditions and the optimum cutting regime. With this object in view, the purpose of this

paper is the optimization of the tool life and the cutting speed at the drilling of the stainless steels in

terms of the global indicator of the maximum productivity.

A nonlinear programming model to maximize the productivity at the drilling of a stainless steel is

developed in this paper. The relation of the productivity at the drilling operation is calculated based on

the expression of the time technical norm, specific for this processing operation. The restrictive

relations of the mathematical model refer: the cutting feed; the power consumption of the machining

process; the advance mechanism of the drilling machine; the buckling resistance of the spiral drill; the

drilling machine kinematics. The optimum cutting tool life and the associated cutting tool speed are

obtained by solving the proposed mathematical model.

The numerical mathematical model developed for the analyzed case study of the stainless steel

X15CrNiSi20-12 is resolved using the specialized software WinQSB. The numerical and graphical

analyzes of the machining productivity depending on the tool life, valid only for this studied steel, are

presented in the paper. The optimum rotational speed, corresponding to the optimum cutting speed, is

also calculated for the case study.

The optimum tool life to provide the maximum productivity of the machining operation is derived

from the proposed model. The use of this productivity model allows greater accuracy in the prediction

of the productivity for the drilling of the stainless steel X15CrNiSi20-12 and getting the optimum tool

life and the optimum cutting speed for the maximum productivity. The results of this study can be used

in production activity, in order to increase the productivity of the stainless steels machining. Also the

paper suggests new research directions for the specialists interested in this field. Key words: tool life, cutting speed, productivity, drilling, stainless steel.




79

Paper ID: A-51

CONSIDERATIONS CONCERNING THE POWER CONSUMPTION

ALLOYED STEELS USING THREADING VORTEX PROCESS

Gheorghe Cretu



Corresponding author: Gheorghe Cretu, cretu_gh2yahoo.com

Abstract: This paper presents particularities of vortex processing using adapted devices on lathes

(emphasizing the necessary auxiliary devices). Are presented some details of installation for power

consumption measuring and the results obtained from the processing of specific alloy steel for the

screws construction. On this basis conclusions are drawn regarding the construction of such devices.

Paper ID: A-52

ELECTROMAGNETIC PULSES BONE HEALING BOOSTER

Sorin R. Sintea1, Valentina M. Pomazan

2, Daniela Bica

3,

Dan Grebenișan4

& Nicolae Bordea 1

1Constanta Maritime University, Faculty of Naval Electro-Mechanics, 104 Mircea cel Batran, 900663, Constanta, Romania

2Ovidius University, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, 124 Mamaia Blvd., 900527, Constanța, Romania

3C.M.I Daniela Bica, 10 Industriala, Constanța, Romania

4DG Engineering, Canada, 7 Headlands Crescent Witby, L1R1Z9, Ontario, Canada

Corresponding author: Valentina M. Pomazan, email: [email protected]

Abstract: The present study was triggered by the need to assist posttraumatic bone restauration as well

as compensatory bone growth in periodontal condition. Recent studies state that specific

electromagnetic stimulation can boost the bone restauration, reaching up to 30% decrease in recovery

time.

Based on the existing data on the electromagnetic parameters, a digital electronic device is proposed

for intra oral mounting and bone restauration stimulation in periodontal condition. The electrical signal

is applied to an inductive mark that will create and impregnate the designed magnetic field in diseased

tissue. The device also monitors the status of the electromagnetic field. Controlled wave forms and

pulse frequency signal at programmable intervals are obtained with optimized number of components

and miniaturized using SMD circuits and SMT mounting technology. Given the intra-oral

environment an enhanced protection against abnormal current growth is implemented. The system is

powered by an autonomous power supply (battery), to limit the problems caused by powering medical

equipments from the main power supply. Currently, the device, as concept version is under clinical

testing, in cycles of six up to twelve months.

The paper presents the basic principles for the electrical scheme and algorithms for pulse generation,

pulse control, electromagnetic field control and automation of current monitoring. The design

requirements in terms of materials and shape for the case and the inductive gauge are also approached. Key words: bone growth, electromagnetic stimulation, SMD circuit.




80

Paper ID: A-53

GRASP META-HEURISTICS,

A NEW APPROACH TO THE CUTTING AND PACKING TYPE PROBLEMS

Gabriela Andrei & Simona Dinu

Constanta Maritime University, Faculty of Navigation and Naval Transport, 104 Mircea cel Batran Street, 900663,

Constanta, Romania

Corresponding author: Gabriela Andrei, [email protected]

Abstract: Metaheuristic methods represent new types of approximate algorithms that try to combine

basic heuristic methods in order to obtain a more efficient exploration of the space of solutions. These

are strategies which guide the search process for this purpose, i.e. to find optimal solutions. These

techniques cover a wide set of algorithms and they are not typical only for certain problems.

Explorative local searching methods (GRASP – Greedy Randomized Adaptive Search Procedure)

represent a new approach to the cutting and packing type problems, combining local search with

constructive heuristics. This study presents GRASP meta-heuristics with the theoretical description of

the components which define this procedure for the concrete packing problems, placing this method

among the meta-heuristic techniques and examples regarding the implementation of the

aforementioned method, to solve problems of contemporary reality.

This technique may include avoidance mechanisms of local optimal values, for an efficient

exploration and exploitation of the space of solutions, for the search of a better quality solution, as

well as for avoiding searching in regions that have already been explored, or have not provided

quality solutions.

The patterns of general application to transport, and specifically to maritime transport establish ways

of optimizing these activities.

Building a possible solution is done using an algorithm of the FFD type (First Fit Decreasing),

generalized in 2008, by Alvarez.

To view the deployment results, a batch file (script) is used. The commands contained in the file are

read and executed consecutively in AutoCAD environment. At the optimizing finish, the solution is

displayed as a diagram, in AutoCAD.

The conclusions are drawn from executions performed for a fixed number of different instances, with a

number of items in a certain area, and they refer to the distribution of values obtained in Greedy

Construction stage, distribution correlated with the results obtained in Local Search stage. In the

construction stage, the GRASP metaheuristics involves a repetitive selection. Correlating the results

obtained with Local Search stage, they determine the situation when the best solutions are obtained.

The conclusions show the influence of each of the two stages in the value of the best solution.

Key words: GRASP, meta heuristic, explorative local searching, local search, Greedy construction.

http://cmu-edu.eu/ENG/fac_nav.html




81

Paper ID: A-54

SYNTHESIS OF OPTIMAL DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE

TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESSES OF MACHINING

Alexei Toca, Ion Stingaci & Ivan Rushica

Technical University of Moldova – Republic of Moldova, Department of Machine Manufacturing Technology,

Blvd. Stefan cel Mare, No. 168, 2004, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova

Corresponding author Alexei Toca, [email protected]

Abstract: In this paper we consider the question of the creation of optimal processes using many criteria

of optimality. In the synthesis of machining technologies must take into account a great many factors

(economic, technical, dimensional accuracy etc.) that influence on the output quality parameters of the

process and is not only essential but also quite complex in the definition.

Among the criteria of optimality can be noted:

a minimum number of operations in the technological process;

a minimum number technological mounting in the process;

a minimum number of operation elements in each operation;

a minimum number of locating datum surfaces;

a minimum number of links in the technological dimension chains;

a minimum value of machining allowances;

a minimum values of allowance‟s tolerance etc.

Is shown the necessity of ranking optimality criteria, and that the first criteria to be considered are a

criteria directly related to the accuracy of machining. Ranking optimality criteria can significantly

reduce the number of considered variants, which is very important to ensure the quality and timeliness

their technology development.

In the synthesis of the technological process must consider the results of the previous operation as a

blank for the next operation. In this case, there is a possibility of mutual adaptation of the dimensional

structures of the parts and of the technological system.

Key words: optimum dimensional structure, criteria of optimality, dimensional analysis, machining accuracy.




82

Paper ID: A-55

A NEW METHOD FOR THE ACCURACY EVALUATION OF A

MANUFACTURED PIECE

Valeria-Ersilia Oniga

„Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, Faculty of Hydrotechnical Engineering, Geodesy and Environmental

Engineering, Dimitrie Mangeron Boulevard, no.67, 700050, Iasi, Romania

Corresponding author: Valeria-Ersilia Oniga, [email protected]

Abstract: To evaluate the accuracy of a manufactured piece, it must be measured and compared with a

reference model, namely the designed 3D model, based on geometrical elements. In this paper a new

method for the precision evaluation of a manufactured piece is proposed, which implies the creation of

the piece 3D digital model, based on digital images and its transformation into a 3D mesh surface. The

differences between the two models, the designed model and the new created one, are calculated using

the Hausdorff distance. The aim of this research is to determine the differences between two 3D

models, especially CAD models, with high precision, in a completely automated way. To obtain the

results, a small piece has been photographed with a digital camera, that was calibrated using a 3D

calibration object, a target consisting in a number of 42 points, 36 placed in the corners of 9 wood

cubes with different heights and 6 placed of them at the middle of the distance between the cubes, on a

board. This target was previously tested, the tests showing that using this calibration target instead of a

2D calibration grid, the precision of the final 3D model is improved with approximatlly 50%. The 3D

model of the manufactured piece was created using two methods. First, based on digital images, a

point cloud was automatically generated using the Visual SFM software and after the filtering process,

the remaining points were interpolated, obtaining the piece 3D model as a mesh surface. Second, the

piece 3D model was created using also the digital images, based on its characteristic points, resulting a

CAD model, that was transformed into a mesh surface. Final, the two 3D models were compared with

the designed model, using the CloudCompare software, resulting the imperfections of the

manufactured piece. The proposed method, highlights the differences between two models using a

color palette, offering in the same time a global comparison. Key words: Hausdorff distance, 3D model, digital images, point cloud, accuracy, manufactured piece.




83

Paper ID: A-56

RESEARCH CONCERNING OPTIMUM CUTTING PARAMETERS

ACCORDING WITH TOOL PATH STRATEGY FOR FINISHING

PROCEDURES

Andra Elena Pena, Florea Dorel Anania & Miron Zapciu

University Politehnica of Bucharest, Department of Machine Tools and Manufacturing Systems,

Splaiul Independentei, No. 313, sector 6, 060042, Bucharest, Romania

Corresponding author: Andra Elena Pena, [email protected]

Abstract: Optimum machining parameters are of great concern in manufacturing environments, where

economy of machining operation plays a key role in competitiveness in the market. Optimization of

cutting parameters in NC milling needs to be studied because of its influence on machining time and

cost. Today, any CAM software offers many tool path strategies to milling free form geometries.

However, the users must have the know-how to choose the strategies according to geometry

complexity, cutting tool geometry and its contact on the machined surface. Choosing the right strategy

with the right cutting parameter is a rather difficult task to do on the machine tool. Many researchers

studied various cutting parameters mainly based on part material, cutting tool, machine tool etc but this

topic still needs to be explored. In this paper we try to take into account the influence of the tool path

over the surface quality for finishing operation. The main goal is to establish a direct link between

machining parameters and tool path in order to obtain the same surface quality for different

trajectories. The first step consist in making a series of experiments for standards toolpath (which can

be found in any CAM software) like one-way, zig-zag, spiral from outside to inside, zig-zag at 45 dgr

on a milling center. Based on the results, a correction coefficient for the federate was established. In

this phase the second step was to validate this coefficient for different feed rate for aluminium

machining. Another goal was to compare the machining time between different toolpath strategies with

the optimized machining parameters (based on correction coefficient). Still there are some bounderies

due to the tehnological limitation of metal cutting. It is well known that reducing the feedrates while

keeping the spindle speed up lightens the chipload and leads to a nicer surface finish. But lighten the

feedrate too much, the tools will start to rub, and tool life will go way down due to the excess heat

generated by the rubbing. This is the first step for developing an easy to use, fast calculus software for

the milling cutting parameters. The difference from the other similar software is that we take into

account (besides a number of other factors experimentally or analytically determined) the type of

cutting tool trajectories. Key words: feedrate, milling, optimization, toolpath, roughness, cutting tool.




84

Paper ID: A-57

LASER CLADDING OF AISI 316L/CHROMIUM CARBIDE COMPOSITE

COATINGS

Damian Janicki

Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Welding Department,

Konarskiego 18A, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland

Corresponding author: Damian Janicki, [email protected]

Abstract: AISI 316L stainless steel grade is used extensively in chemical and petrochemical industries

due to its excellent corrosion resistance to both aqueous, gaseous and high temperature environments.

A growing application area is the use of this grade of stainless steel as protective coatings on other

metals. Often, the utility of these coatings is also determined by their wear behavior. However, AISI

316L exhibits both poor friction wear and erosion resistance. A possible materials solution to

providing coatings which combine the attributes of high wear and corrosion resistance is to use the

metal matrix composite coatings (MMCCs), composed of AISI 316L matrix and chromium carbides

reinforcing phase.

The paper describes the application of High Power Diode Direct Laser (HPDDL) with quasi-

rectangular beam spot and uniform beam intensity profile for cladding of AISI 316L + chromium

carbide composite coatings (CCs). The laser cladding process was carried out with direct injection of

cladding powder into the melt pool. The aim of the work was to investigate the effect of Cr3C2 volume

fraction in the cladding powder on the coatings microstructure, hardness and erosion resistance. The

structure and morphology of the CCs were investigated by optical metallography, scanning electron

microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy

(XRD). To determine the erosion behaviour of the CCs tests of erosion wear were conducted at impact

angles of 30° and 90°, in accordance with standard ASTM G 76-95. For comparison in the erosion

tests, metallic AISI 316L coatings (MCs), deposited at the same processing parameters as the CCs,

were also evaluated. In general, the uniform HPDD laser beam intensity profile and the powder shape (powder spot size)

matched to the laser beam spot ensure to produce fully dense CCs with excellent metallurgical

bonding, flat fusion line, low dilution and homogenous distribution of Cr3C2 particle throughout the

matrix alloy. Distribution and dissolution of Cr3C2 particles are strongly dependent on the laser power

level and also volume fraction of Cr3C2 particles in the cladding powder. The erosion resistance of the

CCs depends directly on both the volume fraction of Cr3C2 particles embedded in alloy matrix and the

erodent impact angle. The CCs at all tested impact angles exhibited higher erosion resistance when

compared with that of the MCs. Key words: high power diode direct laser, laser cladding, metal matrix composite, AISI 316L, chromium carbide, erosive

wear.





85

Paper ID: A-58

QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPARISONS ON

RECONDITIONING BY WELDING OF CRANKSHAFTS FROM AUTO

INDUSTRY

Oana Roxana Vîrlan (Chivu), Corneliu Rontescu, Dumitru-Titi Cicic

& Stefan-Constantin Petriceanu

Politehnica University of Bucharest, Faculty of Engineering and Management of Technological Systems,

Independentei Str., No. 313, 060042, Bucharest, Romania

Corresponding author: Oana Roxana Virlan (Chivu), [email protected]

Abstract: One of the desideratum of modern society is to reduce the car maintenance costs. One of the

pieces of the engine block that mostly gives up in the area of the spindles of levels. Because the price

of a crankshaft is very high, specialists try to find new solutions to repair them, not replacing them.

The paper presents the results obtained after reconditioning by welding of a crankshaft, using two

different methods of reconditioning (Weld Toe Temepring Technique and lateral remelting), in case

of using two welding processes by melting, SMAW and TIG. There are made qualitative and

quantitative comparisons between results obtained under the two methods based on criteria: hardness,

thermomechanical affected zone, structure. Key words: crankshaft, welding, reconditioning technique, the quality of the deposited layer, structure.

Paper ID: A-59

THE EFFECT OF RECONDITIONING TECHNIQUES BY WELDING ON THE

QUALITY OF DEPOSITS ON CRANKSHAFTS. CASE STUDY-SMAW

Oana Roxana Vîrlan (Chivu), Dumitru-Titi Cicic, Corneliu Rontescu

& Stefan-Constantin Petriceanu

University Politehnica of Bucharest, Faculty of Engineering and Management of Technological Systems, Independentei

Street, No. 313, 060042, Bucharest, Romania

Corresponding author: Oana Roxana Virlan (Chivu), [email protected]

Abstract: Currently there is searching for solutions to repair crankshaft which yielded during operation.

The paper deals with the extension of the 2 methods of reconditioning by welding from energetic

industry in the domain of reconditioning the crankshafts from auto industry. There are presented the

result after the application of these methods of reconditioning Weld Toe Tempering Technique and

lateral remelting where there was used SMAW process. There are made qualitative and quantitative

comparisons between results obtained under the two methods based on criteria: hardness,

thermomechanical affected zone, structure.

Key words: welding, weld toe technique tempering, lateral remelting, reconditioning, SMAW.




86

Abstracts-Section B Advances in Composite Materials and Technologies: Advanced Metals, Ceramics and Polymers;

Bio-Materials; Recycling of Materials




87

Paper ID: B-1

THE CORROSION BEHAVIOR OF NiTiNb ORTHODONTIC WIRES IN

TOMATO JUICE

Earar Kamel1, Daniel Mareci

2, Sorin Iacoban

3, Bogdan Istrate

3,

Teodor Stan4, Carmen Trinca

4, Corneliu Munteanu

3 & Adrian Caileanu

2

1University “Dunarea De Jos”, Faculty of Medicine, Domneasca Street, No. 47, Galati, Romania

2“Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Protection,

700050, Iasi, Romania 3“Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, Faculty Of Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science Departament,

Blvd. Mangeron, No. 59A, 700050, Iasi, Romania 4 "Ion Ionescu de la Brad" University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Iasi, Faculty of Horticulture,

Iasi, Romania

Corresponding author: Corneliu Munteanu, [email protected]

Abstract: An investigation about corrosion resistance of NiTiNb orthodontic wires in tomato juice at

37oC have been carried out by using electrochemical techniques. For comparison, NiTi orthodontic

wires have also been evaluated. Two electrochemical techniques were used: cyclic potentiodynamic

polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in tomato juice. The electrochemical

corrosion properties of NiTiNb and NiTi orthodontic wires were measured in terms of zero current

potential (ZCP) and corrosion current density (icorr). EIS technique was applied to study the nature of

the passive film formed on both samples at 10 minutes and 1 hour immersed time in tomato juice.

From EIS data, an equivalent circuit (EC) with on time constant was modelled.

Acknowledgement: This work was supported by a grant from the Romanian National Authority for Scientific

Research, CNCS-UEFISCDI, project number PN-II-ID-PCE-2011-3-0218.

Key words: NiTiNb, orthodontic wires, tomato juice, cyclic polarization, EIS, SEM.




88

Paper ID: B-2

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FeNiCrWMn AND FeNiCrMnAl – A NEW

HIGH ENTROPY ALLOYS

Gheorghe Buluc, Iulia Florea, Raluca Maria Florea & Ioan Carcea

“Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, Department of Materials Science and Engineering,


Corresponding author: Gheorghe Buluc, [email protected]

Abstract: The term of high entropy alloys started from the analysis of multi alloys, which were produced

at an experimental level since 1995by developing the new concept related to the development of

metallic materials. Recent developments in the field of high-entropy alloys have revealed that they

have versatile properties like: ductility, toughness, hardness and corrosion resistance. Up until now, it

has been demonstrated that the explored this alloys are feasible to be synthesized, processed, and

analyzed contrary to the misconceptions based on traditional experiences. Moreover, there are many

opportunities in this field for academic studies and industrial applications. As the combinations of

composition and process for producing HEAs are numerous and each HEA has its own microstructure

and properties to be identified and understood, the research work is truly limitless.

The novelty of these alloys consists of chimical composition. These alloys have been named high

entropy alloys due to the atomic scale mixing entropies higher than traditional alloys. In this paper I

present the mechanical properties of high entropy alloys FeNiCrWMn and FeNiCrMnAl.

Acknowledgements: This work was supported by the strategic grant POSDRU/159/1.5/S/133652, co-

financed by the European Social Fund within the Sectorial Operational Program Human Resources

Development 2007 – 2013.

This work was supported by a grant of the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research,

CNCS-UEFISCDI, project number PN-II-PT-PCCA-2013-4-1048.

Keywords: high entropy alloys, SEM, chemical composition, dilatrometry.




89

Paper ID: B-3

COMPLEMENTARY METHODS FOR NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF

COMPOSITE MATERIALS REINFORCED WITH CARBON WOVEN FIBERS

Rozina Steigmann1,2

, Nicoleta Iftimie1, Roman Sturm

3, Petrica Vizureanu

4 & Adriana Savin

1

1National Institute of R&D for Technical Physics, 47 D.Mangeron Blvd., 700050, Iasi, Romania

2University “Alexandru Ioan Cuza”, 11 Carol Blvd, 700006, Iasi, Romania

3University of Ljubljana, Kongresni trg 12, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia

4Technical University “Gh.Asachi” Iasi, 67 D.Mangeron Blvd., 700050, Iasi, Romania

Corresponding author: Rozina Steigmann [email protected]

Abstract: This paper presents complementary methods used in nondestructive evaluation (NDE) of composite

materials reinforced with carbon woven fibers as two electromagnetic methods using sensor with orthogonal

coils and sensor with metamaterials lens as well as ultrasound phased array method and Fiber Bragg gratings

embedded instead of a carbon fiber for better health monitoring. The samples were impacted with low energy in

order to study delamination influence. The electromagnetic behavior of composite was simulated by finite-

difference time-domain (FDTD) software, showing a very good concordance with electromagnetic

nondestructive evaluation tests.

Keywords: composite materials, damages, nondestructive testing, electromagnetic methods, ultrasound phased array, Fiber

Bragg gratings, FDTD.

Paper ID: B-4

ALLOYS WITH SUPERIOR MECHANICAL PROPERTIES USED IN MANUFACTURING

OF IMPLANTS

Mirabela Georgiana Minciună1, Petrică Vizureanu

1, Dragoş Cristian Achiţei

1, Radu Ștefănoiu

2

& Andrei Victor Sandu1

1„Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iaşi, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering,

Blvd. D. Mangeron 41, Iaşi, 700050, România 2Politehnica University Bucharest,

Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering,

313 Splaiul Independenţei, 060042, Bucharest, România


Abstract: This paper presents the characterization of a new alloy CoCrMoSi6, in terms of mechanical properties

using tensile strength and the study of fluidity. The original version of the alloy was obtained by casting process

in a vacuum arc furnace. Experimental results obtained from this study confirms that by increasing content of

silicon, the mechanical properties are superior and the positive results obtained at fluidity studies favoring the

formation of compounds, that lead to the reduction of alloying grade for α solid solution and the plasticity of the

alloys.

Key words: biomaterials, cobalt alloys, EDAX, tensile strength, fluidity.






90

Paper ID: B-5

STRAIN MEASUREMENT IN THE SEAT-BACKREST COMPONENT MADE

OF GLASS / WOOD FLOUR / EPOXY HYBRID COMPOSITE MATERIAL

Camelia Cerbu

Transilvania University of Brasov, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering,

29 Eroilor Avenue, 500036, Brasov, Romania

Corresponding author: Camelia Cerbu, [email protected]

Abstract: The work presents the using of a hybrid laminated composite material to manufacture the seat-

backrest component of a chair. This composite material is reinforced both with glass woven fabric and

with fir wood flour. In addition to the applications in the furniture industry, such a hybrid composite

structure could be used to manufacture: panels for thermal or acoustic insulation in constructions;

panels for interior design. It may enumerate some of the major advantages of the manufacturing of

such hybrid composite structures: 1) using of the wood waste as source for reinforcing / filler materials

in case of the composite materials is a necessity in the context of the using of the renewable and

sustainable resources; 2) hybrid composite material combines the advantages of the both reinforcing

materials used – glass fibers (hight ratio between strength and weight, these are flexible, lightweight)

and wood chips (these gives a good appearance similar to wood, low price); 3) additionally reinforcing

with wood flour leads to the reducing the number of layers of glass fibers; 4) lower content of tannins

in case of the fir wood is an advantage in case of the outdoor applications because the tannins are

water-soluble phenol which can form dark colour complexes.

The main objective of the paper was the experimental measurement of the strains that occur during the

mechanical loading of the seat-backrest component in order to validate the numerical model used to

simulate the mechanical behavior of this component made of hybrid composite material. First of all,

the paper presents the seat-backrest component and the mechanical characteristics of the hybrid

composite material. This component was mounted on a metallic structure. Further, it presents

theoretical and experimental research methodology of the stress and strain states caused by the

mechanical loading. Theoretical research refers to the finite element analysis of stresses and strains. To

measure the strains the tensometric method was used with rosette strain gauges that are recommended

for structures made of composite materials. Thus, the strains were measured with respect to the three

directions of each rosette strain gauge in certain points of the composite part. Finally, the strains

experimentally measured are compared with theoretical ones. It was found that the errors are within

the 3-12%. The results experimentally obtained validated the numerical model of the seat-backrest

component. Consequently, the modeling of the material behavior can be applied to other structures

made of such hybrid composite material. Key words: hybrid, composite, glass, wood flour, strain, tensometric method.




91

Paper ID: B-6

EFFECTS OF CASTING CONDITIONS ON PROPERTIES OF CO-CR-MO

ALLOYS FOR DENTAL APPLICATIONS

Anca Vitalariu, Romeu Chelariu & Radu Comaneci



Corresponding author: Anca Vitalariu, [email protected]

Abstract: Having better biocompatibility as well as higher resistance to tarnish compared to other dental

alloys, Co-Cr-Mo alloys are widely used for dental applications. With a superior strength and good

corrosion resistance as well as suitable wear resistance, Co-Cr-Mo alloys were intensively developed

for cast removable partial dentures (RPDs). Their mechanical properties such as higher elastic modulus

provide the necessary strength and rigidity without needing for thicker cross-sections, thus reducing

the weight of the metal frameworks. For RPDs, the retentive clasp arms should be sufficiently flexible,

keeping their initial shape and satisfactorily retaining of the prosthesis. Clasps manufactured from

alloys with higher yield strength show increased resistance to plastic deformation, while elongation is

associated with the extent of plastic deformation of the clasp before fracture.

To test the improvement in mechanical properties of Co-Cr-Mo alloys as effect of the technological

parameters, experimental castings were conducted under different conditions. Tensile testing and

hardness measurements were performed to evaluate the mechanical properties of the samples molded

in different conditions (i.e. melting and mold temperature, and solidification rate). To analyze the

changes in microstructure, optical and scanning electron microscopy have been undertaken. The

redistribution of the phases and/or elements was depicted by X-ray diffraction.

The results of the study highlight the effects of the casting conditions on microstructure and properties

of Co-Cr-Mo dental alloys used for RPDs.

Keywords: Co-Cr-Mo alloys, casting conditions, dental applications.




92

Paper ID: B-7

MIXED OXIDES DERIVED FROM LAYERED DOUBLE HYDROXIDES AS

NOVEL CATALYSTS FOR PHENOL PHOTODEGRADATION

C.M. Puscasu1, G. Carja

1, M. Mureseanu

2 & C. Zaharia

1

1“Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi-Romania, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Environmental

Protection, Prof.Dr.docent D.Mangeron Blvd, No. 73, 700050, Iasi, Romania 2University of Craiova, Faculty of Chemistry, 107-I Calea Bucuresti, Craiova, Romania

Corresponding author: Carmen Zaharia, [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract: The removal of organic pollutants is nowadays a very challenging aspect of the environmental

research. There are strong interests to develop new photocatalysts with specific semiconductor

properties, able to promote advanced oxidation reactions. The development of photocatalysts based on

the mixed oxides derived from layered double hydroxides (LDHs) - a family of naturally occurring

anionic clays - might offer novel environmetal-friendly solutions for the cost effective removal of

organic pollutants.

The novel catalytic formulations were obtained using the precursors materials type ZnM-LDH (M =

Al3+

, Cr3+

and Ti4+

). The LDH clays were synthesized by the co-precipitation method at the constant

pH. Calcination at 600°C gives rise to solutions of mixed metal oxides with porous properties. The

structural and nanoarhitectural features of the studied catalysts were described by: XRD, SEM and N2

adsorption while their photoresponsive properties were studied by the UV-VIS spectroscopy.

This work presents ZnO/ZnAl2O4, ZnO/Zn2TiO4 and ZnO/ZnCr2O4 as novels photocatalytic

formulations for phenol degradation under UV irradiation. Results show that when tested in the

photocatalytic process of the phenol degradation from aqueous solutions, ZnO/ZnCr2O4 and

ZnO/ZnAl2O4 showed the best performance degrading ~98% of phenol after 3.5h and 5h, respectively;

while ZnO/Zn2TiO4 has degraded almost 80% after 7.5h of UV irradiation.

These results open new opportunities in the development of new cost effective photoresponsive

formulations able to facilitate the photo-degradation of the organic pollution as "green" solution for

removal of dangerous pollutants.

Acknowledgment: This work was supported by the grant of the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research,

CNCS-UEFISCDI, project number PN-II-ID-PCE-2012-4-0057 (contract number 75/2013).

Key words: LDHs, mixed oxides, novel catalyst formulations, phenol photooxidation.





93

Paper ID: B-8

ASPECTS REGARDING THE TRIBOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF

SINTERED COMPOSITES OBTAINED FROM MIXTURE OF COPPER WITH

CARBON FIBERS

Radu Caliman



Corresponding author: Radu Caliman, [email protected]

Abstract: This paper presents a study of the tribological properties of sintered composite materials made

from combination of copper with short carbon fibers. Sintered composite materials are more effective

if refer to specific properties per unit volume compared to conventional isotropic materials. Potential

advantages of copper - carbon composite materials are: high resistance to breakage and high value

ratios strength/density; resistance to high temperatures; low density and high resistance to wear; low or

high friction coefficient. The sintered composites are complex and versatile materials; their

adaptability it is given by the huge number of choices of the constituent materials that can be joined to

acquire the wanted properties of generally impractical from conservative materials. The sintered

composite materials used in this research work are obtained combining different percentages of copper

with short carbon fibers with iron and lead in order to investigate the variation of the friction

behaviour. Varying the percentage of copper from 92,2% to 97,6% and the percentage of short carbon

fibers from 7,8% to 2,4%, five different composite materials are obtained and tested. Friction tests are

carried out, at room temperature, in dry conditions, on a pin-on-disc machine. The friction coefficient

was measured using abrasive discs made from steel 4340 having the average hardness of 40 HRC, and

sliding velocity of 0,6 m/sec. The main objective of this research work it was to identify a combination

of materials with improved friction behaviour. The experimental results revealed that the force applied

on the specimen during the tests, is playing a very important role regarding friction coefficient and also

the wearing speed. Graphite particles are conveyed consistently inside the net, enhancing scraped spot

safety and voltage drop over normal composite material. The static tests demonstrated that this new

kind of sintered composite material has preferable electrical execution over previous brush material in

the same conditions, and the element tests demonstrated that the temperature climb is not enormous

when the brush with this new composite material is exchanged on with huge current and the surface

scraped spot is littler amid sliding.The new method of obtained sintered composites, using high-energy

and high speed is adequate for production of tribological parts. Key words: sintered composites, carbon fibers, copper, tribological properties, durability.




94

Paper ID: B-9

EXTENDING THE APPLICATION POSSIBILITIES OF LIGHTWEIGHT

MATERIALS THROUGH THERMAL SPRAYED COATINGS

Septimiu Popa & Rainer Gadow

Institute for Manufacturing Technologies of Ceramic Components and Composites, University of Stuttgart,

Stuttgart D-70569, Germany

Corresponding author: Septimiu Popa, [email protected]

Abstract: The development of new products and the increasing demands on the material properties result

in new manufacturing technology concepts. Especially when it comes to lightweight structures the

demand is steadily growing, mainly in the aircraft and automobile industries where low weight ratios

are crucial for reducing fuel consumption and emission rates. For such applications polymer- and

polymer matrix composite materials, specifically carbon fiber-reinforced plastic (CFRP) bear a great

potential due to their low density, high specific stiffness and high specific strength. Despite those

qualities, CFRP materials lack the ability to withstand high temperatures, have limited wear- and

corrosion resistance and present the risk of oxidation and chemical degradation under severe

environmental conditions. To avoid component failure if exposed to such environments and therefore

expand the operational capability of the components, the surface areas have to be functionalized

through coating. This is realized by a thermo-kinetic spray process. These high energetic deposition

processes are able to apply high meltable metallic and ceramic coatings with melting points above

2000 °C on a wide range of substrate materials. The high process temperatures in combination with the

polymeric CFRP-substrate require a detailed knowledge on process parameters, -kinematics and -

cooling to prevent thermal degradation and minimize residual stresses. In most cases, due to the

different chemical character, the functional layer can not be applied directly on the CFRP substrate and

requires therefore a metallic interlayer that has to ensure proper adhesion. Detailed material studys,

including surface analysis, adhesion tests and various fatigue tests, have been carried out to determine

the ideal bond coat materials. In order to be able to characterize the material compound, metallurgical

and physical studies were performed. The present research shows an innovative way of creating hybrid

light weight materials with improved proprieties for high end products with application possibilities in

a wide range of industry branches. Key words: Carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP), thermal spray coating, interlayer, coating adhesion.




95

Paper ID: B-10

THE ROLE OF CFRP REINFORCEMENT IN STIFFNESS STUDY

OF THE WOOD BEAMS

Aurora Cătălina Ianăşi

“Constantin Brâncuşi” University of Târgu-Jiu, Faculty of Engineering,

30 Eroilor Street, 210135, Târgu-Jiu, Romania

Corresponding author: Aurora Cătălina Ianăşi, [email protected]

Abstract: In recent years, carbon fiber composites have been increasingly used in different ways in

reinforcing structural elements. Specifically, the use of composite materials as a reinforcement for

wood beams under bending loads requires paying attention to several aspects of the problem such as

the number of the composite layers applied on the wood beams. Study consolidation of composites

revealed that they are made by bonding fibrous material impregnated with resin on the surface of

various elements, to restore or increase the load carrying capacity (bending, cutting, compression or

torque) without significant damage of their rigidity. Fibers used in building applications can be

fiberglass, aramid or carbon. Items that can be strengthened are concrete, brick, wood, steel and stone,

and in terms of structural beams, walls, columns and floors. This paper describes an experimental

study which was designed to evaluate the effect of composite material on the stiffness of the wood

beams. It proposes a summary of the fundamental principles of analysis of composite materials and the

design and use. The type of reinforcement used on the beams is the carbon fiber reinforced polymer

(CFRP) sheet and plates and also an epoxy resin for bonding all the elements. Structural epoxy resins

remain the primary choice of adhesive to form the bond to fiber-reinforced plastics and are the

generally accepted adhesives in bonded CFRP–wood connections. The advantages of using epoxy

resin in comparison to common wood-laminating adhesives are their gap-filling qualities and the low

clamping pressures that are required to form the bond between carbon fiber plates or sheets and the

wood beams. Mechanical tests performed on the reinforced wood beams showed that CFRP materials

may produce flexural displacement and lifting increases of the beams. Observations of the

experimental load–displacement relationships showed that bending strength increased for wood beams

reinforced with CFRP composite plates and sheets compared to those without CFRP reinforcement.

The main conclusion of the tests is that the tensioning forces allow beam taking a maximum load for a

while, something that is particularly useful when we consider a real construction, so in case of excess

lift beam, we have time to take strengthening measures and when is about a catastrophic request

(earthquake) the construction remain partially functional. The experiments have shown that the method

of increasing resistance of wood constructions with composite materials is good for it. The solution is

easy to implement and has low costs. Key words: carbon fiber, bending strength, wood beams, stiffness, reinforcement, displacement.




96

Paper ID: B-11

MODELLING OF FRACTURE PHENOMENON IN CASE OF COMPOSITE

MATERIALS REINFORCED WITH SHORT CARBON FIBERS

Radu Caliman



Corresponding author: Radu Caliman, [email protected]

Abstract: This paper presents a study regarding the modelling process of fracture initiation and

propagation in case of polymeric composite materials reinforced with short carbon fibres. In recent

times, there are multiple concerns regarding strength and fracture behaviour of composites due to their

utilisation in complex structures such as those used in the field of aviation. Composites are

progressively utilized as a part of elite aircraft and shuttle structures, principally focused around their

relatively high particular quality and firmness which get from their generally low thickness. This

pattern is relied upon to proceed because of the expanding interest for vitality sparing flying machine

and drive frameworks for space applications for which weight decreases are a crucial. The evaluation

of the simulation data indicates the properties of composites in order to fulfil the requirements of their

users. The main way to understand the phenomenon of fracture in case of composite materials, and

also to anticipate and avoid material fatigue and failure is proved to be the finite element analysis. The

research work presented in this paper describes the composite materials in terms of formation and

propagation of cracks using an algorithm that imposes disproportional loads to composite samples. The

required parameters that describe the composites fracture demand inputs as: load intensity, geometry

features and relative loading direction. In order to obtain reliable results, it should be a good

correlation between the model which describe the facture propagation, the composition of the material

and the structural homogeneity. The presented study is using a Functionally Graded Material with

local homogeneity in fracture area, and a numerical model based on integration of interactions (Mori –

Tanaka method). The parameters that describes the fracture behaviour, includes a factor of stress

intensity which is important for establish the fracture direction. The model used in simulations is

considering a composite sample with rectangular shape and 6 mm thickness. The sample is loaded with

predefine stress σct (MPa) above and under the fracture line. σct represents the critical stress able to

lead to fracture propagation. The main objective of this research work it was to generate a numerical

model which describes the fracture behaviour of a composite material. The obtained model and its

accuracy to describe the fracture behaviour of a composite material is presented in the final part of this

paper. Key words: modelling, fracture, composite, carbon fibers, crack propagation.




97

Paper ID: B-12

RESEARCH ON OBTAINING POROUS METAL ALUMINUM ALLOY BASED

AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES CHARACTERIZATION

Cătălina Manoliu (Nuțescu Duduman)1, Oana Bălțătescu

1 , Luiza Camelia Budeanu

2,

Ioan Carcea

1 & Maricel Agop

1

1"Gheorghe Asachi" Technical University of Iaşi, Department of Materials Science,

Blvd. Mangeron, No. 41, 700050, Iaşi, Romania

2”Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University of Iasi, Faculty of Physics,

11 Carol I, Iaşi, 700506, Romania

Corresponding author: Cătălina Manoliu (Nuțescu Duduman), [email protected]

Abstract: This article presents obtaining aluminum alloy based porous metal by casting using NaCl as

space holder. Porous metallic materials generally known as metal foams have been of increasing

interest during recent years due to their unique properties such as high specific strength, conductivity.

Metal foams are an innovative and challenging class of materials. Due to their unusual physical,

mechanical, thermal, and acoustic properties, they have received more attention by materials

researchers in the last few years and are finding several structural and functional applications in

different engineering fields. In this work we obtained a porous metal material aluminum alloy.We

investigated mechanical properties of the porous metal obtained by infiltrating molten metal. The

results showed that the method is efficient and that the porous metal has a higher structural integrity. Key words: porous metals, aluminum alloy, casting, mechanical properties.

Paper ID: B-13

SINTERED DEFORMED MATERIALS THROUGH MECHANICAL TESTING

IN CRYOGENIC ENVIRONMENTS

Cristina Ionici

University "Constantin Brancusi", Nicolae Titulescu Street, No. 3b, Tg.-Jiu, Romania

Corresponding author: Cristina Ionici, [email protected]

Absract: Alloying elements have an important affect upon the mechanical properties of the Sintered

Materials. Compression tests show that the cupper based material obtains high results in cryogenic

environments.

Tests reveal the weak resistance of materials that contain 0.8% C and 3% Cu, due to a poor

classification and a inhomogenous metallographycal structure.




98

Paper ID: B-14

OPTIMISATION OF THE BLANK SHAPE AND DIMENSIONS IN ORDER TO

REDUCE MATERIAL SCRAP FROM DEEP DRAWING PROCESSES

Aurelian Albut



Corresponding author: Aurelian Albut [email protected]

Abstract: The final part of deep drawing process is affected by multiple interdependent factors. Some of

these factors are: process parameters (forming speed, blank holder force, tool clearance, friction

coefficient), mechanical properties of the blank material, and shape and dimensions of the initial blank

(blank prior the forming process). This paper presents a study regarding optimization of the blank

shape and dimensions in order to obtain a final forming product which will not require multiple

trimming operations. Additional operation after the forming process is over, are costly even we

quantify time or money. For this reason the producer objective is to cut all the supplementary work

that will delay him to reach the market. The optimisation is having as a second goal maximization of

the material utilization. Generally, deep drawing operation generate important quantities of scrap

material, which must be collected, transported and finally reinstated in the production chain; all of this

with additional costs for the end user and with sever harms of the planet environment. The work

presented in this paper is using as a starting point the final product requested to be made. The forming

tools are designed in order to obtain the desired part and the forming process is simulated using

Dynaform software. As expected the obtained part differs from the desired one. All the process

parameters, tools dimensions, and blank shape and dimensions are optimised in order to obtain the

requested part and to reduce material scrap. Multiple simulations are required in order to understand

and to quantify the influence of each parameter (factorial design) and numerical optimisation is done

to obtain the best value for each factor. The gained knowledge is used to generate the objective

function required by the numerical optimization method. With the optimized process parameters a new

simulation is made and the final shape of the part is compared with the ideal geometry. The shape of

the part obtained with the optimized parameters is proving the capability of the proposed method. Also

a comparison it is done between the material scrap obtained initially and after optimisation. In the final

part of this paper conclusions regarding the optimisation results are presented. Key words: deep drawing, blank shape, blank dimensions, optimization, scrap.




99

Paper ID: B-15

EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATIONS OF THE EIGENMODES FOR

COMPOSITE BARS MADE WITH CARBON AND KEVLAR-CARBON

FIBERS

Cosmin Mihai Miriţoiu1, Marius Marinel Stănescu

2, Cristian Oliviu Burada

1, Dumitru Bolcu

1

& Vîlcu Roşca 1

1 Faculty of Mechanics, University of Craiova, 165 Calea Bucuresti, 200620, Craiova, Romania, UE

2 Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Craiova, 13 AI Cuza, 200396, Craiova, Romania, UE

Corresponding author: Cosmin Mihai Miriţoiu, [email protected]

Abstract: The modal identification for mechanical systems can be divided in two major groups groups:

the single-point excitation and the multi-point excitation. From these two methods the multi-point

excitation has restricted usage in modal identification engineering because it requires expensive

apparatus. In this paper we present the theoretical background of modal identification for the single-

point excitation method because this experimental method will be used for eigenmodes determination.

The single-point excitation method has been widely used in modal tests and it consists in applying a

force in a given point and recording the vibratory structure response in all interest points, including the

excitation point. Although the single-point excitation requires a minimum of equipment, it needs a

laborious analysis to perform extensive result processing in order to interpret the dynamic behaviour of

the structure under test. There will be presented the experimental recordings for each bar, the

frequency response function in Cartesian and polar coordinates. By using the frequency response

functions we determine the eigenparameters for each bar. We present the eigenmodes panels in the

partial approximation and the final values of the eigenmodes (with the damping factors,

eigenfrequencies and critical damping). By using the eigenfrequency of the first eigenmode we

determine the bars stiffness and we validate the results by using an approximate method (which

consists in clamping the bar at one end, apply a fosrce at the free end and measure the displacement

with a comparative device). The presented bars can be used in practical engineering for: car or bus

body parts, planes body parts, bullet-proof vest, reinforcements for sandwich beams, and so on. All the

experiments will ba made by using the next apparatus: Brual&Kjaer accelerometer for vibratory

response recording, Bruel&Kjaer impact hammer used to apply a shock force, SPIDER 8 data

acquisition system connected through USB port to a notebook and the sigal conditioner NEXUS. Keywords: vibration, eigenmodes, kevlar-carbon fiber, carbon-fiber.




100

Paper ID: B-16

MORPHOLOGICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF SOME ZrO2

COATINGS ON Mg-Ca BIODEGRADABLE ALLOYS

Bogdan Istrate1, Corneliu Munteanu

1, Carmen-Iulia Crimu

1, Sorin Iacob Strugaru

1,

Marcelin Benchea1 & Kamel Earar

2

1“Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering,

No. 43, D. Mangeron Str., 700050, Iasi, Romania 2 “Dunarea de Jos” University of Galati, Faculty of Medicine, Dental Medicine,

Al. I. Cuza 35 Str., Galati, Romania

Corresponding author: Istrate Bogdan, [email protected]

Abstract: The Mg–Ca biodegrdable alloy system has been proposed as a potential new kind of

degradable biomaterial with possible application within medical and orthopedic field. Mg alloys have

mechanical properties similar to bone which avoid “stress shielding” effect. This system is also

biocompatible to the human body as a cofactor for many enzymes. Mg realeases corrosion products

and are likely to be physiologically beneficial in tissue regenartion. Most importantly, they are

perfectly biodegradable in the body organism. No material could match perfectly every requirement

for a given application. In order to improve the degradation and the surface properties, it is neccesary

to apply a surface film to satisfy multiple clinical requirements such as mechanical strength,

biocompatibility, and degradation rate. Therefore, surface changing to form a tenacious, biocompatible

and corrosion resistant modified layer has become a neccesary study in biodegradable materials. The

aim of the study is to observe the morphology and scratch analysis for some coatings of ZrO2-CaO and

ZrO2-Y2O3 with two different thicknesses deposited with an atmospheric plasma spraying facility,

Sulzer Metco 9MCE, using scanning electron microscopy SEM QUANTA 200 3D. Some mechanical

aspects were highlighted during the scratch test. Comparative scratch tests were carried out to study

the bonding properties between the coatings and the substrates. Key words: Mg-Ca, biodegradable alloys, ZrO2 coatings, APS, SEM, Scratch analysis.




101

Paper ID: B-17

ON THE INTERRACTION “LIQUID WOOD” – ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD

Elena Puiu Costescu1, Dumitru Nedelcu

1, Simona Plavanescu (Mazurchevici)

1, Maricel Agop

2

& Dorin Vaideanu2

1Technical University “Gheorghe Asachi” of Iasi-Romania, Department of Machine Manufacturing Technology,

Blvd. Mangeron, No. 59A, 700050, Iasi, Romania 2University “Al.I.Cuza” of Iasi-Romania, Faculty of Physics,

Blvd. Carol I, No. 11, 700506, Iasi, Romania

Corresponding author: Elena Puiu Costescu, [email protected]

Abstract: Due to the increasing demand for products and materials through some non-toxic,

environmentally friendly and biodegradable alternative, society is always in the race to develop new,

performant and biodegradable materials for specific applications. It is important to know and using

characteristics of these materials and their behavior in certain environments and conditions, so as to be

in future used to improve their behavior in certain environments, either available or innovative ways of

processing and using them, or even just to save energy in their processing or recycling. Is studied the

action of the electromagnetic field on arboblend and arbofill form of “liquid wood” biocomposite.

Characteristic parametres are determined (punching shear voltage, electrical conductivity, polarization

degree etc.) and is determined the class of material to which it belongs from electromagnetic point of

view. Obtained results in the study of arbofil and arboblend behavior in external electromagnetic field

aimed at eliminating structural defects that may occur during the injection process thereby improving

the quality and durability of products obtained by injection. Are follows the modification of the

physico-chemical properties of the two liquid wood biocomposite under the action of electromagnetic

radiation, depending on their frequency and energy. The results will indicate areas of activity in which

the use of the two materials can have a major impact with significant environmental consequences.

Key words: electromagnetic, liquid-wood, biocomposite, electrical conductivity, polarization degree.




102

Paper ID: B-18

STUDY ON CORROSION RESISTANCE OF HIGH-ENTROPY ALLOYS IN

MEDIUM ACID LIQUID AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

Iulia Muscalu1, Gheorghe Buluc

1, Vasile Soare

2 & Ioan Carcea

1

1Technical University “Gheorghe Asachi”, Department of Materials Science and Engineering,

2Blvd. Mangeron, No. 59A, 700050, Iasi, Romania 2 National Research & Development Institute for nonferrous and Rare Metals – IMNR

102 Biruinţei Blvd, 077145 Pantelimon, Ilfov, Romania

Corresponding author: Iulia Muscalu, [email protected]

Abstract: High-entropy alloy is a new alloy which is different from traditional alloys. The high entropy

alloys were started in Tsing Hua University of Taiwan since 1995 by Yeh et al. Consisting of a variety

of elements, each element occupying a similar compared with other alloy elements to form a high

entropy. We could define high entropy alloys as having approximately equal concentrations, made up

of a group of 5 to 11 major elements. In general, the content of each element is not more than 35% by

weight of the alloy. During the investigation it turned out that this alloy has a high hardness and is also

corrosion proof and also strength and good thermal stability. In the experimental area, scientists used

different tools, including traditional casting, mechanical alloying, sputtering, splat-quenching to obtain

the high entropy alloys with different alloying elements and then to investigate the corresponding

microstructures and mechanical, chimical, thermal, and electronic performances.

The present study is aimed to investigate the corrosion resistance in a different medium acid and try to

put in evidence the mechanical properties. Forasmuch of the wide composition range and the

enormous number of alloy systems in high entropy alloys, the mechanical properties of high entropy

alloys can vary significantly. In terms of hardness, the most critical factors are: hardness/strength of

each composing phase in the alloy, distribution of the composing phases.The corrosion resistance of an

high entropy alloy was made in acid liquid such as 10%HNO3-3%HF, 10%H2SO4, 5%HCl and then

was investigated, respectively with weight loss experiment. Weight loss test was carried out by put the

samples into the acid solution for corrosion. The solution was maintained at a constant room

temperature. The liquid formulations used for tests were 3% hydrofluoric acid with 10% nitric acid,

10% sulfuric acid, 5% hydrochloric acid. Weight loss of the samples was measured by electronic scale. Key words: corrosion resistance, mechanical properties, acid liquid, weight loss test.





103

Paper ID: B-19

NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE THERMAL BEHAVIOR OF

HEATED NATURAL COMPOSITE MATERIALS

Qasim Saleh Mahdi1, Fadhel Abbas

2 & Mohammed R. Hashim

3

1AL- Mustansiriya University, Iraq - Baghdad

2College of Engineering, Iraq - Baghdad

3 Midland Refinery Company, Iraq - Baghdad

Corresponding author: Qasim Saleh Mahdi, [email protected]

Abstract: In the present work a numerical investigation was carried out for laminar natural convection

heat transfer from natural composite material. The specimen is a rectangular (30 cm x 20 cmx0.6 cm)

plate which was the heated surface facing upwards at different angle positions. Three types of natural

materials such as seed dates, egg shells, and feathers are mixed separately with polyester resin. Natural

composite materials are the product of this process. Natural materials are added with different volume

fraction (10%, 20%, and 30%). Natural composite materials are heated with different heat flux

(1078W/m2, 928W/m

2, 750W/m

2, 608W/m

2, and 457W/m

2) at (vertical, inclined, and horizontal)

position.

Continuity and Navier-Stocks equations are solved numerically in three dimensions using ANSYS

FLUENT package 12.1 software commercial program Numerical results showed the temperature

distribution was affected for all types of natural composite materials at volume fraction 30% and heat

flux is 1078 W/m2, for different position. So, shows that the plumes and temperature behavior are

affected by the air and the distance from heat source. Numerical results showed acceptable agreement

with the experimental previous results. Keywords: natural convection, natural composite material, thermal conductivity, ANSYS.




104

Paper ID: B-20

PHYSICAL AND STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION OF

Ti-BASED ALLOY

Mădălina Simona Bălţatu

1, Petrică Vizureanu

1 & Bogdan Istrate

2

1„Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University from Iaşi, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering,

No. 41, D. Mangeron Str., 700050, Iaşi, România 2„Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University from Iaşi, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering,

No. 41, D. Mangeron Str., 700050, Iaşi, România


Abstract: Metallic biomaterials like cobalt based alloys, stainless steel and titanium based alloys are the

most used in medical applications, as orthopedic implants, dental materials and cardiovascular devices.

Pure titanium and titanium alloys are widely used as implant materials in the medical and dental

applications because of their superior biocompatibility, corrosion resistance and specific strength

compared with other metallic implant materials. The paper present a study of a Ti implant screw used

in dental application. Microstructure of Ti dental screw was investigated by using optical and

scanning electron microscopy. The importance of knowing the behavior of Ti-based alloys at high

temperatures provides information on the ways that can be improved mechanical properties, physical

and technological. Therefore I study thermal expansion changes for Ti implant screw, subjected

heating to 1200ºC by using dilatometric analysis.

Key words: Ti alloy, biomaterials, SEM, dilatometric analysis.

Paper ID: B-21

SUPERELASTIC-LIKE RESPONSE OBTAINED AT Fe-Mn-Si-Cr SHAPE

MEMORY ALLOYS PROCESSED BY HIGH-SPEED HIGH PRESSURE

TORSION

Gheorghe Gurau

“Dunarea de Jos” University of Galati, Faculty of Materials Engineering and the Environment,

Domneasca Str., no. 111, 800201, Galati, Romania

Corresponding author: Gheorghe Gurau, [email protected]

Abstract: By means of an original high speed high pressure torsion procedure, coned-disk spring shape

modules, with hardness gradient along their generators, were produced from anFe-28Mn-6Si-7Cr

(mass %) shape memory alloy. The modules were subjected to loading-unloading compression tests by

means of deformation devices with three configurations. When compressed between two flat surfaces

the modules, with various shape characteristic ratios, developed a superelastic-like response,

characterized by force plateaus both on their loading and unloading portions, which preserved their

aspect and werereproducible during isothermal cycling, at different temperatures between room

temperature and 473 K.




105

Paper ID: B-22

RESEARCHES ON THE BEHAVIOR OF CELLULAR ANTIBALLISTIC

COMPOSITES BASED ON AlMg-SiC ALLOYS

Oana Bălţătescu, Raluca Maria Florea, Ioan Rusu & Ioan Carcea



Corresponding author: Oana Băţătescu, [email protected]

Abstract: The researches presented in this paper refers basically to the impact of a small/medium caliber

bullet shot on a light armor built on the base of a AlMg-SiC metallic composite cellular/foam. Thus,

we study the antiballistic behavior and protection properties of the armor, based on the effects that

occur at the impact zone of the bullet with the composite surface. We performed an antiballistic

behavior modeling by means of a finite element analysis, based on a "multi grid" Fast Finite Element

(FFE) system. We used for this purpose the DYNA 2D software package. The obtained samples show

after the impact the occurrence of concentration / deformation pores effect and intercellular cracks

development to the interior of the composite. Those effects, depending on speed, mass and length of

the projectile ballistic trajectory, reduce zonal tensions due to the effect of cell walls deformation. It

was obtained a good correlation between modeling results and the electron microscope analyse of the

impact area. It is worth mentioning that almost all values for impact energy absorbed by the composite

armor are in the protection active zone provided by it. Thus, for example, it was shown theoretical and

practical that a 20 mm armor made of composite cell is enough to stop a 9 mm projectile. In

conclusion, the use of DYNA 2D software type applications for impact and ballistic behavior studies

of cellular composites can be helpful in predicting the behavior of these materials for various military

applications (infantry, aeronautics, marine, etc.).

Key words: metallic cellular composite, antiballistic, foams, Fast Finite Element (FFE).




106

Paper ID: B-23

THERMAL ANALYSIS AND MICROSTRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION

OF MG-AL-ZN SYSTEM ALLOYS

Mariusz Król, Tomasz Tański & Wojciech Sitek


Biomaterials, Konarskiego 18a street, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland

Corresponding author: Mariusz Król, [email protected]

Abstract: Magnesium alloys present a promising alternative to aluminium alloys in lightweight

applications. Mg alloys are commonly used for the manufacturing of cast engines and transmission

housings. However, the magnesium alloys in comparison with aluminium alloys have worse casting

properties. Castability is influenced significantly by the dendrite coherency point (DCP), which

represents the temperature, time, and solid fraction at which an interlocking solid network forms

during solidification. The dendrite coherency point temperature refers to the state of a solidifying alloy

at which a coherent dendrite network is established during the formation of grains. An increase in the

solid fraction at coherency may improve the casting properties of the alloy and reduce casting defects.

The effects of Zn content and cooling rate on the characteristic parameters of the evaluation of

magnesium dendrites in Mg-Al alloys during solidification at different cooling rates (0.6-

investigated by thermal-derivative analysis (TDA). Dendrite coherency point (DCP) is defined with a

new approach based on second derivative cooling curve. Solidification behaviour was assessed via one

thermocouple thermal analysis method. Microstructural evaluations were characterized by optical

microscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray

spectroscopy. This research revealed that utilization of d2T/dt2 versus the time curve methodology

allows for analysis of the dendrite coherency point. The results indicate that the grain size increases

with the temperature interval between liquidus and dendrite coherency point, the solid fraction at DCP

expressed in percent strongly dependents on the dendrite morphology during solidification. Additions

of Zn resulted in an increase in fraction solid in DCP and decrease in nucleation temperature and

solidus temperature. Moreover increasing the cooling rate resulted in an increase in the Mg nucleation

temperature, undercooling temperature and solidification range. These phenomena lead to an increased

number of nucleuses that affect the size of the grains. Knowing the microstructure in the thermal

analysis sample, it is possible to have an idea of the microstructure that can be expected in real part

according to its thermal behave and to the mould type. The information from this approach is very

crucial for suppressing mould-metal reaction especially during cooling in casting of magnesium allies

by investment casting process. Key words: magnesium alloy, solidification, thermal analysis, dendrite coherency point, second derivative curve.




107

Paper ID: B-24

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FENICRWMN AND FENICRMNAL-A NEW

HIGH ENTROPY ALLOYS

Gheorghe Buluc, Iulia Florea & Ioan Carcea



Corresponding author: Gheorghe Buluc, [email protected]

Abstract: The term of high entropy alloys started from the analysis of multi alloys, which were produced

at an experimental level since 1995by developing the a new concept related to the development of

metallic materials. Recent developments in the field of high-entropy alloys have revealed that they

have versatile properties like: ductility, toughness, hardness and corrosion resistance. Up until now, it

has been demonstrated that the explored this alloys are feasible to be synthesized, processed, and

analyzed contrary to the misconceptions based on traditional experiences. Moreover, there are many

opportunities in this field for academic studies and industrial applications. As the combinations of

composition and process for producing HEAs are numerous and each HEA has its own microstructure

and properties to be identified and understood, the research work is truly limitless.

The novelty of these alloys consists of chimical composition. These alloys have been named high

entropy alloys due to the atomic scale mixing entropies higher than traditional alloys. In this paper I

present the mechanical properties of high entropy alloys FeNiCrWMn and FeNiCrMnAl. Keywords: high entropy alloys, DMA, EDAX, hardness.




108

Paper ID: B-25

THE ULTRASOUNDS MECANICAL EFFECTS USED IN ASSISTED

EXTRACTION PROCESS APPLIED ON WOODEN WASTE MATERIALS

Irina Volf1, Adina Talmaciu

1, Constantin Carausu

2 & Valentin I. Popa

1

1“Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Protection,

71A Blvd. D. Mangeron, 700050, Iasi, Romania 2“Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, Department of Machine Manufacturing Technology,

59A Blvd. D. Mangeron, 700050, Iasi, Romania

Corresponding author: Irina Volf, [email protected]

Abstract: Nowadays there is a growing consensus that the sustainable development will only be realised

through a transition towards a biobased economy. The challenge will be to develop innovative

methods for the efficient use of renewable resources such as biomass. The application of renewables

based on biomass, the development of clean production and smart materials may provide the required

solution pathways.

The paper describe how the mechanical effect of ultrasounds can be used succesfuly in an assisted

extraction process applied on waste materials with the final goal of bio based products recovery.

Ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) has been applied to obtain valuable compounds such as

polyphenols from a variety of vegetal materials matrices. The phenomenon which underlies the use of

ultrasound in the extraction of active ingredients from plants is cavitation and its consequent thermal

and mechanical effects. In particular, ultrasound-assisted extraction was shown to allow a significant

decrease of extraction time, economizing power consumption, low energy requirement and low water

consumption (no reflux are needed) as well as an important increase of the extraction yields.

Bark, together other wood wastes are low-value by-products in the forest industry. They are available

in large volumes and are practically unrecicling and unreused. However, tree bark is a rich source of

secondary metabolites and contains several compounds of potential biological and commercial interest.

The challenge is the high-yield, green and energy-efficient extraction of these compounds.

In this perspective, the phenolic compounds from spruce wood bark are extracted using UAE. The

paper presents a straight-forward experimental planning method, allowing the optimisation of the

process. The effect of ethanol concentration, temperature and extraction time were evaluated trough a

32·2 experimental planning. The efficiency of the extraction process was appreciated based on factorial

ANOVA results and the optimum conditions, which lead to the obtaining the largest amount of

polyphenols (expressed as gallic acid equivalents GAE) per gram of spruce wood bark, were

established.. Under optimal conditions, using the local max function from the MathCAD program, the

model predicted a maximum yield of Cmax = 83.23 mg GAE/g spruce bark, when temperature is 54ºC,

for 60 min. The optimum conditions were further applied for validating the model by an empirical

approach.

These results will be further developed with the characterization of extracts from the composition of

polyphenols point of view and with the reuse of the extracted wooden material like backfilling material

in composite structures.

Key words: wooden materials, ultrasound assisted extraction, optimum conditions, ANOVA.




109

Paper ID: B-26

THE GROWTH MECHANISM AND MORPHOLOGY OF KNN BASED LEAD

FREE PIEZOELECTRIC CERAMIC PARTICLES DURING

HYDROTHERMAL REACTION

Jae-Ho Jeon & Hyun Ae Cha

Nano-Functional Materials Lab., Korea Institute of Materials Science,

Changwondaero 797, Changwon, 642-831, Korea

Corresponding author: Jae-Ho Jeon, [email protected]

Abstract: The growth mechanism of (K, Na) NbO3 (KNN) crystals during a hydrothermal reaction was

systematically studied by investigating the effect of KOH:NaOH molar ratio of the starting alkaline

solution, reaction time, and reaction temperature on the phase, chemical composition, and particle

morphology of KNN powders. As the starting KOH:NaOH molar ratio was changed from 8.0:2.0 to

7.0:3.0, the phase of KNN particles synthesized by the hydrothermal reaction at 220C for 24 h was

changed from K-rich KNN single phase to Na-rich KNN single phase, via two-phase mixtures

consisting of both phases. The two-phase mixed KNN powders were transformed into single-phase

KNN by post heat-treatment. Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) analysis revealed that KNN powders

with an average K: Na ratio of 1:1 could be synthesized when the KOH: NaOH molar ratio was around

7.35:2.65. In the cases of the starting KOH: NaOH molar ratio of between 7.0:3.0 and 7.6:2.4, K-rich

KNN crystals firstly nucleated and grew during the hydrothermal reaction at 220C. As the reaction

time increased, K-rich KNN particles became unstable and started to dissolve, and simultaneously the

stable Na-rich KNN particles started to precipitate. The morphology of KNN crystals was found to be

dependent on the progress of the dissolution-precipitation process. This study firstly suggests the

growth mechanism of KNN particles during the hydrothermal reaction and demonstrates that the

stoichiometry and particle morphology of KNN particles can be controlled by changing the

experimental parameters of the hydrothermal reaction. Key words: piezoelectric ceramics, lead-free, KNN, hydrothermal synthesis.




110

Paper ID: B-27

DEPOSITION OF THIN LAYERS WITH W ELECTRODE THROUGH THE

METHOD OF ELECTRO-SPARK DEPOSITION ON AUSTENITIC

STAINLESS STEEL

Cătălin-Andrei Țugui1, Petrică Vizureanu

1, Manuela Cristina Perju

1, Carmen Nejneru

1

& Mihai Axinte2

1“Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University Iasi, Department Technologies and Equipments for Materials,

Blvd. Mangeron, No. 51, 700050, Iaşi, România 2“Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University Iasi, Department of Material Science,

Blvd. Mangeron, No. 41 A, 700050, Iasi, Romania

Corresponding author: Catalin-Andrei Ţugui, [email protected]

Abstract: Improving mechanical properties, physical and chemical properties of metallic materials can

be achieved with the help of heat treatment and thermochemical, also with deposition of thin layers of

special materials. Thin film deposition can be achieved in several ways, such as: vibrating electric arc,

magnetron and laser. For this paper, we have chosen to achieve vibrator electric arc deposition on a

stainless steel alloy used in low speed electric hydro turbines. This stainless steel is subjected to a very

rapid degradation due to the mechanical, physical and chemical wear that may occur. This degradation

is caused by hydroabrasive particles, such as sand, by the hydroabrasive wear and the corrosion

phenomenon. In addition to the previously mentioned phenomena another very important phenomenon

appears, namely cavitation. In this paper, we achieved deposition of tungsten and titanium by electric

vibrating arc method on Cr-Ni austenitic stainless steel used to manufacture turbine blades. After

testing were obtained very good results for corrosive wear and hardness.

In recent years, there had been a development, improvement and expansion of modern techniques of

deposition by physical and physicochemical methods, which ensures purity and high adhesion through

a wide variety of processes for the production of coatings. But these very modern technologies have

some disadvantages such as high cost of equipment and the cost of producing these layers. Vibrating

electric arc deposition method is not very expensive, but it has some drawbacks such as higher

roughness and the time of deposition. By this method, vibrating electric arc, other equipment or

assemblies can be hardened: mud pumps rotors, desalination pump blades and some parts of diesel

engines (piston rings).

Keywords: deposition method, thin layers, base material/substrate, installation, SEM.

http://www.tuiasi.ro/facultati/sim/index.php?page=490




111

Paper ID: B-28

NEW APPROACH FOR POROUS MATERIALS OBTAINING USING

CENTRIFUGAL CASTING

Mihai Axinte & Oana Bălţătescu

Technical University “Gheorghe Asachi” of Iasi-Romania, Department of Materials Science and Engineering,

Blvd. Mangeron, No. 59A, 700050, Iaşi, Romania

Corresponding author: Oana Băţătescu, [email protected]

Abstract: In this paper we present different methods for obtaining porous materials, (mainly used for

metallic foams) and highlighting a new technology developed in the Faculty of Materials science and

engineering, of Iasi. The known methods in literature since now are the following:

1. Bubbling gas through molten alloys. 2. By stirring a foaming agent into a molten alloy and

controlling the pressure while cooling. 3. Consolidation of a metal powder with a particulate foaming

agent followed by heating into the mushy state when the foaming agent releases hydrogen, expanding

the material. 4. Manufacture of a ceramic mold from a wax or polymer-foam precursor, followed by

burning-out of the precursor and pressure infiltration with a molten metal or metal powder slurry

which is then sintered. 5. Vapor phase deposition or electrodeposition of metal onto a polymer foam

precursor which is subsequently burned out, leaving cell edges with hollow cores. 6. The trapping of

high-pressure inert gas in pores by powder hot isostatic pressing (HIPing), followed by the expansion

of the gas at elevated temperature. 7. Sintering of hollow spheres, made by a modified atomization

process, or from metal-oxide or hydride spheres followed by reduction or dehydridation, or by vapor-

deposition of metal onto polymer spheres. 8. Co-pressing of a metal powder with a leachable powder,

or pressure infiltration of a bed of leachable particles by a liquid metal, followed by leaching to leave a

metal-foam skeleton. 9. Dissolution of gas (typically, hydrogen) in a liquid metal under pressure,

allowing it to be released in a controlled way during subsequent solidification.

Our technology for obtaining porous materials is called centrifugal casting for porous materials. This

technology is included in the method number 8: co-pressing of a metal powder with a leachable

powder and is in the same time a newer approach in the porous materials field.

This technology is currently in the developmental phase. Since now we made experiments on the

metallic materials, aluminum alloys. The technology is briefly described in this paper. Our obtained

parts were used for making samples in order to characterize the properties of the materials. The

cellular structure of metallic foams requires special precautions that must be taken in characterization

and testing. In this paper we have characterized the samples structurally by its cell topology (open

cells, closed cells), relative density, cell size and cell shape and anisotropy. Also we used Scanning

electron microscopy (SEM) which is straight forward; the only necessary precaution is that relating to

surface preparation. Keywords: centrifugal casting, porous materials, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), relative density, cell size, cell

shape.




112

Abstracts-Section C Characterization, Modeling and Simulation of Mechanical Processes: Mechanical, Structural,

Physical and Geometrical Characterization; Probabilistic Modeling and Analysis




113

Paper ID: C-1

ENERGY CALCULATIONS OF DEEP LEVELS DOPING BY USING THE

GREEN'S FUNCTION METHOD

Krzysztof Jamroziak, Mariusz Kosobudzki & Krzysztof Spalinski

General Tadeusz Kosciuszko Military Academy of Land Forces,

Czajkowskiego Str. 109, 51-150 Wroclaw, Poland

Corresponding author: Krzysztof Jamroziak, [email protected]

Abstract: About the properties of the material determines its structure at the nano level, so any change in

the molecular structure of the material changes its properties. Knowing the molecular structure of the

material, we can determine the energy levels and band structure of the material. Aim of this study is to

determine the energy levels, resulting from the appearance of the defect (substitutional impurities) in

the structure of the material. Green's function formalism used refers only to point defects, which the

wave function is strongly localized around the defect. In the study, the friend and first chapter for the

band structure of the example, using the tight-binding method. The second and third chapter is devoted

to the energy density of states and the spectral density of states. In the last part of the article presents

the Green's function formalism taking into account the disturbance, which is located locally. Using the

above methods were carried out numerical calculations band defining the table structure, the energy

density of states, spectra of the density of states and the newly created energy levels as a result of the

emergence of the dopant atoms point different molecular structure of the material. These calculations

make sense if the dopant does not cause significant distortion of the molecular structure of the

material, so that the numerical calculation performed on only the elements which do not lattice

constant differs too much from the solid replaced atom in the molecular structure. The work was

performed for the valence orbitals of atoms S and P. Keywords: nanostructure, energy lvlels, material proterties, band structure, Green's function.




114

Paper ID: C-2

ANALYSIS OF DEGENERATE SYSTEMS WITH STATIONARY RANDOM

EXCITATIONS

Miroslaw Bocian1, Krzysztof Jamroziak

2, Mariusz Kosobudzki

1 & Maciej Kulisiewicz

1

1Department of Mechanics, Materials Science and Engineering, Wroclaw University of Technology,

Smoluchowskiego Str. 25, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland 2General Tadeusz Kosciuszko Military Academy of Land Forces,

Czajkowskiego Str. 109, 51-150 Wroclaw, Poland

Corresponding author: Miroslaw Bocian, [email protected]

Abstract: The paper presents a method of identification the two-and-half-degree-of-freedom system

(Fig.) with a separated element containing a degenerate subsystem. Using methods of energy and

power balance the identification of nonlinear dynamic systems with a non-integer number of degrees

of freedom for fixed pulse excitations was conducted. Such approach allows to separate equations and

to simplify the process of identification. The equations were derived for any differentiable function of

elasticity. The calculation of an appropriate fields of hysteresis loop of signals was conducted using the

procedure of determining the average value of the input and output signals. The stationary process of

the system response was assumed in the whole algorithm.

x1+x

2

k1

F1

p2

m2

c0

m1

k2

x2

x2

x1

c2

p1

Fig. Diagram and data of system subjected to testing

In the present paper it is assumed that the elastodamping interaction of an element in a complex

dynanical system are described by function xxF , , in which x is a deformation of the element, x

denotes velocity, and F is the interaction force, where x is relative displacement mass m1 and m2 as

a bassis for generalized coordinates. Keywords: modeling and analysis, nonlinear dynamics, matematical model of multi-degree-of-freedom, degenerate

systems, stationary random excitation.

http://kmim.wm.pwr.edu.pl/en/




115

Paper ID: C-3

USING GPS GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEMS GNSS IN AGRICULTURE

AND GIS

Gabriel Badescu, Rodica Badescu, Ovidiu Stefan & Marcel Dirja

University of Cluj, Baia Mare

Corresponding author: Gabriel Badescu, [email protected]

Abstract: The use of GNSS-RTK technology in agriculture and GIS is useful and it solves the problem

of geospatial determination in a short time, with beneficial effects for intervention in agriculture, and

as primary data for the development of an information system in agriculture and other fields.

APIA is a program that covers financial aid that is granted to farmers and landowners, and in this

context the land areas of each owner must be determined. This is possible through terrestrial

measurements using GNSS RTK technology, in a very short time and with great precision.

GNSS-RTK uses ROMPOS reference stations and measurements are performed through a real-time

positioning system, with immediate benefits in terms of determining the spatial position of parcels or

primary data in general, which are needed by any GIS, the quality of which is great.

This paper presents the use of GNSS RTK technology, its undeniable advantages over other

techniques, and certain aspects of this technology. Keywords: GPS, base station network, GIS for agriculture, GNSS RTK accuracy.

Paper ID: C-4

REACTIVE POWER CONTROL IN THE PRESENCE OF SYNCHRONOUS

COMPENSATOR

Violeta Ciucur & Marian Dordescu

Constanta Maritime University, Deptament of Electrical Engineering, Constanta, Romania

Corresponding author: Ciucur Violeta, [email protected]

Abstract: A voltage control has as aims maintaining in a narrow band a voltages from nodes of power

system and applies to slow voltage variations. A voltage control results in minimizing the reactive

power circulation and reducing power losses in electric networks. Depending on the excitation current

value variation of reactive power debited by the synchronous compensator may be increasing leading

to decrease the load of electric networks and the return of voltages. The effect of positive adjustment

around the nominal voltage values is determined on the absorbed power curve in the over-excited area.

To determine the power synchronous compensator may adopt a technical criterion for bringing voltage

in compensation node at values imposed.





116

Paper ID: C-5

COMPENSATION OF GNSS NETWORKS USED IN GEOSCIENCES, IN

GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND IN PROJECT

MANAGEMENT

Gabriel Badescu & Rodica Badescu

University of Cluj, Baia Mare

Corresponding author: Gabriel Badescu, [email protected]

Abstract: A GNSS determined network of geodetic control is the basis for Geographic Information

Systems (GIS) as well as continuous and consistent mapping studies, but it is also used for project

management. In order to understand the function of geodetic control, we must realize that a cadastre

map or plan is a flat representation of the curved world, if the surfaces are laid down. If we want the

maps to be an authentic representation of the real world they should be able to link small pieces (flat)

of map content for a real representation, which is curved.

Traditionally, geodetic control points are established as permanent physical terminals placed in the

ground and marked accurately, located in accessible areas and with a description to them. Locating

spatial characteristics of geodetic control allows the assessment of accuracy according to these

characteristics. Interest and control activity on geodesy has increased dramatically at all levels of

government because of the need for accurate maps and data that are used in geographic and terrestrial

information systems.

With the advent of the Global Positioning System (GPS), the geodetic control network, preferably,

should be based on ROMPOS (Romanian service for position determination using reference stations).

ROMPOS stations can provide an active network of geodetic control, allowing GPS (GNSS) users to

link their positioning observations of the geodetic network without having to physically occupy a

geodetic control point.

GPS (Global Positioning System) devices can be used in many applications that require precise point

positioning in Geosciences, GIS, or for making decisions in project management. Complex and very

precise geodetic networks may require expert analysis in order to achieve full accuracy and precision

of geodetic observations used to create them. GNSS accuracy decreases due to extreme values

resulting from errors inherent in GNSS observations. Abnormal errors should be detected and

eliminated from the pre-processing of the data so that they do not affect the rest of the observations

made. Several approaches have been developed in order to detect such abnormalities in geodetic

observations, using GNSS technology. It is also important to determine which method is more

effective at distinguishing extreme values of normal observations in the calculation and compensation

of networks determined using GNSS technology. Keywords: GNSS, ROMPOS, GIS, GEODETIC NETWORKS, project management.





117

Paper ID: C-6

COMPUTER-AIDED STRENGTH ANALYSIS OF THE MODERNIZED

FREIGHT WAGON

Marek Płaczek, Andrzej Wróbel & Andrzej Baier



Corresponding author: Marek Płaczek, [email protected]

Abstract: Rail transport is a very important part of the modern economy, one of the components

determining its dynamic development. Nowadays, numerous studies are conducted, aimed at

introducing new technologies and solutions in railway infrastructure, logistics management systems, as

well as in the traction vehicles. Introduction of modern technology can eliminate or reduce nuisance

problems associated with the implementation of any kind of transport or the operation of the technical

means used. This paper contains a report on the part of the research conducted in the research and

development project entitled "Analytical and experimental studies and determination of the structural

features of components and assemblies in innovative structure of repaired wagons". This project is

being implemented under the Programme for Applied Research by Institute of Engineering Processes

Automation and Integrated Manufacturing Systems of Silesian University of Technology with

consortium partners: DB Schenker Company and Germaz Company. The main objective of the project

is to develop technologies to modernize freight wagons for the transport of coal and aggregates,

through the use of innovative materials and technologies to repair this type of wagons during periodic

repairs. Works which have been undertaken within the project are to improve the operating conditions

considered types of wagons by increasing their resistance to corrosion and freezes the freight to the

shell of the wagon body in winter, and thus an easier unloading. An additional objective is also to

retrofit verification of strength coaches, as well as to estimate the possibility of reducing their weight,

while maintaining or increasing the permissible load.

In the paper results of computer-aided strength analysis based on Finite Element Method are presented.

CAD model of the considered freight wagon was created and its strength was analysed in agreement

with norms described the way of such kind of freight wagons testing. Then, the model of the analyzed

freight wagon was modernized by adding composite panels covering the inner surface of the vehicle

body. Strength analysis was carried out once again and obtained results were juxtaposed. This work

was carried out in order to verify the influence of composite panels on the strength of the freight car

body and to estimate the possibility of reducing the steel shell thickness of the box in order to reduce

weight of the freight wagon.

Key words: FEM method, freight wagon, modelling, strength analysis, composite materials.




118

Paper ID: C-7

DETERMINATION OF FLEXIBILITY MODULE OF INDUSTRIAL

VIBRATION LEVEL SENSOR

Andrzej Wróbel, Marek Płaczek & Andrzej Baier

Institute of Engineering Processes Automation and Integrated Manufacturing Systems Faculty of Mechanical Engineering,

Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18a Street, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland


Abstract: Piezoelectricity has found a lot of applications since it were discovered in 1880 by Pierre and

Jacques Curie. There are many applications of the direct piezoelectric effect - the production of an

electric potential when stress is applied to the piezoelectric material, as well as the reverse

piezoelectric effect - the production of strain when an electric field is applied. This work presents a

mathematical model of a new model of vibration sensor.

The principle of operation of currently used sensors is based on the idea: changes in thickness of the

piezoelectric plates cause the vibration of the mechanical element, so-called "fork". If the "forks" are

not buried by the material deformation of the full tiles broadcasting is transmitted to receiver

piezoelectric plate. As a result of vibration of receiver plates the cladding is formed on the potential

difference proportional to the force. The value of this voltage is processed by an electronic circuit. In

the case of backfilling "forks" the electric signal is lower. At the same time is not generated the

potential for cladding tiles. Such construction have a lot of drawbacks, for example: need to use

several piezoelectric plates, with the increase in number of components is increased failure of sensors,

sensors have now produced two forks resonance, using these sensors in moist materials is often the

case that the material remains between the forks and at the same time causes a measurement error.

Mentioned disadvantages do not appear in the new proposed sensor design.

The Galerkin method of the analysis of considered systems will be presented started from development

of the mathematical model, to determine the graphs of flexibility and confirm two methods: exact and

approximate. Analyzed beam is a part of the vibration level sensor and the results will be used to

identify the electrical parameters of the generator. Designing of technical systems containing

piezoelectric transducers is a complex process, due to the phenomena occurring in them. A correct

description of the given device in the form of a mathematical model, already in its design phase, is a

fundamental condition for its proper functioning. Key words: piezoelectric, analysis, smart materials, modelling, vibrating level sensor.




119

Paper ID: C-8

THE ANALYSIS OF THE VIBRATORY MOVEMENT OF THE GUN BARREL

AND ITS INFLUENCE ON THE FIRING ACCURACY

Alin-Constantin Sava1, Ioan-Liviu Piticari

1, Dumitru Nedelcu

2, Diana Nistoran

1 & Ioan Vedinaş

1

1Military Technical Academy, Faculty of Mechatronics and Integrated Armament Systems, Department of Armament

Systems Engineering and Mechatronics, 39-49 George Coşbuc Avenue, 050141, Bucharest, Romania 2Technical University “Gheorghe Asachi” of Iasi-Romania, Department of Machine Manufacturing Technology,


Corresponding author: Alin-Constantin Sava, [email protected]

Abstract: The paper presents a study of the influence of the perturbations of the dynamic parameters of a

bullet at the muzzle of rifle, mainly an automatic one, on the trajectory of the bullet and finally on the

precision of firing through the vertical dispersion at the target.

It is known that the vibration of the barrel of a weapon during the firing process and the dynamic

couple generated by the recoil forces, both cause a jump of the barrel, measured by the angle made by

the axis of the barrel at the bullet exit time and the axis of the steady barrel before shooting. This

vibratory movement of the barrel generates at the muzzle dynamic parameters of the bullet: a specific

orientation of the bullet, a vertical velocity and also a vertical acceleration. The paper analyses the

influence made by two dynamic factors on the firing precision, the exit or jump angle and the vertical

acceleration, only for semiautomatic firing, meaning for singular shots. Nonetheless it draws some

conclusions for the automatic firing also, by taking into consideration the influence of the remaining

undamped vibration over the next bullet.

For this purpose, we have used both FEM and experimental measurements of the two subject

parameters.

The finite elements model of the rifle was mainly focused on the details of the barrel and the bullet, as

their dynamic is the studied phenomenon here. We have used a dedicated software, taking into

consideration, as the main force, the variable pressure of hot gases resulted from the burning of the

propellant in the cartridge case.

The experimental measurements focus on two directions. The first one is the measurement of the jump

angle, which is done by optical methods, mainly by the use of a high frame rate camera and dedicated

software. The second one is the measurement of the vertical acceleration of the barrel at the muzzle at

the bullet exit time. This was done by using an accelerometer connected at a measuring device and

dedicated software.

By better understanding the influence made by the jump angle and the vertical acceleration of the

bullet at the muzzle, we can initiate some measures in order to have a better grouping at the target.

This can be done through dynamic vibration absorbers and auxiliary mass dumpers both for an existing

automatic weapon and mainly for a rifle in the stage of design. Key words: vibratory movement, firing accuracy, finite elements model, dynamic parameters of the bullet, dynamic

vibration absorbers.




120

Paper ID: C-9

APPLICATION OF CAD/CAE CLASS SYSTEMS TO AERODYNAMIC

ANALYSIS OF ELECTRIC RACE CARS

Łukasz Grabowski, Andrzej Baier, Michał Majzner & Michał Sobek

Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Engineering

Processes Automation And Integrated Manufacturing Systems

Corresponding author: Łukasz Grabowski, [email protected]

Abstract: Aerodynamics is one of the most important factor which influence on every aspect of a design

of a car and car driving parameters. The biggest influence aerodynamics has on design of a shape of a

race car body, especially when the main objective of the race is the longest distance driven in period of

time, which can not be achieved without low energy consumption and low drag resistance of a car. The

biggest challenge for the constructor is the design of shape of the vehicle body that must generate the

lowest possible drag force, without compromising the other parameters of the drive. In the article

entitled „Application of CAD/CAE class systems to aerodynamic analysis of electric race cars” are

being presented problems solved by computer analysis of cars aerodynamics and free form modelling.

Analyses have been subjected to existing bolides shapes of a Silesian Greenpower Race Team as well

as prototype structures. There also were analyzed models of basic shapes, which were used to create a

proper model of conducting the analysis. Next target of research was checking existence of

aerodynamic effects for increasing efficiency of the airflow around the vehicles. Analysis results in the

values of coefficients and dynamic resistance forces. The resulting drag forces Fx, drag coefficients Cx

(Cd) and aerodynamic factors Cx*A allowed to compare all of the shapes to each other. Pressure

distribution, air speeds and streams courses were useful in determining aerodynamic features of every

of analysed shape. Analysis of existing shapes showed which parts of bodies are aerodynamically

efficient and which are not. During the research of the existence of Kammback effect, there were

compared shapes aerodynamically perfect with modified solids in a Kammback shaped profile way.

For aerodynamic tests was used Ansys Fluent CFD software. In a paper the ways of surface modeling

with usage of Realize Shape module and classic surface modeling were presented. For shapes

modeling Siemens NX 9.0 software was used. Obtained results were used to estimation of existing

shapes and to make appropriate conclusions. On the basis of them, there were created models of

aerodynamically effective vehicles. Keywords: aerodynamics, CAx, FEM, CFD, Electric car, kammback, race car, greenpower, realize shape, freeform

modelling.




121

Paper ID: C-10

CARBON FIBER BASED COMPOSITES STRESS ANALYSIS.

EXPERIMENTAL AND COMPUTER COMPARATIVE STUDIES

Michał Sobek, Andrzej Baier, Łukasz Grabowski & Michał Majzner

Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Engineering


Corresponding author: Michał Sobek, [email protected]

Abstract: Composite materials used nowadays for the production of composites are the result of

advanced research. This allows to assume that they are among the most elaborate tech products of our

century. That fact is evidenced by the widespread use of them in the most demanding industries like

aerospace and space industry. But the heterogeneous materials and their advantages have been known

to mankind in ancient times and the they have been used by nature for millions of years. Among the

fibers used in the industry most commonly used are nylon, polyester, polypropylene, boron, metal,

glass, carbon and aramid. Thanks to their physical properties last three fiber types deserve special

attention. High strength to weight ratio allow the use of many industrial solutions. Composites based

on carbon and glass fibers are widely used in the automotive. Aramid fibers ideal for the fashion

industry where the fabric made from the fibers used to produce the protective clothing.

In the paper "Carbon fiber based composite stress analysis. Laboratory and simulation comparative

studies“ issues of stress analysis of composite materials has been presented.

The components of composite materials and principles of composition have been discussed. Particular

attention was paid to the epoxy resins and the fabrics made from carbon fibers. The article also

includes basic information about strain measurements performed on with a resistance strain gauge

method. For the purpose of the laboratory tests a series of carbon - epoxy composite samples were

made. For this purpose plain carbon textile was used with a weight of 200 g/mm2 and epoxy resin

LG730. During laboratory strain tests described in the paper Tenmex's delta type strain gauge rosettes

were used. They were arranged in specific locations on the surface of the samples. Data acquisition

preceded using HBM measurement equipment, which included measuring amplifier and measuring

head. Data acquisition was performed using the Easy Catman. In order to verify the results of

laboratory tests numerical studies were carried out in a computing environment, Siemens PLM NX

9.0.

For this purpose, samples were modeled composite corresponding to real samples. Tests were made for

boundary conditions compatible with the laboratory tests boundary conditions. Keyword: composites, CAE, carbon fiber, epoxy resin, strain gauge, Delta type rossete.




122

Paper ID: C-11

CONSIDERATIONS REGARDING THE STRESS RELIEVING

IN A SPECIAL PRODUCT

Tiberiu Axinte & Gabriel Vladu


104 MirceacelBatran, 900663, Constanta, Romania

Corresponding author: Tiberiu Axinte, [email protected]

Abstract: The special product has a steel bearing structure located inside the shoulders and it is fitted

with a steel cylinder loaded by an internal pressure pi. The value of the maximum internal pressure is

high, at limit being equal to the allowable stress (σa = pi), where pi = 3000 MPa. The uniform stresses

decrease if there is an external pressure applied on the cylinder. Therefore, it must be produced

external pressure in order to reduce the stress σtmax, in other words to achieve a relieving operation.

The external diameter of the internal tube is larger than the internal diameter of the external tube. In

the normal temperature conditions these two cylinders cannot be assembled. After it is heated up,

expanded cylinder is mounted on the internal cylinder and after the quenching, on the contact surface it

appears a relieving pressure p.We are interested in computing the parameters of this technological

procedure, for the classic way of relieving, namely by heating up the external cylinder. After

processing by cutting, radius R2 of the internal tube is greater than δ = 0.05 mm radius R2 of the

external tube. After cooling, the two tubes have a common radius R2, which will have an average value

between the values they had before the assembling process. This is why the external tube has to suffer

a thermal expansion, the internal tube suffering a compression, so that the two displacements summed,

measured perpendicular to the contact surface, have a value of δ = 0.05 mm.After the relieving

operation, on the contact surface between the two tubes willbe produces a contact pressure, p. In the

paper we study the effect of the relieving pressure p, ontothe stresses if there would be not relieving

and the variation of stresses considering relieving of both the internal tube and the external tube.The

highest values of the stresses are those on the internal face of the bearing. If calculations are in

accordance with the thirdfailure theory it results that the maximum tangential stresses are the highest

values.The values of normal and shearstress influence the phenomenon of relieving in the bearing

because high internal pressures inside the bearing may break the internal tube leading to collapse of the

structure.

Keywords: bearing, cylinder, stressrelieving, dimension, pressure.




123

Paper ID: C-12

TORSIONAL STRESS ANALYSIS OF THE SQUIRREL-CAGE ROTOR FOR

THREE PHASE ASYNCHRONOUS MOTORS

Tiberiu Axinte & Catalin Nutu


104 MirceacelBatran Street, 900663, Constanta, Romania

Corresponding author: Tiberiu Axinte, [email protected]

Abstract: The paper aims to determine the torsional stress occurring in the squirrel-cage rotor‟s shaft of

the three phase asynchronous motors, for the main starting variants of the three phase asynchronous

motor, which are: direct on-line start variant (DOL), the start variant using a star-delta connection

which is the most well-known and used starting variant, the starting variant using a soft starter which is

a modern, electronic alternative to star-delta starting variant for continuous and stepless motor start,

and finally, the most expensive and also most advantageous starting method which is the starting

variant using the frequency inverter, having the advantages that it enables a controlled, stepless motor

start with rated load-torque.Each of the aforementioned starting methods has a certain torque

characteristic and a certain relative starting torque determining a different torsional stress for each

starting variant. The model used for the calculations and determinations in this article uses more

assumptions. Thus, it is assumed that the rotor‟s shaft has a cylindrical form, having a certain diameter

(D), a certain moment of inertia (J) and it rotates, after starting with the rotational speed (n). It is also

assumed that the motor starts to rotate instantaneously with the angular speed ω, determined by the

rotation speed of the rotor (n). Using this assumption, it means that the motor starts to rotate

immediately, in this very short time being assumed that no heating due to the friction is produced, the

entire transmitted kinetic energy being transmitted to the rotor‟s shaft and transformed in deformation

energy of the rotor‟s shaft.In order to determine the torsional stress, the unit torsional stress

corresponding to the shock must be determined.In this work the maximal tangential stress being

produced in the shaft can be calculated using two hypotheses. The first hypothesis takes into account

the mass of the shaft and in the second hypothesis the mass of the shaft is disregarded.We are

interested in the analysis of the maximal tangential stresses occurring by shock torsion, because these

tangential stresses are negatively influencing the operation of the asynchronous motors. Because of

these high stresses caused by shocks, cracks can appear, conducting to the cracking or breaking of the

shaft, causing in the end the motor‟s failure. Moreover, if the shaft is being frequently stressed by

shock torsion, the mechanical fatigue in the interior of the shaft, causing the rotor‟s rupture can occur.

These analysed aspects are important from an economical point of view, because, knowing the values

of the torsion stresses occurring during the shock torsion, the most adequate materials for the motor‟s

manufacturingmay be chosenand the optimal design of the parts loaded by shear stress of the motor

can be adopted. Keywords: three phase asynchronous motor, rotor‟s shaft, rotation speed, moment of inertia, torque.





124

Paper ID: C-13

IMPROVEMENT OF THE ROLLING CONTACT FATIGUE LIFE AND

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF BEARING STEELS BY THERMO-

MECHANICAL TREATMENT

Radu Comaneci



Corresponding author: Radu Comaneci, [email protected]

Abstract: Contact fatigue is a surface-pitting-type failure commonly found in ball bearings due to a

Hertzian localized stress state. During a normal load, the contact geometry and the motion of the

rolling elements of a ball bearing produce an alternating subsurface shear stress that generates pits.

This is the most common defect of bearings.

A combination of plastic deformation and phase transformations in the same heat treatment cycle is an

effective method for the improvement of both mechanical properties and contact fatigue of steels. In

common conditions of the hot deformation, a high-temperature thermo-mechanical treatment (HT-

TMT) consisting of hot deformation of the austenite and subsequent quenching to martensite leads to

the improvement of both strength and plasticity in high-strength martensitic state. If the HT-TMT is

succeeded by a high tempering and a subsequent quenching in a heat-treatment cycle called hereditary

thermo-mechanical treatment (H-TMT), a favorable structural phase changes such as the decrease of

residual austenite amount, refinement of the martensite and modified carbide dispersion including new

dimensions and morphology are expected. It was found that the thermo-mechanical treatment applied

in different H-TMT variants on bearing steels stimulate the carbide precipitation during the high

tempering after the quenching from the deformation temperature. Thus, the carbon content in the

matrix decreases and a favorable structure for subsequent martensite transformation appears. After re-

austenization, an accelerated martensite transformation occurred. Furthermore, after the final

quenching a good level of residual austenite under 5-6% was confirmed by X-ray diffraction.

Experimental wearing tests revealed an improvement of the rolling contact fatigue life of the thermo-

mechanical treated ball bearings as result of the decreasing in residual austenite amount and structure

refinement.




125

Paper ID: C-14

BUILDING A SYSTEM FOR RESEARCH OF ERGONOMIC INDICATORS

AND THEIR ARRANGEMENT TO MAN-MACHINE SYSTEM CONTROLS

Ivan Gostev & Elena Sibirtseva

Department of Buisness-Informatics National Research University “Higher School of Economics”

Moscow, Russia

Corresponding author: Ivan Gostev, [email protected]

Abstract: The development of new human-machine systems constantly arises a need in determining the type

and location of the monitoring and control. It is clear that the time of recognition, decision-making and

response significantly depends on the type of indicators and their location relative to the observer. To solve

the optimization problem of the total time that elapses between the events of noticing and decision making

it is necessary to carry out research based on identifying the most informative placement and type of

indicators and control elements. A hardware-software system for estimating the information content of

indicators and their locations was developed to conduct such studies.

The system is based on tracking human eye pupil in infrared illumination, determining the direction of

movements and fixation points on the control panel, which attract the most attention. Indicator‟s quality as

its self-descriptiveness and suitability of location is determined by the heat map, which demonstrates how

often gaze moved to a certain point, as well as the measured reaction times to certain stimuli presented on

the display. The degree of self-descriptiveness and accuracy of location is in direct ratio to the frequency of

fixation on the certain points of the area and inversely to the reaction time for some stimulus on this

indicator.

In order to calculate where the person looks, it is needed to have some sort of a static point on the image,

whose position is constant. It is performed to ensure that small head movements could not affect the

tracking accuracy, because after head movement the gaze directed at the same point has a different offset

vector than the previous one.

The corneal reflection is assumed as such a point and relatively to it, eye movements are tracked. However,

a great issue arises: depending on the lighting, reflections in the eye may change during tracking, and this

will lead to irrelevant tracking results. To avoid this, we use an infrared diode and camera, which filter

daylight and lets only infrared light. Eye in infrared light has a clear reflection from the infrared diode,

regardless of external lighting.

On account of the current research innovativeness, there is no foregone solution; thus variety of approaches

is combined to achieve the most accurate results. Gaze tracking is an extremely complex issue, so it is

indispensable to divide it into four steps:

1) Find eye region;

2) Find eye and reflection centers;

3) Calibrate and estimate gaze vector;

4) Calculate a “heat map” from gaze track.

Eye region is found using Haar Cascade for face recognition and basic human anatomy knowledge to

localize eye regions. Eye center and reflections recognition is based on gradient images processed with

weights matrix. Given the relative position between pupil and reflection, the screen actual coordinates of

the gaze are determined via a linear mapping procedure. Then to produce a heat map some post-processing

filters are applied to the estimated gaze track. On the basis of this heat maps conclusions are drawn about

the effectiveness and ergonomics of the investigated man-machine interface.

Key words: Gaze tracking, man-mashine interface, image processing and pattern recognition.




126

Paper ID: C-15

ENGINE TEST STAND OF ELECTRICAL RACE CAR

Maja Baier1, Jakub Franiasz

1, Piotr Mierzwa

2 & Dawid Wylenzek

2

1Silesian University of Technology, Faculty Of Mechanical Engineering,

18A Konraskiego Street, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland 2Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Automatic Control, Electronics and Computer Science,

16 Akademicka Street, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland

Corresponding author: Maja Baier, [email protected]

Abstract: An engine test stand created especially for research of electrical race car is described in the

paper. The car is an aim of Silesian Greenpower project whose participants build and test electrical

vehicles to take part in international races in Great Britain.

The engine test stand is used to test and measure the characteristics of vehicles and their engines. It has

been designed particularly to test the electric cars engineered by students of Silesian Greenpower

project. The article contains a description how the test stand works and shows its versatility in many

areas. The paper presents both construction of the test stand, control system and sample results of

conducted research.

The engine test stand was designed and modified using PLM Siemens NX 8.5. The construction of the

test stand is highly modular, which means it can be used both for testing the vehicle itself or for tests

without the vehicle. The test stand has its own wheel, motor, powertrain and braking system with

second engine. Such solution enables verifying various concepts without changing the construction of

the vehicle.

The control system and measurement system are realized by enabling National Instruments product

myRIO (RIO – Reconfigurable Input/Output). This controller in combination with powerful LabVIEW

environment performs as an advanced tool to control torque and speed simultaneously. It is crucial as

far as the test stand is equipped in two motors – the one being tested and the braking one. The

feedback loop is realized by an optical encoder cooperating with the rotor mounted on the wheel.

Difficulties in adjusting values of speed and torque are caused by their high correlation. The proper

control system takes into account this correlation and based on experimentally determined

characteristics selects the appropriate control. In order to use the test stand conveniently there has been

a special application created in LabVIEW. The results of tests are shown live on the screen both as a

chart and as single values. After performing several tests there is a report generated.

The engine test stand is widely used during process of the Silesian Greenpower vehicle design. Its

versatility enables powertrain testing, wheels and tires tests, thermal analysis and more.

Key words: engine test stand, electrical race car, electric motor, control system, powertrain test.




127

Paper ID: C-16

DIGITAL DEVELOPMENT OF PRODUCTS WITH NX9 FOR ACADEMICAL

AREAS

Adrian Mihai Goanta

”Dunarea de Jos” University of Galati, Engineering and Agronomy Faculty of Braila,

no. 29, Calea Calarasilor Street, 810017, Braila, Romania

Corresponding author: Adrian Mihai Goanta, [email protected]

Abstract: International competitiveness, manufacturing enterprises forced to look for new ways to

accelerate the development of digital products through innovation, global alliances and strategic

partnerships. In an environment of global research and development of distributed geographically, all

members of the joint teams made up of companies and universities need to access updated and

accurate information about products created by any of the type employed, student, teacher. Current

design processes involve more complex products consisting of elements of design created by multiple

teams, disciplines and suppliers using independent CAD systems. Even when using a 3D CAD mature

technology, many companies fail to significantly reduce losses in the process, improve product quality

or product type to ensure successful innovations to market arouse interest. These challenges require a

radical rethinking of the business model, which belongs to the field of design, which must be based on

digital development of products based on integrated files. Through this work, the author has proposed

to provide both synthesis and transformations brought news of the integrated NX from Siemens PLM

Software 9, following a news results detailed documentary study, and personal results obtained by

applying the same version, the digital and integrated development of a product type device test beams.

Based on educational license received for NX 9 was made a detailed study of the innovations made by

this release, and the application of some of them went to graphical modeling and getting all the

documentation of a test device bearing beams. Also, were synthesized in terms of methodology, the

steps to take to obtain graphical documentation. The results consist of: 3D models of all parts and

assembly 3D model of the three-dimensional constraints of all component parts and not least

respectively all drawings and assembly drawing. The author also shows selective CAE results of

analyzes performed in the parts subjected to maximum stress. The most important consequence of the

paper is the obtaining of integrated files that can be subjected to further analysis type CAE / CAM /

PDM software components by the same company. Additional advantages related files by the synthesis

of integrated CAD / CAE / CAM / PDM. Key words: digital development, modeling, simulation, design NX 9.





128

Paper ID: C-17

FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF MULTI-PASS EQUAL CHANNEL

ANGULAR PRESSING

Radu Comaneci



Corresponding author: Radu Comaneci, [email protected]

Abstract: In last decades, the importance of severe plastic deformation (SPD) and particularly of equal

channel angular pressing (ECAP) has been considered thanks to their spectacular mechanical

properties reached in obtained ultrafine-grained (UFG) materials.

ECAP is a well-established method for grain refinement in metallic materials by large shear. The

sample is extruded through a die containing two identical cross-sectional channels. In the extrusion

process, the billet crosses the area corresponding to the bisecting plane of the two channels being

subjected to simple shearing To become more effectiveness, the grain refinement can be increased by

rotating billet around its longitudinal axis. Four processing routes were tested: route A without

rotation, route BA and BC with alternating ±90° and same sense 90° rotations respectively, and route C

with 180° rotations. ECAP is a discontinuous process, so a new sample pushes out the previous

sample. As a result, the head and the tail of the sample become strongly distorted, and they must be

removed for the next pass, leading to a smaller workpiece, pass by pass. To avoid the decreasing in

length of the workpiece, a multi-pass ECAP without removing the workpiece from the die was

investigated in the present study. It consists of using a cubic die with 5 rectangular channels, equal in

cross-sectional dimensions, and 5 corresponding punches. At a given moment, three of the channels

are blocked and only one punch is moving into the 4th

channel to push the workpiece through the 5th

left empty channel. Relative position of the two channels will define a particular step of the extrusion

cycle. Successively ordered combinations of the two channels and corresponding punches develop a

complete BC cycle. The workpiece doesn‟t leave the die and no additional repositioning operations are

required. It was found that route BC can be conducted in four interconnected operations with better

strain homogeneity, without removing the workpiece from the die. A tridimensional finite element

analysis to predict the material behavior and accumulated strain distribution was performed. To

confirm modeling, experimental tests and hardness measurements have been carried out. The

simulations results were discussed in terms of accumulated strain using the tracking point method for a

chronological monitoring. The hardness and accumulated strain fit in qualitative terms, validating the

modeling. The results create opportunities in developing integrated systems designed to perform

different ECAP routes for any imposed number of passes.




129

Paper ID: C-18

ACCELERATED TESTING OF AN OPTIMIZED CLOSING SYSTEM FOR

AUTOMOTIVE FUEL TANK

Adrian Gligor1, Sorin Ilie

2, Viorel Nicolae

2 & Gabriela Mitran

2

1Kautex – Textron, Stephenson Highway, No. 750, Troy, Michigan, USA

2University of Pitesti, Faculty of Mechanics and Technology, Automotive and Transport Department,

Tg. din Vale, No. 1, 110040, Pitesti, Romania

Corresponding author: Sorin Ilie, [email protected]

Abstract: Taking into account the legal prescriptions which are in force and the new regulatory

requirements that will be mandatory to implement in the near future regarding testing characteristics of

automotive fuel tanks, resulted the necessity to develop a new testing methodology which allows to

estimate the behaviour of the closing system of automotive fuel tank over a long period of time (10-15

years). Thus, were designed and conducted accelerated tests under extreme assembling and testing

conditions (high values for initial tightening torques, extreme values of temperature and pressure). In

this paper are presented two of durability tests which were performed on an optimized closing system

of fuel tank: (i) the test of exposure to temperature with cyclical variation and (ii) the test of

continuous exposure to elevated temperature. In these experimental tests have been used main

components of the closing system manufactured of two materials variants, both based on the

polyoxymethylene, material that provides higher mechanical stiffness and strength in a wide

temperature range, as well as showing increased resistance to the action of chemical agents and fuels.

The tested sample included a total of 16 optimized locking systems, 8 of each of 2 versions of material.

Over deploying the experiments were determined various parameters such as: the initial tightening

torque, the tightening torque at different time points during measurements, the residual tightening

torque, defects occurred in the system components (fissures, cracks, ruptures), the sealing conditions

of system at the beginning and at the end of test. Based on obtained data were plotted the time

evolution diagrams of considered parameter (the residual tightening torque of the system consisting of

locking nut and threaded ring), in different temperature conditions, becoming possible to make

pertinent assessments on the choice between the two types of materials. By conducting these tests and

interpreting the obtained results, it can be created a clear picture of the capacity of closing system of

fuel tank to fulfil the functional requirements following the exposure to values of testing parameters

significantly above the values that may appear throughout the entire service life of the vehicle. The

proposed accelerated testing method shows the main advantage of simulation in a limited time all the

situations which may be encountered in a much longer period of time, namely the service life of the

vehicle. Key words: accelerated tests, testing methodology, automotive fuel tank, closing system, residual tightening torque, service

life.




130

Paper ID: C-19

A STUDY OF FLUID FLOW SIMULATION IN CONVERGENT–DIVERGENT

NOZZLES

Ionel Olaru

“Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Calea Marasesti 157, Bacau, Romania

Corresponding author: Ionel Olaru, [email protected]

Abstract: In industrial applications coolants are used for different working situations. The cooling fluid

is sent in the area to be cooled in particular by means of nozzles. A nozzle is generally a device that

increases the velocity of a fluid flow at the expense of this pressure, the flow of fluid through nozzles

may be regarded as adiabatic expansion. The nozzles have a special geometry to send a small amount

of liquid but to have a good cooling effect.

A study of geometry nozzle is particularly important in optimizing the quantity of coolant in terms to

minimize that quantity or coolant can be used for lubrication of machines moving parts. Coolants can

be from the simplest (water, air) as well as a mixture of liquid (emulsions) to achieve a good cooling in

function of temperature that develops in the area concerned.

Cooling liquids or lubricants used requires a special attention, a greater quantity of liquid consumed

can be harmful environment, a larger quantity of fluid can generate high production costs, depending

on their chemical composition and reaction with various heated zones of the process may be harmful to

the operator.

Appropriate nozzle geometry could use a minimum quantity of coolant that can accurately be sent to

the area to be cooled. The study from this paper proposes an analysis and a simulation of flow through

the convergent-divergent nozzle type to optimize them and also to use a minimum quantity of coolant

or lubricant. This study will focus on the analysis of cooling systems for cutting processes on machine

tools.

The simulations are performed using a specialized program with finite element which analysis the flow

through the different nozzles with different operating parameters and different geometries of a

convergent-divergent nozzle. These simulations can be compared to real working conditions on the

machine tool system. Key words: fluid, flow, convergent, divergent, nozzle.





131

Paper ID: C-20

ASPECTS REGARDING AT 13

C ISOTOPE SEPARATION COLUMN

CONTROL USING PETRI NETS SYSTEM

Maria Loredana Boca & Mihaela Elisabeta Ciortea

“1 Decembrie 1918” University of Alba Iulia-Romania, Faculty of Science and Engineering,

Blvd. N. Iorga, No. 11-13, 515900, Alba Iulia, Romania

Corresponding author: Boca Maria Loredana, [email protected]

Abstract: In this paper we simulate the control of 13

C Isotope Separation column using Petri net. The

major issue with 13

C comes from the difficulty of obtaining it and raising its natural fraction. Carbon

isotopes can nowadays be separated using many methods, one of them being the cryogenic distillation

of carbon monoxide.

Very few aspects regarding the construction and operating conditions of such cryogenic plants are

known today, and even less information is available as far as the separation process modeling and

control are concerned.

However, the efficient control of the carbon monoxide distillation process represents a necessity for

large-scale 13

C production. Referring to a classic distillation process, several models for carbon isotope

separation have been proposed, some based on mass, component and energy balance equations, some

on the nonlinear wave theory or the Cohen equations

For modeling system we have used Petri nets because we have in our case discrete event systems. In

use of the non-timed and with auxiliary times Petri model, the transport stream was divided into

sections and these sections will be analyzed successively. Due to the complexity of the system and the

large amount of calculations required it was not possible to analyze the system as a unitary whole. A

first attempt to model the system as a unitary whole led to the blocking of the model during simulation,

because of the large processing times. Key words: control,

13C isotope separation column, petri nets.




132

Paper ID: C-21

MODEL OF DECISION SYSTEM FOR 13

C ISOTOPE SEPARATION

COLUMN

Maria Loredana Boca



Corresponding author: Boca Maria Loredana, [email protected]

Abstract: This paper presents present the model of one decisional system for 13

C Isotope Separation

column, using the model for mission critical situation detection. The start model was a model of one

distributed control system of critical situations that may arise in the operation of the distillation

column. In these simulations, a wireless communication network is used, to transmit data. We

considered as study case, two critical situations that may arise due to increased pressure:

a) increasing the pressure inside the column;

b) increasing the pressure in the vacuum cover of the column.

The column, with the simplified scheme, separates the carbon isotopes based on the cryogenic

distillation of pure carbon monoxide, which is fed at a constant flow rate as a gas through the feeding

system.

At extremely low temperatures (about -192oC), the vapor pressure (P1) of (

12C

16O) is greater than the

pressure (P2) of (13

C16

O) and the separation coefficient is:

007.12

1 o

o

P

P

In this research we make a model of decision system witch implement a temperature sensor inside of

liquid nitrogen level in the condenser. The work temperature is very low about -192oC, and is a very

critical location of the column because the temperature can grow or go down more than 2 degrees. In

this way we have to deeply monitor and supervision this condenser and make a decision in a proper

time when the temperature is in a critical situation. Our model decision system give a signal to the

sensor to alarm when something is wrong in the condenser. Key words: decision system,

13C isotope separation column, model.




133

Paper ID: C-22

DETERMINATION OF MODAL ATTENUATION DUE TO EXTERNAL AND

INTERNAL FLUIDS IN PIPES

Mihai Valentin Predoi1, Cristian Cătălin Petre

2, Mihail Boiangiu

1, Andrei Crafăleanu

1

& Ovidiu Vasile1

1 University Politehnica of Bucharest, Dept. of Mechanics,

Splaiul Independentei 313, 060042, Bucharest, Romania 2University Politehnica of Bucharest, Dept. of Strenght of Materials,

Splaiul Independentei 313, 060042, Bucharest, Romania

Corresponding author: Mihai Valentin Predoi, E-mail [email protected]

Abstract: The ultrasonic nondestructive evaluation of structural integrity of pipes in high risk industres

such as chemical or nuclear, represents a domain of highest importance. The inspection of kilometres

of piping in rough conditions is a difficult if not an impossible task. Guided ultrasonic waves can

propagate however along tens of meters in pipes and bring by the reflected signal, important

information concerning the presence of flaws.

There are three classes of guided modes in a pipe: longitudinal, torsional and flexural. The longitudinal

modes have an axial symmetry of the radial and axial displacements. These waves prove to be most

sensitive to partly circumferential flaws. These waves are dispersive, the wave velocity strongly

depending on the frequency. The torsional modes are less dispersive, especially the fundamental SH0

mode. Moreover, the radial displacements are negligible, reducing the interaction with the surrounding

fluids and thus reducing the attenuation. The interaction of these ewaves with axial flaws is more

pronounced. The flexural modes are highly dispersive and attenuated. However, if the symmetry of the

emmiting transducer is not perfect, these modes can propagate in the pipe and their properties must be

understood.

The presence of fluid inside and in some cases outside the inspected pipe represents a challenging

problem of computing the guided modes dispersion curves. The various guided modes velocities and

attenuations are determined for several fluid which might be filling and surrounding the common size

steel pipes. A dedicated software package developed by our team is used for this purpose. These

dispersion curves are used for optimal numerical simulation, using the Finite Elements Method (FEM),

in order to verify the attenuation mechanism. The obtained results allow a motivated selection of the

least attenuated mode, from the three classes explained before, at a given inspection frequency and for

a typical steel pipe, filled with various fluids.

The numerical data are compared with results obtained in laboratory experiments. The experimental

setup is using common ultrasonic transducers in a special geometrical arrangement. The experiments

allow the measurement of the numerically predicted modal attenuation. The maximum expected

inspection range can be accurately determined before the inspection on real industrial piping. Key words: guided waves, modal attenuation, pipes.




134

Paper ID: C-23

MODELING BUCKET EXCAVATION BY FINITE ELEMENT

Olimpia Mioara Pecingina

University “Constantin Brancusi” of Tg-Jiu, Faculty of Engineering,

30 Eroilor Street, 210135, Tg-Jiu, Romania

Corresponding author: Olimpia Mioara Pecingina, [email protected]

Abstract: Changes in geological components of the layers from lignite pits have an impact on the

sustainability of the cup path elements and under the action of excavation force appear efforts leading

to deformation of the entire assembly. Application of finite element method in the optimization of

components leads to economic growth, to increase the reliability and durability of the studied machine

parts thus the machine. It is obvious usefulness of knowledge the state of mechanical tensions that the

designed piece or the assembly not to break under the action of tensions that must cope during

operation. In the course of excavation work on all bucket cutting force components, the first coming

into contact with the material being excavated cutting edge. Therefore in the study with finite element

analysis is retained only cutting edge. To study the field of stress and strain on the cutting edge will be

created geometric patterns for each type of cup this will be subject to static analysis. The geometric

design retains the cutting edge shape and on this on the tooth cassette location will apply an areal force

on the abutment tooth. The cutting edge real pattern is subjected to finite element study for the worst

case of rock cutting by symmetrical and asymmetrical cups whose profile is different. The purpose of

the calculation is to determine the displacement and tensions field for both profiles considering the

maximum force applied on the cutting edge and the depth of the cutting is equal with the width of the

cutting edge of the tooth. It will consider the worst case when on the structure will act both the

tangential force and radial force on the bucket profile. For determination of stress and strain field on

the form design of cutting edge profile will apply maximum force assuming uniform distribution and

on the edge surface force will apply a radial force. After geometric patterns discretization on the

cutting knives and determining stress field, can be seen that at the rectangular profile appears the

"clogging" phenomenon of the cutting edge and at the polygonal profile the point of application

remains constant without going inside. From the analysis it can be concluded that the polygonal

profiles made of dihedral angles are much more durable and asymmetric cups tend to have uniform

tension along the entire perimeter.

Key words: lignite pits, finite element method, displacement, tensions, cutting edge, profile.




135

Paper ID: C-24

INFLUENCE OF THROTTLING OF PNEUMATIC ACTUATORS

AT THE POSITIONING ACCURACY

Mariusz Piotr Hetmanczyk & Piotr Michalski



Corresponding author: Mariusz Piotr Hetmanczyk, [email protected]

Abstract: Changing the dynamic motion parameters of pneumatic equipment requires control of pressure

and the volumetric flow rate. Machines based on pneumatic drives belong to units with high reliability

indexes. Despite many advantages still exists a problem connected with the positioning of linear and

rotary actuators. The main cause of problems is the air compressibility. Furthermore at positioning of

the moving parts of pneumatic drives directly affect:

set value and fluctuations in the supply pressure;

losses of pressure (directional control valves, throttling valves, pneumatic hose, etc.);

applied lubrication and operating temperature (affecting the density of the used oil or lubricant);

air filtration (incorrectly selection of filter causes a penetration of dirt from entering the system and

increase frictional resistance);

characteristics of the load (force: mass or concentrated, fixed or variable).

Additionally the frictional force varies within a change in movement speed of the piston and the

pressure in the actuator cylinder. In most cases, the movement speed setting is made by the operator in

a manner dependent on the experience.

The primary objective of this study was to determine the relationship between the three parameters that

affect the positioning accuracy of pneumatic linear drives (supply pressure, velocity and mass of the

displaced value). Measurements were carried out in the extreme values of the attenuation coefficient

(0%, 50% and border) setting on non-return throttle valves. The border factor was defined as value

resulted in the loss of motion smoothness at the stage of the movement and positioning with given

parameters of the pneumatic medium. During the measurements, the following parameters were

recorded: piston position, vibration level (based on the effective values of velocity) measured with

sensors mounted on the moving elements (connected rigid with the piston) and cylinder cap (at the top

side).

The article presents a study of the impact of setting control parameters and external disturbances on the

positioning accuracy of rodless double acting actuator. Testing process was carried out at different

values of the adjustable parameters of the actuator and external loads. The probe mass was selected

within cushioning diagram so that the operating point was placed on the curve of limiting speed of

movement of the actuator. Key words: condition monitoring, pneumatic systems, vibrations, positioning accuracy.




136

Paper ID: C-25

THE QUALITATIVE ASSESSMENT OF PNEUMATIC ACTUATORS OPERATION IN TERMS OF

VIBRATION CRITERIA

Mariusz Piotr Hetmanczyk & Piotr Michalski



Corresponding author: Mariusz Piotr Hetmanczyk, [email protected]

Abstract: Work quality of pneumatic actuators can be assessed in terms of multiple criteria. In case of

complex systems with pneumatic drives retained at end positions (impact of the piston in cylinder

covers) the vibration criteria constitute reliable indicators. Cyclic hitting of the piston in cylinder

covers (front and back) is a negative phenomenon lowering the actuator lifetime. Pneumatic actuators

have gained great popularity in the industry, thanks to the many advantages among other things:

cleanliness of work, simplicity of construction, simple adjustment of durability and high resistance to

external factors. The paper presents the impact assessment on the operating parameters of the rodless

pneumatic cylinder on selected vibration symptoms. Rodless cylinders are often used in the

construction of pneumatic manipulators, linear movement mechanisms and applications with high

loads of forces and bending moments. Described drives are equipped with end-position cushioning

circuits which allow minimising of strokes of the piston at covers. The primary target of presented

researches is to determine the suitability of the use of vibration diagnostic methods for the quality

estimation of operation of pneumatic systems and minimizing energy due to the motion of the piston.

The basis of presented studies is strictly connected with problems arising from the lack of methods

allowing tuning of linear pneumatic actuators in order to increasing the life of the drive, minimizing

the kinetic energy of conveyed masses and vibrations of machines. In most cases the maintenance

service of production plants based on experience without evaluation of measured parameters.

During the measurements, the following parameters were recorded: pressure at the outlet of draining

chamber (cushioned chamber) with usage of throttle valve dedicated to cushioning (pneumatic

throttling), vibration level (based on the effective values of velocity) measured with sensors mounted

on the moving elements (connected rigid with the piston) and cylinder cap (at the top side). The

actuator has been inclined with respect to horizontal direction to determine the effect of the braking

weight on speed and vibration of the actuator (force and torque load).

On the basis of performed analysis the authors shown method allowing evaluation of the performance

and tuning of end position of damping piston with usage of most common diagnostic tools (portable

analyzers of vibrations). Key words: condition monitoring, pneumatic systems, vibrations, cushioning.




137

Paper ID: C-26

TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESS SUPERVISING USING VISION SYSTEMS

COOPERATING WITH THE LABVIEW VISION BUILDER

Przemysław Hryniewicz, Wacław Banaś, Aleksander Gwiazda,

Krzysztof Foit & Agnieszka Sękala



Corresponding author: Przemysław Hryniewicz, [email protected]

Abstract: One of the most important tasks in the production process is to supervise its proper

functioning. Lack of required supervision over the production process can lead to incorect

manufacturing of the final element, through the production line downtime and hence to financial

losses. The worst result is the damage of the equipment involved in the manufacturing process.

Engineers supervise the production flow correctness use the great range of sensors supporting the

supervising of a manufacturing element. Vision systems are one of sensors families. In recent years,

thanks to the accelerated development of electronics as well as the easier access to electronic products

and attractive prices, they become the cheap and universal type of sensors. These sensors detect

practically all objects, regardless of their shape or even the state of matter. The only problem is

considered with transparent or mirror objects, detected from the wrong angle. Integrating the vision

system with the Labview Vision and the Labview Vision Builder it is possible to determine not only at

what position is the given element but also to set its reorientation relative to any point in an analyzd

space. The paper present exemplary process of automated inspection of the manufacturing process in a

manufacturing workcell using the vision supervising system.

Key words: Object recognition, Labview Vision, robotised workcell.




138

Paper ID: C-27

COMPUTER AIDED PRODUCTION PLANNING - SWZ

SYSTEM OF ORDER VERIFICATION

Damian Krenczyk & Bozena Skolud

Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering,

Konarskiego 18A, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland

Corresponding author: Bozena Skolud, [email protected]

Abstract: The SWZ - computer production orders verification system, assisting in the decision-making

processes of the acceptance or rejection of the production orders for production planning is presented

in the paper. The multi-assortment concurrent rhythmic production has been taken into account in this

approach. SWZ system enables determining the control procedures assigned to resources in the form

of local dispatching rules for the steady-states of production flow and the transient dispatching rules

for the starting-up and cease of production, used during the initiation and termination of orders in the

production system. The generated rules are designed to ensure the acceptable production execution

quality (without deadlocks and starvations) and timely execution of orders. SWZ also generates

information about the necessity to reject the production order which do not have a chance to perform

in due date with the identified resource constraints. Developed and implemented algorithms and

methodology support operations of enterprises in different areas: area of works organization in the

enterprise, during the development process of product and manufacturing processes design, in

activities related to the maintenance and throughout the monitoring of works progress process and

utilization of resources. SWZ is a computer implementation of the methodology that support fast

decision making on the acceptability of a production order, which allows to determine not the best

possible solution, but admissible solution that it is possible to find in an acceptable time (feasible

solution) and acceptable due to the existing constraints. The methodology uses the propagation of

constraints techniques and reduced to test a sequence of arbitrarily selected conditions. Fulfillment of

all the conditions (the conjunction) provides the ability to perform production orders. In the paper

examples of the application of SWZ system comprising the steps of planning and control have been

presented. The obtained results allowing the determination of acceptable production flow in the system

- determination of the manufacturing system parameters those that ensure execution of orders in time

under the resource constraints. SWZ also allows to generate the dispatching rules as a sequence of

processing operations for each production resource, performed periodically during the production flow

in the system. Furthermore the examples of SWZ and simulation systems integration have been shown

using the original integration methodology based on data transformation methods. SWZ has been

enhanced with a module generating XML documents containing the information entered into the

system and output script code of the simulation model. Key words: production planning and control, integration, transient state, dispatching rules.




139

Paper ID: C-28

REDUCTION OF VIBRATION BY USING MECHATRONICAL SUBSYSTEM

Katarzyna Białas & Andrzej Buchacz

Silesian University of Technology University, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Engineering Processes

Automation and Integrated Manufacturing Systems, Konarskiego 18A, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland

Corresponding author: Katarzyna Białas, [email protected]

Abstract: The main purpose of this work is the presentation synthesis of mechanical systems including

active elements reducing unwanted vibrations. In result of conducted synthesis was received structures

and parameters of a discrete model meeting the defined requirements concerning the dynamic features

of the system, in particular, the frequency spectrum. The presented approach i.e. a non-classical

synthetic method applied in designing mechanical or mechatronical systems, one (as early as at the

design and construction stage) may verify future systems. The synthesis may also be applied to modify

the already existing systems in order to achieve a desired result. The synthesis consists of two basic

stages. At the first stage, while designing a new system, it is necessary to define the requirements

related to the frequency of free vibration of the system; this being done in order to obtain the structure

and parameters of a system composed only of passive elements in the form of inert and elastic

elements. At the second stage, designer match active subsystem reducing unwanted vibrations.The aim

of this paper is also analysis of of obtained systeme to check relationship between basic system and

active subsystem reduction vibrations. This active subsystem was consisted from electric elements. In this paper was used method of polar graphs and their relationship with algebra of structural numbers. This method is called a non-classical method. The use of such a method enables the analysis and synthesis of mechanical systems irrespective of the type and number of the elements of such a system. The application of active elements to eliminate vibration enables overcoming limitations which occur if passive elements are used. Active elements give better results in case of reduction of low frequency vibrations. Presented approach simplifies the process of selecting the dynamical parameters of systems in view of their dynamical characteristics. Thank to the approach, introduced in this paper, can be conducted as early as during the designing of future functions of the system as well as during the construction of the system. Using method and obtained results can be value for designers of mechanical systems with elements reducing vibrations.

Key words: analysis, synthesis, active elements, passive elements, reduction of vibrations.




140

Paper ID: C-29

A METHOD OF COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN WITH SELF-GENERATIVE

MODELS IN NX SIEMENS ENVIRONMENT

Cezary Grabowik1, Krzysztof Kalinowski

1, Wojciech Kempa

2 & Iwona Paprocka

1

1Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Engineering Processes Automation

and Integrated Manufacturing Systems, Konarskiego 18A, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland 2 Silesian University of Technology, The Faculty of Applied Mathematics, Institute of Mathematics,

Konarskiego 23A Str., 44–100, Gliwice, Poland

Corresponding author: Cezary Grabowik, [email protected]

Abstract: Currently in CAD/CAE/CAM systems it is possible to create 3D design virtual models which

are able to capture certain amount of knowledge. These models are especially useful in an automation

of routine design tasks. These models are known as self-generative or auto generative and they can

behave in an intelligent way. The main difference between the auto generative and fully parametric

models consists in the auto generative models ability to self-organizing. In this case design model self-

organizing means that aside from the possibility of making of automatic changes of model quantitative

features these models possess knowledge how these changes should be made. Moreover they are able

to change quality features according to specific knowledge. In spite of undoubted good points of self-

generative models they are not so often used in design constructional process which is mainly caused

by usually great complexity of these models. This complexity makes the process of self-generative

time and labour consuming. It also needs a quite great investment outlays. The creation process of self-

generative model consists of the three stages it is knowledge and information acquisition, model type

selection and model implementation. In this paper methods of the computer aided design with self-

generative models in NX Siemens CAD/CAE/CAM software are presented. There are the five methods

of self-generative models preparation in NX with: parametric relations model, part families, GRIP

language application, knowledge fusion and OPEN API mechanism. In the paper examples of each

type of the self-generative model are presented. These methods make the constructional design process

much faster. It is suggested to prepare this kind of self-generative models when there is a need of

design variants creation. The conducted research on assessing the usefulness of elaborated models

showed that they are highly recommended in case of routine tasks automation. But it is still difficult to

distinguish which method of self-generative preparation is most preferred. It always depends on a

problem complexity. The easiest way for such a model preparation is this with the parametric relations

model whilst the hardest one is this with the OPEN API mechanism. From knowledge processing point

of view the best choice is application of the knowledge fusion. Key words: CAD, self-organising model, auto generative model, NX, OPEN API, knowledge fusion.




141

Paper ID: C-30

PRODUCTION SCHEDULING WITH DISCRETE AND RENEWABLE

ADDITIONAL RESOURCES

Krzysztof Kalinowski1, Cezary Grabowik

1, Iwona Paprocka

1 & Wojciech Kempa

2


and Integrated Manufacturing Systems, 18A Konarskiego Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland 2Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Applied Mathematics, Institute of Mathematics,

23 Kaszubska Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland

Corresponding author: Krzysztof Kalinowski, [email protected]

Abstract: In this paper some different approaches to planning of additional resources when scheduling

operations are discussed. The considered resources are assumed to be discrete and renewable. In most

research in scheduling domain, the basic and often the only type of regarded resources is a

workstation. It can be understood as a machine, device or even as a separated space on the shop floor.

There are also solutions in which a single resource represents a production cell of a higher level, e.g. a

work centre or production line, a division, department or a production plant in a specific location. In

such situations, the schedule can be created in a hierarchical manner, by scheduling at the higher level

of the cells first, and next, more detailed, in the particular cells of the lower level. Regardless of the

above, during the detailed scheduling of operations the need of using more than one resource, required

for its implementation, can be indicated. Resource requirements for an operation may relate to

different resources or resources of the same type. Additional resources are most often referred to these

human resources, tools or equipment, for which the limited availability in the manufacturing system

may have an influence on the execution date of an operations in the schedule. In the paper the concept

of the division into of basic and additional resources and the way of their planning was shown. A

situation in which the sets of basic and additional resources are not separable – the same additional

resource may be a basic resource for another operation is also considered. Scheduling of operations,

including greater amount of resources can cause many difficulties, depending on whether the resource

is involved in the entire time of operation, only in the selected part(s) of operation (e.g. as auxiliary

staff at setup time) or cyclic – e.g. when an operator supports more than one machine, or supervises the

execution of several operations. The date and time of resources participation in the operation can then

be different. Presented issues are crucial when modelling of production scheduling environment and

designing of structures for the purpose scheduling software development. Keywords: scheduling, discrete and renewable resources, modelling, additional resources.




142

Paper ID: C-31

STUDY REGARDING THE DATA ASSEMBLING PROCESS FOR

COMPUTER AIDED ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS

Alexandru Pescaru1, Emil Oanta

2, Tiberiu Axinte

2 & Anca-Elena Dascalescu

3

1Constanta Maritime University, Faculty of Navigation and Naval Transport,

104 Mircea cel Batran Street, 900663, Constanta, Romania 2Constanta Maritime University, Faculty of Naval Electro-Mechanics,

104 Mircea cel Batran Street, 900663, Constanta, Romania 3Politehnica University of Bucharest, Faculty of Power Engineering,

313 Splaiul Independentei, Sector 6, 060042, Bucharest, Romania

Corresponding author: Emil Oanta, [email protected]

Abstract: The creation of the computer based models in engineering may lead to the creation of a system

of equations which must be solved. There are several examples in structural studies when either

analytic approaches or numerical methods are producing systems of equations. Among these cases, we

may identify a particular set of cases where the unknowns are grouped in certain points, designated

nodes. In this way, we may consider the following cases: interpolation which uses spline functions,

deflected shape of straight bar modelled either by the use of the method of initial parameters, or using

the finite difference method, displacements of a thin plate using the finite difference method. The

paper presents an analysis of this particular type of models and presents solutions regarding a strategy

to conceive a general data structure which may be used for the rapid development of software

applications. The definition of the data type takes into consideration the nodal parameters, identifiers

of these nodal parameters, flags of these nodal parameters and others. There were identified two types

of equations which use this node-wise information: a first class of equations are connecting the

parameters of the same node. The second class of relations connects the same type of parameters

belonging to two adjacent nodes, for instance in the case of the method of initial parameters we have

the equations of the shear force, of the bending moments, of the rotation and of the displacements.

Following these ideas there is proposed a general approach to define the nodal data as a data type to be

used in the classes oriented programming languages widely used nowadays. One of the most important

consequences is the creation of the software library used as a foundation for the development of

intelligent software instruments which take into account all the parameters that influence the

phenomenon under investigation, has open-system features and leads to the development of flexible

cross-platform software libraries to be used in various other directions. Last but not least, there should

be reminded that the paper is based on an extensive experience in software development of turn-key

software instruments for engineering problems. Key words: data assembling process, high flexibility, computer aided engineering, original software applications.




143

Paper ID: C-32

EXTENDED PRECISION DATA TYPES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE

ORIGINAL COMPUTER AIDED ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS

Alexandru Pescaru1, Emil Oanta

2, Tiberiu Axinte

2 & Anca-Elena Dascalescu

3


104 Mircea cel Batran Street, 900663, Constanta, Romania 2Constanta Maritime University, Faculty of Naval Electro-Mechanics,

104 Mircea cel Batran Street, 900663, Constanta, Romania 3Politehnica University of Bucharest, Faculty of Power Engineering,

313 Splaiul Independentei, Sector 6, 060042, Bucharest, Romania


Abstract: Computer aided engineering is based on models of the phenomena which are expressed as

algorithms. The implementations of the algorithms are usually software applications which are

processing a large volume of numerical data, regardless the size of the input data. In this way, the

finite element method applications used to have an input data generator which was creating the entire

volume of geometrical data, starting from the initial geometrical information and the parameters stored

in the input data file. Moreover, there were several data processing stages, such as: renumbering of the

nodes meant to minimize the size of the band length of the system of equations to be solved,

computation of the equivalent nodal forces, computation of the element stiffness matrix, assemblation

of system of equations, solving the system of equations, computation of the secondary variables. The

modern software application use pre-processing and post-processing programs to easily handle the

information. Beside this example CAE applications use various stages of complex computation, being

very interesting the accuracy of the final results. Along time, the development of CAE applications

was a constant concern of the authors and the accuracy of the results was a very important target. The

paper presents the various computing techniques which were imagined and implemented in the

resulting applications: finite element method programs, finite difference element method programs,

applied general numerical methods applications, data generators, graphical applications, experimental

data reduction programs. In this context, the use of the extended precision data types was one of the

solutions, the limitations being imposed by the size of the memory which may be allocated. To avoid

the memory-related problems the data was stored in files. To minimize the execution time, part of the

file was accessed using the dynamic memory allocation facilities. The paper also presents the results

regarding the arbitrary precision data types tests, the memory allocation tests and the type conversion

tests. One of the most important consequences of the paper is the design of a library which includes the

optimized solutions previously tested, that may be used for the easily development of original CAE

cross-platform applications. Last but not least, beside the generality of the data type solutions, there is

targeted the development of a software library which may be used for the easily development of node-

based CAE applications, each node having several known or unknown parameters, the system of

equations being automatically generated and solved. Key words: arbitrary precision data types, type conversion, software library, facile modelling in engineering.




144

Paper ID: C-33

TIME-DEPENDENT SOLUTION FOR THE MANUFACTURING LINE

WITH UNRELIABLE MACHINE AND BATCHED ARRIVALS

Wojciech M. Kempa 1, Iwona Paprocka

2, Cezary Grabowik

2 & Krzysztof Kalinowski

2

1Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Applied Mathematics, Institute of Mathematics,

23 Kaszubska Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland 2Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Engineering Processes Automation

and Integrated Manufacturing Systems, 18A Konarskiego Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland

Corresponding author: Wojciech M. Kempa, [email protected]

Abstract: The in-depth analysis of the operation of a manufacturing line with an unreliable service station at

different traffic scenarios requires the knowledge about the behaviour of key stochastic characteristics of the

system, like the queue-size distribution of waiting jobs or the number of jobs being completely processed during

the fixed time period. It is worth noting that in the literature analytical results obtained for queues with server

breakdowns are dedicated mainly to the stationary state of the system. However, as it seems, time-dependent

(non-stationary) analysis of system‟s behaviour is often desired or even necessary. Firstly, a machine failure

“cancels” the stationary state of the system, so in the case of relatively frequent breakdowns it is difficult to

observe the system working in the stationary regime. Next, it is often necessary to analyse system‟s operation

just after its opening or after applying a new control mechanism, so before the system stabilizes. Finally, the

convergence rate of transient stochastic characteristics of the system to the stationary ones is often too slow to

accept the stationary regime as the determinant of a typical system‟s behaviour.

In the article we study the time-dependent queue-size distribution in a single-machine manufacturing line with

failures, modelled by a finite-buffer queueing system with server breakdowns. A typical input stream of

individual jobs is generalized by considering batched arrivals occurring according to a compound Poisson

process. Successive jobs are processed individually with exponentially distributed service time. The evolution

of the system can be observed during successive working periods followed by repair times. If the arriving job

finds the machine busy with processing a job, joins the buffer queue or, if the buffer is saturated, is being lost.

Applying the approach based on the memoryless properties of exponential distribution and the formula of total

probability (compare e.g. [2] and [3]) we derive a system of integral equations for the queue-size distribution

conditioned by the initial state of the buffer queue. The solution of the corresponding system written for

transforms of conditional distributions we obtain by using the linear-algebraic approach (see [1]). The study

delivers theoretical solution for time-dependent behaviour of the queue of waiting jobs which can be helpful in

the performance evaluation of a real manufacturing line, and in the prediction of line‟s evolution in different

scenarios.

References: 1. Wojciech M. Kempa: Time-dependent behavior of queueing delay in GI/M/1/K-type model N-policy: analytical study

with applications to WSNs. In: Analytical and stochastic modeling techniques and applications. ASMTA 2014. 21st

International Conference, Budapest, Hungary, June 30 - July 2, 2014. Proceedings. Eds. B. Sericola, M. Telek, G. Horvath.

Berlin: Springer (2013), 110-124, (Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 8499 0302-9743);

2. Wojciech M. Kempa: Time-dependent queue-size distribution in the finite GI/M/1 model with AQM-type dropping. Acta

Electrotechnica et Informatica, vol. 13, no. 4 (2013), 85-90.

3. Wojciech M. Kempa: On transient queue-size distribution in the batch arrival system with the N-policy and setup times.

Mathematical Communications, vol. 17, no. 1 (2012), 285-302.

Key words: finite buffer capacity, manufacturing line, queue-size distribution, repair time, transient state, working time.

http://www.bg.polsl.pl/expertusbin/expertus.cgi?KAT=%2Fvar%2Fwww%2Fbibgl%2Fexpertusdata%2Fpar%2F&FST=data.fst&FDT=data.fdt&ekran=ISO&lnkmsk=2&cond=AND&mask=2&F_00=06&V_00=Analytical+and+stochastic+modeling+techniques+and+applications+

http://www.bg.polsl.pl/expertusbin/expertus.cgi?KAT=%2Fvar%2Fwww%2Fbibgl%2Fexpertusdata%2Fpar%2F&FST=data.fst&FDT=data.fdt&ekran=ISO&lnkmsk=2&cond=AND&mask=2&F_00=27&V_00=Lecture+Notes+in+Computer+Science+




145

Paper ID: C-34

RECURRENCE PLOT FOR PARAMETERS ANALYSING OF INTERNAL

COMBUSTION ENGINE

Octavian Alexa1, Constantin-Ovidiu Ilie, Marin Marinescu, Radu Vilau,

& Dănuț Grosu

Military Technical Academy, Faculty of Mechatronics and Integrated Systems for Armament, Dept. of Military

Automotive and Transportation, Bd. George Cosbuc nr. 39-49, sector 5, Bucharest 050141, Romania

Corresponding author: Octavian Alexa, [email protected]

Abstract: In many technical disciplines modern data analysis techniques has been succesfully aplied to

understand the complexity of the system. In the last three decades the recurrence plot analysis has been

developed as another method to describe complex dynamics. Recurrense plot analysis (RPA) was

introduced for the first time in 1987 in the paper published by Eckman, Kamhorst and Ruelle. The

starting point of the recurrence plot analysis is the idea that a measured time series is the result of the

interaction of different relevant variables of a dynamic process. For examples, an internal combustion

engine is a highly complex system with a large number of parameters that influence its dynamics.

Engine torque, engine angular speed or hourly fuel consumption could be considered realizations of

that dynamical system. Each of that measured parameter is a one-dimention output of a

multidimesional dynamic system. The method (RPA) infers characteristics of the original system and

predicts its behavior in the future given the history of its output. It analysed signal dynamics in

reconstructed phase-space and reveals visual information about distance correlation between two

points of atrractor. Our research was motivated by the desire to identify more intimate dependencies

between outputs and inputs of the internal combustion engine. In this respect we've conducted a large

number of tests using more than 10 cars with 1.6 l petrol engine. Most of the experimental data were

acquired and stored in the tester and other two them were computed using static characteristics of the

engine that had been obtained on the test bench. The recurrence plot investigation for the analysing of

the internal combustion engine as is presented in this paper, shows some of the RPA capabilities in this

domain. This work is an incipient research, being the firt attempt of using recurrence plot for analysing

mechanical systems. It opens a wide field of action for future research programs. Key words: recurrence plot, internal combustion engine, engine torque, angular engine speed, huerly fuel consumption.




146

Paper ID: C-35

APPLICATIONS OF VECTOR CONTROL OF ASYNCHRONOUS MOTOR

IN MARITIME TRANSPORT

Marian Dordescu & Violeta Ciucur

Maritime University of Constanta-Romania, Department of Engineering Sciences in the Electrical Field,

Mircea cel Batran Street, No. 104, 900663, Constanta, Romania

Corresponding author: Marian Dordescu, [email protected]

Abstract: Objectives: Currently, multi-speed asynchronous motors meet a widespread knowledge for AC

electric drive machines working in the field of shipping (winches, cranes, and so on). Thus, currently

the most commonly used motors for driving cargo winches with pile drivers and cranes are cage with

three (3) speed obtained using three stator windings in star connection. At these drives,the basic step is

step 3, and the transition from stage 0 to stage 3 and vice versa is done via positions (steps)

intermediate speed 1 and 2 (transition from stage 3 - the speed at position 0 is done through successive

passes through stages 2 and 1 with a braking system with energy recovery). Although it has some

significant advantages, such as significant loss of power, economical solution, the classical solution

has some major drawbacks: large size, construction complicated machine and not least the speed

change gears.

To eliminate these disadvantages it was proposed a solution that preserves the asynchronous machine

as actuators, but that control movement, which involves controlling the speed and / or torque or

position control is done by controlling the torque and flux vector directly.

Working methods and results: Vector control is based on the dynamic model of induction machine, based

on the vector character of functional motor sizes.It was developed as a method based on closed-loop

control of speed / torque when using dynamic response and precision motion control system are

important. Vector control restores one of the advantages of DC drive systems, namely separation speed

and torque loops. The solution presented provides direct control of asynchronous machine by two

independent control loops, one for the couple, the other for flow, operating in parallel, the input

quantities for the two controllers are errors that electromagnetic torque of the stator flux.

Conclusions: From analysis results of the solutions used in commercial and military ships, the new

solution has the following advantages:

- use of squirrel cage induction motors with one winding obviously simpler and cheaper compared to

those with 2 or 3 windings;

- speed change continuously, not in steps;

- operation of the machine under braking energy recovery. Key words: winch, winding, asynchronous machines, vector control, control loop.




147

Paper ID: C-36

ANALYSIS OF HIERARCHICAL MODEL BASED ON DISCRETE EVENT

SYSTEMS

Elisabeta Mihaela Ciortea



Corresponding author: Ciortea Elisabeta Mihaela, [email protected]

Abstract: The paper presents the hierarchical model based on discrete event network for robotic

systems. Based on the hierarchical approach, Petri network is analysed as a network of the highest

conceptual level to the lowest level of local control. For modelling and control of complex robotic

systems using extended Petri nets. Discrete event systems is a pragmatic instrument modelling

industrial systems. For modelling system we have used Petri nets because we have in our case discrete

event system. To highlight the auxiliary time Petri model using transport stream divided into

hierarchical levels and sections were analysed sequentially.

Such a system is structured, controlled and analysed in this paper by using Visual Object Net++

package that is relatively simple and easy to use, and the results are shown as representations easy to

interpret. The hierarchical structure of the robotic system is implemented on computers analysed using

specialised programming. Implementation of hierarchical model discrete event systems, as a real-time

operating system on a network of computers connected by a serial bus is possible if each computer is

dedicated to local and Petri model of a subsystem global robotic system. Since Petri models are

simplified to apply general computer analysis, modelling, complex manufacturing systems control can

be achieved using Petri nets.

The simulation of the proposed robotic system using timed Petri nets, offers the possibility of viewing

over time the robotic process. Applying product robotic times and transportation times obtained by

measuring the spot, it is obtained graphical representations that show the average times of transport

activity time, using as parameters sets of finite products.

Key words: hierarchical model, discrete event system, Petri net, complex system.




148

Paper ID: C-37

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SAFETY COMPONENTS BASE ON

INDUSTRIAL NETWORKS

Piotr Michalski & Mariusz Piotr Hetmańczyk



Corresponding author: Piotr Michalski, [email protected]

Abstract: Capabilities of modern automation systems, especially in the field of industrial networks

applications, encouraging them to favor during the process of developing the automation project.

Extensive network topologies and simplicity and clear structure causing displacement of the classic

wiring. This approach simplifies the maximum number of components in the way of industrial

automation from sensor to PLC. Instead of: multi-core cables, intermediate boxes, connectors,

terminals, hundreds of cable descriptions, automation systems integrator chooses increasingly clear

industrial network bus. A perfect example is the comparison of classical topology and wiring

distribution automation equipment in relation to a modern industrial network topology of the AS-

interface. Topology simplification is not the only benefits that we get through the selection of

industrial networks. Built control systems must often provide the required level of safety. Thus, the

designer of the automation system is required to enable the handling of so-called safe I/O modules,

safety light curtains, emergency stop buttons, pull-wire switches, etc. This article describes the

application possibilities of industrial network such as AS-interface in the implementation of safety at

work. The authors present the process of creating a simple application, which includes: the position

limit switches, actuators, electro-pneumatic control units, modules of analogue inputs and outputs,

push buttons modules, the frequency converter and its controlled asynchronous 3-phase motor. The

test application is designed to simulate a simple industrial system. Cyclic operation is controlled

actuators in accordance with the adopted histogram, the work of an asynchronous motor with different

speeds and possible pressure drop in the pneumatic system. It is possible to choose the manual control

mode and fully automatic. Once launched, the authors present the basic functionality of the

implementation process, on the existing structure of hardware, security components. The sample safety

program, security restarting the system after the breach of security, in a development environment

ASIMON has been written. The article presents: the methodology prescribed in the form of flowcharts,

project workflow for creating industrial network and base on it safety system. The individual steps of

the scheme are described in the example shown. In addition, the paper presents the main algorithm for

controlling the operation of the system, histograms work electro pneumatic actuators and a histogram

of the relationship between security components. With the adoption of the proposed method, to prepare

for the process automation project development, it is possible to implement a safety system based on

industrial network, as well as a significant acceleration of the final run of the application. Key words: machinery safety, industrial networks, sensors, safety monitors, as-interface, safety application.




149

Paper ID: C-38

WEB PLATFORM FOR FUNCTIONAL DESIGN

Manuela-Roxana Dijmarescu1

& Maria-Cristina Dijmarescu2

1University Politehnica of Bucharest, Manufacturing Engineering Department,

313 Splaiul Independentei, 060042 Bucharest, Romania 2University Politehnica of Bucharest, Materials Technology and Welding,

313 Splaiul Independentei, 060042

Bucharest, Romania

Corresponding author: Manuela-Roxana Dijmarescu, [email protected]

Abstract: Today‟s global competitive trends, especially those related to industries, determine a much

higher degree of pressure and demands for substantial innovation driven improvements, flexible and

time sensitive solutions. Improving and optimizing the design activity by shortening its timeline and

maintaining a high quality level for its output have become the main success factors. The evolution of

design activity is strongly related to the evolution of education and research made in the design field.

Thus, the development of web tools which can contain knowledge about mechanical products

functionality and structure may be an important achievement for the education and industry. The

objective of this research is to develop a web platform to support students, teachers and engineers in

the design activity by providing information about the functionality of products and the way it is

related to their structure. The main elements defining the research program have been: creating a

design knowledge database with information about products functionality and its relationship to the

constructive structure, documentation on the state of art regarding web tools available for supporting

design activity, defining the platform structure, creating the platform interface and etablishing its

relationships to the knowledge database, testing the platform functionality. The web platform that has

been created, Web Platform for Functional Design, denotes a simple interface. The main page contains

a set of functional classes considered for the mechanical products represented by buttons which will

guide the user to the specific functions, sub-functions, their definitions and the associated constructive-

functional units assigned. For each constructive-functional unit the user can retrieve information about

its functionality, constructive characteristics and download a CAD model which can be used as a

component of the product he wants to develop. The platform includes also other sections presenting

general information related to its purpose, such as news about research made in design area, specific

data and tools related to the design process, a CAD library and a material library. The proposed web

tool can provide any user, even one without background in design theory, information about the

functionality of products and the way it is related to the product structure. The use of this tool can

shorten the necessary time for designing because the functional-constructive units retrieved from here

have an almost complete design, the only missing information being the part/product drawings. Key words: design, design knowledge, function, functional design, web platform.




150

Paper ID: C-39

EFFECTS OF CARBON DIOXIDE ON STARAGE TANKS’ STRUCTURE

Ovidiu Sorin Cupsa1 & Teodor Popa

2


104 Mircea cel Batran Street, 900663, Constanta, Romania 2Ovidius University, Faculty of Mechanical, Industrial and Maritime Engineering,

Blvd. Mamaia, No. 124, 900527, Constanta, Romania

Corresponding author: Teodor Popa, [email protected]

Abstract: Capture of carbon dioxide from various industrial processes is usual. Carbon dioxide can be

stored in tanks of different sizes but there are certain limitations and requirements. This is why transfer

of carbon dioxide becomes necessary and it is carried out in special conditions. Carbon dioxide

certainly does have some influences on the tank structure and material it is made of. Both temperature

and pressure are important during transfer. Quantity of carbon dioxide as well as storage capacity of

the tank are to be considered as well. Risks implied by the transport of carbon dioxide impose certain

operation conditions as well as environment protection measures.

Key words: Carbon dioxide, tank pressure, tank temperature, triple point, risk.

Paper ID: C-40

TEMPERATURE – CONTROLLED NEW DIE MODELLING IN ALUMINUM

(6061) EXTRUSION AND ITS COMPARISON WITH CONVENTIONAL DIES

BY USE OF FEM ANALYSIS

Sinan Sezek

Ataturk University Askale Vocational Collage, Elektrical and Energy Department, Erzurum, Turkey

Corresponding author: Sinan Sezek, [email protected]

Abstract: In conventional extrusion processes, inability to keep especially the billet at the intended heat

treatment temperature leads to waste of material and energy as well as dimensional linearity problems.

In our study, an extrusion process involving a newly designed Resistance Container for extrusion of

A16061 alloy has been modeled by the help of finite element (FE) method and compared with

conventional extrusion dies. With the designed resistance container model, billet temperature was

raised to extrusion temperature (550°C) in 30 s and the process was conducted at this temperature.

Temperature reduction that occurred at a rate of 50% in the case of conventional extrusion processes

has occurred at around 10% in our model thereby resulting in minimized values of associated pressure

and stress.

Key words: resistance container, Al6061, aluminium extrusion, hot extrusion.





151

Paper ID: C-41

ANALYZING THE UNIFORMITY OF AN AUTOMOBILE WHEELS’

DISTRIBUTION OF SLIPPING AND SKIDDING

Alin-Marian Puncioiu, Marian Truţă, Marin Marinescu, Dănuţ Grosu

& Valentin Vînturiş



Corresponding author: Marian Truţă, [email protected]

Abstract: This paper is an integrated study performed over a 4x4 vehicle‟s transmission and propulsion

system. It mainly aims at analyzing the uniformity of the distribution of the vehicle‟s wheels‟ slipping

and skidding at the front and rear axles‟ level. When speaking about uniformity of the wheels‟ slipping

one should understand the diminishing process of one axle‟s skid while the wheels of the other axle

increase their slip, under certain working circumstances. Besides the theoretical notions with respect to

the relative motion of the wheel vs. the road surface, the paper also presents some experimental results

to consolidate the theory. Hence, the second part of the paper presents the conditions the tests have

been developed under, the used testing hardware, the measuring points and so on. To accurately

determine the magnitude and the variation of the wheel‟s slip or skid, angular speed transducers were

mounted on the propeller shafts of the vehicle. Meanwhile, the real speed of the vehicle was also

measured using a GPS device. Moreover, to enhance the relative motion of the wheel against the road,

the tests were performed at different tire radii of the front wheels vs. the rear ones. Consequently, these

differences were of 0, 30 and 60 mm. The vehicle longitudinal transmission was locked so the wheels‟

slip or skid occurs. That was possible via a lockable inter-axle differential (which is a component of

the vehicle‟s driveline). Aiming at getting even more parameters during the tests, a varying rolling

resistance served as input. Towing a vehicle and progressively braking the towed vehicle simulated it.

Therefore, the towing force also varied, hence increasing the general drag of the towing vehicle.

Studying the uniformity of the wheels‟ skidding and slipping is quite useful since the results either

could validate and improve the known theory in this respect or could lead to new mathematical models

to simulating the behavior of the wheels for certain working modes. The results are graphically

presented. Such a determination could have a positive impact by optimizing the vehicle exploitation or

even its modernization. The conclusion of the work are relevant since the theoretical approach is

backed-up by the experimental research‟s results.

Key words: vehicle, slipping, skidding, transmission, transducers.




152

Paper ID: C-42

DESIGN AND STRUCTURAL VERIFICATION OF LOCOMOTIVE BOGIES

USING COMBINED, ANALYTICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL, METHODS

Ion Manea1, Ion Girnita

1, Gabriel Popa

2, Gabriel Prenta

1 & George Costache

1

1Softronic LTD, no. 40, Calea Severinului, Craiova, Dolj, 200609, Romania

2Politehnica

University of Bucharest, Faculty of Transports, Department of Railway Vehicles,

Splaiul Independentei No. 313, sector 6, Bucuresti, RO-060042, Romania

Corresponding author: Ion Manea, [email protected]

Abstract: Bogies are complex equipments with vital role in operating of railway vehicles, having the

role of carbody carrying and ensuring the traction and braking forces. Taking into account the bogie

importance in the rolling stock security as the long operating lifetime, the nowaday regulations

requires that the structural strength of the bogies to be validated at various static and dynamic stress

configurations that may appear during the bogie lifetime.

Structural strength validation procedures of bogie that running in European space is regulated by

standards EN 13749/20011 and EN 15827/2011 which regulates that the validation program shall be

established on the basis of: analysis, laboratory static tests, laboratory fatigue tests, track tests. For a

new design of bogie destined for a new type of application, all four validation stages shall be used,

though the fatigue tests can be replaced by other methods of demonstrating the required fatigue life.

The article dealt with procedure followed by Softronic Craiova for design and structural assessment of

new bogies designed for electric locomotive with asynchronous motors LEMA 5100kW. The design

and validation procedure takes into account connection with a program of structural validation by tests

in a laboratory with international accreditation.

The Softronic procedure to making the LEMA bogie cover the following steps:

- 3D design using a CAD dedicated program as ProEngineer;

- Structural analysis using a dedicated finite element program as Ansys;

- Experimental modal analysis using dedicated hardware and software, such as Pulse platforma;

- Calibration of analytical model through correlation with experimental modal model, followed by

analytical model optimization;

- Analytical assessment of the bogie response to the regulated static and dynamic stress, based on the

calibrated and optimized analytical model;

- Static and dynamic tests in accredited laboratories;

- On track tests;

The paper presents the theoretical background of finite element analysis (FEA) and experimental

modal analysis (EMA), similarities and differences between the two types of analysis, and the need to

validate the FEA model through data obtained by EMA. It is presented an application of combined

analysis achieved on the new design of LEMA bogie. Analytical model calibration is done through

correlation analysis between the analytical and experimental modal shapes and eigenfrequencies. On

the calibrated analytical model it is evaluated the stress and deformation response to combined static

and dynamic forces given according the the above normatives, prior to sending the bogie to tests in

international accredited laboratories in railway field.

Key words: bogie, finite element analysis, experimental modal analysis.





153

Paper ID: C-43

OPTIMIZATION OF THE INJECTION MOLDING PROCESS PARAMETERS

USING THE ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK AND PLASTIC SWARM

ALGORITHM METHOD

Simona Plăvănescu (Mazurchevici)1, Antonio Gabriel Santos

2 & Dumitru Nedelcu

1

1“Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, Department of Machine Manufacturing Technology,

Blvd. Mangeron, No. 59A, 700050, Iasi, Romania 2Nova de Lisboa University, Lisbon, Portugal

Corresponding author: Simona Plăvănescu (Mazurchevici), [email protected]

Abstract: Since the injection molding is the most widely used process in manufacturing polymer

products, unavoidable quality problems appears. Arboform behaves like any petrochemical plastic

material which means it can be heated and molded/ injected into a broad range of complex moldings

using standard injection equipment.The used material is a high-quality thermoplastic engineering

material for applications that demand high technological standards. It combines the positive properties

of natural wood with the processing capabilities of thermoplastic materials. Arboform is the "liquid

wood" that replace the ordinary plastics in all activity area in the near future. An important influence

on the mechanical performance of injection molds has the warpage induced during injection molding

process. The research study made until now prov/ demonstrates that the optimized process parameters

could effectively reduce the warpage value of the products. Therefore optimization of the injection

molding process parameters to improve mechanical performance of product under impact loading

becomes the goal of this paper/ study. An efficient optimization method by combining artificial neural

network and plastic swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm method is used. An integrated finite element

analysis, using MoldFlow package, of the injection molding process, the warpage induced residual

stress (calculating by using finite element program ANSYS) during assembly and mechanical

performance of serviced product is firstly proposed. Then, a back propagation (BP) neural network

model is developed to map the complex nonlinear relationship between process parameters and

mechanical performance of the product.The BP neural network architecture used in this study contain

three parts: one input layer which has 6 neurons related to melting temperature, injection time, cooling

time, screw displacement, injection pressure and matrix temperature; tow hidden layers with 20

neurons for each one; and one output having 1 neuron representing the mechanical response of

impacted Arboform case, i.e., the maximum von Misses stress.

The particle swarm optimization algorithm is interfaced with this predictive model to optimize process

parameters and thereby significantly improve the mechanical performance. A study regarding cover

phone part made from Arboform is presented. Melting temperature, injection time, cooling time,

screw displacement, injection pressure and matrix temperature are considered as design and process

parameters. Optimum values of process parameters are determined to minimize the maximum von

Misses stress within the Arboform cover phone part against impact. The case study demonstrates that

the proposed optimization method can adjust the process parameters accurately and effectively to

satisfy the demand of real manufacture. Acknowledgements: This work was supported by the strategic grant POSDRU/159/1.5/S/133652, co-financed by the

European Social Fund within the Sectorial Operational Program Human Resources Development 2007 – 2013.

Key words: PSO algorithm, impact, warpage, BP neural network, Arboform product.




154

Paper ID: C-44

MODELING THE BEHAVIOR OF LIQUID WOODEN PARTS SUBJECTED

TO MECHANICAL STRESS

Constantin Cărăușu1 & George Belgiu

2

1“Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, Department of Machine Manufacturing Technology,

Blvd. Mangeron, No. 59A, 700050, Iasi, Romania 2 Politehnica University Timișoara, Department of Management,

Blvd. Mihai Viteazul 1, 300222, Timișoara, România

Abstract: The usage of liquid wood to manufacture parts became an opportunity mainly due to

environmental benefits.The research has revealed the behavior of liquid wood samples to different

tests: mechanical, thermal, etc. Also, the research was focused on the technology of manufacturing by

injection of the liquid wood parts.This paper presents the results of modeling by finite element method

(FEM) of the behavior of liquid wood pieces subjected to tensile and bending.The mechanical

properties of liquid wood used for modeling was taken from the different research.The pieces were

modeled in SolidWorks application and the simulation was carried out using the Ansys software

package. The theoretical research revealed differences of less than 11% compared to experimental

research.The results can be used to design liquid wood parts with different shapes. Keywords: liquid wood, mechanical properties, tensile, bending, MEF.

Paper ID: C-45

SHAPE AND POSITION RECOGNITION OF AN OBJECT USING MATLAB

Viorel Cohal



Corresponding author: Viorel Cohal, [email protected]

Abstract: It is considered the case of a conveyor on which are placed in a random order two types of

same-sized components (cylinders and square cuboids) obtained after a manufacturing process. The

main problem that occurs is selecting and movingthese components in different places according to

their type.

The paper presents the methods of selecting the components based ondifferent techniques of image

acquisition and interpretation. Based on the theoretical results, a practical implementation using

MATLAB of an algorithm which aims to solve the problem is presented. The outputs of the algorithm

are brought into a suitable shape to be processed by an industrial robot which has to take each

component and place them in different areas according to their type.




155

Paper ID: C-46

OPTIMIZING PARAMETERS OF A TECHNICAL SYSTEM USING QUALITY

FUNCTION DEPLOYMENT METHOD

Magdalena Bączkowicz & Aleksander Gwiazda



Corresponding author: Magdalena Bączkowicz, [email protected]

Abstract: Nowadays the problem of optimizing parameters of the technical systems is a common issue

for many companies. Final product has to fulfill customer requirements which are becoming more

complicated to translate into measurable technical requirements. The most important ones are called

critical technical requirements and without them the final product cannot be completed. Critical

requirements are the most difficult to implement. Quality Function Deployment (QFD) can help with

that problem by evaluating complete set of assumptions to determine the proper design parameters.

QDF is a method first used by Toyota which helped to reduce costs of introducing a new car into the

market by 60% and shortening product development time by 1/3. This method allows to increase

customer satisfaction and improve the quality of every final product. A summary of the method is to

create a QFD diagram often called the house of quality. Basic general diagram shows (fig.1) customer

requirements and answers how those needs are translated into design requirements. It also gives a view

on how customers and design requirements correspond with each other, assigns weights and evaluate

their relationships.

Figure 1. Quality Function Deployment diagram

The first step in the proposed method would be to select main groups of design parameters and define

clients. The customer is understood not only as a person buying final product but also as a designer. In

the article customers are represented by marketing department and designers by engineering

department. Each department have different needs and the task of QFD is to combine both and chose

their appropriate measured values. Most common requirements from customer point of view are:

effective and practical use, appearance, easy operating, availability, physical proprieties (such as

weight, temperature, type of material, etc.), reliability, environmental. The engineering department will

have measurable requirements such as: dimensions, materials characterization, assembly features,

power and energy consumption, ergonomic parameters, physical and chemical properties, gravity,

cross-sectional shapes, cross-sectional dimensions and others depending on the type of the product.

Key words: quality function deployment, design process.




156

Paper ID: C-47

ESTIMATION OF OVERALL EQUIPMENT EFFECTIVENESS USING

SIMULATION PROGRAMME

Iwona Paprocka1, Wojciech M. Kempa

2, Krzystof Kalinowski

1 & Cezary Grabowik

1

1 Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Engineering Processes Automation

and Integrated Manufacturing Systems, Konarskiego 18A, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland 2 Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Applied Mathematics, Institute of Mathematics,

Kaszubska 23, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland

Corresponding author: Iwona Paprocka, [email protected]

Abstract: According to the words of Dave Logozzo: "If you're sensitive to the flow, you will easily

notice wastes" companies aim to achieve a production without downtime in their cells or production

lines [1]. Manufacturers aim to eliminate wastes, i.e. anything that does not add a value to a product

[1]. Manufacturers try to establish close cooperation with a client and to produce products of a high

quality and reasonable prices in accordance with changing customer preferences. The two

methodologies are applied for reducing a cycle-time: six-sigma for value-added operations and lean for

non value-added operations. Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE) is proposed to measure

continuous improvement initiatives.

Production in manufacturing cells is realized in a tact time to overcome overproduction. The

production capacity is adjusted by decreasing or increasing the tact time up to the maximal utilisation

of given resources. Companies add overtime for existing workers or increase a number of production

cells to meet the capacity constraints. In the paper, OEE is proposed to reduce problems with

availability (breakdown or equipment failure, set-up and adjustment), performance efficiency (idling

and minor stoppage, reduced speed) and product quality (defects and reworks, reduced yield). OEE is

used to maximize performance of existing capacity.

A queuing system of the M/M/2/N type with cyclic failure-free and repair times and cyclic defective

production is used as a model of a two-machine production system. Production tasks arrive according

to an exponential process and are served with normally disturbed processing time. Successive working

(failure-free) times, repair times and defect-free production have exponential distributions. Defective

products can be recirculated and back to the production line according to a Bernoulli distributions. The

objective is to evaluate effectiveness of the production system using OEE before and after introducing

improvement initiatives.

To model the production system the simulation programm – Enterprise Dynamics (ED) is applied.

Optimisation is done for the following scenarios: increased and decreased tact time with decreasing

and increasing standby time of service respectively, increased and decreased failure-free time of a

bottle neck. Effect of the intensity of arrivals of production tasks, effect of the speed of processing,

impact of the failure-free, repair times and defect-free times on OEE are summed up running

experiments in ED. Distributions describing mean interarrival time, processing time, repair time,

defect-free time are fitted using Autofit function in ED. Reference: 1. M. Rother, J. Shook: Learning to see. Value stream mapping to create value and eliminate muda. The lean

enterprise institute, Brookline, Massachusetts, USA 2003.

Key words: performance measurement, overall equipment effectiveness, optimisation, computer simulation, enterprise

dynamics.




157

Paper ID: C-48

TIME SERIES PATTERN RECOGNITION WITH AN IMMUNE ALGORITHM

Iwona Paprocka1, Wojciech M. Kempa

2, Cezary Grabowik

1 & Krzystof Kalinowski

1


and Integrated Manufacturing Systems, Konarskiego 18A, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland 2Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Applied Mathematics, Institute of Mathematics,

Kaszubska 23, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland

Corresponding author: Iwona Paprocka, [email protected]

Abstract: Time series pattern recognition is an interesting research field due to their many applications

in making prediction and detection. Genetic algorithms (GA) are often used to time series pattern

recognition problems, for example: Chen et al. [1] elaborated GA for the problem of pattern

recognition for firms‟ stock prices, Canelas et al. [2] elaborated GA for matching a specified chart

pattern to make a buy or sell decision, George [3] proposed GA for series of sunspot data.

In this paper, time series pattern recognition is applied for a damage evolution sequence represented by

a frequency response change due to a damage coefficient occurrence. The objective of this paper is to

present pattern recognition system which can discover dependencies between data entries in time

series. Immune algorithm is used to identify similarity of sequences describing frequency to the

“healthy case” – sequence describing a frequency without a disturbance.

The degree of similarity between sequences of damage-sensitive features is evaluated using pairwise

modified Hamming distance. The relationship between each two test cases is calculated and

neighbourhoods are identified. Sequences belonging to a given neighbourhood should represent a

given type of damage.

The algorithm is tested with clean as well as with noisy chaotic data. In such a problem, a pathogen

codes a sequence describing a damage with a noise, antibodies correspond to damage cases. The

antibody with the shortedst distance to the pathogen is a solution to the problem of pattern recognition

(the type of damage is recognized). An affinity threshold is an input parameter which controls

membership to the neighbourhood. The bigger the affinity threshold is the more antibodies are

stimulated by the pathogen – more antibodies recognize the pathogen.

By a number of iterations antibodies from a neighbourhood are cloned and mutated to better match to

the pathogen. In each iteration a similarity between each pair of antibodies in the neighbourhood is

calculated and the best matched time series are memorised. In a suppression process similar clones are

deleted to keep a high diversity of antibodies to recognize the pathogen. A clone is deleted from the

neighbourhood, if it is stimulated by a number of clones higher than or equal to a suppression

parameter.

During simulations of the immune algorithm, the influence of stimulation and suppression parameters

over the ability of time series patterns recognition is examined. References:

1.Chun-Ho Chen, Vincent S. Tseng, Hsieh-Hui Yu, Tzung Pei Hong: Time series pattern discovery by a PIP-based

evolutionary approach. Soft Computing (2013) 17, 1699-1710.

2.Antonio Canelas, Rui Neves, Nuno Horta: A Sax-Ga approach to evolve investment strategies on financial markets based

on pattern discovery techniques. Expert Systems with Applications 40 (2013), 1579-1590.

3.George G. Szpiro: Forecasting chaotic time series with genetic algorithms. Physical review, volume 55, No. 3.

Key words: time series, immune algorithm, pattern recognition, noisy chaotic data, damage-sensitive features.




158

Paper ID: C-49

AN AUTOMATION OF DESIGN AND MODELLING TASKS IN NX SIEMENS

ENVIRONMENT WITH ORIGINAL SOFTWARE – GENERATOR MODULE

Rafał Zbiciak, Cezary Grabowik & Witold Janik



Corresponding author: Rafał Zbiciak, [email protected]

Abstract: Nowadays the design constructional process is almost exclusively aided with

CAD/CAE/CAM systems. It is evaluated that nearly 80% of design activities have a routine nature.

These design routine tasks are highly susceptible to automation. Design automation is usually made

with API tools which allow building original software responsible for adding different engineering

activities. In this paper the original software worked out in order to automate engineering tasks at the

stage of a product geometrical shape design is presented. The elaborated software works exclusively in

NX Siemens CAD/CAM/CAE environment and was prepared in Microsoft Visual Studio with

application of the .NET technology and NX SNAP library. The software functionality allows

designing and modelling of spur and helical involute gears. Moreover it is possible to estimate relative

manufacturing costs. The original software consist of the two main modules it is the Generator module

responsible for designing and modeling of gear wheels geometrical shapes and Cost module used for

estimation of the relative manufacturing costs. The Generator module is the main subject of interest of

this paper whilst the Cost module is the subject of interest of the second paper presented within the

conference. With the Generator module it is possible to design and model both standard and non-

standard gear wheels. The main advantage of the model generated in such a way is its better

representation of involute curve in comparison to those which are drawn in specialized standard CAD

systems tools. It comes from fact that usually in CAD systems involute curve is drawn by 3 points

which responds to points located on the addendum circle, the reference diameter of a gear and the base

circle respectively. In the Generator module the involute curve is drawn by 11 involute points which

are located on and upper the base and the addendum circles therefore 3D gear wheels models are

highly accurate. Application of the Generator module makes the modelling process very rapid so that

the gear wheel modelling time is reduced to several seconds. During the conducted research the

analysis of differences between standard 3 points and 11 points involutes was made. The results and

conclusions drawn upon this analysis are shown in details. Key words: NX, involute, gear wheel, CAD, FEM.




159

Paper ID: C-50

DRAG PHENOMENA WITHIN A TORQUE CONERTER DRIVEN

AUTOMOTIVE TRANSMISSION

Octavian Alexa, Marin Marinescu, Radu Vilau, Constantin-Ovidiu Ilie

& Valentin Vînturiş



Corresponding author: Octavian Alexa, [email protected]

Abstract: When discussing a torque converter driven, automotive transmission with respect to the

vehicle‟s coasting mode, automotive engineers have to take into account the slip between the

converter‟s propeller and turbine. If the turbine isn‟t locked to the propellers during coasting process,

drag phenomena within the converter‟s fluid occur and they have to be properly assessed when

computing the coasting process dynamics. The best way to make the needed evaluation is to have a

separate torque converter and test it on a test bench, if the data provided by the manufacturer, in this

respect, weren‟t available. But there are several issues that could baffle this action. Among them, one

could find the lack of information from the manufacturer, missing (bankrupted) manufacturer,

classified information, old (out of date) products and so on. An even more challenging situation

consists in dealing with a military special vehicle. Actually, the vehicle that would be subjected to the

following topic is a military tracked, heavy vehicle (MBT) with a planetary driveline, driven by its

engine via a hydraulic torque converter. In the attempt to assess its‟ coasting dynamic performances,

we faced the problem of the reverse rotation of the torque converter that strongly influences the

general drag of the vehicle‟s motion. Hence, this paper tries to provide a method to determine the

transmission overall drag considering the torque converter as being its main contributor. The method is

based on the experimental research our team has performed in the last several months. Using high-

quality software and adjacent mathematics while assuming a certain sort of flow type within the torque

converter, we aimed at determining the parameter of interest of the flow. The method can be

successfully used for all type of hydrodynamic components of the transmission under the condition of

developing the necessary experimental research. As far as the test were concerned, they were the

typical ones designed to determine - on experimental basis - the mass inertial moments of the

transmission components using the “falling weight” principle. Key words: hydrodynamic transmission, torque converter, hydrodynamic friction.




160

Paper ID: C-51

CAPTURING WASTED HEAT FROM AN AIR–CONDITIONING UNIT

Mohammed H. Alhamdo, Maathe A. Theeb & Ali S. Golam

University of Al-Mustansirya, College of Engineering, Mechanical Eng. Department, Baghdad. Iraq

Corresponding author: Mohammed H. Alhamdo, [email protected]

Abstract: In this work, focus is taken on developing a waste heat recovery system for capturing potential

of exhaust heat from an air conditioner unit to be reused later. This system has the ability to store heat

in phase change material (PCM) and then release it to a discharge water system when required. To

achieve this goal, a Finned, Water-PCM, Double tube (FWD) system has been developed and tested.

Different profiles of fins attached to the (FWD) system have been investigated for increasing the

thermal conductivity of the PCM. These include using Circular Finned, Water-PCM, Double tube

(CFWD) system; Longitudinal Finned, Water-PCM, Double tube (LFWD) system; Spiral Finned,

Water-PCM, Double tube (SFWD) system; as well as; Without Fins, Water-PCM, Double tube

(WFWD) system. An experimental test rig that attached to an air-conditioner unit has been built to

include 32 tubes of the FWD systems for both vertical and horizontal layouts during charging and

water discharging processes. Transient 3-D, numerical simulations using (ANSYS Fluent14.0

software) have been developed to predict the thermal behavior for all types of FWD systems under

investigation. Results show a significant performance improvement when using spiral and circular fins

during charging process at vertical position. However, longitudinal and without fins showed better

performance in horizontal position. Overall, SFWD system in vertical position has been found to

exhibit the most effective type due to the fastest PCM melting and solidification. As compared to the

WFWD system, the FWD systems have been found to increase the PCM temperature gain of about

15.3% for SFWD system; 8.2% for CFWD; and 4.3% for LFWD system. Keywords: waste heat recovery, air-conditioner, phase change material, ANSYS.





161

Paper ID: C-52

INTEGRATION OF THE VIRTUAL 3D MODEL OF A CONTROL SYSTEM

WITH THE VIRTUAL CONTROLLER

Krzysztof Herbuś & Piotr Ociepka



Corresponding author: Krzysztof Herbuś, [email protected]

Abstract: The paper presents the problem of integration the virtual 3D model of a control system with the

virtual controller. The purpose of integration is to verify the functioning of analysed object in accordance

with the adopted control program. The object of the simulation work is the drive system of a tunnelling

machine for trenchless work. In the analysed machine could be distinguished: the drive system of

translatory motion, which task is cyclic moving the tunnelling machine in the direction of a driven tunnel;

the drive system of rotary motion, which task is to ensure the continuous operation of the boring ring.

Additionally, the tunnelling machine for trenchless work consists the sub-system including the drive of a

manipulator, which task is to ensure proper coarse grinding of the output. In the first stage of the work was

created interactive visualization of functioning of the 3D model of the tunnelling machine. For this purpose

was used the VR (Virtual Reality) software. In the elaborated interactive application were created adequate

procedures enabling to control the drive system of translatory motion, of rotary motion, and of manipulator.

Also was elaborated the procedure enabling turning on an off of the output grinding head mounted on the

last segment of the manipulator. Actuators in each control sub-systems are four hydraulic cylinders of

linear motion (drive system of translator motion of the whole tunnelling machine), four hydraulic motors of

rotary motion (the boring ring drive system), five hydraulic cylinders of linear motion (the drive system of

the manipulator) and one hydraulic motor of rotary motion (the output grinding head drive system). Taking

into consideration the scope of conducted researches concerning verification of functioning the 3D model

of the tunnelling machine for trenchless work from all its elements it has been fully modelled the drive

systems and power transmission ones. In the created interactive application have been established

procedures for data downloading from an external application on the basis of dynamic data exchange

(DDE), which allows controlling actuators of each analysed drive system. It is assumed that the control is

based on a binary signal taking the values of 0 or 1 (true or false). In the next stage of work the control

program of a virtual controller was created using the ladder diagram (LD) language. The control program

was developed on the basis of the given work cycle of the tunnelling machine. The first should be started

the hydraulic motors of rotary motion which, by the transmission system should start the boring ring. Then

should be started the hydraulic cylinders of linear motion moving the whole tunnelling machine. At the

same time should be started motors of the manipulator and of the output grinding head. The whole machine

is moved, in one cycle, by the distance equal to the width of the tubing used to reinforce the bored part of

the tunnel preventing the phenomenon of land sliding. The element integrating the virtual model of the

tunnelling machine for trenchless work with the virtual controller is an application written in a high level

language (Visual Basic). In the developed application were created procedures responsible for downloading

data from running, in a simulation mode, the virtual controller and for transferring them to the interactive

application in which is verified functioning of the analysed object. The carried out work allowed the

integration of the virtual model of the control system of the tunnelling machine with the virtual controller

enabling the verification of its design and functioning. Key words: virtual controller, VR system, virtual model, simulation, integration.




162

Paper ID: C-53

ANALYSIS OF THE HEXAPOD WORK SPACE USING INTEGRATION

OF A CAD/CAE SYSTEM AND THE LABVIEW SOFTWARE

Krzysztof Herbuś & Piotr Ociepka



Corresponding author: Krzysztof Herbuś, [email protected]

Abstract: The paper presents the problems related to the integration of a CAD/CAE system with the

LabVIEW software. The purpose of the integration is to determine the workspace of a hexapod model

basing on a mathematical model describing it motion. Stationary hexapod (Stewart platform) is the main

executive system of a driving simulator for people with lower limb disabilities. On the Stewart platform is

mounted the fiat panda car that has been mechanically modified. Modifications included the moving of

mechanical systems, which are not required for proper operation of a driving simulator (e.g.: transmission

gearbox, suspension). The described system is connected to the control cabinet, which is responsible for the

proper operation of the Stewart platform and for cooperation with a virtual environment in which the car

avatar is moving. Information from the virtual environment and from control elements of the modified car

(gas pedal, brake one, clutch one, lights controls and speed indicator) are forwarded as inputs to the control

cabinet. In this cabinet, basing on acquired information obtained from stored mathematical model, decision

are made concerning the mode of "behave" of the Stewart platform. It should be noted that the method of

driving the modified vehicle does not differ from that of driving a car moving in the real traffic. This is due

to the fact that all control elements (gas pedal, brake one, clutch one, lights controls and speed indicator)

from the point of view of the driver look and function identically as in an unmodified car. The whole

simulator completes the virtual world image projection system, which consists of four multimedia

projectors and four large screens. Three of them are connected to each other and allow realizing the

projection of the driver's front and sides view, and rear screen allows to ride "over the shoulder" and

control traffic by rear mirror mounted inside the cabin of the car. In the first stage of the work concerning

the integration task the 3D model to simulate movements of a hexapod was elaborated. This phase of the

work was done in the "Motion Simulation" module of the CAD/CAE/CAM Siemens NX system. The first

step was to define the components of the 3D model in the form of "links". Individual links were defined

according to the nature of the hexapod elements action. In the model prepared for movement simulation

were created links corresponding to such elements as: electric actuator, top plate, bottom plate, ball-and-

socket joint, toggle joint Phillips. Then were defined the constraints of the "joint" type (e.g.: revolute

joint, slider joint, sperical joint) between the created component of the "link” type, so that the computer

simulation corresponds to the operation of a real Stewart platform. The next stage of work included

implementing the mathematical model describing the functioning of a hexapod in the LabVIEW software.

At this stage, particular attention was paid to determining procedures for integrating the virtual 3D hexapod

model with the results of calculations performed in the LabVIEW. The results relate to specific values of

the jump of electric actuators depending on the position of the car on the platform. The use of integration

made it possible to determine the safe operating space of a stationary hexapod taking into consideration the

security of a person in the driving simulator designed for the disabled. Key words: hexapod, CAD/CAE system, virtual model, working space, integration.




163

Paper ID: C-54

THE LABORATORY STATION FOR TYRES GRIP TESTING

ON DIFFERENT SURFACES

Krzysztof Kalinowski, Cezary Grabowik, Witold Janik, Grzegorz Ćwikła

& Michał Skowera Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Engineering Processes Automation and


Corresponding author: Grzegorz Ćwikła, [email protected]

Abstract: The paper presents the conception of the device for tyre grip testing in the laboratory

conditions. The main purpose is to provide a device working in confined spaces, which enables rapid

changes of the tested samples of the road surfaces. Among the key assumptions the minimization of

the device dimensions and the relative ease of mobility and transportation – the ability to quick

assemble and disassemble were also assumed. Due to the large range of sizes of wheel rims, the

projected device should be allowed to mounting and testing of the widest possible range of rims sizes.

Working in confined spaces also requires compliance with standards for acceptable noise and emission

of substances harmful to health. In the construction of the device the existing standards in the field of

tyre grip measuring were taken into account, among others PN-ISO 23671, PN93/C94300/009 and PN-

88/C-94300/030. The developed device for tyre grip testing belongs to the group of machines, so-

called free wheel rolling, with specified angle deflection from the wheel rolling direction. The main

components of the projected station includes: the replaceable platform for mounting samples of a road

surface, the roller conveyor, the drive of the platform, the wheel mounting assembly and the axial

force measuring system. In the presented constructional solution the platform for samples is formed on

the base of a rectangular steel frame, on which the piece of tested road surface is placed. The platform

is mounted on a roller conveyor that alows it to move along a fixed direction and carry the wheel load.

For driving the platform the hydraulic actuator was selected. This solution allows carrying large loads,

variable speed control (using flow control) and simulation of overloading. Lack of gears and rotating

elements significantly reduces noise level. The basic measured value is the axial force acting on the

shaft on which the wheel is mounted. For a force measuring the digital load sensor TECSIS F12131-1-

10 having 0-1kN range and accuracy of 0.1% was applied. The additional measured value is the kinetic

friction between the tire and road surface. Speed sensor used here is based on a linear magnetic

transducer. This kind of sensors is characterized by high accuracy combined with high resistance to

vibration.

Key words: tyres grip testing, laboratory test station, force measurement, friction, rolling resistance.





164

Paper ID: C-55

APPLICATION OF THE MIAS METHODOLOGY IN DESIGN OF THE DATA

ACQISITION SYSTEM FOR WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT

Grzegorz Ćwikła, Damian Krenczyk, Adrian Kampa & Grzegorz Gołda

Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Engineering Processes Automation and


Corresponding author: Grzegorz Ćwikła, [email protected]

Abstract: Acquisition of data on the state of production system is crucial in the management of

company, because access to real-time information describing the state of production system (including

completion of production orders, state of crew, machinery and equipment, OEE, flow of material and

semi-finished products, etc.) is the basis for decision making in every company. Detailed issues of data

acquisition and data sources, as well as fundamentals of the MIAS (Manufacturing Information

Acquisition System) methodology itself was described in prior publications, thus only main rules will

be reminded here. Availability of data in any given company strongly depends on specific of its

production processes (discrete, batch, continuous), branch of industry, level of automation and manual

operations, etc. In modern company acquisition of data on the state of the production system should be

carried-on automatically, mostly without involvement of workers. The MIAS methodology is an

example of multi-stage, multi-level methodology, where process of development of data acquisition

system, understood as a set of cooperating hardware and software solutions, is divided into 3 main

stages: analysis of various aspects of the company in which MIAS is applied, synthesis of technical

and organisational solutions, and evaluation of proposed solutions. There are 4 proposed levels of

analysis: level of company as a system, level of data sources, level of data pre-processing, and level of

communication. This paper presents example of application of the MIAS methodology in the company

leading continuous, automated production processes – Central Wastewater Treatment Plant (CWWTP)

in Gliwice, Poland. Overview of both analysis and synthesis of organisational solutions, data sources,

data pre-processing and communication interfaces had been presented. The stage of analysis covered

i.e.: organisational structure of the company, IT systems used in the company, specifics of

technological processes, machines and equipment, structure of control systems, assignments of crew

members, materials used in the technological processes. During the stage of synthesis of technical and

organisational solutions of MIAS for CWWTP, the solutions covering MIAS architecture and

connections with other IT systems, data sources in production system that are currently available and

newly created, data pre-processing procedures, and necessary communication interfaces had been

proposed. The main reason to create information acquisition system for CWWTP was to provide better

information of usage of equipment and assignments of crew members for better management of

production system, as well as to create complete database containing data on operation of wastewater

treatment plant, necessary for fulfilling law requirements concerning compulsory information on the

chemical composition of intake wastewater and outtake water cleaned during mechanical and

biological treatment processes. Key words: manufacturing information acquisition system (MIAS), data acquisition, SCADA, sensors, automatic

identification systems, OEE.





165

Paper ID: C-56

MATERIAL FLOW SIMULATION FAR AN ASSEMBLY LINE 11 pt)

Ioana Catalina Enache & Ana-Maria Avramescu ¶ (11 pt)

Politehnica University of Bucharest, Faculty of Aerospace Engineering,

313 Splaiul Independentei Street, 060042, Bucuresti, Romania

(10 pt)

¶ (11 pt) Corresponding author: Enache Ioana-Catalina, [email protected]

)

Abstract: Modeling and simulation are methods for solving problems in the analysis of complex

systems. It is a technique often used in industrial engineering for viewing, analysis and prognosis the

performance of a real system or a new implemented system. We define the simulation modeling as a

process that mimics the actual system response to events that occur over time. Once the system was

clearly defined, the next step is to translate the information achieved in a simulation model. Testing

requirements can be analyzed only after building a virtual model for the real system studied. The

virtual model responds to the information entered by the operator as input parameters. If they are

incorrectly distributed, you get a wrong model, and studied system is unsustainable. In this article we

propose to carry out a study on the optimization of an assembly line for refrigerators based on results

obtained from the simulations. Assembly line optimization has in order to increase the productivity

with the aim to satisfy the market demand without compromising quality and price. Optimization of

the assembly line is a multi-criteria decision-making problem involving theoretical and experimental

research efforts. Optimization criteria can be: technological, economic, conceptual and ergonomic. The

goal is to increase production capacity by streamlining the flow of the assembly line. All of the

methods and techniques applied in this assembly line are designed to increase efficiency activities.

Will be detailed the steps that must be followed to simulate the assembly process. Will be identified

problem areas and will be proposed solutions to optimize the assembly line. Before the implementation

of the proposed solutions will be achieved a simulation of the entire assembly lines. Assembly line

optimization will be achieved in two stages and for each stagewill be achieved a process simulation to

see the system behaviour. On the assembly line the proposed solutions will be implemented from

downstream to upstream to avoid creating bottlenecks. The studied process simulation will indicate

flow concentrators that must be eliminated. After simulation the results obtained after optimization

will be compare with the initial ones. For modeling and simulation of assembly process was used Plant

Simulation software. Key words: simulation, virtual model, assembly line, material flow, productivity.




166

Paper ID: C-57

THE ROLE OF THE PRODUCTION SCHEDULING SYSTEM

IN RESCHEDULING

Krzysztof Kalinowski1, Cezary Grabowik

1, Wojciech Kempa

2 & Iwona Paprocka

1


and Integrated Manufacturing Systems, Konarskiego 18A, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland 2Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Applied Mathematics, Institute of Mathematics,

23 Kaszubska Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland

Corresponding author: Krzysztof Kalinowski, [email protected]

Abstract: The paper presents the rescheduling problem in the context of cooperation between production

scheduling system (PSS) and other units in an integrated manufacturing environment – decision

makers and software systems. The main aim is to discuss the PSS functionality for maximizing

automatisation of the rescheduling process, reducing the response time and improving the quality of

generated solutions. PSSs operate in the meeting of tactical and operational level of planning and

control, and play an important role in the production preparation and control. On the basis of

information about orders, technology and production system state (e.g. resources availability) they

prepare and/or update a detailed plan of production flow – a schedule. All necessary data for

scheduling and rescheduling are usually collected in other systems both from organizational and

technical production preparation. Depending on the particular implementation these data are obtained

from several various classes of systems, e.g. ERP, PLM, MES, CAPP or other dedicated systems used

in an enterprise, as well as they are entered directly by the decision-makers / operators from different

locations in the organizational structure of the company. Data acquired in this way are often

incomplete and inconsistent. Therefor the existing rescheduling software works according to

interactive method – rather support but does not replace the human decision maker in tasks planning.

When rescheduling, due to the limited amount of time to make a decision this interaction is

particularly important. An additional problem arises in data acquisition, the proper exchange of data

between systems or in the identification of new data sources and their processing. Among the most

important decision-making problems in resheduling the following can be mentioned: detection of

disturbances and identification of their parameters, the decision about the schedule correction –

immediate, postponed or not required, making proper changes in the scheduling model, determination

of the resheduling method, creation a set of operations to reschedule and a set of evaluation criteria ect.

But whether in the scheduling system all these decisions should be implemented or only some of them

remain an open question. Different approaches to rescheduling were characterized, including those

solutions, where all these operations are carried out by an autonomous system and those in which

scheduling is performed only upon request from the outside, for the newly created scheduling data

representing the current state of the production system. Keywords: resheduliung, scheduling, production scheduling system, production planning, integrated manufacturing.




167

Paper ID: C-58

COMPUTER-AIDED MODELLING AND ANALYSIS OF ROAD

INFRASTRUCTURE ELEMENTS EXCITED BY TRAFFIC

Marek Płaczek




Abstract: Paper presents computer-aided modelling of the road infrastructure elements – different types

of protective barriers. Considered elements were modelled using Siemens NX 8.5 system and analysed

using Finite Element Method. The modal analysis of different system‟s configurations that are usually

used in road infrastructure was carried out. Also simulation of vibration excited by traffic was done in

order to analyse the dynamical response of considered elements. Natural frequencies and modes of

vibrations were calculated. Results were considered in order to find the most flexible elements of the

structure and to verify its deflections. In the work two basic types of protective barriers, marked A and

B, are analysed. Also different distance between brackets used for mounting barriers was verified in

order to verify its influence on the system dynamical response. A series of analysis was done taking

into account different parameters of the system excitation that represent acting of different kind of

passing vehicles (cars, trucks) and different distance of the passing vehicle from the protective barrier.

Execution of the work aims at the acquisition of new knowledge of the phenomena occurring during

the propagation of vibration energy generated by passing vehicles on the infrastructure and the

possibility of measuring the dynamic response of these elements, as well as analysis of the received

signals to their use in modern traffic surveillance systems. The purpose of the whole project is to verify

the possibility to apply piezoelectric transducers on analysed elements and use them as sensors that

generate signals used in traffic surveillance systems. As surveillance systems are considered

innovative methods of controlling the road infrastructure, such as lighting, traffic lights, information

signs or control of vehicular traffic. In order to measure vibrations of the considered system Macro

Fiber Composite (MFC) piezoelectric foils or piezoelectric foils made of Polyvinylidene Fluoride

(PVDF) will be proposed. Presented paper is an introduction to this project that gives the basic

information about analysed systems and their behaviour under excitation by passing vehicles. This

knowledge is very important to develop the proposed system. It is very important to verify if such kind

of systems can be controlled by the analysis of the dynamic response of road infrastructure. Key words: modelling, analysis, smart materials, sensors, piezoelectric transducers, road infrastructure.




168

Paper ID: C-59

INFLUENCE OF THE EXCITATION PARAMETERS OF THE MECHANICAL

SUBSYSTEM ON EFFECTIVENESS OF ENERGY HARVESTING SYSTEM

Andrzej Buchacz, Wacław Banaś & Marek Płaczek




Abstract: Work presents results of influence analysis of the vibrating mechanical subsystem‟s excitation

parameters on the effectiveness of the system designed for energy harvesting. Influence of the

system‟s fixing (boundary conditions) was also considered. The considered vibrating system is a

composite plate with piezoelectric transducers bonded to its surface. Vibrations of the system are

excited by means of an actuator with possibility to change the excitation amplitude and frequency.

Recovering of electrical energy from mechanical vibrations is possible by using the direct piezoelectric

effect – generation of the electric voltage while the transducer is mechanically deformed. In carried out

test Macro Fiber Composite (MFC) piezoelectric transducers were used. MFC transducer is consists of

rectangular piezo ceramic rods sandwiched between layers of adhesive, electrodes and polyimide film.

Main benefits of the MFC given by the manufacturer are: increased strain actuator efficiency, damage

tolerance, environmentally sealed packages, available as elongators and contractors.

The development of piezoelectric transducers allows new applications of such kind of materials and

improves operation of existing devices. One of those applications is energy harvesting – recovering of

the electrical energy from vibrations. Systems designed for such kind of operations can not generate a

huge power but their advantage is that the energy is recovered from phenomenons that are unavoidable

and normally it would be lost. What is more such kind of energy production allows design systems that

work in difficult conditions, where other ways of supplying is difficult or impossible. For example it is

impossible to use wires or replace discharged batteries. This is why nowadays a lot of research works

are concerned with energy harvesting.

In this work results of measurements carried out on laboratory stand are presented. A series of tests

with different types of MFC transducers (types P2 and P3) with different field of active area were

carried out. Also the influence of excitation parameters on the system‟s effectiveness was verified, as

well as, the influence of the mechanical subsystem fixing. Measured data were acquired using the real

time computer CopactRIO produced by National Instruments and analysed using LabVIEW software.

Obtained results were juxtaposed and analysed. This work was a first step of the research project that

aim is an implementation of the energy harvesting system on real objects and use of the generated

electrical energy to supply systems with low energy consumption. Key words: energy harvesting, smart materials, sensors, piezoelectric transducers, macro fiber Composite, testing.




169

Paper ID: C-60

SPECIAL EFFECTS USED IN CREATING 3D ANIMATED SCENES PART I

Ana-Maria Avramescu

“Politehnica” University of Bucharest, Romania, Department of Engineering Graphics and Industrial Design,

Splaiul Independentei st., No. 313, sector 6, Bucharest, Romania

Corresponding author: Ana-Maria Avramescu, [email protected]

Abstract: In present, with the help of computer, we can create special effects that look so real that we

almost don‟t perceive them as being different. These special effects are somehow hard to differentiate

from the real elements like those on the screen. With the increasingly accesible 3D field that has more

and more areas of application, the 3D technology goes easily from arhitecture to product designing.

Real like 3D animations are used as means of learning, for multimedia presentations of big global

corporations, for special effects and even for virtual actors in movies. Technology, as part of the movie

art, is considered a prerequisite but the cinematography is the first art that had to wait for the correct

intersection of technological development, inovation and human vision in order to attain full

achievement. Increasingly more often, the majority of industries is using 3D sequences (three

dimensional). 3D represented graphics, commercials and special effects from movies are all designed

in 3D. The key for attaining real visual effects is to successfully combine various distinct elements:

characters, objects, images and video scenes; like all these elements represent a whole that works in

perfect harmony. This article aims to exhibit a game design from these days. Considering the advanced

technology and futuristic vision of designers, nowadays we have different and multifarious game

models. Special effects are decisively contributing in the creation of a realistic three-dimensional

scene. These effects are essential for transmitting the emotional state of the scene. Creating the special

effects is a work of finesse in order to achieve high quality scenes. Special effects can be used to get

the attention of the onlooker on an object from a scene. Out of the conducted study, the best selling

game of the year 2010 was Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2. This way, the article aims for the

presented scene to be similar with many locations from this type of games, more precisely, a place

from the Middle East, a very popular subject among game developers. Key words: inovation, design, 3D, special effects, animation.





170

Paper ID: C-61

CREATING PHOTO-REALISTIC WORKS IN A 3D SCENE USING LAYES

STYLES TO CREATE AN ANIMATION

Ana-Maria Avramescu & Ioana-Cătălina Enache

“Politehnica” University of Bucharest, Romania, Department of Engineering Graphics and Industrial Design,

Splaiul Independentei st., No. 313, sector 6, Bucharest, Romania

Corresponding author: Ana-Maria Avramescu, [email protected]

Abstract: Creating realist objects in a 3D scene is not an easy work. We have to be very careful to make

the creation very detailed. If we don‟t know how to make these photo-realistic works, by using the

techniques and a good reference photo we can create an amazing amount of detail and realism. For

example, in this article there are some of these detailed methods from which we can learn the

techniques necessary to make beautiful and realistic objects in a scene. More precisely, in this paper,

we present how to create a 3D animated scene, mainly using the Pen Tool and Blending Options.

Indeed, this work is based on teaching some simple ways of using the Layer Styles to create some

great shadows, lights, textures and a realistic sense of 3 Dimension. The present work involves also

showing how some interesting ways of using the illuminating and rendering options can create a

realistic effect in a scene. Moreover, this article shows how to create photo realistic 3d models from a

digital image. The present work proposes to present how to use Illustrator paths, texturing, basic

lighting and rendering, how to apply textures and how to parent the building and objects components.

We also propose to use this proposition to recreate smaller details or 3D objects from a 2d image.

After a critic art stage, we are able now to present in this paper the architecture of a design method that

proposes to create an animation. The aim is to create a conceptual and methodological tutorial to

address this issue both scientifically and in practice. This objective also includes proposing, on strong

scientific basis, a model that gives the possibility of a better understanding of the techniques necessary

to create a realistic animation. Key words: realistic objects, layes styles, textures, rendering and lighting.





171

Paper ID: C-62

AN AUTOMATION OF DESIGN AND MODELING TASKS IN NX SIEMENS

ENVIRONMENT WITH ORIGINAL SOFTWARE – COST MODULE

Rafał Zbiciak, Cezary Grabowik & Witold Janik



Corresponding author: Rafał Zbiciak, [email protected]

Abstract: The design constructional process is a creation activity which strives to fulfil, as well as it

possible at the certain moment of time, all demands and needs formulated by a user taking into account

social, technical and technological advances. Engineer knowledge and skills and their inborn abilities

have the greatest influence on the final product quality and cost. They have also deciding influence on

product technical and economic value. Taking into account above it seems to be advisable to make

software tools which aid an engineer in the process of manufacturing cost estimation. The Cost module

is built with analytical procedures which are used for relative manufacturing cost estimation. As in the

case of the Generator module the Cost module was written in object programming language C# in

Visual Studio environment. During the research the following eight factors, which have the greatest

influence on overall manufacturing cost, were distinguished and defined: (i) a gear wheel teeth type it

is straight or helicoidal, (ii) a gear wheel design shape A, B with or without wheel hub, (iii) a gear

tooth module, (iv) teeth number, (v) gear face width, (vi) gear wheel material, (vii) heat treatment or

thermochemical treatment, (viii) accuracy class. Knowledge of parameters (i) to (v) is indispensable

for proper modeling of 3D gear wheels models in CAD system environment. These parameters are also

processed in the Cost module. The last three parameters it is (vi) to (viii) are exclusively used in the

Cost module. The estimation of manufacturing relative cost is based on indexes calculated for each

particular parameter. Estimated in this way the manufacturing relative cost gives an overview of

design parameters influence on the final gear wheel manufacturing cost. This relative manufacturing

cost takes values from 0.00 to 1.00 range. The bigger index value the higher relative manufacturing

cost is. Verification whether the proposed algorithm of relative manufacturing costs estimation has

been designed properly was made by comparison of the achieved from the algorithm results with those

obtained from industry. This verification has indicated that in most cases both group of results are

similar. Taking into account above it is possible to draw a conclusion that the Cost module can play

significant role in design constructional process by adding an engineer at the selection stage of

alternative gear wheels design. It should be remembered that real manufacturing cost can differ

significantly according to available in a factory manufacturing techniques and stock of machine tools. Key words: NX, realitve manufacturing cost, gear wheel, CAD, CAPP.




172

Paper ID: C-62

A SURVEY ON METHODS OF DESIGN FEATURES IDENTIFICATION

Cezary Grabowik1, Krzysztof Kalinowski

1, Iwona Paprocka

1 & Wojciech Kempa

2


and Integrated Manufacturing Systems, Konarskiego 18A, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland 2Silesian University of Technology, The Faculty of Applied Mathematics, Institute of Mathematics,

Konarskiego 23A Str., 44–100, Gliwice, Poland

Corresponding author: Cezary Grabowik, [email protected]

Abstract: Currently design features are considered as one of the most attractive integration method of

most fields of engineering activities such as a design modelling, process planning or production

scheduling. One of the most important tasks which are realized in the integration process of design and

planning functions is translation meant as design data mapping into data which are important from

process planning needs point of view it is manufacturing data. A design geometrical shape translation

process can be realised with application one of the following strategies: (i) designing with previously

prepared design features library also known as DBF method it is design by feature, (ii) interactive

design features recognition IFR, (iii) automatic design features recognition AFR. In case of the DBF

method design geometrical shape is created with design features. There are two basic approaches for

design modelling in DBF method it is classic in which a part design is modelled from beginning to end

with application design features previously stored in a design features data base and hybrid where part

is partially created with standard predefined CAD system tools and the rest with suitable design

features. Automatic feature recognition consist in an autonomic searching of a product model

represented with a specific design representation method in order to find those model features which

might be potentially recognised as design features, manufacturing features, etc. This approach needs

the searching algorithm to be prepared. The searching algorithm should allow to carry on the whole

recognition process without a user supervision. Currently there are lots of AFR methods. These

methods need the product model to be represented with B-Rep representation most often, CSG rarely,

wireframe very rarely. In the IFR method potential features are being recognised by a user. This

process is most often realised by a user who points out those surfaces which seem to belong to a

currently identified feature. In the IFR method system designer defines a set of features and sets a

collection of recognition process parameters. It allows to unambiguously identify individual features in

automatic or semi-automatic way directly in CAD system or in an external application to which the

part model might be transferred. Additionally a user is able to define non-geometrical information such

as: overall dimensions, surface roughness etc. In this paper a survey on methods of features

identification and recognition is presented especially in context of AFR and IFR methods. Key words: CAPP, design feature, manufacturing feature, AFR, IFR, DBF.




173

Paper ID: C-64

THE USE OF ECDIS EQUIPMENT TO ACHIEVE OPTIMUM VALUE FOR

ENERGY EFFICIENCY OPERATION INDEX

Nicoleta Acomi1, Ovidiu Cristian Acomi

2 & Simona Ghiţă

3

1Constanta Maritime University, Faculty of Navigation, 104 Mircea cel Batran Street, 900663, Constanta, Romania

2Project Masters Nigeria Ltd., Marine Manager, Km 14, Port Harcourt Aba Expressway, Port Harcourt, Nigeria

3Constanta Maritime University, Faculty of Electromecanics, 104 Mircea cel Batran Street, 900663, Constanta, Romania

Corresponding author: Nicoleta Acomi, [email protected]

Abstract: To reduce air pollution produced by ships International Maritime Organization has developed

a set of technical, operational and management measures. The subject of our research addresses to

operational measures for minimizing CO2 air emissions and the way how the emission value could be

influenced by external factors regardless of ship-owners‟ willing. Due to the main purpose of the

vessel, to carry goods for different distances, the proposed instrument for achieving the air emissions is

more than a quantitative measure. This concept is Energy Efficiency Operational Index (EEOI) and

represents the amount of emissions related to vessel's performances.

This study aims analyzing the CO2 emissions for one voyage performed by one oil/chemical tanker,

loaded from the departure port to the port of discharge and the ballast voyage between the port of

discharge and a new destination for taking in cargo. The formula that allows us to calculate Energy

Efficiency Operational Index involves estimation of distances, marine fuel type and quantity of cargo.

The distances are initial calculated by the passage plan of the voyage, completed before starting the

voyage considering a sum of factors from which the most important for this study are the speed of the

vessel and the estimated time of arrival. The type of marine fuel has not been changed during the

voyage and the same the quantity of cargo carried out.

The Energy Efficiency Operational Index is obtained using one software developed for this purpose

and to calculate the voyage‟s legs the authors used electronic chart system software. During the

voyage, due to meteorological conditions and change of berthing prospect the vessel was required to

change some of the initial parameters. Therefore acting on the voyage parameters, distances and

related speeds, this study will emphasize the influence over the EEOI value. The electronic chart

display and information system, ECDIS Software will be used for adjusting the passage plan in real

time for two situations: weather conditions and change of estimated day of arrival. That way it will be

possible to compare the estimated EEOI value with the real one determined on board vessel

considering the external factors.

The results of this study reveal the importance of using ECDIS software functions for achieving

relevant values for Energy efficiency operational index and CO2 emissions and they represent a

measure of changing EEOI related to meteorological condition. Key words: energy efficiency, air emissions, EEOI, electronic charts, marine pollution.




174

Paper ID: C-65

COORDINATE MEASURING MACHINE DRIVE SYSTEMS DESIGN

Aurel Tulcan, Liliana Tulcan & Daniel Stan

Politehnica University of Timişoara, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering,

Blvd. Mihai Viteazu nr.1, 300222, Timisoara, Romania

Corresponding author: Aurel Tulcan, [email protected]

Abstract: Coordinate metrology has become essential for industrial dimensional metrology. The

functionality of products often requires parts with a high geometric accuracy that needs highly accurate

metrology equipment to be measured. Coordinate measuring machines (CMMs) are measuring devices

that are able to measure and evaluate the geometrical features of very sophisticated geometrically

parts. CMMs have come a long way since the early models and for the consolidated architectures in

the course of the years one of the actual tendencies is to improve their accuracy and dynamic

parameters. On the other hand, in many companies there are many older generation of coordinate

measuring machines, manually or DCC controlled, whose performance can be improved by a retrofit

action.

The paper presents an approach concerning the CMM drive systems design. The first stage of the

research deals with the acquisition and the development of knowledge about the main drive system

generally used to motorize a CMM. According to this approach, the linear drive nut has chosen for the

CMM because this drive system ensures an optimal ratio between performance, compact design and

price. During the driving of the moving parts of a CMM is very important to not introduce rotation or

perpendicular displacements on the linear moving direction due to the alignment errors of the drive

system and guides.

Compared to the moving bridge and carriage driving systems, the ram driving system requires

additional precautions. The ram is the CMM part that carries the probe system and moves in vertical

direction, except horizontal arm CMMs. In order to maintain the ram in a certain position or to assure

the optimum performance of the drive system during the up and down moving it is necessary to

balance the ram weight. After analyzing the main ways of balancing the ram weight, the counterweight

balancing has chosen as optimal solution. The new design allows the ram moving along the Z-axis

guide without additional mechanical stress. In this case, the counterweight is driven by the Z drive

system while the ram is moving free along the Z-axis guide given by the air bearings. Finally, the drive

systems design solutions for the X, Y, and Z-axis during the retrofit action of a coordinate measuring

machine are presented.

Key words: 3D metrology, measurement, CMMs, linear drive system, CMM design.




175

Paper ID: C-66

COLD FLOW SIMULATION OF AN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

WITH VERTICAL VALVES USING LAYERING APPROACH

George Martinaş, Liviu-Constantin Stan & Andreea Arsenie

Maritime University of Constanta, 104 Mircea cel Batran Street, 900663, Constanta, Romania

Coresponding author: George Martinaş, [email protected]

Abstract: Development of any internal combustion engine is driven primarily by fuel efficiency and

emission requirements. This requires refinement of the in-cylinder flow, mixture formation and

combustion processes. Design optimization of the intake/exhaust port, valves and piston bowl is

essential to realize the above mentioned requirements. The use of Computational Fluid Dynamics

(CFD) along with optimization tools can help shorten the design optimization cycle time. Traditional

approach of experiments using flow bench testing is very costly as well as time consuming. Moreover

CFD allows insight into the minute flow details which otherwise are not capture using flow bench

tests. Air motion inside the intake manifold is one of the important factors, which govern the engine

performance and emission of multi-cylinder diesel engines. Any cold flow study on IC is targeting the

process of identifying and improving the fluid flow inside the ports and the combustion chamber. This

is only the base for an optimization process targeting to increase the volume of air accessing the

combustion space and to increase the turbulence of the air at the end of the compression stage. One of

the first conclusions will be that the valve diameter is a fine tradeoff between the need for a bigger

diameter involving a grater mass of air filling the cylinder, and the need of a smaller diameter in order

to reduce the blind zone. Here there is room for optimization studies. The relative pressure indicates a

suction effect coming from the moving piston. The more the shape of the inlet port is smoother and the

diameter of the piston is bigger, the aerodynamic resistance of the geometry will be smaller so that the

difference of inlet port pressure and the pressure near to piston face will be smaller. Here again there is

enough room for more optimization studies.

Keywords: cold flow simulation, combustion engines, finite volume analysis.




176

Paper ID: C-67

DATA FILTRATION ORIGINAL ALGORITHM FOR THE COMPUTER

BASED CALCULUS OF THE STRESSES WITHIN AN ANALYTICAL MODEL

Emil Oanta1, Cornel Panait

1, Adrian Sabau

1, Constantin Dumitrache

1 & Anca Dascalescu

2

1Constanta Maritime University, Faculty of Electro-Mechanics,

104 Mircea cel Batran Street, 900663, Constanta, Romania 2„Politehnica‟ University of Bucharest, Faculty of Power Engineering, 313 Splaiul Independentei,

Sector 6, 060042, Bucharest, Romania


Abstract: Computer based studies in engineering usually use three types of investigation methods:

analytical, numerical and experimental studies. Complex phenomena may be modelled using these

sources of information together with a strategy to integrate the studies in a unique overview level of

understanding. These computer based studies offer a large amount of data which must be interpreted

by the analyst. A method to have a quick vision regarding the data is to use diagrams, graphs and

generally, visual information. In this context, automatic calculus in structural studies based on analytic

models uses various methods to define the domain and to perform the according calculi. The authors

have an extensive experience regarding the original computer aided analytical models. In this way, the

calculus domain in cross sectional related problems was modelled using a Boolean algebra which uses

addition and subtracting math operations using some „simple‟ geometrical shapes. The definition of

these subdomains takes into account several aspects. An important aspect regards the points where the

maximum stresses might be found inside these „simple‟ shape bodies. In this way, the points inside a

„simple‟ shape which is a part of a domain, may offer the location of the maximum stresses inside the

entire cross section. All the points inside these „simple‟ shapes which are used to define the cross

section are included in a large collection of points at the entire cross-section level. In a computer

graphical representation of the stresses, for any point inside the cross section may be assigned a color

related to the scale of the overall stresses. However, beside this visual method to provide information

about the state of stresses there must be also considered general criteria to locate the extreme stresses.

The purpose of our study is to find the most intelligent criteria to select the smallest subset of points

from the large collection of points belonging to the „simple‟ shapes included in the entire cross section.

In this way the first stage was to conceive a set of criteria to generate the minimum number of points in

each type of „simple‟ shape, taking into account the regions where the maximum values may be found

for both normal and shear stresses. The second stage was to conceive a set of analytical criteria for the

filtration of the large collection of points. These criteria must take into consideration the regions where

the maximum normal and shear stresses may be found in an inhomogeneous cross section and the

constraints of the algorithm. One of the most important consequences of this algorithm is the automatic

analytical calculus of the extreme stresses in a generally defined inhomogeneous cross section. Key words: data filtration original algorithm, extreme stresses locations, inhomogeneous cross section, constraints.




177

Paper ID: C-68

APPROXIMATION METHOD TO COMPUTE DOMAIN RELATED

INTEGRALS IN STRUCTURAL STUDIES

Emil Oanta, Cornel Panait, Alexandra Raicu, Mihaela Barhalescu & Tiberiu Axinte

Constanta Maritime University, Faculty of Electro-Mechanics,



Abstract: Various engineering calculi use integral calculus in theoretical models, i.e. analytical and

numerical models. For common problems, integrals are replaced by their mathematical exact solutions.

If the region over which the integration is performed is complicated, there are several methods used to

calculate the integral. The first idea is to divide the domain in smaller sub-domains for which there are

direct calculus relations. For instance, in strength of materials the bending moment in discrete points

may be calculated using the graphical integration of the shear force diagram which usually has a

simple shape. Another example is in mathematics where the area of a subgraph may be approximated

by a set of rectangles or trapezoids in order to calculate the definite integral. The purpose of the work

is to present our studies regarding the calculus of the integrals over the cross-sectional domains,

computer aided solutions and a new generalization methods. Our research is dedicated to the creation

of general computer based methods to perform calculi in structural studies, being considered a Boolean

algebra which operates with „simple‟ shape domains. This Boolean algebra uses addition and

subtraction operations, depending on the sign of each „simple‟ shape (-1 for the shapes to be

subtracted). By „simple‟ shape we understand either shapes for which there are direct calculus

relations, or domains for which their boundaries are approximated by known functions and the

according calculus is performed using an algorithm. The „simple‟ shapes are closely connected to the

calculus of the stresses, refined aspect which requires special attention. Taking into account all these

ideas there were considered rectangles and circles as basic simple shapes and domains whose

boundaries are approximated by spline functions. The domain triangularization methods offered us the

general idea to consider the triangle, as a „simple‟ shape to be included in our, so called, library of

elementary shapes. In this way we have created an algorithm which uses „exact‟ relations for the

calculus of the integrals related to the cross sectional problems. In this way we use a virtual rectangle

which is framing the triangle, being generated additional right angled triangles. The sign of rectangle

and the signs of the additional triangles are depending on the sign of the initial triangle. In this way, a

general defined triangle for which we have direct calculus relations may be used to create the

discretization of any domain in cross sectional related integrals. Beside the algorithm, other results

consist of the software developed to verify the theory. An important consequence of the paper consists

of the opportunity to create modern computer aided engineering applications for structural studies,

which use: intelligent applied mathematics background, modern information technologies and

advanced computing techniques, such as calculus parallelization. Key words: approximate method, domain triangularization, analytical model, software application, various accuracy tests.




178

Paper ID: C-69

FEASIBILITY OF ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF FLOTATION SKIM AND

ITS POTENTIAL AS RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCE

Salam J. Bash Al-Maliky

College of Engineering, Al-Mustansiriya University, Iraq

Corresponding author: Salam J. Bash Al-Maliky, [email protected]

Abstract: The high portions of organic and Greasy constituents of the skim of Induced Air Flotation

(IAF) unit that is typically land disposed or rendered have made it environmentally problematic for the

receiving bodies due to its poor natural solubility and degradability. One solution for that was the use

of anaerobic digestion. Five laboratory scale batch reactors (each of 10 L working volume) were used

herein to test the effect of different IAF skim to working volume ratios; namely 0.5, 1.5, 2.5, 4.0,

5.0:10 (R1-R5), while the rest of working volume was filled with livestock manure (as inoculums).

These reactors were operated at two different temperatures (25ºC and 45ºC), to determine the

temperature effects on digestion performance. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) removal efficiencies

of 72.6%, 68.6%, 60.1%, 52.1%, and 43.25% were achieved for R1-R5 respectively, at temperature of

25C. These removal efficiencies were significantly improved at temperature of 45C, where efficiencies

of 91.2%, 81.5%, 72.1%, 60.7% and about 50% were achieved for these reactors. In addition, very

promising biogas production rates of 4.5- 5.8 l/day were determined at operation temperatures of

45ºC (compared with 3- 4 l/day at 25ºC) for the majority reactor life times. This achievement may

compensate the treatment costs in addition to the supply of cheap renewable energy. Keywords: anaerobic digestion, biogas, digestion temperature, induced air flotation, substrate composition.




179

Paper ID: C-70

USING TEAMCENTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE FOR A SUCCESSIVE

PUNCHING TOOL LIFECYCLE MANAGEMENT

Florin Blaga, Alexandru- Viorel Pele, Iulian Stǎnǎşel, Traian Buidoş & Voichiţa Hule

University of Oradea, Faculty of Managerial and Technological Engineering,

1 Universităţii Street, 410087, Oradea, Romania

Corresponding author: Florin Blaga, [email protected]

Abstract: The paper presents studies and researches results of the implementation of Teamcenter (TC)

integrated management of a product lifecycle, in a virtual enterprise. The results are able to be

implemented also in a real enterprise. The product was considered a successive punching and cutting

tool, designed to materialize a metal sheet part. The paper defines the technical documentation flow

(flow of information) in the process of constructive computer aided design of tool. In the design phase

is required the allocation of rolls to various members of the design department: designers of the

various components of the punch, verifying task of documentation, approval decision of revised

documentation. Designers realize the 3D model of the punch. From these on obtain 2D drawings

needed to realize the parts of assembly. If the assessment process finds that the conditions imposed are

not fulfilled, the task is returned to the designers for fix the errors. After the design phase is completed

a list of parts is generated containing standard or manufactured components (BOM, Bill of Materials).

The BOM may be exported in MS Excel (.xls) format and can be transferred to other departments of

the company in order to supply the necessary materials and resources to achieve the final product. This

paper describes the procedure to modify or change certain dimensions of sheet metal part obtained by

punching. These changes generate modification of some component of successive punching and

cutting tool, mainly referring to its active components. The process of changing determines specific

information and documents flow. In the Teamcenter platform is defined rolls and persons involved in

the approval, conducting and managing changes. After confirmation of changes by the client and the

approval of the project manager, a specific procedure is followed to generate o new release of

documentation. In the first phase 3D models of active components are modified. The next step is to

modify the execution drawings. Under these conditions Teamcenter database may contains two or

more versions of documentation for the successive punch project, original and new versions named

revised versions of project. After 3D and 2D design, the digital prototype of punching tool moves to

following lifecycle phase of manufacturing process. It is organized into hierarchical levels: the punch

assembly, machining processes for each manufactured component. For each operation of the

technological process the corresponding phases are described in detail. Teamcenter enables to describe

manufacturing company structure, underlying workstations that carry out various operations of

manufacturing process. Within the frame of TC platform connections between products, processes and

resources are generated. The paper revealed that the implementation of Teamcenter PDM in a

company, improves efficiency of managing product information, eliminating time working with

search, verification and correction of documentation, while ensuring the uniqueness and completeness

of the product data.

Key words: lifecycle management, teamcenter, digital prototype, documents flow.




180

Paper ID: C-71

AN ENGINEERING MODEL FOR YIELD INCEPTION IN SLIP-STICK

ELASTIC CONTACTS

Sergiu Spinu & Dorin Gradinaru

Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Mechatronics and Management,

13 University Street, 720229, Suceava, Romania

Corresponding author: Sergiu Spinu, [email protected]

Abstract: Stress analysis in the elastic contact between two spheres under combined normal and

tangential loading is a fundamental problem in engineering, applicable in the modeling of particle –

flow simulations or in study of contact between rough surfaces. The surface tractions distribution in a

normally loaded frictionless contact problem is known from the Hertz theory, while the tangential

frictional contact problem was solved separately by Cattaneo and by Mindlin, who concluded that the

full-stick hypothesis concerning an elastic spherical contact requires an unrealistic infinite frictional

coefficient to support the infinite shear contact tractions arising at contact periphery. Consequently, an

annular region of slip has to be assumed, in which a Coulomb friction law is established to impose an

upper limit to shear tractions. The potential contact failure due to plastic yielding is generally predicted

using the von Mises yield criterion, which uses the maximum of the second deviatoric stress invariant

to locate the plastic yield inception in the elastic body. This paper aims to establish the relation

between the frictional regime and the normal and tangential loading components, which leads to

plastic yield inception in a slip-stick spherical contact between similarly elastic materials. The study is

based on the computation of stress field using a well-established semi-analytical method coupled with

an acceleration technique based on the convolution theorem. The method applied herein in assessment

of subsurface stresses induced in an elastic solid by a known distribution of surface tractions, normal

and shear, is based on the superposition principle applicable in the frame of linear elasticity, and on the

fundamental solutions derived for the elastic half-space by Boussinesq and by Cerruti, expressing the

stress and displacement field induced in an elastic and isotropic half-space by a normal or a tangential

concentrated force acting on the half-space boundary. The use of these fundamental solutions in linear

elasticity is authorized by the so-called half-space approximation employed in the theory of contact

mechanics, assuming bodies of arbitrary (yet smooth) surface as semi-infinite solids confined by a

plane boundary. The results obtained for the spherical slip-stick contact are normalized to allow

application to any elastic constants or contact curvature, and model fitting is employed to derive

simple empirical formulas pertinent to practical engineering applications. Key words: stress analysis, yield inception, slip-stick, von Mises equivalent stress, semi-analytical method.




181

Paper ID: C-72

SEMI-ANALYTICAL COMPUTATION OF DISPLACEMENT IN LINEAR

VISCOELASTIC MATERIALS

Sergiu Spinu & Dorin Gradinaru

Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Mechatronics and Management,

13 University Street, 720229, Suceava, Romania

Corresponding author: Sergiu Spinu, [email protected]

Abstract: The mastering of tribological performances of viscoelastic materials is important in assisting

the design of products like automotive belts and tires, seals, biomedical devices, or other parts

involving materials like elastomers or rubber. The prediction of mechanical contact performance based

on the Hertz model is no longer accurate in case of viscoelastic materials, when the material response

to load depends explicitly on time and on the loading history. This paper aims to advance a semi-

analytical solution for displacement computation in viscoelastic materials, as a prerequisite to a semi-

analytical solution for the problem of the viscoelastic mechanical contact. The classic literature on the

latter is based on the so-called correspondence principle between the elastic and the viscoelastic

solution of a problem of stress analysis, stating that a viscoelastic problem has an associated elastic

problem to which the former reduces after removal of time variable via transfer to Laplace transform

domain. When this principle is applied to derive the pressure distribution and the contact radius

directly from their elastic counterparts, i.e. without prior displacement assessment, solutions of limited

viability are obtained. Additional tedious manipulations are required to cover all the possible cases (in

a number of five according to Ting‟s theory) emerging in an arbitrary loading history. A semi-analytic

solution for the contact problem involving displacement assessment is expected to provide greater

generality, allowing for arbitrary contact geometry (rough real surfaces can also be considered

provided the discretization error is contained) and arbitrary loading history. As equations describing

the purely elastic model are time-independent, spatial discretization is sufficient to circumvent the

continuous integration arising in the theoretical model. When assuming a viscoelastic constitutive law,

additional integration over the loading history is required, necessitating supplementary temporal

discretization capable of simulating the memory effect specific to viscoelastic materials, i.e. the

property that the current state depend upon all previous states attained from the initial loading. By

deriving new influence coefficients, computation of displacement induced in a viscoelastic material by

a known but otherwise arbitrary history of surface tractions can be achieved via superposition

authorized by the Boltzmann superposition theory applicable in the frame of linear viscoelasticity.

Based on the newly advanced model, we are anticipating a semi-analytical solution for the resolution

of viscoelastic contact problems, in which contact pressure and displacement are obtained for every

new time increment in a step-by-step approach. Key words: linear viscoelastic displacement, correspondence principle, memory effect, semi-analytical method.




182

Paper ID: C-73

DESIGNING A SYSTEM FOR MEASURING THE FLOW OF MATERIAL

TRANSPORTED ON BELTS USING ULTRASONIC SENSORS

Nicoleta Maria Mihut

“Constantin Brancusi” University of Tg-Jiu, Faculty of Engineering,

30 Eroilor Street, 210135, Tg-Jiu, Romania

Corresponding author: Nicoleta Maria Mihut, [email protected]

Abstract: Excavation tailings (scraping) and extracting the useful (lignite) in surface mine pits in Mining

Basin Oltenia is achieved with technological lines of excavation - transport - dump of high

productivity. A correlation of working capacity of the main components of technological lines (motor

rotor, high capacity transport, car dumps) is necessary for economic reasons on electricity

consumption. To achieve experience in the process was chosen excavator SRS 1400 from South Jilt

career in the CET Turceni. The question of coal excavated volume has a great importance in the mine

pits. At the excavation is desired a density estimate for each machine production tracking, cost

estimation and tracking product unit profitability of each band on various sections zones. Permanent

display size excavated volume snapshots in the excavatorist cabin permite to track tape loading,

eliminating unproductive times and information management to determine profitability. Another

important requirement is closing the loop of the machine drive system of an excavator for a uniform

deposition of carbon on the strip, thus achieving automatic control of the loading belt. Such equipment

is important for the system dispatching in surface mine pits. Through a system of three ultrasound

transducers to determine the smart instant of coal excavated section which, coupled with the tape

speed, integrated over time will determine the amount of excavated coal. The basis of the system

developed is a device for determining the volume and quantity of coal excavated acting on the march

and optimize the system speed excavator working order. The device is designed primarily following

the careers of lignite production: rotor excavators, rubber conveyor belts and dump facilities. Newly

developed system aims to achieve the following determines: the optimum energy excavation

depending on the nature of excavated material - lignite, shale, clay, etc., economic times to use the

excavator bucket teeth rotor, energy optical regime to rubber belt conveyors, eliminate damage to the

plant by conveyor belt breakage detection or tread and eliminating time and energy losses by limiting

reproductive idle, monitoring the amount of coal excavated, control power consumption. Systems in

general and particularly automated systems can not be designed without taking into account their

degree of effectiveness, compliance with minimum consumption of time, energy and materials, insofar

as they are requested and used all the resources it has, at minimum cost production, etc. For this reason

any matter of calculation, design, analysis and operation of transport systems continuously subordinate

requirements optimality. Key words: excavation, production tracking, ultrasound, transducers, conveyor belts.




183

Paper ID: C-74

VIRTUAL MODELLING OF COMPONENTS OF A PRODUCTION SYSTEM

AS THE TOOL OF LEAN ENGINEERING

Monica Zbigniew



Corresponding author: Zbigniew Monica, [email protected]

Abstract: One of the most effective methods of production management is considered the Lean

Engineering. The term “lean engineering” was created by Japanese manufacturers. The high efficiency

of this method resulted in a significant increase in interest in the philosophy of Lean among European

companies, and consequently the use of its European markets. Lean philosophy is an approach to

production to minimize the use of all resources, including time. These are resources that are used in the

company for a variety of activities. This implies, first identify and then eliminate activities which does

not generate added value in the field of design, manufacturing, supply chain management, and

customer relations. The producers of these principles not only employ teams multi-professional

employees at all levels of the organization, but also use a more automated machines to produce large

quantities of products with a high degree of diversity. Lean Engineering is to use a number of

principles and practical guidelines that allow you to reduce costs by eliminating absolute extravagance,

as well as simplification of all production processes and maintenance.

Nowadays it is possible to apply the powerful engineering programs to realize the concept of Lean

Engineering. They could be described using the term CAD/CAM/CAE. They consists of completely

different packages for both the design of elements, as well process design. Their common feature is

generally consider with their application area. They are used for computer programs assisting the

design, development and manufacturing phases of a manufacturing process. The idea of the presented

work is to use the Siemens NX software for aiding the process of Lean Engineering system creating.

The analysed system is a robotised workcell. In the NX system are created the components of the

designed workcell such as machine tools, industrial robot, conveyors and buffers. The system let to

functionally link these components to simulate the work process and to introduce the rules of Lean

Engineering. The purpose is also to determine the rules of Lean designing in such advanced design and

simulation environments. Key words: Lean engineering, CAD/CAM/CAE system, robotised workcell.




184

Paper ID: C-75

COMPUTER AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF THE USE OF COMPOSITE

PANELS IN PROCESS RENOVATION OF FREIGHT WAGON

Michał Majzner, Andrzej Buchacz, Andrzej Baier, Łukasz Grabowski & Michał Sobek

Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland, Faculty Of Mechanical Engineering, Institute Of Engineering


Corresponding author: Michał Majzner, [email protected]

Abstract: Rail transport is an essential part of the modern economy. The rising cost of goods transport

by road are becoming less profitable. Operating costs of freight cars in the area of maintenance and

renovation, due to the rising cost of materials and related services, cause, even with the growing

interest in this form of transport, that the viability of this form of transport is still on the verge of

profitability. This paper presents a methodology to develop innovative methods of construction and

repair of wagons loading space using the latest technologies and the development of procedures for

repairing wagons for the transport of bulk materials, with particular emphasis on coal assortments.

Basic research, which was conducted, to carry out multi-criteria analysis and selection of composite

components that predestined for use in the repair procedures. The tests were performed using Siemens

NX software. Composite structures where modelled in the form of a composite material shell elements

and solid elements. Optimization of composite materials subjected, method of joining composite

panels with sheathing, supplementary material selection - additional corrosion protection, and

technology production and use. Sampling methodology takes into account the level of a composite

sheathing degeneration. To this end it is proposed, in cooperation with DB Schenker, a modification of

the model cycle repair and overhaul, when the goods included ways of measuring the level of damage

to the steel sheathing and composite sheathing. In the case of steel sheathing specified levels of

damage that were input data for the design of a composite. However, in the case of a composite

sheathing the methodology of testing the degree of damage to the sheathing and the manner of their

further repair. Experimental studies include stress tests and verification of connections panel design

and construction of connecting elements. Key words: composite panels, CAx, FEM, fibrous materials, railway.




185

Paper ID: C-76

STATIC ANALYSIS OF HULL PLATE USING THE FINITE ELEMENT

METHOD

Alina Ion

Constanta Maritime University – Romania, Department of Navigation,

104, Mircea cel Batran Street, Constanta, zip code 900663

Corresponding author: Alina Ion, [email protected]

Abstract: This paper aims to present the static analysis for two levels of a container ship‟s construction

as follows: the first level is at the girder / hull plate and the second level is conducted at the entire

strength hull of the vessel.

The materials used are taken into account as being uniformly and homogeneously. The constant

pressure is applied to all surfaces. Taking advantage of the linearity of the finite element model, there

is an applied pressure of 1 Pa. The results obtained can be scaled as needed. The way that the effects

for different values of pressure can be determined is described in the procedure of defining the analysis

and evaluation of results. Using this procedure, we can measure the limits of pressure that the ship‟s

hull can withstand.

This article will describe the work for the static analysis of a hull plate. We shall use the software

package ANSYS Mechanical 14.5. The program is run on a computer with four Intel Xeon X5260

CPU processors at 3.33 GHz, 32 GB memory installed. In terms of software, the shared memory

parallel version of ANSYS refers to running ANSYS across multiple cores on an SMP system. The

distributed memory parallel version of ANSYS (Distributed ANSYS) refers to running ANSYS across

multiple processors on SMP systems or DMP systems.

ANSYS Mechanical software is a graphical interface for pre-processing, solver and post-processing of

the mechanical problems. The solver used is Mechanical APDL.

The validity of the results of this program will be assessed by the verification book with mechanical

problems with answer keys. In this paper I shall apply this software for static analysis of the effect of

wave pressure on the ship‟s hull. For static analysis presented here I shall use the steel as material that

has given mechanical properties, as displayed in ANSYS library according to ASME BPVC

(American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Boiler and Pressure Vessels Code). Key words: material, stress, resistance, geometry, finite elements.




186

Paper ID: C-77

FACILITY DESIGN PROCESS ANALYSIS

George Belgiu1 & Constantin Cărăușu

2

1Politehnica University Timișoara, Department of Management, Bv. Mihai Viteazul 1, 300222, Timișoara, România



Corresponding author: George Belgiu, [email protected]

Abstract: Facility layout objectives are (i) minimize material handling costs, (ii) utilize space efficiently,

(iii) utilize labour efficiently, (iv) eliminate bottlenecks, (v) facilitate communication and interaction

between workers, between workers and their supervisors, or between workers and customers, and (vi)

reduce manufacturing cycle time or customer service time. In this work we analyse how to eliminate

waste or redundant movement, facilitate the entry, exit, and placement of material, products, or people,

how to incorporate safety and security measures, how to promote product and service quality, how to

encourage proper maintenance activities, how to provide a visual control of operations or activities,

how to provide flexibility to adapt to changing conditions, and finally (and most important how to

increase capacity of the enterprise.

Paper ID: C-78

DESIGN OF A WHEELCHAIR FOR DISABLED PEOPLE

Ionut Geonea & Nicolae Dumitru

University of Craiova, Faculty of Mechanics, 107 Calea Bucuresti Street, 200512, Craiova, Romania

Corresponding author: Ionut Geonea, [email protected]

Abstract: This paper presents the researches developed by authors for design a motorised wheelchair for

disabled people. These devices enable disabled people perform many activities of daily living thus

improving their quality of life. Curently existing solution of electric motorised wheelchair, use two

motor at the back wheels, which are used for straight line displacement and steering, by proper varying

them angular velocity. These electric motors must satisfy high torque requirements at low angular

speed, for that are expensive and difficult to control. Solution proposed by authors, overcome these

disadvantages, by implementing a mechanical transmission with differential gears. The design novelty

consist that are used two transmission chains, one is for the straight line motion, and one for steering.

The actuation of this solution is with one traction DC motor with steps adjustable angular speed, and

one smaller motor for steering. It is presented the kinematic scheme of the proposed transmission, and

kinematic synthesis. It is developed a CAD model of the transmission, mounted on a wheelchair. They

are made simulation in Adams, in order to verify the functionality of the proposed transmission. The

obtained results validate proposed transmission model and enable success implementation of this

transmission to a wheelchair experimental model. Key words: wheelchair, locomotors disabilities, diferential transmission, kinematic synthesis.




187

Paper ID: C-79

PARAMETERS IDENTIFICATION AND SELECTION IN VARIOUS

MECHATRONIC VIBRATING STRUCTURES

Andrzej Buchacz & Damian Gałęziowski


Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Konarskiego 18a Street, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland

Corresponding author: Damian Gałęziowski, [email protected]

Abstract: One of the biggest problem in designing of the machines and various types of the systems is

vibration control and reduction. Unwanted effect leads to unexpected problems like stops, brakeges,

faster wear of the units and than due to this higher costs. Parameters identification in modelled

structures is known as one of the most important phases in the design process. It has to be known how

to select properly respective and major parameters of the system to match with given requirements

within previously assumed level. This is also the key point for placing received solutions in the

practical applications.

The work is the continuation of done by the authors researches related to designing of mechatronic

discrete systems that contains mechanical part connected to external electric network and piezoelectric

stack actuator for vibration reduction. Design process is considered in synthesis form that has been

done in relation to given requirements in form of resonant and antiresonant frequencies. The main

focus of the paper is given to the optimalisation of selected parameters, orientated for physical

realisation and applications constrains. Another new element is that the parameters identification has

been divided and detailed for the ones that describe the piezoelectric actuator and known ones, related

to synthesis resulted from chosen distribution method of dynamical characterstics function and

dimensionless transformation and retransformation algorithm. Additionally, it‟s been planned to

determine the limits that create the selected parameters with positive or negative values. Study has

been done based on piezoelectric equations that combines mechanical and electrical concerns,

dimensionless equations, amplitudes and dynamical flexibilities functions. Investigations have been

done also with different selected types of received from synthesis structures. It‟s possible to receive, as

a result of solving the reverse task, cascade, branched or mixed systems.

The usage of diverse mechatronic systems in damping of vibration is more and more common last

years. This relates to different types of industry. With the study for optimal selection of the parameters,

the paper will extend the knowledge of using piezo stack actuators for vibration control in considered

mechatronic systems. Basing on their paramaters ranges analysis, in relation to physical realizations,

it‟ll also widen their possible practical applications. Acknowledgements: This work has been conducted as a part of research project PBS2/A6/17/2013 supported

by the National Centre for Research and Development in 2013-2016.

Key words: mechatronic systems, vibration, piezo, damping, synthesis.




188

Paper ID: C-80

REDESIGNING A PRODUCT USING MODERN CAD-CAM SOFTWARE

Andrei Pop1 & Andrei

Adam

2

1 University Politehnica Timisoara, Department of Mechatronics,

P-ta Victoriei, Nr. 2, Timisoara, 300006, Romania 2University Politehnica Timisoara, Department of Material and Manufacturing Engineering,

P-ta Victoriei, Nr. 2, Timisoara, 300006, Romania

Corresponding author: Adam Andrei, [email protected]

Abstract: After products are on the market for some time, they often need to be redesigned to meet new

market requirements. New products are generally derived from similar but outdated products.

Redesigning a product is an important part of the production and development process. The purpose of

this paper is to show that using modern technology, like Digital Prototyping in industry is an effective

way to produce new products. This paper tries to demonstrate and highlight the effectiveness of the

concept of Digital Prototyping, both to reduce design time of a new product, but also the costs required

for implementing this step. This paper presents a set of stages that focused on the particular processing

conditions of redesigning a product. The paper follows all stages of research and production, from

analyzing the existing product, creating a 3D model of the product, adding new features and testing the

new product.

In this paper we used modern technology based on digital prototyping and designed a new product

from a model already existing on the market.

The chosen product is a tape measure device made of plastic components. Products on the market are

relatively simple, they can be improved. For this we will use the existing model and redesign it too add

some functional new elements that enhance the entire product.

The methodology in this paper is: researching and choosing the reference product, disassembly the

product and studying the component, creating a CAD geometric model of each part of the studied

component, redesigning the product using Digital Prototyping, structural analysis and simulation of the

new product assembly.

The results of this paper show that using advance CAD-CAM techniques in designing a new product

from an existing one available on the market mould offers a significantly manufacturing time and cost

reduction. The ability to simulate and test a new product with modern CAD-CAM programs in all

aspects of production (designing of the 3D model, simulation of the structural resistance, analysis of

the injection process and beautification) offers a helpful tool for engineers. The whole process can be

realised by one skilled engineer very fast and effective. Key words: product redesign; case study; plastic parts; digital prototiping.




189

Paper ID: C-81

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF THE OPERATION OF A PLASMA CANNON

IN MISSION TO MARS PLANET

Tudor Cherecheş1, Paul Lixandru

1, Daniel Dragnea

1 & Sergiu Mazuru

2

1 SC UPS PILOT ARM SRL, Dragomiresti, 137210, România

2 UTM FIMCM, Str. Studenţilor, 9, Blocul de studii nr. 6, MD-2045, Chişinău, Moldova

Corresponding author: Tudor Cherecheş, [email protected]

Abstract: The authors present the results of the numerical simulations of the thermomechanical

processes taking place inside the coaxial plasma cannon and at the interaction between high speed gas

jet and the dust deposited on the surfaces of the space vehicles. The purpose of the study on the use of

coaxial plasma cannon to clean the dust from the surfaces space vehicles in spatial missions to Mars,

was to elucidate some aspects of the system's energy efficiency, thermal and mechanical effects of

high-speed jet upon intersecting bodies and efficiency of the dust cleaning operation on the surfaces of

space vehicles under atmospheric conditions of Mars. Numerical simulation of mechanical and thermal

processes at the forming of the jet in cannon , the interaction of the jet with the rarefied atmosphere of

Mars and during the dust cleaning operations was conducted on a 3D physical model with a

symmetrical plan which schematize real processes. The most important schematization refers to the

shape and position of the plasma layer and uniform distribution of Lorentz forces on the unloading

layer. The analysis of the state and of the movement of gas launched by the coaxial plasma cannon had

in attention, the status parameters p, q, T and ρ and the jet speed v. The plasma cannon launches very

short pulse type jets, with the output speed of the order of thousands of meters per second at

temperatures of about 10,000 K. The mechanical and thermal effects produced by the gas jet on the

intersected surfaces, were analyzed by numerical simulations. There were no observed negative

effects, the stresses and the temperatures induced in the structure have very low values. In the case of

an extended cleaning action it can be produced the erosion of the attacked areas due to the sand

particles movement with high speed. Numerical simulations showed, besides satisfactory efficiency of

the coaxial plasma cannon in the operation of removing the dust on surfaces of the spatial vehicle in

space mission to Mars, some disadvantages of using this system, in the head of the list being the

complexity and very low efficiency energy. Key words: coaxial plasma cannon, thermomechanical processes, numerical simulations, space vehicles, dust cleaning

operation, spatial mission to Mars planet.





190

Paper ID: C-82

ANALYSIS OF HEAT CONDUCTION IN A DRUM BRAKE SYSTEM OF THE

WHEELED ARMORED PERSONNEL CARRIERS

Alin-Marian Puncioiu, Marian Truţă, Ioan Vedinaș, Marin Marinescu & Valentin Vînturiş


Automotive and Transportation, Bd. George Cosbuc, no. 39-49, 5th sector, Bucharest 050141, Romania

Corresponding author: Truţă Marian, [email protected]

Abstract: This paper is an integrated study performed over the Braking System of the Wheeled Armored

Personnel Carriers. It mainly aims to analyze the heat transfer process which is present in almost any

industrial and natural process. The vehicle drum brake systems can generate extremely high

temperatures under high but short duration braking loads or under relatively light but continuous

braking. For the proper conduct of the special vehicles mission in rough terrain, we are talking about,

on one hand, the importance of the possibility of immobilization and retaining position and, on the

other hand, during the braking process, the importance movement stability and reversibility or

reversibility, to an encounter with an obstacle. Heat transfer processes influence the performance of the

braking system. In the braking phase, kinetic energy transforms into thermal energy resulting in

intense heating and high temperature states of analyzed vehicle wheels.

In the present work a finite element model for the temperature distribution in a brake drum is

developed, by employing commercial finite element software, ANSYS. These structural and thermal

FEA models will simulate entire braking event. The heat generated during braking causes distortion

which modifies thermoelastic contact pressure distribution drum-shoe interface. In order to capture the

effect of heat, a transient thermal analysis is performed in order to predict the temperature distribution

transitional brake components.

Drum brakes are checked both mechanical and thermal. These tests aim to establish their sustainability

in terms of wear and the variation coefficient of friction between the friction surfaces with increasing

temperature. Modeling using simulation programs led eventually to the establishment of actual thermal

load of the mechanism of brake components. It was drawn the efficiency characteristic by plotting the

coefficient of effectiveness relative to the coefficient of friction shoe-drum. Thus induced thermal

loads determine thermo mechanical behavior of the structure of wheels.

Study the transfer of heat generated during braking is useful because results can improve and validate

existing theory or may lead to the development of a mathematical model to simulate the behavior of

the brake system for various tactical and operational situations. Conclusions of this paper are relevant

because theoretical data analysis results are validated by experimental research.

Acknowledgment: This paper has been financially supported within the project entitled “Horizon 2020 -

Doctoral and Postdoctoral Studies: Promoting the National Interest through Excellence, Competitiveness and

Responsibility in the Field of Romanian Fundamental and Applied Economic Research”, contract number

POSDRU/159/1.5/S/140106. This project is co-financed by European Social Fund through Sectorial Operational

Programme for Human Resources Development 2007-2013. Investing in people!

Key words: special vehicle, braking system, heat transfer, efficiency characteristic.




191

Abstracts-Section D Robotics and Computer Integrated Manufacturing: Industrial Robots, CIM Systems, Biological

Inspired Robotics, Social Robotics, Entertainment Robotics




192

Paper ID: D-1

NEW ASSISTIVE DEVICE FOR PEOPLE WITH MOTOR DISABILITIES

Ionut Geonea1, Marco Ceccarelli

2 & Cristian Copilusi

1

1University of Craiova, Faculty of Mechanics, 107 Calea Bucuresti Street, 200512, Craiova, Romania

2University of Cassino and South Latium, Cassino, Italy

Corresponding author: Ionut Geonea, [email protected]

Abstract: In this paper, a new leg mechanism for human motion assistance has been proposed for

rehabilitation purposes. The structure of human leg and its motions have been used as inspiration for

design purposes. Proportions of the linkage are estimated utilizing anthropometric measures of the

human leg. For a simple control algorithm, the proposed mechanism for the legs must generate an

ovoid path of the foot, by uniform rotating of actuating crank. The mechanism must generate an

approximately linear trajectory of foot during propulsion. The resulting linkage is a single degree-of-

freedom (DOF) mechanism, which exemplifies the shape and movement of a human leg. The

mechanism is simulated and tested to verify the proposed synthesis. A 3D model of the proposed

system has been elaborated in Solid Works®, booth for design and simulation purposes. Simulation

results show that the proposed mechanism performs movements similar to those of a human leg. Maple

and MSC.Adams software packages are used to simulate and validate the kinematics of the

mechanism. An experimental model of the rehabilitation mechanical system is elaborated and

presented in detail and they are made experimental tests. There is made a comparison of the angular

variations laws of the hip, knee and ankle joints in case of the mechanisms and human subjects, and

the results are comparable. The proposed mechanism demonstrates that a one DOF closed loop

mechanical linkage can be designed to the shape and movement of the biped human walking

apparatus. Key words: kinematic synthesis, biped walking, leg mechanism, rehabilitation, experimental tests.




193

Paper ID: D-2

TRACKING CONTROL OF AN OMNIDIRECTIONAL MOBILE ROBOT

Ionel Conduraru, Ioan Doroftei & Alina Conduraru (Slatineanu)

”Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering,

Blvd. D. Mangeron 43, 700050, Iasi, Romania

Corresponding author: Ionel Conduraru, [email protected]

Abstract: This paper describes a mobile robot position tracking system based on camera vision and a set

of two optical mice and attached to omnidirectional vehicle. The platform follows a trajectory imposed

by using camera vision. Imposed trajectory is drawn on the floor and using two mice is estimated

distance traveled along the path traced. Any time the wheel slips on the surface it will cause an error in

the position measurement. This is a major handicap for omnidirectional drivetrains based on

omniwheels or mecanum wheels, which by their nature slide easily and can slip in any direction.

Traditionally, computer mice have been plagued with many of the same problems. Achieving accurate

motion with a mechanical ball is difficult due to surface differences, dust, and wear. Optical mice

based on high speed optical flow solve these problems, and they have completely supplanted

traditional ball mice over the last ten years [1]. A robot navigation system based on optical mice has

several notable advantages over wheel-based encoders. First, it has no moving parts and does not need

to be in contact with the floor, which ultimately reduces friction and wear on the system. Second, all of

the mouse chips on the market track motion in two dimensions simultaneously. Video processing has

an line detection and constantly looking imposed trajectory and drawn on the floor and traced

throughout the trajectory correction made by controlling the robot kinematic. Thus we obtain a

trajectory tracking and an estimate of the path traveled. Platform for this study using three universal

wheels arranged to the axis at an angle of 120 degrees between them.

Key words: omnidirectional mobile robot, tracking control, odometry.

Paper ID: D-3

AN OVERVIEW ON INTERNAL GEARED MECHANISMS WITH SMALL

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TEETH NUMBER

Simina Macovei (Cîrlan) & Ioan Doroftei

“Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, Mechanical Engineering, Mechatronics and Robotics Department, Blvd.

D. Mangeron, No. 43, 700050, Iasi, Romania

Corresponding author: Simina Macovei (Cîrlan), [email protected]

Abstract: Internal gear with small difference between teeth number are encounter in pumps that carry a

fluid (progressive cavity pumps –PCP), differential and planetary mechanisms (from vehicle automatic

transmission). One of the advantages of these gears is given by the small teeth clearance. For the

pumps, these couplings resist to great pressure, while for the automatic transmissions they function to

high speeds. In this paper a short overview of internal gears with small difference between teeth

number is presented. Key words: internal gear, small difference between teeth number, progressive cavity pumps.




194

Paper ID: D-4

STRESS ANALYSIS FOR A NEW ANKLE REHABILITATION DEVICE

Cristina-Magda Racu (Cazacu) & Ioan Doroftei

“Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, Mechanical Engineering, Mechatronics and Robotics Department,

Blvd. D. Mangeron, No. 43, 700050, Iasi, Romania

Corresponding author: Cristina-Magda Cazacu, [email protected]

Abstract: Due to injuries that occur on the ankle joint, everyday all around the world, more and more

rehabilitation devices have been developed in recent years. The prices for ankle rehabilitation systems

are still high, thus we developed a new device that we indented to be low cost and easy to

manufacture. For the 3D model that we design, the dimensions are taken so that the proposed system

will ensure functionality but also a small dimensions and low mass, considering the physiological

dimensions of the foot and lower leg. The components from the 3D model are established to be from

light materials, like aluminium, pvc, etc. We will perform a stress analysis to determine the most

strained zones, in order to avoid links breakage and to diminuate, as much as possible, theyr section,

for different values of the applied forces. Thanks to this process, the most convenient model and

materials will be choosen, for further development of the device. Key words: stress analysis, ankle, rehabilitation.




195

Paper ID: D-5

DESIGNING OF ROBOTIC PRODUCTION LINES

USING CAX SOFTWARE

Andrzej Wróbel & Paweł Langer



Corresponding author: Andrzej Wróbel, [email protected]

Abstract: The main aim of the project was to show the possibilities what is offered by the use of modern

CAx software in the design of manufacturing processes. The result of this article is to design and

simulation of robotic work station on the production line. Combining the use of engineer‟s knowledge

and software capabilities CAx type allows to introduce the concept of an integrated computerization of

production of CIM (Computer Integrated Manufacturing).There are two main programs apply into this

project:

a) Siemens NX 8.5 it is program that allows 3D design, preparation of documentation, carrying out

structural analysis, kinematic, dynamic, thermal and others, and process design processing. It was

used to create a model of all design elements excluding the robot models and tools.

b) Delmia V5 R19 this is environment to design and build a robotic station manufacturing line. It was

used to make a model of the station, to define the kinematics some of the elements created using

Siemens NX 8.5 and in the process offline programming of robots located in the station.

Use of CAx software, allows the use of computers to assist the design process, products, and processes

leading to their formation. These programs allow you to create a virtual environment models, analyzes

and simulation of the processes leading to the creation of the object. The biggest advantage of using

Software engineering is its extensive mapping capabilities reality in the virtual world. The use of

virtual environments allows for significant speed up the design process and reduce its costs. Despite

the high price of the same general software development costs are falling due to the reduction in the

number prototypes necessary for the implementation of research, the ease and speed of modification of

the model and ability to perform various analyzes. References: 1. Zdanowicz R. (2012) Basics of of robotics. Silesian Technical University Publishing House

2. Olszewski M.,Barczyk J. and others (1985) Manipulators and industrial robots. Automatic handling machines Scientific and

Technical Publishing, Warsaw

3. Morecki A. Knapczyk J (1999) Basics of robotics. The theory and elements of manipulators and robots. WNT Warszawa 1999

4. Buchacz A. (1997). Computer aided of synthesis and analysis of machine‟s sub-assembly by graph and structural number‟s

methods. Silesian University of Technology Press, Gliwice.

5. Buchacz A.; Wróbel, A. (2008). Homogenization of mechatronical systems in modeling piezoelectric layer. Machine Dynamics

Problems. 25, Vol.32, No 3, pp.7-11

6. Buchacz A.; Wróbel A. (2009). Modelling of multilayer transducer by means of the graph and structural numbers method.

Special Issue: 80th Annual Meeting of the International Association of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics (GAMM, Volume 9,

Issue 1, pages 393–394,

7. Buchacz A., Płaczek M.(2010). The approximate Galerkin‟s method in the vibrating mechatronic system‟s investigation.

Proceedings of The 14th International Conference Modern Technologies, Quality and Innovation ModTech 2010, 20-22 May,

2010, Slanic Moldova, Romania 2010, pp. 147-150

8. Dymarek A., Dzitkowski T. (2005) Modelling and synthesis of discrete – continuous subsystems of machines with damping.

Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol. 164-165, p.1317-1326.

9. Mason W.P. (1948). Electromechanical Transducers and Wale Filters. Van Nostrand

Key words: robots, virtual space, piezoelectric, CAx, modelling.




196

Paper ID: D-6

ANALYSIS OF POSSIBILITY OF APPLYING THE PVDF FOIL IN

INDUSTRIAL VIBRATION SENSORS

Andrzej Wróbel



Corresponding author: Andrzej Wróbel, [email protected]

Abstract: Mechatronic systems with piezoelectric sensors or actuators are widely used because piezoelectric transducers

can be applied in order to obtain required dynamic characteristic of designed system. It is very important to use very

precise mathematical model and method of the analysis of the system to design it correctly. It was proved that it is very

important to take into consideration influence of all elements of analyzed system including a glue layer between

piezoelectric transducer and mechanical subsystem. It is indispensable to take into account geometrical and material

parameters of all system‟s components because the omission of the influence of one of them results in inaccuracy in the

analysis of the system.

This paper presents the issues of modeling and testing of flexural vibrating mechatronic systems with piezoelectric

transducers used as actuators or vibration dampers. The method of analysis of the considered systems will be presented,

started from development of the mathematical model, by setting its characteristics, to determine the influence of the

system‟s properties on these characteristics. Utilitarian the scientific purpose of the project is to analyze and demonstrate

possibility of applying the PVDF foil or any other belonging to a group of smart materials in industrial sensors. Currently,

the vibration level sensors are used by practically all manufacturers of piezoelectric ceramic plates to generate and detect

the vibration of the fork. This approach is associated with a number of drawbacks, including:

• The need to use several or several piezoelectric plates, with the increase in number of components is increased defect

sensors. The plates are made of brittle materials which also causes crashes and damage

• After laying the tiles in the so-called piezoelectric stack, use the calibration screw perform tuning fork resonance

frequency and the frequency of an electronic circuit that generates vibrations.

• Sensors have now produced two forks resonance, using these sensors in moist materials is often the case that the material

remains between the forks and at the same time causes a measurement error, and sometimes the need for intervention

conservator. Given the fact that currently produced sensors should be characterized by high accuracy and reliability.

References: 1. K. Białas.(2008). Graphs and structural numbers in analysis and synthesis of mechanical systems. Journal

of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering, Volume 29, Issues 2, Gliwice, pp.151-154

2. Buchacz A. (1997). Computer aided of synthesis and analysis of machine‟s sub-assembly by graph and structural

number‟s methods. Silesian University of Technology Press, Gliwice.

3. Buchacz A.; Wróbel, A. (2008). Homogenization of mechatronical systems in modeling piezoelectric layer. Machine

Dynamics Problems. 25, Vol.32, No 3, pp.7-11

4. Buchacz A.; Wróbel A. (2009). Modelling of multilayer transducer by means of the graph and structural numbers

method. Special Issue: 80th Annual Meeting of the International Association of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics

(GAMM, Volume 9, Issue 1, pages 393–394,

5. Buchacz A.; Wróbel A. (2010). Modelling and study of piezoelectric effect influence on the characteristics of

mechatronic system. Publisher Silesian University of Technology. Gliwice.

6. Buchacz A., Płaczek M.(2010). The approximate Galerkin‟s method in the vibrating mechatronic system‟s investigation.

Proceedings of The 14th International Conference Modern Technologies, Quality and Innovation ModTech 2010, 20-22

May, 2010, Slanic Moldova, Romania 2010, pp. 147-150

7. Dymarek A., Dzitkowski T. Modelling and synthesis of discrete – continuous subsystems of machines with damping.

Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol. 164-165, 2005, p.1317-1326.

8. Jamroziak K., Bocian M., (2010). Identification of pierced materials characteristics in the

aspect of selected degenerated models, Journal of KONES. Powertrain and Transport Vol. 17, (No. 1), pp. 169-176.

9. Mason W.P. (1948). Electromechanical Transducers and Wale Filters. Van Nostrand

Key words: piezoelectric, analysis, smart materials, modelling, model, rheological model, material damping.




197

Paper ID: D-7

MODULAR INDUSTRIAL ROBOTS AS THE TOOL OF PROCESS

AUTOMATION IN ROBOTIZED MANUFACTURING CELLS

Aleksander Gwiazda, Wacław Banaś, Agnieszka Sękala, Krzysztof Foit

& Przemysław Hryniewicz



Corresponding author: Aleksander Gwiazda, [email protected]

Abstract: Recently the number of designed modular machine was increased. The term modular machine

is used to denote different types of machinery, equipment and production lines, which are created

using modular elements. Modular could be both mechanic elements, and drives, as well as control

systems. This method of machine design is more and more popular because it allows obtaining flexible

and relatively cheap solutions. So it is worth to develop the concept of modularity in next areas of

application. The advantages of modular solutions are: simplification of the structure, standardization of

components, faster assembly process of the complete machine Additional advantages, which is

particularly important for manufacturers, are shorter manufacturing times, longer production series and

reduced manufacturing costs. Modular designing is also the challenge for designers and the need for a

new approach to the design process, to the starting process and to the exploitation process. The

purpose for many manufacturers is the standardization of the components used for creating the finished

products. This purpose could be realized by the application of standard modules which could be

combined together in different ways to create the desired particular construction as much as possible in

accordance with the order. This solution is for the producer more favorable than the construction of a

large machine whose configuration must be matched to each individual order. In the ideal case each

module has its own control system and the full functionality of the modular machine is obtained due to

the mutual cooperation of all modules. Such a solution also requires the modular components which

create the modular machine are equiped with interfaces compatible one with another to facilitate their

communication. The individual components of the machine could be designed, manufactured and used

independently and production management task could be divided into subtasks. They could be also

outsourced to an independent manufacturer. Standardization and run of the entire modular machiine

should be easier if standardized are individual modules. The advantages of modular design, in addition

to those mentioned above, there are many more. Modular communication interfaces should help to

reduce the amount of wiring, which is of significance for subsequent servicing equipment. Also, in the

event that any modifications machine changes its individual modules can be implemented in less time

than would be the case, the machine created a classic. The paper presents an example of application

the modular aproch to the proces of industrial robot design to make the proces of robootised workcell

design and exploitation more flexible. Key words: modular design, industrial robots, robotised workcell.




198

Paper ID: D-8

OBJECT POSITIONING IN MAGAZINES OF ROBOTIZED WORKCELLS

USING LABVIEW

Przemysław Hryniewicz, Wacław Banaś, Agnieszka Sękala, Aleksander Gwiazda

& Krzysztof Foit



Corresponding author: Przemysław Hryniewicz, [email protected]

Abstract: During the manufacturing process, each performed task is previously developed and adapted

to the conditions and the possibilities of the manufacturing plant. The production process is supervised

by a team of specialists because any downtime causes great loss of time and hence financial loss.

Sensors used in industry for tracking and supervision various stages of a production process make it

much easier to maintain it continuous. One of groups of sensors used in industrial applications are non-

contact sensors. This group includes: light barriers, optical sensors, rangefinders, vision systems, and

ultrasonic sensors.

Through to the rapid development of electronics the vision systems were widespread as the most

flexible type of non-contact sensors. These systems consist of cameras, devices for data acquisition,

devices for data analysis and specialized software. Vision systems work well as sensors that control the

production process itself as well as the sensors that control the product quality level.

The LabView program as well as the LabView Vision and Labview Builder represent the application

that enables program the informatics system intended to process and product quality control. The paper

presents elaborated application for positioning elements in a robotised workcell. Basing on geometric

parameters of manipulated object or on the basis of previously developed graphical pattern it is

possible to determine the position of particular manipulated elements. This application could work in

an automatic mode and in real time cooperating with the robot control system. It allows to make the

workcell functioning more autonomous. Key words: object positioning, robotised workcell, Labview.




199

Paper ID: D-9

ADAPTIVE IDENTIFICATION OF TRANSFORMATION OF THE LOCAL

COORDINATE SYSTEMS OF THE ROBOT FANUC AM100IB

Adam Cholewa 1, Jerzy Świder

1 & Adrian Zbilski

2

1 Silesian University of Technology, Institute of Engineering Processes Automation and Integrated Manufacturing Systems,

Konarskiego 18a, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland 2DRÄXLMAIER Group, Engineering Department, Wincentego Pola 21, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland

Corresponding author: Adam Cholewa, [email protected]

Abstract: Automated transport and handling systems, in particular industrial robots are not programmed

and utilized in accordance with the criteria of minimizing energy consumption, due to the high

complexity of the issues needed to be taken into account in the process. For efficient selection of

kinematic parameters for the working parts of the machines, it's necessary to develop algorithms that

allow setting a unified form for selection of the appropriate values. However, before preparing of such

dependences, there is a need for adequate research on the energy consumption of machines and the

most important factors in this respect. Development a numerical model of the analyzed object makes

conducting this type of research easier. The industrial robot FANUC AM100iB is an object of authors‟

interest. In this study a non-invasive method for measuring the process parameters of the robot such as

voltages and currents of the supply at all robot axes was developed, with the possibility of synchronous

acquisition of data from the axes drives encoders. During the construction of a numerical model of the

robot the orientation of the local coordinate systems was assumed taking into account the direction of

rotations in the real robot and with respect to modified Denavit-Hartenberg notation. These

modifications allowed achieving full compliance of position and orientation of the local coordinate

systems between the numerical and analytical model of the robot Fanuc AM100iB. The article

describes the validation procedure of the local coordinate system transformation in the developed

numerical model of the robot Fanuc AM100iB with the position and orientation observed for the parts

of the real robot. The validation procedure of the model in the indicated range was made possible due

to specialized and unique measuring equipment and due to the development of non-invasive

measurement method for experiments on a real object.

Key words: industrial robot, FANUC, transport system, handling system, numerical model, energy consumption.




200

Paper ID: D-10

MODELLING OF COOPERATING ROBOTIZED SYSTEMS

WITH THE USE OF OBJECT-BASED APPROACH

Krzysztof Foit, Aleksander Gwiazda, Agnieszka Sękala, Wacław Banaś




Corresponding author: Krzysztof Foit, [email protected]

Abstract: In today's robotized manufacturing systems the emphasis is placed on the simultaneous

operation of industrial robots. This is manifested through the involvement of a number of manipulators

working on the same detail, as well as by increasing the use of dual-arm robots that mimic

manipulative skills of human hands. As a result, there is a situation that requires not only adequate

precision and the proper sequence of arm movements, but also right coordination of the motion. In the

case of dual-arm manipulators, coordination of arms is provided by master control system, which

(among other things) prevents collisions between individual links of the kinematic chains of

manipulators. In the case of two manipulators, which are controlled independently, the coordination of

motion requires respective communication between the controllers of each arm, in order to ensure their

proper cooperation. A major problem in this case is the possibility of collision between the elements

manipulators, from a perspective of several cooperating robots in a common work space. It is hard to

deal with this problem, because the robot manufacturers do not disclose the details of the control

algorithms of manipulator axes. A possible solution is to limit the interpenetration of workspaces of

the cooperating manipulators to a tool (gripper) and the adjacent link of cooperating manipulators.

Moreover, the two situations should be distinguished: the first one, where several manipulators work

with the object, which is positioned and fixed in a some plane, and the second one, when one of the

robots holds the element and adequately changes its position, while others perform some operations on

this object. Both cases could be primarily distinguished by the used control algorithm. There are also

differences in the amount of information held by the cooperating manipulators‟ controllers in each of

the cases. Making the assumption that in each case the movements of the manipulators‟ arms are

determined by the control program and can not be automatically modified, it is sufficient to create an

abstract model of cooperating machines in the form of objects. This paper focuses on the description of

the cooperation between the two robots, represented in the form of object-oriented models. An

important part of this process is the communication between such understood objects. This task

requires that these objects can use some form of “communication protocol” and be able to collect

information about its environment. The approach presented in this paper is not limited to the robots,

but could be also used in a wider range, during modelling the complete robotized workcell. Key words: robot, cooperation, object, model, robotized cell.




201

Paper ID: D-11

OBJECT AS A MODEL OF INTELLIGENT ROBOT IN THE VIRTUAL

WORKSPACE





Corresponding author: Krzysztof Foit, [email protected]

Abstract: The practical ways of the design and management of the production process need an effective

description method of all equipment involved in the analyzed process. The term "effective" should be

understood in a manner that this description helps to build a database of all process components, while

preserving a brief description of each of them. It should be noted that in the general case, each field (or

record) of such a database may contain only the properties of an object (such as name, its placement,

technical data, etc.), which are mainly static values. Some of them are also changing dynamically (e.g.

machining parameters, idle time, etc.). Among all the machines involved in the manufacturing process,

industrial robots are the most complex ones. This complexity is reflected in the realization of

elaborated tasks – involving handling, transporting or orienting the objects in a work space, and even

(recently) performing simple machining processes, such as deburring, grinding, painting, applying

adhesives and sealants etc. Moreover, there are tasks associated with automatic tool changing and

manipulating with the equipment mounted on the wrist of the robot. As the machine which is equipped

with the programmable control system, the robot also performs additional activities connected with

supporting storages of manipulated objects, tools or grippers, object‟s reorientation, holds, vision

systems, measuring stands, etc. It is therefore apparent that the description of the robot in a manner

similar to other machines, i.e. in the form of a data record, will deprive the description of the essential

elements in the sense of performed operations. It is therefore important to treat the robot in a similar

manner as the worker, who performs his tasks in a particular environment. In this case, the model in

the form of a data record proves to be insufficient to characterize the essence of "employment" of the

robot at the workplace. One of the possible approaches to this problem is to treat the robot as an object,

in the sense often used in computer science. This allows both: to describe certain operations performed

on the object, as well as describing the operations performed by the object. There are also posiibility to

illustrate the interactions between different objects. This paper focuses mainly on the definition of the

object as the model of the robot. The created model is then confronted with the other possible

descriptions. The results can be further used to create the model of the complete manufacturing

system, which takes into account all the machines and has the form of an object-oriented database. Key words: robot, virtual workspace, object, model, manufacturing system.




202

Paper ID: D-12

THE MODULAR DESIGN OF ROBOTIC WORKCELLS IN A FLEXIBLE

PRODUCTION LINE

Wacław Banaś, Agnieszka Sękala, Krzysztof Foit, Aleksander Gwiazda




Corresponding author: Wacław Banaś, [email protected]

Abstract: In the case of large-scale and mass production lines often the same model of an industrial

robot is used in various places of the line and is intended to various task. However, the replacement of

one industrial robot to another is a long lasting and arduous process. It requires stopping all the

production line and sometimes even dismantling the whole workcell. Such situations are not frequent

in production lines that are not flexible. They are related the most often with the failure on an

industrial robot. However, during the designing of a flexible production line the ability to replace any

robot, which is unrestricted, fast and trouble-free, greatly increase the flexibility level of such line. It

could be realized by modular design of the proposed production line. In this way it could be possible to

change any elements of such production system. But this approach needs to apply the specialized

informatics system.

This paper presents the obtained design of several versions of the same production workcell. Each,

succeeding version of the designed production workcell contains more and more modular elements.

Thereby it would be presented the evolution of a workcell design beginning from the typical design

and ending with the fully modular one. One of tools needed to realize this task is the elaboration of a

base of modules and typical joint and mounting elements that could be utilised in the described

designing process. It is also presented the guidance information about the designing and programming

processes useful at each stage of analysed process. Key words: modular design, industrial robots, manufacturing workcells.




203

Paper ID: D-13

DETERMINATION OF THE ROBOT LOCATION IN A WORKCELL OF A

FLEXIBLE PRODUCTION LINE

Wacław Banaś, Agnieszka Sękala, Aleksander Gwiazda, Krzysztof Foit




Corresponding author: Wacław Banaś, [email protected]

Abstract: Location of elements of a workcell is apparently an easy task but even during the designing of

a workcell, in which is planned a production of one, simple element it is necessary, among others, to

check access to all required points. The robot in a workcell must handle both machine tools located in

a workcell and magazines (input and output one). It handles also transport equipment and auxiliary

stands. Sometimes, during the design phase, the changes of robot location are necessary due to the

limitation of access to its required working positions. Often succeeding changes of a workcell

configuration are realized. They occur at the stages of visualization and simulation of robot program

functioning. In special cases, it is even necessary to replace the planned robot with a robot of greater

range or of a different configuration type. This replacement is particularly very expensive when it is

realized during physical realization of a designed workcell. In this situation it is needed to include not

only the robot replacement but also the redesigning of its fixing elements. In the case of much higher

capacity of the newly chosen robot it is also necessary to replace or rebuilt its foundation.

This article presents and describes the parameters and elements which should be taken into

consideration during designing robotised workcells. The main idea bases on application of advanced

engineering programs to adding the designing process. Using this approach it could be possible to

present the designing process of an exemplar flexible workcell intended to manufacture two similar

elements. The proposed model of such designed manufacturing workcell could be easily extended to

the workcell model in which it is possible to produce elements belonging the one technological group

of chosen similarity level. In particular, during the design process, one should take into consideration

elements which limit the ability of robot foundation. It is also important to show the method of

determining the best location of robot foundation. The presented design method could also support the

designing process of other robotised workcells. Key words: workcell designing, industrial robots.




204

Paper ID: D-14

THE ROLE OF MULTI-AGENT SYSTEMS IN ADDING FUNCTIONING OF

MANUFACTURING ROBOTISED CELLS

Agnieszka Sękala, Grzegorz Ćwikła & Gabriel Kost




Abstract: Present market conditions causes that modern control systems of robotised manufacturing

cells should be characterized by a much greater degree of reconfiguration, self-organization and, above

all, openness to emerging changes. The phenomenon of information distribution is one of the most

important features of modern control systems. In the paper is presented the approach based on multi-

agent systems application for supporting the operation of robotic manufacturing cells. The aim of this

approach is a flexible response and prevents situations that might contribute to delay of the production

process. Key words: robot, robotic cells, agent, multi-agent systems.

Paper ID: D-15

THE DISTRIBUTED AGENT-BASED APPROACH IN THE E-

MANUFACTURING ENVIRONMENT

Agnieszka Sękala, Gabriel Kost, Wacław Banaś & Anna Dobrzańska-Danikiewicz




Abstract: The deficiency of a coherent flow of information from a production department causes

unplanned downtime and failures of machines and their equipment, which in turn results in production

planning process based on incorrect and outdated data. All of these factors entail, as the consequence,

the additional difficulties associated with the process of decision-making. They concern, among other,

the coordination of components of a distributed system and providing the access to the required

information, thereby generating unnecessary costs. The use of agent technology significantly speeds up

the flow of information within the virtual enterprise. This paper includes the proposal of an agent-

based approach for the integration of processes within the virtual enterprise. Key words: agent, multi-agent systems, e-manufacturing.




205

Paper ID: D-16

CONSTRUCTION TYPIFICATION AS THE TOOL FOR OPTIMIZING

THE FUNCTIONING OF A ROBOTIZED MANUFACTURING SYSTEM





Corresponding author: Aleksander Gwiazda, [email protected]

Abstract: Process of workcell designing is limited by different constructional requirements. They are

related to technological parameters of manufactured element, to specifications of purchased elements

of a workcell and to technical characteristics of a workcell scene. This shows the complexity of the

design-constructional process itself. The results of such approach are individually designed workcell

suitable to the specific location and specific production cycle. Changing this parameters one must

rebuild the whole configuration of a workcell. Taking into consideration this it is important to

elaborate the base of typical elements of a robot kinematic chain that could be used as the tool for

building.

Virtual modeling of kinematic chains of industrial robots requires several preparatory phase. Firstly, it

is important to create a database elements, which will be models of industrial robot arms. These

models could be described as functional primitives that represent elements between components of the

kinematic pairs and structural members of industrial robots. As the part of the work is created database

with following elements: the base kinematic pairs, the base robot structural elements, the base of the

robot workscenes. The first of these databases includes kinematic pairs being the key component of the

manipulator actuator modules. Accordingly, as mentioned previously, it includes the first stage rotary

pair of fifth stage. This type of kinematic pairs was chosen due to the fact that it occurs most

frequently in the structures of industrial robots. Second base consists of structural robot elements

therefore it allows for the conversion of schematic structures of kinematic chains in the structural

elements of the arm of industrial robots. It contains, inter alia, the structural elements such as base,

stiff members - simple or angular units. They allow to convert a recorded schematic three-dimensional

elements. Last database is a database of scenes. It includes elements of both simple and complex:

simple models of technological equipment, conveyors models, models of the obstacles and like that.

Using these elements it could be formed various production spaces (robotised workcells), in which it is

possible to virtually track the operation of an industrial robot arm modelled in the system. Key words: Typification, optimization, workcell design.




206

Paper ID: D-17

MODELLING AUTOMATIC OPTICAL INSPECTION SYSTEMS USING

FUZZY LOGIC

Tomasz Wójcicki

Institute For Sustainable Technologies – National Institute, 6/10 Pulaskiego Street, 26-600, Radom, Poland

Corresponding author: Tomasz Wójcicki, [email protected]

Abstract: The paper presents an original model aimed to support activities related to the design of

automatic optical inspection systems of surfaces. Solutions based on automatic optical inspection, are

widely used in industry, at many production stages, eg. quality control, or anywhere high performance

and repeatability are required, and contactless measurement methods are needed. Problems associated

with intelligent support for design of automatic systems, including automatic optical inspection, are a

prospective research area, due to a number of advantages, like reduced development time, use of a-

priori knowledge, holistic modelling of complex technical issues, and ability to conduct simulations.

Efficient design also reduces costs associated with the need to employ qualified staff, in this case

teams of designers with extensive knowledge on automation, mechanics, electronics, and computer

science. The article presents the use of multi-valued fuzzy logic and binary logic, as part of the author's

expert system dedicated to support decision-making processes related to the design of vision systems,

constituting parts of automatic optical inspection systems. The proposed solution is the result of

analyses of available numerical models, and computer simulations for effectively supporting decision

making processes. A characteristic feature of the developed model is its fast adaptation to different

types of objects inspected, by ensuring the supply of the knowledge base of the expert system,

represented by the model, by sets of logical rules. The author discusses theoretical foundations, the

structure of the developed model and its main components, aimed at automation of the selection of

parameter values of the vision systems, and their optimization. Parameters characterizing vision

systems depend on a number of factors that affect efficiency of exposing essential features of objects

in the recorded images undergoing inspection. The results of empirical studies for selected

configurations, and groups of objects undergoing optical inspection that confirm usefulness of the

developed solution, in real conditions are presented. The article is an important source of knowledge

concerning the design of intelligent systems supporting engineering works. Key words: expert systems, fuzzy logic, artificial intelligence, vision systems, designing, machine vision.




207

Paper ID: D-18

STRESS ANALYSIS OF PARALLEL ROBOT COMPONENTS IN PLM

SIEMENS NX 8.5 PROGRAM

Piotr Ociepka & Krzysztof Herbuś



Corresponding author: Piotr Ociepka, [email protected]

Abstract: The article presents an example of stress analysis using the FEM method in which to

determine the boundary conditions are used the results of a dynamic analysis. The analyses were

performed in the Siemens PLM NX 8.5 program. Analysis considered components of a Stewart

platform, which was the basis of an elaborated driving simulator for people with disabilities (Fig.). The

dynamic analysis was conducted using the Motion Simulation module and the RecurDyn solver. In this

module was defined kinematic constraints that occur in the analysed mechanism of the parallel robot

and next dynamic analyses were performed to determine the maximal forces that could affect the

investigated elements. The next were analysed the various movements of the robot platform in order to

determine the worst impact of forces on the investigated elements. Then were selected such robot

positions in which these effects were greatest. In the next step were performed stress analysis in the

Advanced Simulation module concerning the such determined elements. For calculation the NX

Nastran solver was used. On the basis of CAD models of the created parallel robot components it was

generated a finite element mesh. Then boundary conditions, determined during the earlier dynamic

analysis of the platform movement, were introduced into the analysis process. The stress analysis

helped to determine the stress, strain and displacements distribution that occur in the analysed

elements of the parallel robot. The study made it possible to correctly choose the robot components

and apply them to the construction of a driving simulator for the disabled persons.

Fig. Stewart platform: a) CAD model, b) photos of the realized simulator

Key words: Stewart platform, car simulator, stress analysis, FEM method.




208

Paper ID: D-19

DESIGN AND REALIZATION OF LIGHT MODULES FOR MINIATURE

MODEL PASSENGER COACHES

Mircea-Petru Ursu1, Traian Buidoş

1 & Gyorgy Albert

2

1University of Oradea, Department of Machine Manufacturing Technology,

Str.Universităţii No.1, 410087, Oradea, Romania 2Tehnologistic SRL, str.Libertății nr.35A, 407035, Apahida, Romania`

Corresponding author: Mircea-Petru Ursu, [email protected]

Abstract: Modern miniature trains are made of high-quality materials (metal, plastic etc), processed by

means of highquality technologies. In order to offer a better life-like impression, the miniature trains

are fitted with additional components, such as direction-dependent headlights, interior lighting, sound

modules, smoke generators, spark simulators, remote-controlled coupling devices etc. Because of their

minute dimensions, required by the miniaturization of the model trains, all these features require also

high-tech materials and procedures, such as SMD (surface mounted device) active and passive

electronic components, flexible printed circuit boards, high-accuracy computer-aided design,

engineering and machining etc. The interior lighting of the model miniature passenger train coaches

require very much attention, because the lights should illuminate each compartment, the corridors, the

service areas, the “end-of-train” red headlights and even the destination plates, when possible. Also,

these lights should be independently switched on and off, they should replicate the functioning of

good/faulty fluorescent tubes and/or incandescent bulbs, and the “end-of-train” headlights should be

able to be switched on only when the coach is the last one of the train and should respect the direction

of travel. All these functions can be achieved in the digital command control (DCC) system. This

paper presents the design and realization of such a light module for miniature model passenger

coaches. This light module is programmable on-the-rails by means of any digital command station, and

contains SMD low-current super-miniature LED‟s, resistors, transistors, diodes and other electronic

components. On the printed circuit board (PCB) of the light module, the pre-programmed SMD

microcontroller is the most important component, as it holds the DCC decoding algorithm and is able

to independently drive all the light outputs according to the commands issued by the user via the

digital command station. The light module is fed with electricity by means of wheel current collectors,

which also convey the digital command signals. In order to avoid flickering caused by faulty electrical

contacts between rails, wheels and collectors, the design of the light module allows fitting with

electrolytic buffer capacitors. The design and realization were completed by means of computer-aided

technologies. This light module can be fitted into almost all kinds of four-axles H0 (1:87) model

miniature passenger coaches, greatly improving their appearance on the rails.

Key words: train, miniature, SMD, LED, DCC, programmable, PCB.




209

Abstracts-Section E Technology Transfer: Knowledge Management Case Studies; Knowledge Communication;

Knowledge Portals, Innovation and Engineering Education; Business Intelligence; Business Process

Modeling and Analysis, Process Planning and Flexible Workflow; Security in Business Process




210

Paper ID: E-1

EMPIRICAL RESEARCH ON INNOVATION THROUGH CO-CREATION:

PROCTER & GAMBLE CASE STUDY

Silvia Avasilcai & Iuliana Georgiana Agafitei

“Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, Department of Engineering and Management,

28 Mangeron Str., 700050, Iasi, Romania

Coresponding author: Silvia Avasilcai, [email protected]

Abstract: The first part of present study case has pointed to the efforts directed by Procter & Gamble

over time to keep close to its customers and the manner in which management has supported

innovation within the company. Following the principles of disruptive innovation, the CEO of the

company has set the goal for the company as to produce at least 50% of the innovations from external

ideas. So, the aim of this paper is to continue to analyze the tools and the approach that P&G has taken

in order to come up with new ideas from outside the company. Innovating by co-creation has been

appreciated to contribute to the value creation process. In order to understand which elements in the

co-creation process determine the success of the products or which phase or instrument enriches the

company with valuable input in order to develop products, we have taken a look at P&G‟s co-creation

platform available under the name of connect + develop.

Key words: innovation process, co-creation, organizational approach, innovation model.

Paper ID: E-2

PROCTER & GAMBLE CASE STUDY: INNOVATION STRATEGY OVER

YEARS

Iuliana Georgiana Agafitei & Silvia Avasilcai


28 Mangeron Str., 700050, Iasi, Romania

Coresponding author: Iuliana Georgiana Agafitei, [email protected]

Abstract: The purpose of the present paper is to analyze how product innovation process has been

organized by a multinational company, such as Procter & Gamble. Since innovation through co-

creation is a new approach to local market, we have chosen to conduct a research in form of a study

case showing the steps that the company has taken in order to involve its customers to contribute to the

development of new products. Apart from this, we would like to emphasize the innovation strategy and

tactics that the company has followed historically in order to grow the role of working together with

customers and launch products that were developed through collaboration. In order to point out all

these aspects we will begin the paper by looking at what innovation management theory is suggesting.

Taking these into consideration we will continue by analyzing the mission and vision of Procter &

Gamble Company, the structure and the evolution of products, emphasizing its innovation efforts. The

approach that the company has nowadays, related to development of new products, has its roots in

several complex initiatives in the past, initiatives that has in their central attention the customer. Key words: innovation process, co-creation, organizational approach, innovation model.




211

Paper ID: E-3

INFORMATION SYSTEM FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF MAINTENANCE

OPERATIONS IN SERIES PRODUCTION LINES BY USING MYSQL

DATABASES IN ORDER TO OPTIMIZE INTERVENTIONS AND REDUCE

STANDSTILL TIME

Gheorghe Marc1 & Paul Kela

2

1“1 Decembrie 1918” University of Alba Iulia, Faculty of Science and Engineering,

Blvd. N. Iorga, No. 11-13, 515900, Alba Iulia, Romania 2 StarTransmission, Romania

Corresponding author: Marc Gheorghe, [email protected]

Abstract: The present paper treats the problematic aspect of preventive general maintenance and taking

in consideration all the available and posible methods to avoid maltfunctions and long, useless,

stanstill time, which of course have a bad influence on the production flow.

The main objectives of the introduction of IT&C and repairs planing, based on accumulated data and

equipment functioning hours, are:

- increased realibility of the whole system;

- minimizing stanstill time;

- better spareparts management;

- reduced costs for mandatory repairs;

- reduced energy consumption by increasing the efficiency of the system.

The proposed solution is focused on a Information System, flexible and user-friendly, which allows

centralised view of working hours intervals, specific for each machine, scheduling of overhauls at the

most oprtune moment-based exactly on the functiong hours- without affecting production, establishing

of the overhaul team, managing and preparing the necesarry spareparts which the team needs.

Evidently the system is based on the specific maintenance documents like: annual repairs plans,

technical overhauls, current repairs, capital repairs, maltfunction repairs and modernizing of

equipment, if necesarry.

All of these elements are integrated in a Database which can be accesed by the chief of the

maintenance workshop, who will program the specific repairs which need to be made, intervention

team-which will give a feedback regarding them, logistics personell, production supervisor-who can

notify the best time for the interventions without afecting production. The editing and visualizing of

data will be realised by user-friendly forms. The access to the Database will be implement via a web-

service, based on php, with specific interface and forms for the main four user-groups.

The database will be SQL type given the fact that MySQL is the most popular Database Management

System and it‟s free. Key words: series production lines, maintanance, databases.




212

Paper ID: E-4

SMART FACTORY FOR INDUSTRY 4.0

Elvis Hozdić

University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Control and Manufacturing Systems,

Aškerčeva 6, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia

Corresponding author: Elvis Hozdić, [email protected]

Abstract: Parallel to the development of information - communication technologies, the Internet,

wireless networks, production networks, developed and industrial production which experienced a

strong and profound changes. Factories have become more flexible than ever to complex modern

market turbulence. Modern concepts of production systems require vertical and horizontal integration

of all participants in the production process. This integration determines the foundation of a new,

radical change in the mode of production by German industrialists called the industry is 4.0. In this, the

smart production environment, structuring the smart factory. Smart factory is a production solution in a

flexible and efficient way should be to meet the needs of today's market , and achieves integration

between the various industrial and non-industrial partners who build dynamic , and very often and

virtual organizations . This type of integration, linking the physical components of the production

system and digital, abstract, virtual components into a single system called cyber - physical production

systems. Systems are the backbone for the smart factory. Cyber- physical systems of production will

be structured so that they can respond to almost any change in the market in time within really smart

factories, but also beyond its borders. This not only makes production faster and in accordance with

the specific requirements of individual customers, but also allows to production processes within the

company are optimized through a network of global cooperation, adaptive and evolutionary and self -

organizing. The potential for savings and innovation in these production systems and production

operators is huge. Implementation of cyber - physical production systems in smart factories providing

management with real-time, which is one of the fundamental principles of a new era in the sphere of

industrial production. Key words: cyber - physical production systems, smart manufacturing, information - communication technology, real- time

control, Industry 4.0




213

Paper ID: E-5

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF LABOUR BEHAVIOUR AND WORKPLACE

MANAGEMENT

Shrirang R. Chaudhari

Ranishri Malviya Garden Morshi District- Amravati MS, India

B.E. MECHANICAL (SGBAU)/ PRMIT & R

Corresponding author: Shrirang R. Chaudhari, [email protected]

Abstract: Over discrete factors workplace management and maintenance remained an important

endeavour for decades. Workplace maintenance problems are more likely to be found entrapped in

major traces like worker behaviour, intension manifesto and orientations, emotional intelligence of

workers and human services relations.

In the following paper; to give a deep look on these workplace penetrating problems, I firstly introduce

the human and service relations in context of inter disciplinary relation between labour-service-

agenda-process. In this structure agenda is the equally merge prospective. So the rest of the entire

strategy builds on the tri-pin of Labour, Service and Process. While analysing this strategy building,

assignment and implementation of emotional intelligence in opt of personal and social competencies of

worker along with the potential maintenance of workplace is introduced on some statistical data and

graphs. Binding the structure of emotional intelligence embedded in workplace, a certain statistical

analysis is done on the basis of readings and surveys conducted in Neelay Group of Industries, Nasik,

MS, India. By using various assignments and planning methods, here I procured certain agendas and

regulation that must be conducted in organization or on working floor for the sustainable development

of it.

Furthermore after having a look on sustainable improvement in workplace circumstances, next the

context of paper is directed to the agenda building in workers, mainly in terms of integrity, ethics and

sense of responsibility. For this purpose the conceptual understanding of „Next is Customer‟ strategy is

carried out and on the basis of this the concept of „Singular Firms‟ is developed and established

simultaneously. And as these concepts established the disruption methodology of continuous

development is evolved. Thus this is the overall structure of research work which hopefully adds

values to the test bench. Key words: assignment and implementation of emotional intelligence, disruption, labour behaviour and productivity index,

singular firm, worker-work-process relation.




214

Paper ID: E-6

THE RELATION BETWEEN PROACTIVE ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGIES

AND COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE

Anca Butnariu & Silvia Avasilcăi

"Gheorghe Asachi" Technical University of Iasi, Department of Engineering and Management,


Corresponding author: Anca Butnariu, [email protected]

Abstract: The investments of a firm in five types of resources (according to Hart's theory, in 1995) are

not only the expression of its choices regarding the environmental strategy, but could also lead to the

development of specific capabilities for that firm. The proactive environmental strategies lead to

achievement of capabilities as: integration of stakeholders, capacity to innovate and learning. The

integration of stakeholders, especially of those who have an interest on the environmental protection,

helps the firm to build its legitimacy for the aspect of environmental proactively. The capacity to

innovate makes firms capable to integrate, develop and reconfigure its competencies. The firm's

capabilities should be considered a mediator variable. Aragon-Correa and Sharma (2003), Christmann

(2000) and Wagner (2005) identify the importance of development of superior resources and

capabilities for a firm, based on its relationship with the natural environment as a source of

competitive advantage. Firm's resources encompass the result of proactive environmental strategies

(for example the continuous innovation or the management of stakeholders) and of social reputation

and legitimization. Aragon Correa et al. consider that proactive environmental management requires

changes in procedures and operations and clearly represents an organisational competence once it

requires the complex coordination of human and technical abilities in order to reduce the

environmental impacts and simultaneously to maintain or increase firm's competitivity. Miles and

Covin (2000) have studied the creation of competitive advantage based on reputation and concluded

that there is a strong correlation between the high environmental performance and the reputational

advantage, that leads to increased marketing and financial performance. There are two distinct

orientations of the environmental management that appear in companies: the model of compliance and

the strategic model. In this paper we proposed the hypothesis that the capabilities developed by the

environmental investments will probably directly lead to competitive advantage. In the second stage

we have tested this hypothesis, using the research method of survey. A questionnaire was sent to

managers in textile Romanian industry, and a hundred answers were received. The textile industry was

chosen to test the hypothesis because this industry has evolved as a global, fragmented and complex

system, that in order to reduce the social and environmental impacts along its products' life cycle uses

an increasing number of corporate responsibility policies. Nevertheless, there are few scientific works

that argument the effectiveness of these policies. The results confirm our hypothesis. Key words: environmental management, capabilities, competitive advantage.




215

Paper ID: E-7

A MODEL OF ENTREPRENEURIAL FIRM

Cosmin-Mihai Nacu & Silvia Avasilcai


Blvd. Mangeron, No. 29, 700050, Iasi, Romania

Corresponding author: Cosmin-Mihai Nacu, [email protected]

Abstract: In the current context of economic and technological development, entrepreneurship is a

concept that we hear about increasingly more often. More and more young people are taking the risks

and they are using their available resources in order to start their own business, to becom their own

bosses, to be financially independent or simply because they don‟t find a job. One of the branches of

entrepreneurship in continuously developement is technological entrepreneurship, an entrepreneurial

type that combines innovation and creativity with business environment to give more value to our

society. The purpose of this research paper is to develop a conceptual model to describe more realistic

and more detailed, the entrepreneurial firm from the technological entrepreneurship domain. Based on

existing models of entrepreneurial firm and starting from the technological entrepreneurship process

and its components, we define the basic structure of the new and emproved model of entrepreneurial

firm. So, we analyze the literature, we discover and analyze existing models of entrepreneurial firm

and we compare them to see the similarities and the differences. The most important characteristics,

elements and foctors of the compared models, together with our point of view, will form the new

conceptual model of entrepreneurial firm. After the realization of the proposed model, it is tested

through a case study, through the application of the model on a real entrepreneurial firm, where we

identified and detailed every component of our model, which basicly validates the new model of the

entrepreneurial firm from technological entrepreneurship domain. The new model is based on

theoretical aspects of business venture creation, of technological entrepreneurship process and of

innovation process, it is feasible, validated through the case study. Business venture creation has some

key elements as attitude towords entrepreneurship, intention to develop a new business idea, necessary

resource planning and the stage development of business venture. The key elements of technological

entrepreneurship process are innovation and prototyping and, also, the key elements of technological

innovation process are the source of business idea, the design and accomplishment of final product and

sellings. It is very important for researchers from entrepreneurial domain, from business domain and

not only, to find in the literature valid models that can be used further in research or that can be applied

into real business environments. Key words: Entrepreneurship, technological entrepreneurship process, entrepreneurial firm, case study, business

environment.




216

Paper ID: E-8

CREATIVITY AND INNOVATION BY EMPOWERING THE CUSTOMER:

THE CASE OF MULLINO BIANCO (A)

Silvia Avasilcăi & Adriana Bujor



Corresponding author: Adriana Bujor, [email protected]

Abstract: The terms of creativity, co-creation, creative industries, innovation, and co-innovation are

more and more used nowadays. While co-creation offers the possibility and encourages a more active

involvement from the customers to create value rich experiences, innovation is responsible for the little

improvements made for a better life, to grow a business, to improve products, services or company‟s

productivity. Either customers, current and potential, or stakeholders‟ involvement into innovation

activities, through their creativity, represent an important way of value creation, of actions‟

performance that increases the worth of goods, services, or business as a whole. More and more,

different size businesses gather ideas for innovation from customers / stakeholders by involving them

into the early stages of the innovation process. Actually, it has been shown that their ideas sketch their

needs and wishes, and have been described as “need information”. Customers and stakeholders, in

general, also offer ideas that have been called “solution information”, which represents, not only need

information, but also customer-based proposals that describe how ideas can be transformed into

marketable products. The term of creative industries refers to those goods that can technically be

reproduced, industrially produced, and commercially sold, this being one of the many definitions

found in the literature. Mulino Bianco was first launched in Italy, being one of the value brands of

Barilla Group, which we can say, according to the Italian definition and classification, it belongs to

creative industries: industry of food and taste. Even though Barilla Group‟s Research & Development

department does its job very efficiently, developing and creating new products under different brands,

lately a key strategy for the Group and for Mulino Bianco, by default, is customers‟ pro-active

involvement in products‟ development or creation. One of the tools used for this is the Internet Toolkit

and Web 2.0. by means of which customers are being invited to participate in competitions, being

asked to design and share their concepts / views for new products, or to get involved in by voting those

ideas they best like and would love to find them on markets. The aim of this paper is to explore and

identify the involvement of stakeholders in Mullino Bianco‟s product development or improvement

through creativity and innovation. As methodology approach, a case study about Mulino Bianco was

done, and the foreseen result is highlighting the Nel Mulino Che Vorrei platform‟s features for

consumer‟s engagement in the value creation and co-creation. Key words: co-creation, co-innovation, creativity, creative industries, innovation, and value creation.

http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/active.html

http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/customer.html

http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/create.html

http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/value.html

http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/experience.html




217

Paper ID: E-9

CREATIVITY AND INNOVATION BY EMPOWERING THE CUSTOMER:

THE CASE OF MULLINO BIANCO (B)

Adriana Bujor & Silvia Avasilcăi



Corresponding author: Adriana Bujor, [email protected]

Abstract: The terms of creativity, co-creation, creative industries, innovation, and co-innovation are

more and more used nowadays. While co-creation offers the possibility and encourages a more active

involvement from the customers to create value rich experiences, innovation is responsible for the little

improvements made for a better life, to grow a business, to improve products, services or company‟s

productivity. Either customers, current and potential, or stakeholders‟ involvement into innovation

activities, through their creativity, represent an important way of value creation, of actions‟

performance that increases the worth of goods, services, or business as a whole. More and more,

different size businesses gather ideas for innovation from customers / stakeholders by involving them

into the early stages of the innovation process. Actually, it has been shown that their ideas sketch their

needs and wishes, and have been described as “need information”. Customers and stakeholders, in

general, also offer ideas that have been called “solution information”, which represents, not only need

information, but also customer-based proposals that describe how ideas can be transformed into

marketable products. The term of creative industries refers to those goods that can technically be

reproduced, industrially produced, and commercially sold, this being one of the many definitions

found in the literature. Mulino Bianco was first launched in Italy, being one of the value brands of

Barilla Group, which we can say, according to the Italian definition and classification, it belongs to

creative industries: industry of food and taste. Even though Barilla Group‟s Research & Development

department does its job very efficiently, developing and creating new products under different brands,

lately a key strategy for the Group and for Mulino Bianco, by default, is customers‟ pro-active

involvement in products‟ development or creation. One of the tools used for this is the Internet Toolkit

and Web 2.0. by means of which customers are being invited to participate in competitions, being

asked to design and share their concepts / views for new products, or to get involved in by voting those

ideas they best like and would love to find them on markets. The aim of this paper is to explore and

identify the involvement of stakeholders in Mullino Bianco‟s product development or improvement

through creativity and innovation. As methodology approach, a case study about Mulino Bianco was

done, and the foreseen result is highlighting the Nel Mulino Che Vorrei platform‟s features for

consumer‟s engagement in the value creation and co-creation. Key words: co-creation, co-innovation, creativity, creative industries, innovation, and value creation.

http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/active.html

http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/customer.html

http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/create.html

http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/value.html

http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/experience.html




218

Paper ID: E-10

ORGANIZATIONAL CONTEXT – RELATIONSHIPS WITH HUMAN

RESOURCES MOTIVATION AND WORK PERFORMANCE

Gabriela Rusu & Silvia Avasilcai



Corresponding author: Gabriela Rusu, [email protected]

Abstract: Recent studies regarding human resources motivation and human resources performance

management emphasized the role of the organizational context in the current dynamic business

environment affecting the employees‟ work in organizations. Thus, the current study highlights the

relationships of outmost importance between contextual factors influencing employees‟ motivation,

which foster job performance. The current paper aims to develop a research framework, focusing on

identifying the most important categories of contextual variables which influence employees‟

engagement at work and their work performance. The research consisted of analysing and critically

reviewing the current literature of strategic human resource management, emphasizing the role of the

link between human resources management and performance through the High Performance Work

Practices considered as a system which contribute to company performance by motivating employees

to adopt attitudes and desired behaviors for achieving the strategic objectives of the organization.

Thus, based on 3C heuristic model of motivation developed by Kanfer, Chen and Gilad, and the

strategic human resources management developments, the current research approach highlights the

importance of strategically integrating the human resource management in order to achieve high

sustainable performance. Thus, identifying the most important contextual variables and taking into

account the interactionist perspective person-context, the research framework provides the

relationships regarding the relevant contextual dimensions influencing human resources motivation

correlated with employees‟ performance. Accordingly, the current study emphasizes a systemic model

of analysing motivation and human resources performance in the organizational context, outlining the

dynamic and transformation of the employees‟ motivation at the time they reach in the company,

affected by organizational processes changes materialized in organizational context influences on

human resources motivation, resulting in employees‟ engagement, high work performance and

sustainable organizational performance. Moreover, the research emphasizes the role of the strategic

human resource management practices as being of the outmost importance in influencing employees‟

motivation and performance, but also the influences of employee relations climate and organizational

culture as predictors of enhancing human resources motivation and performance. The results of the

paper indicate a strategic approach of the human resource management system which outlines the

human resource practices as the main factor for increasing human resources performance in

organizations, through enhancing the level of employees‟ motivation. In conclusion, the current paper

provides relevant insights for managers to foster the organizational positive outcomes, through

employees‟ engagement which generates sustainable organizational performance. Key words: organizational context, human resource practices, employees‟ motivation, organizational performance,

employees‟ engagement, strategic human resource management.




219

Paper ID: E-11

INNOVATION MANAGEMENT BASED ON PROACTIVE ENGAGEMENT OF

CUSTOMERS: A CASE STUDY ON LEGO GROUP (A)

Silvia Avasilcai & Gabriela Rusu




Abstract: Customers‟proactive engagement in the innovation process represents a business priority for

companies which adopt the open innovation business model. In such a context, it is of outmost

importance for companies to use the online environment and social media, in order to create an

interactive and open dialogue with customers and other important external stakeholders, achieving to

gather creative solutions and innovative ideas by involving them in the process of co-creating value.

Thus, the current paper is based on a case study approach, which aims to highlight the open innovation

business model of the LEGO Group, one of the most successful and active company in engaging

customers in submitting ideas and creative solutions for developing new products and new

tehchnologies, through online platforms. The study then proceeds to analyze the innovation

management at LEGO Group, emphasizing the most important elements regarding the management

team, the success and failures, the evolution of the LEGO products focusing on the innovation efforts

of the company, its mission, vision, and values, emphasizing the innovation terms which guide the

actions and objectives of the LEGO Group. Also, the research based on the case study approach,

outlines the most important policies and strategies of the comapny, the organizational structure

consisting of flat structures which facilitate the orientation of the team management on the innovation

process and the proactive involvement of consumers and other external stakeholders in product

development, highlighting also the most important activities developed by the management team in

exploring the new opportunities which may occur on the market, involving customers in sharing their

ideas at festivals, participating to discussions of adult fans on web-based platforms and establishing

partnerships with the external stakeholders in order to create value. Moreover, the paper is focused on

identifying the company‟s concerns regarding the competitive strategies, new technologies developed

for sustainable development and innovation, emphasizing also the concerns of the LEGO Group for a

long-term orientation strategy which implies developing innovative products, made by ecological

materials, reducing the negative impact on the environment. In addition, the company aims to foster

innovation maintaining a clear vision, multiple contacts with the internal and external environment,

and the flat structures which enable the communication between innovative management teams and

top management team. Consequently, the study provides the insights regarding the innovation

management of the LEGO Group, emphasizing the role of engaging customers and other external

stakeholders in the co-creation of value. Key words: co-creation, innovation, customers‟ engagement, online platforms, value creation.




220

Paper ID: E-12

INNOVATION MANAGEMENT BASED ON PROACTIVE ENGAGEMENT OF

CUSTOMERS: A CASE STUDY ON LEGO GROUP (B)

Gabriela Rusu & Silvia Avasilcai




Abstract: To foster the development of innovative products and new technologies, nowadays companies

use an open innovation system, encouraging stakeholders to contribute, using the companies‟ online

platforms for open innovation or social media, bringing and sharing creative solutions and ideas in

order to respond to challenging needs the company directly expresses. Accordingly, the current

research continues the analysis of the LEGO Group innovation efforts, aiming to provide a case study

approach based on describing the most important projects and online instruments company uses to

interact with customers and other external stakeholders. Thus, by analysing the experience of the

company in developing projects of involving stakeholders in the innovation processes, the article

emphasizes the objective of these past projects developed by LEGO Group, outlining their objectives

regarding the focus on the product or process innovation, the team management and stakeholders

involved in the innovation actions and the results they obtained. Morever, the case study highlights the

features of the most important online instruments LEGO Group uses at the moment for engaging

LEGO fans, children, parents, and other external stakeholders in developing new LEGO sets. Thus,

LEGO online instruments provide the opportunity for customers to be creative and to respond to

LEGO management team challenges. Accordingly, LEGO involve customers in bringing innovative

ideas for LEGO sets through LEGO Ideas instrument, which aims to engage customers in submitting

projects, voting and supporting ideas and also sharing them on social media. Also, the research

emphasizes the role of supporting the open dialogue and interaction with customers and other external

stakeholders through LEGO.com Create & Share Galleries instrument, using their creativity to upload

innovative models in the public galleries. The continuous challenges LEGO launches for their fans

create a lon-term connection between company and its customers, supporting the value co-creation

process, as the submitted ideas can materialize in new LEGO products which can be found on the

market. As a consequence, customers‟ engagement in the co-creation processs facilitated by the

multiple online instruments provided by LEGO, resulted in positive outcomes for the company

regarding new product development for the sets launched on the market to satisfy changing needs of

their customers. The results provided by this case study approach can be useful for the business

environment and academia as well in order to understand the role of engaging customers in the open

innovation process, creating a competitive advantage on the market for companies. Key words: online platforms, value co-creation, customers‟ engagement, creative ideas, innovation, stakeholders.




221

Paper ID: E-13

INNOVATION THROUGH DEVELOPING CONSUMERS COMMUNITIES.

PART I: INNOVATION IN ACTION

Elena Galateanu (Avram) & Silvia Avasilcai

“Gheorghe Asachi” Techical University of Iasi, Departement of Engineering and Management,


Corresponding author: Elena Galateanu (Avram), [email protected]

Abstract: Technological changes and need for innovation represents the main concerns for

organizational growth and profitability. However the main priority is still about achieving high

performance through product development and consumers‟ engagement activities. As implementation

of open innovation applications increased and value co – creation became well known and major

process, companies were engaged into value co – innovation activities. From this point of view the

need for joint efforts with consumers in product development arose. Thus the primary condition for an

organization to be consumer centric is to define clear the vision and mission which reflects the

common efforts for co – creation and diffusion of innovation. As Research & Development processes

evolved and interest for innovative concepts and products arose, companies started to implement the

specific instruments for consumers‟ attraction and engagement into design and product development.

The digitalized innovation became the main source for establishing the direct communication with the

consumers. In order to achieve organization growth, profitability and recognition, the companies

should be aware of the innovation importance and the need for internal change. From this point of

view, there is necessary to assess the organizational structures, to implement new policies and to

establish strategic targets.

Basically it is justified the need for platform occurrence and development. Based on case study of

BMW Group, recognised leader in automotive industry for innovative concepts, there will be analysed

main features within organizational context which promotes the innovation implementation. There will

be provided the review of the BMW Group experience of innovation activities, main consumers‟

engagement strategies, the values which promote the consumer – centric product development, new

opportunities assessment, major policies and concerns. The foreseen result is to understand how

companies are adapting to the technical and innovation changes as the main criteria for future product

development and consumers‟ engagement motivation through the platform – based communication. Key words: co – creation, consumers‟ engagement, innovation policies, product development, open innovation.




222

Paper ID: E-14

INNOVATION THROUGH DEVELOPING CONSUMERS COMMUNITIES.

PART II: DIGITALIZING THE INNOVATION PROCESSES

Silvia Avasilcai & Elena Galateanu (Avram)

“Gheorghe Asachi” Techical University of Iasi, Departement of Engineering and Management,


Corresponding author: Elena Galateanu (Avram), [email protected]

Abstract: The current research recognises the concept of innovation as the main driver for organisational

growth and profitability. The companies seek to develop new ways to engage consumers and

customers into co – creation value through the product design, development and distribution processes.

However the main concern is manifested for new and creative ways of customization products based

on consumers‟ requirements and needs. Thus the need for innovative virtual instruments arose as the

demand from social communities for personalised products or services increased. Basically companies

should develop own innovative platforms, where consumers can participate, with ideas, concepts or

other relevant contributions, and interact with designers or engineers for product development.

This paper aims to present the most important features of platform development within BMW Group

as a concept and as innovative instrument. From this point of view it is important to enhance past

experiences of the company in the field of co – creation projects. There will be highlighted the dual

consumers‟ character as co – creator and co – evaluator based on their involvement in the proposed

and developed projects and platform structure.

The significant impact on platform functioning it has the diversity of company‟s concerns for Research

& Development and innovation activities. From this point of view there will be assessed the platform

structure, the main proposed themes and the evaluation process. The main outcome is to highlight the

significance of platform development as innovative tool for consumers‟ communities‟ enhancement.

Based on the analysis of “BMW Co-Creation Lab”, there will be revealed the main consumers

concerns in terms of safety, comfort and appearance of the products. Thus it is important to understand

the evaluation process of gathered ideas and intellectual property policy.

The importance of platform development and implementation will be highlighted by company‟s results

in terms of Research & Developments investments and future projects which will be proposed,

assessed and implemented by BMW Group in order toshow the responsility for their products and

consumers. Key words: consumers‟ community, platform, virtual instrument, co – creation lab, innovation.




223

Paper ID: E-15

INTELLECTUAL CAPITAL MANAGEMENT IN LOCAL PUBLIC

ADMINISTRATION: STRATEGIC PLANNING ENGINE

Ionuţ Viorel Herghiligiu1, Mihaela Luminiţa Lupu

1, Bogdan Balaniscu

1, Christian Robledo

2

& Abdessamad Kobi2

1 “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, Department of Engineering and Management,

Blvd.Mangeron, No. 29, 700050, Iasi, Romania 2 University of Angers, LASQUO, 62 Avenue Notre-Dame du Lac, 49000 Angers, France

Corresponding author: Ionut Viorel Herghiligiu, [email protected]

Abstract: The human society has progressed during the last decades to a knowledge-based economy and

as a result the organizations from public services have reconsidered the level of importance regarding

the human capital, research, information/ knowledge engineering, and strategic planning design. The

purpose of this article is to provide to Romanian local administration an efficient tool (an efficient

methodology) that could analyses the intangible assets because these assets develop and implement

different local strategy on long term view. Although strategiс planning and intelleсtual сapital are very

wide spread in present literature, the сonсept of intelleсtual сapital as a pillar for strategiс planning is

less approсhed. Therefore the paper focus on the relationship between intellectual capital (human

capital/ structural capital/ relational capital) and the strategic planning process at the local public

administration level. The construction of the analysis methodology took into account also various

organizational internal factors (e.g.: commitment, compliance, participation, information system) and

external organizational factors (e.g.: government policy, legal regulations and official regulations

regarding the organizational structure).This paper shows the great importance of intellectual capital

comprised in the process of strategic planning in order to overcome the challenges of various changes

in the environment and to contribute actively to the development of local administrations. Key words: intellectual capital, strategic planning, knowledge management, local public administration.




224

Paper ID: E-16

STATISTICAL METHODS USED IN ELECTRICAL ENERGY

MANAGEMENT

Petruța Mihai, Alexandra Ioanid, Elena Fleacă & Bogdan Fleacă

Politehnica University of Bucharest, Faculty of Entrepreneurship, Business Engineering and Management,

313 Splaiul Independentei Street, 060042, Bucharest, Romania

Corresponding author: Petruta Mihai, [email protected]

Abstract: The importance of the forecast in management is very important. The initiatory of the private

process of the electricity distribution, the generalization of the dealing on the market, the substantion

of a new mechanisms and instruments for the market risk management and the bigger decentralization

of the dealing with electric energy are some of the most important aspects in which the forecast studies

on short term, are very important. In this context, the paper shows a lot of aspects connected with the

forecast on short term of the electric energy consumption.

The powerful industrial development has brought important changes in all areas, and this were

reflected in the environment, and also at the society level.

This means firstly to establish by forecast the future development and the corect appreciation of the

factors impact and the decisions on the future, and secondly, the decisions phase, are introduced the

castigations needed for the purposes. Is self-understood that because of the forecast and taking

decisions, are processes which are developed in time, in conditions of aleatory perturbation, the

adaptation process must be continuous, showed in forecasts and rehearses castigations which will

maintain the evolution on the target. More, once we are close to the specific targets, in the future are

new targets, who presumes new forecast horizons and new decisions.

The forecast can be defined like approximately of the unknown events from the future; this thing is

necessary because of the existence of some unknown events, but this event play an important role in

taking some decisions. It is obvious that the uncertainty's elimination is not possible, so the forecast is

a tool who tries to minimize these uncertainties. The forecast of the energy's request presumes the

estimation of this request's characteristics: size, time evolution, the request's structure, and so on. The

forecast of the electrical charge is a tool of a modern EMS. Key words: statistical methods, forecast, electrical energy, consumption.





225

Paper ID: E-17

FORECASTING METHODS FOR MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

Petruța Mihai, Alexandra Ioanid, Bogdan Fleacă & Elena Fleacă



Corresponding author: Petruta Mihai, [email protected]

Abstract: The management of an organization implies the existence of a forecast. In modern

management had been established some landmarks for realizing the forecast. The method used is

called forecast management. Achieving a forecast management implies: performing forecasts for the

determination of the future state of systems; defining strategies that would allow the evolution of the

organization on the desired path and elaborating a plan to describe the evolution towards the desired

state.

For organizational management there are performed forecasts that improve the decision process by

appreciating the future consequences of a present decision. The forecast theme performed for an

organization refers to: changing the organization policy in order to avoid difficulties that might appear

in the future. This implies redefining the objectives and modifying the strategies. The paper presents

the forecast methods necessary when realizing a forecast: exploratory methods and normative

methods. The exploratory methods used are the chronological series method, scenarios method,

Markov chains. Also, as normative method was used the Pattern method. In an organization there are

performed: development forecasts; marketing forecasts, labor force forecasts; economical forecasts,

technological forecasts. Key words: Forecasting management, forecast, chronological series, Markov chains.





226

Paper ID: E-18

EARLY EQUIPMENT MANAGEMENT AND EARLY PRODUCT

MANAGEMENT IN PRODUCTION PLANT

Anna Kiljan & Marek Roszak


Biomaterials, Konarskiego 18A, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland

Corresponding author: Anna Kiljan, [email protected]

Abstract: Early Equipment Management (EEM) and Early Product Management (EPM) in production

plant. Equipment management in facility causes many problems like: production difficulties,

maintenance difficulties, quality faults, difficulties in reaching high levels of OEE in short time after

installation of devices or safety requirements not always simple to solve. All this kind of problems

causes increase of production costs. Level of production costs is determinant of facility

competitiveness.

The purpose of this work is to show the best usage of EEM and EPM on particular example in

production, to minimize costs, reduce life cycle cost and vertical start-up.The problem can be solve by:

limiting the equipment life cycle cost, manufacture reliable device, easy to maintain, available, safe,

easy to control and clean, fast start (installation) of new equipment and high quality of product.

EEM methodology has the purpose of creating competitive equipment, appropriate not from

technological innovation point of view but from point of view of continuous improvement through

problems overtaking ability, which might appear in those equipments. It is possible by considering the

experience with previous machines and uses it in developing the new ones in both installation and

operating phase. Application of EEM expects precise cooperation those who work in developing new

equipment (Technology Department), suppliers, those who work in developing the product and those

who work in production, especially maintenance personnel. This is to create verification check lists of

developing and characteristic phase, which product has to guarantee (Design Reviev), which contain

experience from previous equipment management in facility (determining the risk, analysis and

solving the problems), and which deliver as a result equipment able to ensure:

o product with high quality, received by design for quality (QAD – Quality Assurance Design);

o minimal cost, by LCC design (minimize LCC – Life Cycle Cost);

o shorter lead time of developing, using Design Review system in equipment developing process;

o greater flexibility;

o safety and easiness in equipment operation;

o reliability and maintenance ability.

The result of this work is presentation on particular example in manufacturing facility usage of above

described methodologies for early solving and problem prediction related to purchase and operation of

equipment and manufacturing specific product. Key words: product, equipment, production management, company, minimal cost, production plant.




227

Paper ID: E-19

THE METHOD OF BUILDING A KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

IN A MANUFACTURING COMPANY

Alfred Paszek & Piotr Wittbrodt

Opole University of Technology, 76 Prószkowska Street 45-758 Opole, Poland

Corresponding author: Alfred Paszek, [email protected]

Abstract: The paper presents examples of knowledge management system construction on the basis of

research methodology. The presentation of examples starts from the knowledge resources analysis of a

given company, representing a group of specialized manufacturers of railroad points of railway and

tram lines, railroads intersections and their constituent elements. Products knowledge resources have

been divided into two basic information groups: general and detailed information about railroad

turnout‟s subassemblies. Each of the groups represents significant products features and includes their

examples. Production systems knowledge resources are based on the characteristics of treatment

technology applied in the company. Examples of input and output information sets and diagrams of

knowledge flow within a company have been presented under the analysis of production processes

knowledge. The paper includes examples of determined knowledge management processes support

methods. The process or knowledge resources location is based on elaborated knowledge maps. The

maps facilitate fast determining of distinct competencies of the individual employees and such

locations within a company, which provide information necessary for starting new production. A

method based on a structure of knowledge forms has been applied in the process of knowledge

obtaining. It facilitates ordering of information sets which refer to the problem to be solved and a

record of knowledge in form of decision rules. The forms facilitate additionally an introduction of

decision explanation mechanisms in the knowledge management system. Examples of production

knowledge processing stages have presented at the technological production preparation range of a

given assortment. Methods applied in them are based on expert methods. A staged production

preparation process was elaborated for the purpose of knowledge identification, with distinguished

significant decision problems. This facilitates identification of knowledge which is necessary for

solving a problem and their subsequent ordering according to a method of knowledge management

system construction. Knowledge formalization is based on construction of designing principles, with

detailed information on the technological process. Examples of graphic formalization and a record of

rules for the design of railroad turnout‟s elements treatment have been included. The implementation

stage was linked with the processes of use and maintenance of production knowledge. Example of PC-

shell system application was presented, applied in the construction of knowledge base for initial

treatment technological operations of chosen elements. The system elements in form of blocks have

been described in detail: facets, rules and control as well as the programme instructions applied. The

final part includes part of the programme source code and examples of forms, generated during the

system work.




228

Paper ID: E-20

MULTI-ASSORTMENT RHYTHMIC PRODUCTION

PLANNING AND CONTROL

Bozena Skolud 1, Damian Krenczyk

1 & Marcin Zemczak

2

1Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Konarskiego 18A, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland

2University of Bielsko-Biala, Department of Production Engineering, Willowa 2, 43-309 Bielsko-Biala, Poland

Corresponding author: Bozena Skolud, [email protected]

Abstract: Multiassortment rhythmic production is characterized by the rhythmic character of the

production flow and the simultaneous realization of various products. In this type of production,

regular repetition of manufacturing operations performed on system resources, on which for every

constant period T, the same sequence of operations is repeated for each resource and after the last one

system returns to the first operation in the sequence. This paper presents a method of production

planning and control based on the combined concepts of rhythmic production and flow logic. This

approach allows to put together the simultaneous production of a large range of products and the need

to produce in batches and a pull production system. The concept of a flow logic in supply chains that is

approaches in which the abandonment of production in batches for the production of individual

components, which is based on the classification of products into four groups. Elements from the last

of group are eliminated as too different and requiring significant investments in set up‟s, with slight

benefit to the manufacturer. Possibility of production of individual single batches, while keeping

cyclical nature of production requires also development of (except transform the internal set up's into

external, which do not affect the production cycle) algorithms to provide fast changes between two

steady-states (two different cycles of production flow) during the transitional phases. Changes in the

production cycles are necessary to be able to realize production of the so-called fixed volume mixed

sequence, in which production is distributed evenly throughout the day.

Such organization of the manufacturing processes flow requires a completely new way of verifying

orders to concurrent execution and flow control. In the paper methods of production planning

assumptions based on the rhythmic flow balancing for the one size batch unit have been presented.

Determination of the quality indicators of production, which guarantee production flow without

deadlocks and starvations, and the quantity production indicators, such as, production delays,

utilization of resources, size of the inter-resource buffers. In the next part the method of determining

the sequence of operations for transient phase between two known steady-states established for

rhythmic production, without termination and restart of the whole production has been presented. This

approach significantly reduces the set-up times associated with assortment changes and helps to

minimize the size of the production batches. Key words: production planning, transient state, manufacturing systems, management, constraint satisfaction, flow logic.




229

Paper ID: E-21

PILOT STUDY ON THE SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP AWARENESS OF

THE FUTURE BUSINESS ENGINEERS

Elena Fleacă, Anca Alexandra Purcărea, Bogdan Fleacă, Petruța Mihai & Octavian Negoiță



Corresponding author: Elena Fleacă, [email protected]

Abstract: As a key reaction to the evolution of social and environmental concerns, there is a growing

recognition of the need for preparing the future generations of business engineers to create and sustain

social value. The engineering education has to go beyond the technical knowledge and to develop

business behaviours that take into account a positive return to the society.

The paper tackles an interdisciplinary view between engineering education, entrepreneurship, and

social responsibility domains by reviewing and benchmarking the relevant concepts and initiatives at

international level, in terms of addressing these challenges in the marketplace.

The research methodology was firstly consisted of a qualitative research on the competitive literature

on social entrepreneurship and business engineering education requirements to capture the inner

connections between the future of business market and the pressure on addressing economic, social,

and environmental aspects, in an integrated manner. Secondarily, the authors have undertaken a

quantitatively research aims at assessing the awareness of social entrepreneurship of business

engineering students with respect to: knowledge, attitude, expectations and behaviours. A survey based

on questionnaires was conducted among 50 students in business engineering field from a higher

education provider in Romania.

The study was limited to the students perceptions and do not take into consideration other stakeholders

opinions concerning the social entrepreneurship endeavours. However, the research results emphasize

the gap between the evolution of business engineer profession and the students‟ awareness related to

social entrepreneurship.

The results are supporting the substantial role of social responsibility thinking and awareness emerged

from gaining a larger understanding of how issues related to society allow future business engineers to

act as social entrepreneurs and develop innovative solutions and mobilize available resources to affect

the greater global society.

Finally, the authors paid attention on how adopting and leveraging worthy education endeavours in

social entrepreneurship are stimulating benefits for the future business engineers by becoming

innovative social entrepreneurs. Therefore, the social entrepreneurial thinking is helping students, the

future business engineers, to boarder understand the context of business market issues from a cross-

disciplinary view that transcend technical disciplines, fields and theories.

The key consequences of the paper emerge from the major role of business engineering education in

preparing business engineers for the forthcoming marketplace requirements in a way that can improve

the people quality of life. Key words: engineering education, entrepreneurship, social responsibility, social entrepreneurship.





230

Paper ID: E-22

RISK ASSESSMENT TECHNIQUES WITH APPLICABILITY IN MARINE

ENGINEERING

Evgeniy Rudenko 1, Fanel Viorel

Panaitescu

2 & Mariana Panaitescu

2

1Odessa National Maritime University, 34, Mechnikov Street, Odessa, 65029, Ukraine,

2Constanta Maritime University, Faculty of Naval Electro-Mechanics,

104 Mircea cel Batran Street, 900663, Constanta

Corresponding author: Panaitescu Mariana, [email protected]

Abstract: Risk assessment is the determination of quantitative or qualitative value of risk related to a

concrete situation and a recognized threat (hazard). Risk assessment is not about creating huge

amounts of paperwork, but rather about identifying sensible measures to control risks. The risk risk

assessment techniques are: Fault Tree analysis (FTA), Even Tree Analysis (ETA), Bow Tie Analysis

(BTA), risk matrix, Monte Carlo simulation and markov analysis.

Purpose of the work: In this paper we will consider as risk assessment techniques: Fault Tree analysis

(FTA), Even Tree Analysis (ETA) and Bow Tie Analysis (BTA). The objectives are: understand

purpose of FTA and ETA, understand and apply rules of Boolean algebra, understand ETA process,

analyse a simple system using FTA and ETA, FTA and ETA advantages and disadvantages.

Research and methodology: The main purpose is to help identify potential causes of system failures

before the failures actually occur. Can also be used to evaluate the probability of the Top event using

analytical or statistical methods.The keys points are: examines a system from Top to Down, provides

graphycal simbols for easy of understanding, incorporates mathematical tools to focus on critical areas,

logic diagrams are used to identify the cause of the Top event, a logic diagram (Fault Tree, Even Tree)

is constructed to show the event relationship, getting the probability of occurrence of the top event. The procedure for undertaking FTA involves 5 steps: a) system description, including definition of

system boundary; b) hazard identification and selection of the Top event; c) construction of the fault

tree; d) qualitative examination of the structure; e) quantitative evaluation of the fault tree. In ETA

process it will be: define the system, identify the accident, identify the initiating events, identify the

pivotal events, built the event tree diagram, obtain the failure event probabilities, identify the outcome

risk, evaluate the outcome risk and recommend corrective actions. In this paper will analyse two cases:

pressure tank and valves-for FTA analysis and fire protection system-for ETA analysis.

Results: In the finally of study it will be obtained: for FTA analysis-criticas areas with Boolean algebra,

logic diagrams (Fault tree), the probability of the Top event; for ETA analysis- accident scenario,

initiating event (IE), pivotal events, probabilistic risk assessment (PRA), event tree (ET). The results

can provide either qualitative or quantitative data for the risk assessment process. Key words: risk, analysis, evaluation, technique, fault, tree, even.




231

Paper ID: E-23

FUZZY METHODS IN DECISION MAKING PROCESS - A PARTICULAR

APPROACH IN MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS

Adriana Mihaela Coroiu

Babes-Bolyai University, Faculty of Mathematics and Computer-Science,

Mihail Kogalniceanu Str., No. 1, Cluj-Napoca 400084, Cluj, Romania

Coresponding author: Adriana Mihaela Coroiu, [email protected]

Abstract: We are living in a competitive environment, so we can see and understand that the most of

manufacturing firms do the best in order to accomplish meeting demand, increasing quality, decreasing

costs, and delivery rate. In present the development of fuzzy technology represent an interest area of

research. A particular area is represented by development of methodologies to enhance the ability to

managed complicated optimization and decision making problems involving non-probabilistic

uncertainty in order to understand, development, and practice the fuzzy technologies for solving

economic, engineering, management, and societal problems. Fuzzy analysis represents a method for

solving problems which are related to uncertainty and vagueness, it is used in multiple area, such as

engineering and has applications in decision making problems, planning and production. Decision

making can be defined as a result of mental processes based on cognitive process in nature leading to

the selection of a course of action among several alternatives. Each process of decision making has as

result a final choice and the output can be an action or an opinion of choice. Different types of

uncertainty can be discovered in a wide variety of optimization and decision making problems related

to planning and operation of power systems and subsystems. The mixture of the uncertainty factor in

the construction of different models serves for increasing their adequacy and, as a result, the reliability

and factual efficiency of decisions based on their analysis. Another definition of decision making

process which came to illustrate and sustain the necessity of using fuzzy method: the decision making

is an approach of choosing a strategy among many different projects in order to achieve some purposes

and is formulated as three different models: high risk decision, usual risk decision and low risk

decision - some specific formulas of fuzzy logic. The fuzzy set concepts has some certain

parameterization features which are certain extensions of crisp and fuzzy relations respectively and

have a rich potential for application to the decision making problems. The proposed approach from this

paper presents advantages of fuzzy approach, in comparison with other paradigm and presents a

particular way in which fuzzy logic can emerge in decision making process and planning process with

implication, as a simulation, in manufacturing - involved in measuring performance of advanced

manufacturing systems. Finally, an example is presented to illustrate our simulation. Key words: decision making process, planning process, advanced manufacturing, fuzzy sets, uncertainty.




232

Paper ID: E-24

FRAMEWORK MANAGEMENT METHODS TO MEASURING THE

INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES PERFORMANCE BY SIMULATION

Florina-Cristina Filip & Vladimir Marascu-Klein

“Transilvania” University of Brasov, Department of Engineering and Industrial Management,

Mihai Viteazul Str., No. 5, 500174, Brasov, Romania

Corresponding author: Florina-Cristina Filip, [email protected]

Abstract: This paper describes the development and design of a reliable informatic product that enable

to measuring the industrial processes performance by management framework methods. The

informatic product MSSP (Modeling and Simulation of Production Systems), facilitates the

mechanisms of identification and selection of decisions and management methods applied to improve

the industrial process. Validation of the MSSP product is carried out through a significant case study

that describes and investigates the impact of rejection rate on the production rate of an assembly line

and the use of simulation in supporting system design and in improving manufacturing performance. It

briefly describes typical problems that call for the use of simulation and then explains how the relevant

data are collected. The core of the paper, how the integrated simulation tool assembly works, its

benefits and limitations and its application on the investigation of rejection rate is discussed.

Modelling and simulation of the assembly line AML (Assembly Main Line), is carried out using the

Witness simulation system. MSSP is an interface between Witness simulation system and three Excel

components used to modeling and simulation the assembly line AML. Simulation is a rewarding tool

for industrial processes, especially in the system design and launching phases. The component-based

nature of the simulation system has made building of accurate assembly line models very easy even to

end users with limited simulation expertise. This has helped managers to concentrate more on the

analysis and performance evaluation of simulation results, and in examining ways of improving

performance. It is hardly surprising therefore that modelling and simulation is used by managers to

take the risk out of business change. On the whole, the informatic product MSSP and the analysis tools

have proven to be effective to modelate and simulate the assembly line AML, and to collect relevant

results for the impact of rejection rate on the industrial process. So, the industrial product MSSP

provide centralized and processed information which are useful in making decisions about

implementing frame management methods to continuous improvement of industrial processes. By

validating the assembly line AML model, it's confirming that it was properly built, provided that the

input data are correct and correspond with reality. The MSSP informatic product is used not only in the

simulation experiments of assembly line AML, but it can be used to simulate any real production

process, which requires the identification and implementation of effective management framework

methods. Key words: assembly line, interface, method, model, rejection rate, simulation.




233

Paper ID: E-25

THE 5S LEAN METHOD AS A TOOL OF INDUSTRIAL MANAGEMENT

PERFORMANCES

Florina-Cristina Filip & Vladimir Marascu-Klein

“Transilvania” University of Brasov, Department of Engineering and Industrial Management,

Mihai Viteazul Str., No. 5, 500174, Brasov, Romania

Corresponding author: Florina-Cristina Filip, [email protected]

Abstract: Implementation of lean management methods involves using of several techniques, which not

form a defining feature of the method, but are resources for implementing the concepts and rules of

efficient frame management methods. Following the lean management methods and techniques

applicable to solving more specific and not general problems, they differ by the management systems.

This paper describes the impact of 5S lean method implemented to storing, cleaning, developing and

sustaining a production working place from an industrial company. The 5S method implementation is

carried out through a significant case study whose purpose to identify, analyse and deployment the

method in order to enable visibility of problems and working mistakes, reducing waste (stationary and

waiting times), transparency and clarity of material flow, storage areas by properly marking and

labelling, establishing standards work (everyone knows exactly where are the necessary things), safety

and ergonomic working places (the health of all employees). The 5S method requires organization and

safety of the working process, properly marking and labelling of the working place, and audits to

establish the work in progress and to mentain the improved activities. The 5S case study describes

typical problems of industrial process performance and aims implementation of efficient management

methods. The 5S implementation get the advantage of waste reducing, reducing the time access to the

materials and needed tools, cleaning and orderly workplace, safety increase at the working place,

productivity increase, improving discipline, stress reducing, and quick detection of problems. In the

aim of checking the 5S method and to sustain the implemented process, was used the 5S audit. The 5S

audit is a standard tool used for periodical or permanent reviewing and verification of the 5S method.

To implement the standardization process, was created a standard sheet of marking the production

areas. To sustain the standardization process was drawing a standard form by which is doing the

process confirmation of all workplaces. The standardization form help keeping safety and quality

rules, keeping sequence of working steps, and keeping process implementations. The process

confirmation main objective is to observe the work process and identify the weaknesses. Responsible

for doing the process confirmation is the shop leader whit support of lean expert and the production

preparation responsible. So, management performance of industrial process can be influenced by the

visual management applied to improve the process organization, to increase the working environment

quality, and to eliminate mistakes. Key words: audit, optimization, process confirmation, responsibility, task, waste.




234

Paper ID: E-26

DECOLORATION BY SORPTION ONTO MODIFIED COAL ASH WITH

LIME OF INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS. A CASE STUDY

Carmen Zaharia

“Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, Department of Environmental Engineering and Management,

Prof.Dr.docent D. Mangeron Blvd, No. 73, 700050, Iasi, Romania

Corresponding author: Carmen Zaharia, [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract: The paper presents experimental data performed by sorption onto coal ash modified with lime

(named as Ads 1h, Ads 2h, Ads 3h, and/or Ads 4h) for a real industrial effluent (i.e. mixed textile

effluents from the final collector before entrance in the wastewater treatment plant). The main

operating parameters tested for high efficiency of decoloration were pH, sorbent dose, temperature,

and contact time. The results are encouraging, and help the industrial operator to respect the

requirements from the compliance plan imposed by the environmental regulator for legal and

environmental-friendly functioning of the manufacturing plant, and non-polluting discharges in the

natural aquatic receptor. Also, this one-single treatment stage can be easely integrated in the existing

wastewater treatment plant, and will help the industrial operator to recycle at least 40-70% of its

treated effluents in the technological manufacturing flux (three-four cycles). Key words: coal ash with lime, effluent quality, industrial effluent, sorption, treatment performance.

Paper ID: E-27

FACTORY DESIGN, MATERIAL HANDLING AND AN INDUSTRIAL

STANDARDIZATION SOLUTION

George Belgiu1 & Constantin Cărăușu

2

1Politehnica University Timișoara, Department of Management, Bv. Mihai Viteazul 1, 300222, Timișoara, România



Corresponding author: George Belgiu, [email protected]

Abstract: The new CAD tools offers robust functionality enabling manufacturers to create factory

layouts much faster than ever before. Minimize costs by taking advantage of existing market software

expertise to analyse factory layouts for material flow efficiency early on during the conceptual phase

of factory planning. In this order, facilities layout design CAD systems offer working environment

using 2D and 3D assets library for factory objects such as conveyors, robots, and material handling

equipment to help layout designs. This paper shows a connection between commercial existing

software for factory design and custom made optimization tool to help designers and industrial

managers in this process. Key words: facilities layout, management, industrial engineering, CAD, CAE.





235

Paper ID: E-28

REDUCTION COSTS PRODUCTION IN ORDER TO INCREASE PRODUCT

MARKET COMPETITIVENESS

Ioana Catalina Enache & Ana-Maria Avramescu

¶ (11 pt) Politehnica University of Bucharest, Faculty of Aerospace Engineering,

313 Splaiul Independentei Str., 060042, Bucuresti, Romania

(10 pt)

¶ (11 pt) Corresponding author: Enache Ioana-Catalina, [email protected]

(11 pt)

¶ (11 pt)

Abstract: Knowing the cost of production is particularly important for determining the final cost of the

product and to achieve a marketing strategy. In determining the price level for a product company can

be guided by production costs, after application and by competition. Our first goal is to obtain a

product with minimal costs. Reducing production cost should not have negative influence on product

quality and service, but, simultaneously must ensure a quality increase. The studied product is a two-

door refrigerator produced by a Romanian company. The need to reduce the production cost occurred

when a competitor has released a product that has similar functional features and a competitive price.

In this article, after a detailed analysis from the point of view of construction that we did on the studied

product, we propose to simplify an area using a new part. The proposed target at the beginning of

project development is to reduce production costs by 20% of the studied area. The proposed solution

involves designing a new part that fulfills the same functions. In the design process will be taking into

account the ease with which the part can be assembled. A first advantage of the part design is the fact

that will not be used for assembly process two parts, but only one. Another advantage is that the part

assembly does not require the involvement of additional connection elements. These benefits have a

positive influence on the assembly flow and so in the entire production workflow. Another objective is

to reduce the cost of materials. Following an analysis of materials cost is proposed changing the type

of material that it is made the piece. The material cost analysis is made down by type of material that

the factory has in stock or which they can be purchased at no extra cost. The solution proposed for

reducing the cost of product involves some advantages from the point of view of construction of the

final product and in terms of production organization. Following this change has reduced the number

of workers due to the decrease in number of assembly operations and also the cycle time to produce

the new part fell. The calculation carried out will result a cost reduction for studied area by 39%,

which means a considerably annual benefit for the company. Key words: cost production, part design, material reduction, assembly flow, competitive product.




236

Paper ID: E-29

A SYSTEM MODEL TO INTEGRATE THE GREEN MANUFACTURING

CONCEPT IN ROMANIAN MANUFACTURING ORGANISATION

Dana Iuliana Tilină, Miron Zapciu & Cristina Mohora

Politehnica University of Bucharest, Faculty of Engineering and Management of Technological Systems,

Splaiul Independenței No. 313, 060042, Bucharest, Romania

Corresponding author: Tilină Dana Iuliana, [email protected]

Abstract: In Romania, the large majority of the manufacturing companies consume natural resources

and energy in an unsustainable manner and release large amounts of greenhouse gases leading to

environmental, social and economic problems. Since the last decade, all the companies from various

fields of activity and especially those from the manufacturing sector are dealing with environmental

challenges and try to manage operations according to this responsible issue. This is one of the most

important business imperative according the U.E. market. The need of achieving economic prosperity

with least environmental impact has led to the manufacturing paradigm of Green Manufacturing.

Unfortunately, recent data published from the Romanian National Institute of Statistics, concerning the

manufacturing organizations in terms of environmental protection, are not so good. For example, only

1.414 organizations from a total of 45.052 have implemented an Environmental Management System.

Starting from these, the purpose of the postdoctoral research is to develop a model to integrate the

concept of "Green Manufacturing" at the organizational level based on the practices and principles

identified at the operational level in the context of eco-innovation. The aim of this model is to chart

guidelines in manufacturing industrial organizations to develop eco-innovative production systems.

The research methodology contains three stages: developing a methodology for the collection and

interpretation of data from the state of art concerning the involvement of the manufacturing industry in

the environmental issues, the second are development and validation of the model integration and the

last one development of measures to further improve production systems and the development of eco-

innovative actions tracking their implementation within the organization.

The proposed model has three stages. The first stage consists in the assessment of the current situation

of the organization. The second one, the diagnostic stage is based on the use of Environmental Key

Performance Indicators (E-KPI‟s) and the final stage consists in proposing measures which take in

account the continuous improvement and the impact on the production process, the degree adaptation

of company departments, productivity, etc. The Environmental Key Performance Indicators identified

in the diagnosis research were established according to the following aspects: the environmental

objectives of the organization, the period of time established for the diagnostic analysis (year, month),

the periodicity evaluation indicators (daily, weekly, monthly) and finally the established assessment

scale of the size indicators. Key words: green manufacturing, evaluation, E-KPI‟s, environmental sustenability, Romania.




237

Paper ID: E-30

INNOVATIVE METHODS FOR KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER AND

MONITORING LEARNING EDUCATION COURSES ENGINEERING

Adrian Mihai Goanta

”Dunarea de Jos” University of Galati, Engineering and Agronomy Faculty of Braila,

Calea Calarasilor Str., 810017, Braila, Romania

Corresponding author: Adrian Mihai Goanta, [email protected]

Abstract: At this time, learning takes place, either with classic books on paper support or using books

scanned or drawn and further converted into PDF or PPT files that are printed on type support CD /

DVD. The latter modern means of learning, the study adds live on the Internet using search engines

and not least e-learning method, which allows the study of bibliographic related materials in PDF or

PPT, stacked and grouped on the basis of a curriculum imposed which can be accessed on a website

via a user name and password. Innovative methods come to successfully use other file types than those

mentioned above. The graphics in teaching technical subjects such as descriptive geometry can be

achieved using animated PowerPoint files, allowing for visualization of steps to be taken, in the case of

solving by drawing a descriptive geometry. Another innovative method relies on the use of HTML

files, inspired by related sites help design software packages that can be used when teaching

descriptive geometry that the technical design. Through this work, the author has proposed to present a

new innovative method, which is inspired by the methods listed above, but involves using AVI files to

teaching of computer-assisted type graphics or infographics. In general this new author‟s method lends

itself particularly well to the teaching of the use of software packages because the student actually see

the place from where the delivered command is accessed and contextual options of right button of the

mouse. These laboratory courses or mentoring can be freestanding cards support CD / DVD or can be

posted on websites with restricted access based on user name and password. Practically paper presents

the methodology of creating courses and tutorials in AVI format, and how to monitor the degree of

accessing the website, on which there were posted mentioned teaching materials, using the tools

offered by Google Analytics. The results consist of graphical work, about the degree of access to

educational materials, made on the basis of various criteria, such as the: time of access, access

location, age of those who accessed, chapters accessed, etc. Finally the author presents his findings on

the benefits of this method. Key words: knowledge, innovative communication, e-learning, monitoring.





238

Paper ID: E-31

REVIEW ON INNOVATION AND RESEARCH BENCHMARKS IN THE

CONTEXT OF HIGHER EDUCATION CHALLENGES

Elena Fleacă, Anca Alexandra Purcărea, Bogdan Fleacă, Olivia Negoiță & Octavian Negoiță



Corresponding author: Elena Fleacă, [email protected]

Abstract: Economic crisis and structural weaknesses of European economy have determined the key

actors and decisional factors to share a common sense of urgency in overcoming these challenges. The

knowledge based economy and innovations, the more efficient use of resources, and a high-

employment rate are the main mutually reinforcing priorities for the future of Europe.

The ten-year growth strategy for Europe, Europe 2020, places a great emphasis on investing in

research and innovation, as key means to address the shortcomings and create the circumstances for

different types of developments: smart, sustainable, and inclusive growth.

In the boundaries of the European Union countries, Romania is required to assume an active and

coherent role in overcoming barriers arisen from being the lowest performer country, with a rate of

expenditure in research and development below 0.5% GDP (percentage of gross domestic expenditure

on R&D).

The paper aims to review the key European Union initiatives on innovation and research in higher

education and qualitatively assess the gap between the innovation and research benchmarks and

Romanian situation.

The authors undertook a secondary research on scientific literature and documents analysis on the

available on-line sources of information (primary and secondary sources). The qualitative assessment

of the gap was based on a set of relevant criteria for innovation and research performance in higher

education: composite indicator of Research Excellence.

The research boundary is limited to reviewing the official documents, reports and studies from

European Commission and does not consider any other initiative related to innovation and research

endeavour. The study attempts to fill the knowing gap by systematically analyse the country statistical

data and the key initiatives in innovation and research that help to transform the current capacity

towards more knowledge-based and innovative structure.

Although, there is a substantial body of knowledge in the field of innovation and research, and a

growing interest in designing a smart, sustainable and inclusive European dimension, the challenges

are still remaining for academics and educators, since they have to facilitate the innovation at the

interface of higher education and business. The major consequences of the paper consist of raising

awareness and better understanding the challenges and threats faced by Romanian higher education in

stepping up its potential of research and innovation. Key words: innovation in higher education, research and innovation, sustainable development.





239

Abstracts-Section F Micro- and Nano- Technologies: New Developments in Micro/Nano Scale Processes; Fabrication of

Nanostructure and Materials: Nanofilms, Nano-bubbles, Nano-droplets, Nano fluids




240

Paper ID: F-1

SUSPENSION THERMAL SPRAYING OF CALCIUM PHOSPHATE

COATINGS WITH ANTIBACTERIAL PROPERTIES

I. Arhire1, P. Krieg

1, A. Killinger

1, R. Gadow

1 & A. Bernstein

2

1 Institute for Manufacturing Technologies of Ceramic Components and Composites (IMTCCC)

University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 7b, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany 2 Musculoskeletal research lab, Department of Surgery, Clinics of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery,

University of Freiburg - Medical Centre, Hugstetter Straße 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany

Corresponding author: Irina Arhire, [email protected]

Abstract: In the field of orthopaedics, clinicians rely extensively on load-bearing implants to restore

patient bone functionality, lost for example in trauma accidents. Unfortunately, the success of the

surgeries is often undermined by post-operative implant aseptic loosening and bacterial infections. To

overcome these problems, stable implant fixation to the surrounding bone tissue and avoidance of

biofilm formation is necessary.

An excellent way to impart bone-bonding properties to the implant surface is to coat it with a bioactive

material. Calcium phosphates are excellent candidates due to their asserted bioactivity and strong

chemical affinity to the bone composition. Once implanted, the deposited calcium phosphate coatings

are subjected to chemical and mechanical stress. As a result, premature dissolution and coating

delamination can take place leading to implant mobility. It is expected that thinner, denser and more

homogeneous coatings can promote a stronger fixation to the implant, improving the life span of the

medical device.

A thermal spraying technology capable of yielding thin coatings is the HVSFS (High Velocity

Suspension Flame Spraying) process. With respect to the powder-based thermal spraying technologies,

HVSFS is capable of processing a liquid feedstock of submicron sized ceramic particles and is

characterized by low process temperatures and high kinematic impact. The result is dense and

homogeneous coatings with improved adhesion strength and less altered chemical composition.

The aim of this study is the production of thin, antibacterial calcium phosphate coatings through

HVSFS thermal spray technology and functionalization of the ceramic suspension with metal salts of

known biocide activity. Investigation of the microstructure, phase composition and mechanical

properties is presented. Key words: calcium phosphate coatings, HVSFS thermal spray, antibacterial.




241

Paper ID: F-2

IMPROVEMENT OF STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS FOR CuZn

ALLOY BY HEAT TREATMENTS

Dragoş Cristian Achiţei1, Petrică Vizureanu

1, Mirabela Georgiana Minciună

1,

Nicanor Cimpoeşu1 & Bogdan Istrate

2

1„Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering,

Blvd. D. Mangeron 41, Iaşi, 700050, România 2„Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering,

Blvd. D. Mangeron 41, Iaşi, 700050, România


Abstract: The paper presents aspects of structure modifications and properties for a CuZn alloy, after the

applying of heat treatments, at their specific parameters. The samples subjected to analysis, coming

from cast bar, from which have been taken standard samples, with specific dimensions for

experiments.

Nonferrous alloys are subject frequently to annealing, quenching and tempering. The annealing

follows the homogenization of structure after casting. The quenching followed by tempering is

spectacular modality to modify the mechanical properties for numerous nonferrous alloys.

The characteristics of alloys have highlighted by experiments, using standard samples specific to the

requests. The determination of alloying elements was made on optical spectrometer. The researches by

SEM and optical microscopy, confirm the improvement of properties by obtaining a uniform structures

according to applied thermal processing.

Key words: CuZn alloy, annealing, quenching, tempering, structure.




242

Paper ID: F-3

INVESTIGATIONS ON ANTI-CORROSION PROPERTIES OF THE SURFACE

LAYERS FORMED BY APPLYING EDI

Pavel Topala, Vitalie Besliu, Alexandr Ojegov, Dorin Guzgan, Natalia Pinzaru

& Vladislav Rusnac

“Alecu Russo” University, 3100, str.Artarilor 24, Balti, Republic of Moldova

Corresponding author: Topala Pavel, [email protected]

Abstract: The problem of metallic material corrosion is contemporary and of a major interest in machine

and apparatus building. The problem of reducing the rate of corrosion and of corrosion protection is

solved in different ways: anti-corrosive alloys are developed, anti-corrosive layers are applied through

metallization, electrochemical deposition, ion bombardment, plasma jet machining and electric micro-

arc oxidation in electrolytic media.

The results of experimental research on corrosion behavior of the films formed by applying electrical

discharges in impulse (EDI) are presented in this paper. The formation of oxide pellicles on the piece

surfaces does not lead to changes in their geometry and dimensions but gives them new properties. The

process of oxide pellicle formation is accompanied by surface hardening in depths up to 240 nm. The

oxide formation in the amorphous state is attested in these thin strata and the amount of dissolved

oxygen reaches up to 60% at. It was experimentally established that the oxide films formed on metal

surfaces increase the corrosion resistance by at least 10 times comparatively with the unprocessed

surface.

The use of graphite tool-electrodes increases their durability and processing productivity.

Keywords: oxide films, corrosion resistance, graphite, tool-electrode, electrical discharges in impulse.




243

Paper ID: F-4

INCREASING EXCITATION EFFICIENCY AT PLASMA FORMATION BY

ELECTRICAL DISCHARGES

Arefa Hirbu, Pavel Topala, Simion Bancila, Alexandr Ojegov & Vitalie Besliu


Corresponding author: Ojegov Alexandr, [email protected]

Abstract: The simplest and most widespread method of gaining low-temperature plasma is electric

discharge in gases. Manipulating the pressure, gas composition, size and configuration of the

electrodes, the size of the gap, the electric field intensity and the discharge current we can control over

a wide range of plasma parameters, such as: the temperature of charged particles, their concentration,

the degree of ionization of the plasma, the distribution of the excited particles by their degrees of

freedom. Any gas under normal conditions presents a good dielectric, because the rate of formation of

free electrons in gases and ions due to their radiation is extremely small (tens of electrons per second

in 1 cm3 of gaseous volume). Because of this, it is necessary, in one way or another, to ionize atoms or

molecules to create in gas a significant number of charged particles. To increase the excitation

efficiency of plasma formation a special construction of electrodes is proposed in this paper. It ensures

plasma formation simultaneously causing auto-ionization of the active media. Electrodes, between

which plasma formation takes place, present a set of parallel channels having a free end-edged form,

which increase the excitation efficiency by at least 2 times.

Keywords: plasma, excitation efficiency, electrical discharge, radiation, ionization.

Paper ID: F-5

ON METHANE PYROLYSIS SPECIAL APPLICATIONS

Dana-Cristina Toncu1, Gheorghita Toncu

2 & Sajjad Soleimani

3

1Kazakh-British Technical University, School of Chemical Engineering,

51 Tole-bi Str., 050000, Almaty, Kazakhstan 2Ovidius University Constanta, Faculty of Mechanical, Industrial, and Maritime Engineering,

Mamaia Blvd., No. 124, 900527, Constanta, Romania 3Politecnico di Milano University, Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, LaBS,

Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32, 20133, Milano, Italia

Corresponding author: Dana-Cristina Toncu, [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract: Methane pyrolysis represents one of the most important processes in industrial use, with

applications rising from the chemical and petrochemical industry, combustion, materials and protective

coatings. Despite the intense research, experimental data lack kinetic aspects, and the thermodynamics

involved often leads to inaccurate results when applied to various systems. Carrying out a comparative

analysis of several available data on methane pyrolysis, the paper aims to study the phenomenon of

methane pyrolysis under different environments (combustion and plasma), concluding on the most

possible reaction pathways involved in many of its applications. Computer simulation using different

database underlines the conclusions, helping to the understanding of methane pyrolysis importance in

future technologies. Key words: methane, pyrolysis, kinetics, thermodynamics, computer simulation.





244

Paper ID: F-6

GRAPHITE PELLICLES, METHODS OF FORMATION AND PROPERTIES

Pavel Topala, Laurentiu Marin, Vitalie Besliu, Petru Stoicev, Alexandr Ojegov

& Vladislav Rusnac


Corresponding author: Topala Pavel, [email protected]

Abstract: The paper presents the conditions of graphite films formation on metal surfaces under ordinary

conditions applying electrical discharges in impulse. It reveals the specifics of electrical erosion of

graphite, its transfer processes on the processed surface of the workpiece, the synthesis processes of

the structure of graphite depositions on the surface of the workpiece, the continuity, the thickness, the

adherence, and the function properties of their operation as the part component of the glass molding

forms in industrial conditions. Experimental investigations and industrial attempts show that the

deposition formation is more efficiently when the workpiece is connected in the discharge circuit of

the power impulse generator as cathode, and the thickness of the formed films can reach up to 7

micrometers, they increase the durability of molding form components by at least 2 times, because

they serve as solid lubricant and possess the anti-stick properties. Wear tests of glass mold poansons

(Fig.) have demonstrated that they resist over 57 000 cycles without any change of geometry and

dimensions.

Fig. Processed glass mold poanson

The formation of nano-scale graphite films causes it diffusion in the surface layer accompanied by the

formation of carbides with high hardness, and, as a result, the wear resistance of this layer increases.

The formation of graphite films in all cases lead to decrease surface roughness. The application of

films on the surfaces of parts that operate in kinematic couples leads to decrease the friction coefficient

by at least 3 times. The experimental investigations on the anti-stick effect at threaded joints has

shown that this effect caused by the mutual diffusion of the constituent materials of the joint parts is

prevented by the presence of graphite films, and even in the case when the couple was maintained in

the oven at temperatures within 400-800 °C, the stick effect in the joint parts made of steel wasn‟t

attested. Film formation on the internal surfaces of pipes allows eliminating the stick effect of paraffin

stoppers that are a problem for transporting oil pipelines.

Keywords: graphite, impulse, pellicle, erosion, lubricant.




245

Paper ID: F-7

NUMERICAL INVETIAGATION OF FORCED CONVECTION OF NANO

FLUID FLOW IN HORIZONTIAL U-LONGITUDINAL FINNED TUBE HEAT

EXCHANGER

Qasim Saleh Mahdi1, Sahar A. Fattah Abbood

2 & Firas A. Abbas

3

1Al-Mustansirya University, Baghdad, Iraq

2College of Engineering, Baghdad, Iraq

3Mechanical Eng. Department, Baghdad, Iraq

Corresponding author: Qasim Saleh Mahdi, [email protected]

Abstract: A numerical study has been carried out to investigate the heat transfer by laminar forced

convection of nanofluid taking Titanium (TiO2) and Oxide Alumina (Al2O3) as nanoparticles and the

water as based fluid in a three dimensional plain and U-longitudinal finned tube heat exchanger .A

Solid WORKS PREMIUM 2012 is used to draw the geometries of plain tube heat exchanger or U-

longitudinal copper finned tube heat exchanger. Four U-longitudinal copper fins have 100cm long,

3.8cm height and 1mm thickness are attached to a straight copper tube of 100cm length, 2.2cm inner

diameter and 2.39cm outer diameter. The governing equations which used as continuity, momentum

and energy equations under assumptions are utilized to predict the flow field, temperature distribution,

and heat transfer of the heat exchanger. The finite volume approach is used to obtain all the

computational results using commercial ANSYS Fluent copy package 14.0 with assist of solid works

and Gambit software program. The effect of various parameters on the performance of heat exchanger

are investigated numerically such as Reynolds' number (ranging from 270 to 1900), volume

consternation of nanoparticles (0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, 0.8% ), type of nanoparticles, and mass flow rate of

nanofluid in the hot reign of heat exchanger. For 0.8% consternation of nanoparticles, heat transfer has

significant enhancement in both nanofluids. It can be found about7.3 % for TiO2 and about7.5 % for

Al2O3 compared with the water only as a working fluid. Keywords: finned tube, fluent, nanofluid, U-longtudinal.




246

Paper ID: F-8

IMPROVEMENT OF DENTIST GOWNS FUNCTIONALITY BY INCREASING

THE ADHESION OF A NANOFIBER LAYER ON NON-WOVEN FABRIC

A.V. Apetrei1, L. Schacher

2, A. Curteza

1, D. Adolphe

2 & N. Khenoussi

2

1“Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, Department of Textiles, Iasi, Romania

2Université de Haute-Alsace – ENSISA, Laboratoire de Physique et Mécanique Textiles, Mulhouse, France

Corresponding author: Apetrei Ancuta-Vasilica, [email protected]

Abstract: Although this study is just in its preliminary phase, the goal of our work is to attach a layer of

nanofibers to the chosen fabric in order to create a better protection by shielding the dentist gowns

from external contamination factors.

By using European Standards EN 13795 we can carry the tests in order to determinate the best

configuration of the fabric we use and their properties to create the final product – the dentist gown.

The electrospinning process uses an electrical field in order to create a charged jet of polymer solution.

This jet travels through air while the solvent evaporates leaving behind a charged fiber that can be

collected. Fibers with a variety of shapes and sizes (the diameter was in range of 0,05 - 0,150 microns)

were produced from PA 6/6 polymer. The fabric we opted for is a mixture of 60% cotton and 40%

polyester. In order to choose the right fabric we took into consideration parameters such as:

composition, air flow, and others, including the maintenance of the product (for example, a mixture of

cotton and polyester is more likely to resist damage caused by repetitive washing than a 100% cotton

fabric).

In order to test the adhesion of a nanofiber layer on the fabric we prepared a solution of PA 6/6 pallets

and formic acid solvent with a 20 wt. %. The mixture was stirred at 50°C for 24h in order to obtain a

homogenous polymer. During these tests we used a nonwoven fabric in order to improve the grip

between nanofibers and fabric without any chemical treatment. The reason why we chose this type of

tests was to avoid the direct contact between the skin and the chemically treated fabric (the dentist

gowns are usually worn directly on the skin).

In order to improve the adhesion between the nanofiber layer and the fabric, we subjected the non-

woven placed on the fabric sample to high pressure steam. This enabled us to create a bond between

the fabric and the nonwoven. After creating the samples, we incorporated the polymer solution through

an electrospinning process that lasted 1 minute as soon as the steam was applied. The same

electrospinning parameters were used for all samples. The only exception was the modification of the

distance from the collector which varied from 20, 15 and 10 cm, thus enabling us to observe the

adhesion process in its different stages. Key words: dentist, gowns, protection, nanofibers.




247

Paper ID: F-9

AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE CAPSIZE PHENOMENA OF A VESSEL

Dumitru Deleanu



Corresponding author: Deleanu Dumitru, [email protected]

Abstract: Despite of an extensive research on the capsizing problem of a vessel, not much practical

progress has been made so far and a large number of ships continue to sink because of this

phenomenon. This is because of the huge number of factors involved, including severe winds and

waves, water on deck, liquid cargo, lack of sufficient information about environmental conditions

during the accident or resonance conditions. According to the IMO (International Maritime

Organization) there is a necessity for proposing mathematical models that could simulate the ship‟s

capsizing taking into account as much as possible of these factors. The aim of the paper is to

summarize the mechanism of ship capsize under direct and parametric wave excitation and to make

some suggestions for improving the ship stability. In our work, the second-order nonlinear differential

equation developed by Thomson et al (1992) is taken as a model for a vessel capsize in periodic beam

seas. It describes the behavior of a ship that is simultaneously heaving, swaying and rolling in waves.

With the forcing amplitude as bifurcation parameter, the analyzed system exhibits either periodic or

chaotic behavior, the route to chaos being realized by a period doubling sequence of periodic motions.

In order to prove this, a real capsized vessel (the trawler fishing boat Goal) is chosen to be numerically

investigated using MatLab software package. Some accepted indicators, like time histories, phase

planes, Poincare maps, bifurcation diagram and maximal Lyapunov exponent, have been computed

and they confirm the transition from order to chaos. Additionally, the harmonic balance (HB)

technique has been used to provide approximate solutions for the periodic motions and to predict the

period doubling bifurcations by a stability analysis based on Floquet theory. The periodic solutions

obtained by the HB method compare very well with those obtained by numerical integration. The fact

that the damping plays an important role in ship‟s stability is proven by varying the damping

coefficient and constructing in the parametric space the boundaries between the regions in which the

system exhibits chaos and those associated with periodic responses. Key words: Capsize, parametric excitation, order and chaos, stability.




248

Paper ID: F-10

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF POLYPROPYLENE FIBER CONCRETE

UNDER THE EFFECTS OF HIGH TEMPERATURES

A. Ferhat Bingöl & Majid Atashafrazeh

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Atatürk, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey

Corresponding author: Majid Atashafrazeh, [email protected]

Abstract: Polypropylene fiber concrete is a kind of concrete that polymers are used as admixtures and

also supplements in. Polymer in concrete has been monitored by Committee 548 of the American

Concrete Institute since 1971. One kind of the polymers that are used commonly in concrete is

polypropylene fiber polymer. The advantages of polypropylene fibers are: improving mix cohesion

and pumpability over long distances, improve freeze-thaw resistance, improve resistance to explosive

spalling in case of a severe fire, improve impact resistance and increase resistance to plastic shrinkage

during curing.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the strength of polypropylene fiber on fire resistance in

concrete. Therefore concrete mixtures are prepared by using different amount of polypropylene; 0,

300, 600 and 900 gr by volume. In order to consider the test result‟s accuracy, three specimens were

prepared from each group of the concrete mixes. All of them were kept under curing standards for 28

days. After curing period of the specimens, each group were exposed to 23, 300 and 750°C for 2 hours.

Then the compressive strengths of the specimens were determained. The maximum compressive

strength at 23°C was determined for the group of 300 gr polypropylene fibers concrete and this

increase was about 5.6% in accordance with the control specimens (control specimens: concrete

without any polypropylene fiber) but the maximum amount at 300°C was determined for the group of

600 gr polypropylene fibers concrete and its increase was 10.1% in accordance with the control

specimens. According to the results, the greatest increase in strength was related to this group. For the

last group the maximum compressive strength at 750°C was determined for the specimens with 300 gr

polypropylene fibers in. This increasment was 9.2% in compared with the control specimens.

Finally based on the results of the study, it is concluded that the relative compressive strengths of

specimens containing polypropylene fibers were higher than control specimens. Furthermore, it can be

concluded that concrete mixes which are prepared using 300 gr polypropylene fibers can significantly

promote the residual compressive strength during the high temprature. That is because of the melting

of the polymers which causes concrete to change to a porous material and prevent explosion of the

concrete at high tempratuers. Key words: Polypropylene fiber concrete, polymer, compressive strength, temperatures, porous material.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Concrete_Institute

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Concrete_Institute

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spalling




249

Paper ID: F-11

THE SHAPE FACTOR INFLUENCE ON THE CONTROL PROCESS OF

MULTIFERROIC NANOPARTICLES IN GHZ RANGE

Daniela Ionescu1 & Maria Kovaci

2

1“Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Information

Technology, Departement of Telecommunications, 11 Carol I Blvd., 700506, Iasi, Romania

3“Politehnica” University Timisoara, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Telecommunications,

4Department of Communications, 2 V. Pârvan Blvd., 300223, Timisoara, Romania

Corresponding author: Daniela Ionescu, [email protected]

Abstract: Materials with piezoelectric properties associated with the ferroic phases generate multiferroic

structures at microscopic level. Muliferroic nanoparticles with different configurations were

considered in this paper, in order to determine the influence of the constituents shape on their control

process realized by an applied magnetic field. The nanoparticles were simulated using the HFSS 13.0

program, at frequencies in microwave range (16 – 28 GHz), considering the nanostructures with

hexaferrites as magnetic phase. The geometrical structures of the nanoparticles which have been

analyzed comparatively were nanospheres versus nanotubes: a spherical core-shell structure, with

magnetostrictive core and piezoelectric shell, respectively a cylindrical core-shell structure with

magnetostrictive rod and piezoelectric cylindrical coating. The external sphere diameter / cylinder

length have sizes from 80 – 100 nm to 360 nm, while the inner sphere / rod diameter are of 20 to 60

nm. The external shell is piezoelectric and we have chosen the BaTiO3 perovskite. The inner core was

considered a AFe12O19 M-type hexagonal ferrite, with A an alkali earth metal. The composed

nanoparticles were simulated in a 100 – 270 Oe external magnetic field for controlling the dipolar

electric fields generated by the nanoparticles. The particles response is function of their geometrical

shape, coordinated by the strength of the magnetoelectric effect inside the material sample. The

components of the magnetoelectric coefficient tensor have been calculated using a physical algorithm

based on the near-filed values in the particles vicinity, generated by the HFSS program. The

magnetoelectric voltage coefficient (of tens of mV/come for the considered nanocomposites) has also

been computed for each particles configuration. Performance of the two shapes composite

nanoparticles to generate a dipolar electric field was discussed comparatively and the influence of the

shape factor on the magnetoelectric effect was illustrated on graphs. Each composite configuration

presents specific advantages in respect with the control process by the external magnetic field,

considering that the effect of dipolar field generation is strongly anisotropic. These features can be

elegant illustrated by simulation methods, which are non destructive, can be applied at nanoscale and

help us to decide to the proper nanoparticles shape and the optimal orientations of the applied fields for

the desired dipolar fields configuration in a defined microscopic area. Key words: nanocomponents, magnetoelectric effect, shape factor, control, magnetic field.




250

Paper ID: F-12

FIELD CONTROL OF MULTIFERROIC SPHERICAL CORE-SHELL

NANOPARTICLES WITH APPLICATIONS IN MICROWAVE RANGE

Daniela Ionescu1

& Maria Kovaci 2

1“Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Information

Technology, Department of Telecommunications, Carol I Blvd., No. 11, 700506, Iasi, Romania 2“Politehnica” University Timisoara, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Telecommunications,

Department of Communications, V. Pârvan Blvd., No. 2, 300223, Timisoara, Romania

Corresponding author: Daniela Ionescu, [email protected]

Abstract: We have considered in this paper muliferroic spherical nanoparticles consisting of

magnetostrictive core encapsulated in piezoelectric shell. The particles were simulated in a test

configuration with help of the HFSS 13.0 program (Ansoft Technologies). In the considered

configuration, the nanoparticles have been exposed to an external magnetic field which determines the

apparition of dipolar electric fields of tens of milivolts around them, used in practice for tuning and

control of different microstructures, at molecular level. E.g.: for stimulation of membrane proteins (ion

channels) exchange, at spin-wave generation, in magnetic-field-tunable microwave and millimeter

wave devices, at data storage and processing, etc. The nanoparticles materials combination consists of

an ABO3 perovskite and a MFe2O4 spinel or a AFe12O19 M-type hexagonal ferrite. The perovskites

present large piezoelectric coefficients, as soon as the ferrites present large magnetostriction, resulting

in nanoparticle configurations with large magnetoeletric effect. The strength of the magnetoelectric

effect is also increased by the effect of the closed-packed shape of the spherical core-shell

configuration. Different magnetic phases (spinel versus hexaferrite) were considered, in order to

determine their influence in the interaction process with the applied magnetic field. The diameter of

the piezoelectric shell did not exceeded 300 nm, starting from about 50 nm. The components of the

magnetoelectric coefficient tensor and the magnetoelectric voltage coefficient were determined by

simulation in microwave range (2 – 8 GHz for spinel compounds, respectively 12 – 28 GHz for

hexaferrite compounds), for different magnetic fields applied for control (100 – 400 Oe), files

depending on particles size. The tensor components depend on the physical properties of the

constituents (the piezoelectric coefficients of the ferroelectric phase, respectively the piezomagnetic

coefficients of the ferrimagnetic phase), and also depend on the constituents geometry and relative

position. Nanoparticles geometry and the external magnetic field intensity were modified in order to

obtain a convenient variation and control of the magnetoelectric coefficient tensor components. Graphs

are available for choosing the optimal configuration for a specific application or a given task. Key words: muliferroic nanoparticles, magnetoelectric coefficient, tensor, magnetic field, geometry.




251

Paper ID: F-13

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF BIOFOULING MICROORGANISMS AFTER

TREATMENT WITH GLIDARC

Mihaela Hnatiuc, Simona Ghita, Bogdan Hnatiuc & Adrian Sabau

Constanta Maritime University, Mircea cel Batran street, no.104, Constanta, Romania

Corresponding author: Mihaela Hnatiuc, [email protected]

Abstract: The biofouling on the water immersed surface is one of the more important problems which

must be solved when naval ships are moving. This phenomenon is amplified during the harbor

operations, when the ships are stationary and there is a high density of microorganisms in the neritic

area, developing the biofouling. For this reason, in order to prevent or delay the deposition of the first

layers of biofouling, different methods have been used, [1, 2]. This paper presents the comparative

analysis of microorganisms behaviour obtained by using GlidArc technology for the treatment of the

painted metallic surfaces, [3,4]. There are 4 mettalic samples submitted to the treatment and one

witness sample. The microbiological experimental results, sampled at different times until 24 hours,

have been processed with statistic algorithms from ORIGIN and MATLAB software. The main

parameters used for data processing were: the number of microorganisms, shared from the point of

view of sensibility to the GlidArc technology (heterotrophic, cyanobacteria, green algae), found on the

metallic surfaces before and after the treatment, the type of used naval paint and the method used for

treatment (direct exposure or plasma activated water). For analysis it was used the epifluorescence

microscopy method with excitation on 450 – 480 nm wavelength. The comparative analysis follows

the data processing which has the same input characteristics. Finally it is observed the

microorganism‟s lifetime after the surface treatment in order to identify the best protection method of

the ship metallic surface.

References:

1. Kamgang, J.O., Briandet, R., Herry, J.M., Brisset, J.L. & Naïtali, M., Destruction of planktonic, adherent and biofilm

cells of Staphylococcus epidermidis using a gliding discharge in humid air, Journal of Applied Microbiology. 103, 621-

628, 2007

2. Mahmoud Y. Alkawareek, Sean P. Gorman, William G. Grahamb, Brendan F. Gilmore, Eradication of marine biofilms

by atmospheric pressure non-thermal plasma: A potential approach to control biofouling?, International Biodeterioration

and Biodegradation, 86, 2014, p. 14 – 18

3. B. Hnatiuc, S. Ghita, A. Sabau, M. Hnatiuc, C. L. Dumitrache, M. Wartel, Treatment with activated water by GlidArc

technology of bacteria producing Biofouling, ATOM 2014, Constanta

4. B. Hnatiuc, A. Sabau, S. Ghita, M. Hnatiuc, C. L. Dumitrache, S. Pellerin, Influence of GlidArc treatment on layers

formation of biofouling, ATOM 2014, Constanta

Key word: microorganisms, biofouling, glidarc, processing, identification.




252

Paper ID: F-14

METAL-CERAMIC COMPOSITES VIA “IN SITU” METHODS

Raluca Maria Florea, Oana Bălţătescu & Ioan Carcea

“Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, Department of Materials Science and Engeenering,


Corresponding author: Raluca Maria Florea, [email protected]

Abstract: To overcome some of the inherent problems that are associated with conventional processes,

several “in situ” methods have been developed to obtain metal/ceramic composite materials. In this

paper recently developed processes have been reviewed with a greater emphasis on directed melt

oxidation and nitridation. These methods offer microstructures with varying metal/ceramic

combinations. In some processes, metal matrix composites dispersed with controlled quantities of

ceramic phase(s) are possible whereas in other ceramic composites with isolated/interconnected

metallic dispersions are obtained. They could be varied by controlling the processing variables, i.e.

temperature, time, reactant phases and filler materials. The properties of in situ processed materials

primarily depend on the matrix and the volume fraction of the constituent phase. The mechanical

properties, toughening mechanisms and potential applications are briefly reviewed.

When pure aluminum is held in a nitrogenous atmosphere above its melting point, it forms a

passivating nitride layer on the surface which is stable and prevents further reaction. But, in the

presence of alloying additions such as magnesium and silicon, the passivating layer becomes unstable

and exposes the underlying metal to the atmosphere resulting in continued nitride formation.

Nitridation is in some ways a more attractive process as the process variables cover a wider range of

microstructures and therefore properties. The activation energy for nitride formation (A1N ~ 100

kJ/mol) is by far less compared to oxidation (Al2O3 ~ 400 k J/tool) and the growth rates (3 × 10-2

gm/cm2/s) are at least three orders higher compared to oxidation.

Key words: “in situ”, nitridation, composites, toughening, properties.





253

Paper ID: F-15

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF MORPHOLOGY AND COMPOSITION ON

OXIDE NANOPOWDERS ELABORATED BY SPVD

Eduard Sebastian Barca1, Vasile Rizea

1, Marioara Abrudeanu

1, Adriana-Gabriela Plaiasu

1,

Bogdan Istrate2 & Corneliu Munteanu

2

1University of Pitesti, Faculty of Mechanics and Technology, 1

st Tg. din Vale Street, 110040, Pitesti, Arges, Romania

2“Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering,


Corresponding author: Corneliu Munteanu, [email protected]

Abstract: The paper proposes a method of obtaining oxide nanopowders in a solar reactor using the solar

energy (solar physical vapor deposition). The proposed method is a new method of obtaining

nanopowders. The elaboration of the nenopowders has been performed in France, Fonte Romeu in one

of the solar furnace, named Heliotron. The "heliotron" solar furnace is one of the 12 furnaces built in

Odeillo-Font Romeu and is made out of mobile plane mirrors which capture the sun light and reflects

its radiation toward a parabolic concetrator. The parabolic mirrors focus on a reactor containing a glass

flask in which the reaction occurs using solar energy. Inside the glass flask the reaction can take place

under an inert gas, the atmosphere being controlled. The advantage of the method is that nano-sized

crystals are obtained, the disadvantage beeing the fact that it needs perfect weather conditions and that

it takes several hours to complete the reaction. Taking into consideration that the properties of the

materials change once they get to nanodimensions it is desirable to obtain nanomaterials starting from

base materials. Because of the properties that nanomaterials provide, the demand has grown in the last

period of time. Also the last few years provided a various number of nanomaterials used in different

fields of research. Among the materials that were obtained by SPVD there can be reminded the MoS2,

the MoS2 doped with Zn, CeO2 doped with Zr. The MoS2 is used in applications that require low

friction properties. All of the obtained nanopowders were analyzed and characterized by X-Ray

diffraction (XRD) and by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in order to acquire the information

about the crystallography and morphology considering the reactions parameters that were used in

obtaining the nanopowders. From the X-Ray diffraction can be concluded in the case of the MoS2 and

in the case of the CeO2 that doping occurred. By controlling the reactions parameters the end result is

different in therms of obtained morphology of the nanopowders. All of the above elaborated

nanopowders can be deposited in the form of thin films by laser ablation method in order to obtain

better properties of the base material. Key words: SPVD, nanopowders, elaboration, MoS2, CeO2.




254

Paper ID: F-16

GAS SENSORS BASED ON THE MWCNTs-Pt NANOCOMPOSITE

Anna D. Dobrzańska-Danikiewicz, Dariusz Łukowiec, Agnieszka Sękala & Weronika Wolany

Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering,

Konarskiego 18a, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland

Corresponding author: Anna D. Dobrzańska-Danikiewcz, [email protected]

Abstract: The role and application range of such sensors, based on a nanocomposite being a

combination of a multiwalled carbon nanotube with platinum nanocrystals, is growing sharply and

encompasses many fields of science and technology. Such sensors are applied in the following

situations: when the investigated signal cannot be recorded directly with human senses or when acting

as part of a device reacting automatically to the occurrence of the signal when service-free signal

recording is desired. Chemical sensors are acting by using the phenomena taking place at the boundary

of solid-gas or solid-liquid phases. Chemical bonds between molecules of the studied substance and

absorbent material are created as a result of interaction between the phase containing the analysed

substance and a sensor surface. Changes in the concentration of current carriers changing electrical

conductivity are the result of the process. The larger the ratio of the sensor area to sensor volume, the

more it is sensitive to contact with gas or liquid. As a result of the material science experiments

performed, active elements of sensors are created, which are nanocomposites combining unique

physiochemical properties of nanotubes and platinum particles. The properties are mutually

strengthening and supplementing by way of synergy. The nanocomposites created according to the

author‟s concept are described in terms of their morphology and structure by using modern research

methods for this purpose, including TEM and Raman spectroscope methods. The examinations‟ results

obtained are highly utilitarian and can be applied directly in industrial conditions. A practical

application of the CNT-Pt nanocomposites obtained as a result of the experiments carried out include

sensors of selected chemical substances (e.g. H2, NO2). Keywords: gas sensors, carbon nanotubes, nanocomposites, TEM, Raman spectroscophy.




255

Paper ID: F-17

NON-TYPICAL DEFECTS ON SURFACES OF CERAMIC AND ROOF

TILES: NATURE AND THE CAUSES

Zagorka Radojević, Anja Terzić, Miloš Vasić & Milica Arsenović

Institute for testing of materials, Bulevar vojvode Mišića 43, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia

Corresponding author: Milica Arsenović, [email protected]

Abstract: This paper presents a study of defects which appeared on the visible surfaces of ceramic wall

and roof tiles. The aim of the research was to identify the nature and the cause of non-typical defects

that occurred on the surfaces. Microstructural analysis of the observed defects was conducted by

means of optical microscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM) coupled with energy dispersive

spectrometer (EDS) device. Glazed wall frost-resistant ceramic tiles, sizing 120×60 cm, contained

black spots, and also experienced the atmosphere affected appearance of the defects (after they were

built in) shaped as dark brown clusters with yellow halos. The general quality of ceramic tiles is tested

in accordance to SRPS ISO 10545:2012 standard. It is revealed tat black spots originate from carbon

contined in raw materials used to make glaze. The incomplete combustion in the firing process caused

that carbon is trapped in a glaze or in open pores on the surface of the glaze. EDS analysis of clusters

of dark-brown color in the pores showed the presence of Fe, which is found to affect the quality of the

visible surface of the tiles. Iron could be entered through the raw materials as impurities, or is

inadvertently applied to the surface of the tiles (due grinding or welding) in the production process,

before the firing process. Non-homogeneities on the roof tiles surfaces appeared in the form of the

stains on the tile-body and manifested after immersions of the tile in water or aspersing water on the

tile surface. It is concluded that the cause of these inhomogeneities is a local phenomenon due to the

porous structure of micro cracks caused by coarse metallic grains that are entered with the raw

materials. Key words: Ceramic tiles, roof tiles, surface defects, impurities, microstructural analysis.




256

Paper ID: F-18

PLASMA NANOTECHNOLOGY PROCESSES FOR DECREASING TEXTILE

SURFACE ENERGY

Raluca Maria Aileni

INCDTP, Bucharest, Romania

Corresponding author: Raluca Maria, Aileni, [email protected]

Abstract: The paper presents experimental part and modelling plasma processes for textile

hydrophobization by using plasma technology. By using plasma technology can modify textile surface

at nano level. For evaluating and characterisation of textile structure with hydrophobic character were

developed testing units by using VCA contact angle device, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and

Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR). In the textile industry plasma is used for improving

fabric performance properties (water repellence, fire resistance, and adhesion performance). Plasma-

enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD) is a method for preparing various types of film by

initiating chemical reactions in a gas liquid phase with an electrical discharge. Plasma can be used for

surface modification and polymerization to deposit thin films. The films deposited by plasma

polymerization have adhesion to the substrate, are pinhole-free, and have mechanical and chemical

stabilities. Natural and syntheses polymers exposed to plasma generate radicals which can initiate the

polymerization reaction when are in contact with monomers in gaseous phase. Electrons in plasma

near a polymer surface generate radicals at the surface of the polymer through excitation of polymer

molecules and the result is a grafting polymer on the surface of the polymeric material. These films

produced in plasma have applications for anticorrosive surfaces, electrical resistors, scratch-resistant

coatings, optical filters, chemical-barrier coatings, and water-repellent coatings. The hydrophobization

of textile surface is in high correlation with polymer type (natural or artificial) from which are the

textile surface made. In opposition hydrophilic materials have high porosity or have woven or knit

structure with high air permeability values. Natural polymers (cellulose, wool) have an intrinsic

hydrophilic and hygroscopic character. The textile materials made from natural polymers will have a

high surface energy and will require 20 minutes plasma treatment in order to obtain hydrophobic

character. The synthesis polymers (polyester, PET) have a low surface energy and due to this aspect

will be necessary a reduced type for hydrophobization. Many technical textile articles require a knit or

woven textile structure with water repellence character. The hydrophobic character of a textile material

is done by a low surface energy. By using plasma nanotechnology can reduce textile material

wettability with low energy and chemical substances cost, by protecting the environment. For obtain

PET fibres with hydrophobic character the polymer must be treated by using middle-frequency (MF)

plasma in a mixture of argon gas and liquid-phase hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO).




257

Abstracts-Section G Maritime Engineering and Navigation: Maritime Engineering and Technologies, Maritime

Transport and Economics.




258

Paper ID: G-1

ELEMENTS AND RESOURCES FOR THE CREATION OF NEW TERMS IN

THE ROMANIAN MARITIME TERMINOLOGY

Corina Sandiuc

Mircea cel Batran Naval Academy, Zmeurei Str., No. 4, Constanta, Romania

Corresponding author: Corina Sandiuc, [email protected]

Abstract: Like many other terminologies, the maritime terminology developed in the second half of the

nineteenth century, through the translation of foreign textbooks related to the field of navigation. The

translation of such documents was done in several ways, allowing the creation of new maritime terms

in various ways: through linguistic loans, through word translations, through linguistic calques, by

using the internal processes of derivation and composition, etc. Therefore, most of the Romanian

maritime terms are neologisms. These lexical innovations are entrenched in the Romanian language

because they needed to adapt to new realities and changing societal needs.

The Romanian maritime terminology involves a certain multilingualism. Sailors, forced to

communicate in a foreign language to understand and make themselves understood, tended to imitate

the languages of those with whom they came into contact, be they French, Italian, German, Spanish,

English etc. Consequently, because of the many loan words that have enriched its structure, the

maritime vocabulary is highly heterogeneous. Some of these terms have a unique etimology, such as:

abandon, alură, amara, anemograf, anemometru, baliză, banchet, barograf, bastingaj, belier, capot, cart,

catapultă, carlingă, derivor, deroşeză, epavă, etambreu, hublou, iaht, lusin, madrieră, manşon, panou,

pilot, ponton, radă, sabord etc. Other maritime terms have multiple possible etymologies, or more

precisely an uncertain etymology, such as: Rom. balast < Fr. ballast, cf. Engl. ballast, Rom. balenieră <

Fr. balenière, It. baleniera, Rom. bord < Fr. bord, It. bordo, Germ. Bord, Rom. bric < fr. brick, It. brik,

Germ. Brick, Rom. brigantină < It. brigantino, Fr. brigantine, engl. brigantine, germ. Brigantine, etc.

A small part of the Romanian maritime terms have unknown origins. In the case of the following

terms, for example, an acceptable etymon, both phonetic and semantical, couldn‟t be identified: rai

„wooden wheel on which ropes are rolled”; rujar „port worker”; saulă, şcondru, verfafor, bandulă, etc.

There are also some maritime terms which have a controversial etymology. This type of neologisms

can be explained either through loans or through internal means, such as the derivation or the semantic

neology. Such is the case for the Romanian words braţ, măr, picior, etc., whose forms come from

Latin, but which have considerably enriched their meanings through the semantic calques of foreign

origin, mostly French and English.




259

Paper ID: G-2

MOTIVATIONAL SYSTEMS TO RETAIN EMPLOYEES IN COMPANIES OF

MARITIME NAVIGATION

Liliana Viorica Popa

Constanta Maritime University, Faculty of Navigation and Naval Transport,


Corresponding author: Liliana Viorica Popa, [email protected]

Abstract: In the current competitive economy, a particularly important role is held by human resources

in modern organizations regarded as a strategic investment that organizational efficiency depends and

achieve the smooth functioning of competitive advantage.

An important step in analyzing human potential of an organization is identification and analysis of

motivational systems used as methods of stimulation of professional employees. Motivational factors

also should be quantified by the influence that rise of individual posts and positions and by dimensions

considered the most significant underlying individual motivation at work.

Efficiency and quality of work should always be reported to the roles team members meet, the

employee attitude towards the type of work assigned, to interpersonal relationships that are established

within the group, the types of strategies training that are adopted and sources of satisfaction and

motivation developed. In any market economy, organizations are characterized by irreversible

changes, often conflicting priorities, pressures for financial results over expectations. No area of

activity may be considered immune to the requirements imposed by the current economic

environment.

Motivation is crucial to success not only at company level, but also at the level of each department or

project. This is also the reason why employee motivation emerges as one of the most important areas

of responsibility of a manager.

At a time of increasing concerns about world growth due to financial world crisis, challenges of

maritime sector remains an urgent priority. With more than 80% of international trade in goods being

carried by sea, and an even higher percentage for the trade of most developing countries, maritime

business have to face several globalization challenges. Given the global nature of the shipping

industry, seafarers need special protection and serious attention must be paid to problems involving the

human and social dimension. Whether a seafarer is viewed primarily as an asset or an operating cost

depends largely on

the shipowner‟s point of view. Those at the quality end of the market will clearly put the emphasis on

the benefits to be gained from employing seafarers who are properly qualified, trained and have the

competence they need to manage today‟s ships efficiently and safely. Such seafarers must be

motivated accordingly, in order to be retained in the maritime company.

In this paper are highlighted aspects that determine labor optimization, overall satisfaction, social

climate and labor relations, the way work is organized and tasks are carried out, deployment of effort,

relationships of non-financial remuneration - motivation. Key words: motivation, labor, social climate, non-financial remuneration, interpersonal relationships.




260

Paper ID: G-3

COMPARED ANALYSIS ON BUSINESS PROCESS MODELING AND

REENGINEERING TOOLS

Cristina Dragomir



Corresponding author: Cristina Dragomir, [email protected]

Abstract: In systems engineering Business Process Modeling (BPM) is the activity of representing

processes of an enterprise in order to analyze and improve the current process. The business objective

is often to increase process speed and quality or to reduce costs. In practice, a management decision to

invest in business process modeling is often motivated by the need to document requirements for an

information technology project. Also, modeling provides a means for communication, thinking and

complexity management. Some BPM tools are used to model, document and restructure processes and

information flows. With advances in software design, the vision of BPM models becomes fully

executable and capable of simulations and round-trip engineering,

In this paper is made a review on some of the modeling and simulation tools and techniques used in

Business Process Modeling, including case diagrams, activity diagrams and software.

Also, the review is further extended on analyzing some of the contemporary Business Process

Reengineering (BPR) tools aiming to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the processes that

exist within and across organizations, in order to rethink how the organizations do their work. In the

context of barriers removal, international cooperation and technological innovations that cause

competition to intensify, Business Process Reengineering involves the radical redesign of core

business processes to achieve dramatic improvements. In current days of on going economic crisis,

ever lasting organizations use technology to support innovative business processes that help identify

processes, review, update, analyze, design, test and implement in a continuous reengineeering cycle.

Typically, they will adopt a new value system that places increased emphasis on customer needs.

The review focuses on some of the most known process engineering tools used for business process

improvement and reengineering: flow charts that can help visualize processes as a sequence of

activities with interleaving decision points, cross functional flowcharts or business process

reengineering matrix visualizing a sequence of activities with relevance rules based on data in the

process.

The main method used in the review is comparison. For each tool under discussion, the review will

consist in stating the general overview and characteristics and pointing the advantages and

disadvantages. In the final section of the paper is presented a compared analysis between Business

Process Modeling (BPM) and Business Process Reengineering (BPR) tools in a case-study.

Key words: case diagrams, activity diagrams, flow charts, cross functional flowcharts, business process reengineering

matrix.




261

Paper ID: G-4

A GLANCE OVER LEAN TOOLS USED IN MANUFACTURING PROCESS

IMPROVEMENT

Cristina Dragomir



Corresponding author: Cristina Dragomir, [email protected]

Abstract: Lean thinking is a contemporary paradigm that has been acknowledged as a requirment for

continuous process improvement and excellence in manufacturing and service organizations around

the world.

In any business there are three types of activities: activities that add value and which, from the point of

view of the customer, make a product or service more valuable; secondly, necessary activities that do

not add value and in terms of the customer, don‟t make a product or service more valuable, but which

can not be eliminated from the point of view of the supplier; and thirdly, unnecessary activities that do

not add value and can be eliminated. Lean concept refers to the effective management of an

organization‟s production processes by eliminating waste, ie processes that do not add value and are

not required.

Lean means creating more value for customers with fewer resources, by minimizing waste. A lean

organization understands customer value and focuses its key processes to continuously increase it. The

ultimate goal is to provide perfect value to the customer through a perfect value creation process that

has zero waste.

To accomplish this, lean thinking changes the focus of management from optimizing separate

technologies, assets, and vertical departments to optimizing the flow of products and services through

entire value streams that flow horizontally across technologies, assets, and departments to customers.

In this paper is made a review on some of the most known Lean tools used for process improvement in

manufacturing, including: 5S Check List refering to sorting, systemizing, sanitizing, standardizing and

sustainability, all intertwined with safety, Block Diagram showing the major steps, sequence,

inventory and cycle time of processes, Yamazumi Chart showing process time workloads assigned to

each worker, Work Load Balancing Chart needed to determine the optimal staff size, Machine Load

Balancing for Lean Manufacturing, A3 Gemba Interview pointing the appropiate questions for

interviewing workers and encouraging them to come with creative ideas and others.

For each Lean tool the review will consist in three sections: general overview and characteristics of

Lean tool, advantages and disadvantages. The main method used in the review is the comparison. The

paper has the aim to identify which Lean tool is most appropiate for a given manufacturing business. Key words: 5S check list, block diagram, Yamazumi chart, work load balancing chart, machine load balancing, A3Gemba

Interview.




262

Paper ID: G-5

ON COMPUTING SPECIAL FUNCTIONS IN MARINE ENGINEERING

Eliodor Constantinescu & Bogdan Mihai



Corresponding author: Eliodor Constantinescu, [email protected]

Abstract: Important modeling applications in marine engineering conduct us to a special class of

solutions for difficult differential equations with variable coefficients. In order to be able to solve and

implement such models (in wave theory, in acoustics, in hydrodynamics, in electromagnetic waves,

but also in many other engineering fields), it is necessary to compute so called special functions:

Bessel functions of the first and of the second kind, modified Bessel functions, spherical Bessel

functions, Hankel functions, Riccati Bessel functions and Kelvin functions. The Bessel functions

appear in many diverse scenarios, particularly situations involving cylindrical symmetry. The most

difficult aspect of working with the Bessel function is first determining that they can be applied

through reduction of the system equation to Bessel‟s differential or modified equation, and then

manipulating boundary conditions with appropriate application of zeroes, and the coefficient values on

the argument of the Bessel function.The aim of this paper is to develop numerical solutions in Matlab

for the above mentioned special functions. Taking into account the main properties for Bessel and

modified Bessel functions, we shortly present analytically solutions (where possible) in the form of

series. Especially we study the behavior of these special functions using Matlab facilities: numerical

solutions and plotting. Finally, we compare the behavior of the special functions and point out other

directions for investigating the Bessel and spherical Bessel functions. Key words: Bessel functions, modified Bessel functions, spherical Bessel functions.




263

Paper ID: G-6

SHIP’S BEHAVIOR DURING HURRICANE SANDY NEAR THE USA

COASTS. SIMULATION RESULTS

Brinduşa Chiotoroiu1, Nicolae Grosan

1 & Elena Soare

2

1Constanta Maritime University, Str.Mircea cel Batran nr.104, 900663, Constanta, Romania

2Histria Shipmanagement SRL

Corresponding author: Brinduşa Chiotoroiu, [email protected]

Abstract: The aim of this study is to analyze the impact of the stormy weather on the M/T Histria

Gemma shiphandling when the ship was very close to the centre of the hurricane Sandy in October

2012. The behavior of the ship in terms of handling and course stability, out of the port of New York,

are analyzed using the navigation simulator.

The forecast of Sandy‟s track was a problem because of its transformation into a post-tropical cyclone.

In order to better describe the hydrometeorological conditions, meteorological maps from different

forecast models are compared in this study, together with relevant informations from the

meteorological warnings and ECDIS maps.

The ship route reconstruction is based on the ECDIS and Metmanager software maps and on the

testimonials of one member of the ship crew, who participated to the ship voyage as a deck cadet. The

simulation of the ship behavior takes into account real meteorological data, recorded during the

cyclone passage, and was performed on the navigation simulator from the Constanta Maritime

University. The simulation sessions allowed us the selection of specific parameters for the ship and the

environment. Based on the analysis of the parameters curves, a comparison was made between the

simulation results and the real results. The conclusions refer to the possibilities of manoeuvering to

avoid excessive drift and large deviation from the planned route. Keywords: ship handling, course stability, yaw, rolling, hurricane, forecast models, North Atlantic.




264

Paper ID: G-7

DEPENDENCE ANALYSIS FOR THE AMPLITUDE OSCILLATORY

MOVEMENTS OF THE SHIP IN RESPONSE TO THE INCIDENCE WAVE

Mihaela-Greti Chiţu1, Remus Zăgan

2 & Emil Manea

3

1Ovidius University of Constanta, Faculty of Mechanical Enginering,

Blvd. Mamaia, No. 124, 900527, Constanta, Romania 2Maritime University of Constanta, Faculty of Naval Electromechanics,

Mircea cel Bătrân Street, No. 104, Constanta, Romania 3Over Seas Manager Ship Repairs & Conversions Projects,

Constanta Shipyard, Greece Representative Office

Corresponding author: Mihaela-Greti Chiţu, [email protected]

Abstract: Event of major accident navigation near offshore drilling rigs remains unacceptably high,

known as the complications arising from the problematic of the general motions of the ship sailing

under real sea. Dynamic positioning system is an effective instrument used on board ships operating in

the extraction of oil and gas in the continental shelf of the seas and oceans, being essential that the

personnel on board the vessel can maintain position and operating point or imposed on a route with

high precision. By the adoption of a strict safety in terms of handling and positioning of the vessel in

the vicinity of the drilling platform, the risk of accidents can be reduced to a minimum. Possibilities in

anticipation amplitudes of the oscillatory movements of the ships navigating in real sea, is a challenge

for naval architects, and OCTOPUS is a tool used increasingly more in this respect, complementing

navigational facilities offered by dynamic positioning systems. This paper presents a study on the

amplitudes of the oscillations categories of supply vessels in severe hydrometeorological conditions of

navigation. The study provides information on the RAO (Response Amplitude Operator) response

operator of the ship, for the amplitude of the roll movements, in some incident wave systems,

interpreted using the energy spectrum Jonswap and whose characteristics are known (significant height

of the wave, wave period, pulsation of the wave). Ship responses are analyzed according to different

positioning of the ship in relation to the wave front (incident angle ranging from 10 to 10 degree),

highlighting the value of the ship roll motion amplitude. For the study, was used, as a tool for

modeling and simulation, the features offered by OCTOPUS / SEAWAY - software that allows the

study of the computerized behavior of the ship on the waves, in the real conditions of navigation.

Program library was used for both the vessel itself and navigation modeling environment, for regular

waves as well for the irregular waves which was modelled using Jonswap energy spectrum

Key words: roll motions; PSV; wave energy spectra; RAO; simulation; OCTOPUS / Seaway.




265

Paper ID: G-8

THE EVALUATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT AND THE EXTERNAL

COSTS OF URBAN TRANSPORT IN CONSTANTA

Costel Stanca, Viorela-Georgiana Stîngă, Ștefan Georgescu & Ovidiu Sorin Cupșa

Constanta Maritime University, Faculty of Navigation,


Corresponding author: Georgescu Stefan, [email protected]

Abstract: Transport activities are known to have a substantial negative environmental impact, especially

when referring to the urban transport. Studies have shown that external costs (as accidents, congestion,

air emissions, climate change or noise) are an important subject of the European Union, that is way

were carried out several research projects. This paper will highlight the current requirements and

methodologies used by the European Union regarding the impact of the external costs of urban

transport in most of the growth poles of Europe.

Taking into consideration that Constanta is considered to be one of the seven major growth poles of

Romania for the 2014-2020 period, this study aims at analyzing how the results of similar studies

made in others centers of the European Union can be applied in Constanta, showing different

methodologies and evaluations regarding the external costs and their impact. We will analyze how the

conclusions obtained in previous projects are applicable to data collected by us throughout a field

research on the technical description of the means of transport used it this city. As methodology, we

will use one that was adopted by the European Union regarding the estimation of urban external costs,

taking into consideration that each externality has a different method for estimating it.

The results of this study may be useful in developing the sustainable urban mobility plan for

Constanta, as a strategic plan design to reduce the impact of urban transport, for a better quality of life

at present and in the future. Through this paper we will get an insight into the urban transport in

Constanta, but also data on external costs generated by the urban transport, given that road transport is

considered to be the most polluting transport mode. Key words: external costs, urban transport.




266

Paper ID: G-9

GOVERNANCE MODELS. A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF BALTIC AND

ROMANIAN PORT AUTHORITIES

Jan Sjolin & Tudor Stanciu

“Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, 67 Blvd Mangeron, 70050, Iasi, Romania

Corresponding author: Tudor Stanciu, [email protected]

Abstract: As goes for the global handling of goods, shipping is the overwhelming method. Looking into

the total flow of “seafaring”, ports play an important role. As goes for the very freight hauling, much

of competition is present, notwithstanding that there are elements of standardization which could act to

increase or reduce competition. The “prices” are often public, “negotiated” on exchanges and made

public. In relation to global industry trends and empirical evidence on the governance of port

authorities, the port authorities should improve their economic attractiveness and establish their

political and financial authority. Because each port in this study has its own unique character and

political heritage, a single governance system to fit all of them should not be recommended. In this

paper, we have rather evaluated the present situation and analysed the existing governance systems in

comparison with the best industry practices conducive to the financial and direct political

independence of port authorities from states and cities.

Paper ID: G-10

NEW COST-EFFECTIVE TECHNOLOGY FOR THE SHIP ENERGY

SYSTEMS

Nicolae Badea, Alexandru Epureanu & Gabriel Frumusanu

Technical Insitute of Galati, Romania

Corresponding author: Gabriel Frumusanu, [email protected]

Abstract: In this paper, we present a new technology concerning the ship energy systems, which is

enabling the development of a plus-energy system, on such a manner as the systems become cost-

effective. The ship is approached as a living environment, associated to a specific industrial

environment, both having their own energy system. The two mentioned systems are interconnected

and realize an energy exchange. The final target is the performance increase for both energy systems.

Keywords: ship energy system, cost-effective, living environment.





267

Paper ID: G-11

THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCHES ON THE

OPERATING COSTS OF A WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT

Mariana Panaitescu, Fanel Viorel Panaitescu & Iulia Alina Anton




Abstract: Purpose of the work: The total cost of a sewage plants is often determined by the present value

method. All of the annual operating costs for each process are converted to the value of today's

correspondence and added to the costs of investment for each process, which leads to getting the

current net value. The operating costs of the sewage plants are subdivided, in general, in the premises

of the investment and operating costs. The latter can be stable (normal operation and maintenance, the

establishment of power) or variables (chemical and power sludge treatment and disposal, of effluent

charges). For the purpose of evaluating the preliminary costs so that an installation can choose

between different alternatives in an incipient phase of a project, can be used cost functions. In this

paper will be calculated the operational cost to make several scenarios in order to optimize its. Total

operational cost (fixed and variable) is dependent global parameters of wastewater treatment plant.

Research and methodology: The wastewater treatment plant costs are subdivided in investment and

operating costs. We can use different cost functions to estimate fixed and variable operating costs. In

this study we have used the statistical formulas for cost functions. The method which was aplied to

study the impact of the influent characteristics on the costs is economic analysis. Optimization of plant

design consist in firstly, to assess the ability of the smallest design to treat the maximum loading rates

to a given effluent quality and, secondly, to compare the cost of the two alternatives for average and

maximum loading rates.

Results: In this paper we obtained the statistical values for the investment cost functions, operational

fixed costs and operational variable costs for wastewater treatment plant and its graphycal

representations. All costs were compared to the net values. Finally we observe that it is more

economical to build a larger plant, especially if maximum loading rates are reached. The actual target

of operational management is to directly implement the presented cost functions in a software tool, in

which the design of a plant and the simulation of its behavior are evaluated simultaneously.

Key words: operating cost, investment, sewage, wastewater, plant, statistical value, optimization.




268

Paper ID: G-12

THE INFLUENCE OF TRANSPORT NETWORK VULNERABILITY FOR

MARITIME PORTS

Florin Ruscă, Eugen Roșca, Aura Ruscă, Mircea Roșca & Ștefan Burciu

Politehnica University of Bucharest, Faculty of Transport,

313 Splaiul Independentei, 060042 Bucharest, Romania

Corresponding author: Florin Ruscă, [email protected]

Abstract: The concepts of reliability and vulnerability are quite important in assessing the ability of

transport networks from land to provide continuity in operation tacking in consideration the relation

with seaports. The natural disasters (earthquakes, floods, fires), the malevolence (terrorist acts,

sabotages, wars), the spread out of the human habitat and mainly the extension of urban areas and

traffic congestion on road networks provided a special interest in the researches reliability and

vulnerability for transport networks who connect maritime ports with interior citys. The impact of

nodes or link disruption could be quite significant. So, transport network reliability is defined in

relation with the main attributes of the network (like connectivity, topology, state of infrastructure), the

traffic characteristics (OD matrices, volume, hourly/day-to-day variations, etc.) and with environment

interactions (natural event, climatic change). Vulnerability analysis provides a way to find structural

weakness in the network topology that makes it vulnerable to consequences of failure or degradation.

In our paper we investigates the Romanian road network vulnerability related to Danube crossing

versus maritime ports (Constanța and Mangalia) and its mitigation by improving network topology.

Using Visum software, we develop a methodology to assess road transport network vulnerability

versus Romanian seaports and we propose some solutions to reduce probability of road transport

network to fail. Key words: transport network, maritime ports, reliability, vulnerability, model.





269

Paper ID: G-13

LOCATION OF AN INTERMEDIATE HUB FOR PORT ACTIVITIES

Stefan Burciu, Cristina Stefanica, Eugen Roșca, Vasile Dragu & Florin Ruscă


313 Splaiul Independentei, 060042 Bucharest, Romania

Corresponding author: Cristina Stefanica, [email protected]

Abstract: An intermediate hub might increase the accessibility level of ports but also hinterland and so it

can be considered more than a facility with a transshipment role. These hubs might lead to the

development of other transport services and enhance their role in gathering and covering economic

centers within hinterlands and also getting the part of logistic facility for the ports, with effects on port

utilization and its connectivity to global economy. A new location for a hub terminal leads to reduced

transport distances within hinterland, with decreased transport costs and external effects, so with gains

in people‟s life quality.

Because the production and distribution systems are relatively fixed on short and medium term and the

location decisions are strategic and on long term, the logistic chains activities location models have to

consider the uncertainties regarding the possible future situations. In most models, production costs are

considered equal, the location problem reducing itself to a problem that aims to minimize the transport

total costs, meaning the transport problem.

The main objective of the paper is to locate a hub terminal that links the producers of cereals that are

going to be exported by naval transportation with the Romanian fluvial-maritime ports (Galaţi, Braila,

Tulcea and Constanţa).

GIS environment can be used to integrate and analyze a great amount of data and has the ability of

using functions as location - allocation models necessary both to private and public sector, being able

to determine the optimal location for services like factories, warehouses, logistic platforms and other

public services. Keywords: port, hub, naval transport, location.




270

Paper ID: G-14

ROLE OF PORTS IN SPATIAL STRUCTURING AND RELATED

PERFORMANCE INDICES FOR RANKING PURPOSE

Oana Dinu 1, Mihaela Popa

1 & Carmen Costache

2

1 Politehnica University of Bucharest, Transport Faculty, 313 Splaiul Independenței,

060042, Bucharest, Romania 2 National Company Maritime Danube Ports Administration Galați, 34 Portului Str.,

800025, Galați, Romania

Corresponding author: Oana Dinu, [email protected]

Abstract: This paper aims to propose a set of performance indices and related criteria for the transport

network node ranking, with special view on inland-maritime ports of Danube (ports that are located on

Danube River last miles, near to the Black Sea, allowing upstream navigation for the maritime ships).

Commonly, the attraction potential of a certain transport node is assessed by its spatial accessibility

indices considering both: its spatial features of the location provided by the connected networks into

that node (connexity and connectivity indices) and its economic potential, meaning the level of traffic

flows depending on the facilities‟ capacity of the node, the economic level of its hinterland, etc.

In the proposed methodology, the transport node has an important role for the spatial structuring of the

economic-social-environmental neighborhood areas. Specific criteria and related indices are designed

for an active assessment, meaning to reveal the added-value of the traffic flows passing through the

node, considering also the sustainable development requirements.

The proposed composite indices of the node performance considers also the spatial dynamic of the

node‟s functional area: in fact, the node represents an interface between „micro”-transport networks

and the „macro”-networks, and through it, the functional economic space extends from the local level

to the regional, continental, or even international level.

Paper starts with a brief overview on the key performance indices present in existing literature

(including European Commission working papers for transport infrastructure) and then debates the

need of their improvement. Particular considerations for the inland waterway – maritime port case is

followed by proposed methodology for the additional indices of performance, inside a composite index

with ranking purposes, and finally the main conclusions are drawn. Key words: inland waterway-maritime port, spatial structuring, functional role of transport node, spatial accessibility,

performance indices.




271

Paper ID: G-15

TESTING MARKET INFORMATIONAL EFFICIENCY OF CONSTANTZA

PORT OPERATORS

Eugen Roșca, Mihaela Popa, Florin Ruscă & Stefan Burciu

Politehnica University of Bucharest, Transport, Traffic and Logistics Department,

Splaiul Independentei, No.313, 060042, București, Romania

Corresponding author: Eugen Rosca, [email protected]

Abstract: The Romanian capital market is still an emergent one. Following the mass-privatization

process and the private investments, three of the most important handling and storage companies

acting in Constantza Port (OIL Terminal, Comvex and SOCEP) are listed on Romanian Stock

Exchange. The paper investigates their evolution on the market, identifying the expected rate of return

and the components of the shares risk (specific and systematic). Also, the price evolution could be

analyzed through the informational efficiency which instantly reflects the price relevance. The Jarque-

Bera normality test regarding the shares return rate distribution and the Fama test for the informational

efficiency are completed for each company. The market price model is taken into consideration for

price forecasting, computing the return rate auto-correlations. The results are subject of interpretation

considering additional managerial and financial information of the companies‟ activity.

Key words: port handling operator, market informational efficiency, financial risk, return rate.

Paper ID: G-16

THE RELATION BETWEEN THE SHOP FLOOR ENERGY SYSTEM AND

THE MANUFACTURING PROCESS OPTIMALITY

Nicolae Badea, Gabriel Frumusanu & Alexandru Epureanu

Technical Insitute of Galati, Romania

Corresponding author: Gabriel Frumusanu, [email protected]

Abstract: Nowadays, the overhead expenses are a significant component of the manufacturing cost. The

expenditures occasioned by running the shop floor energy system are one of the most important among

the overhead expenses. However, the manufacturing process optimization actually does not take into

account these expenses, and the environmental impact of the shop floor energy system functioning is

also neglected. More than that, both expenditures and environmental impact of the shop floor energy

system are not constant, varying after the external environment seasonal conditions. This paper

presents the relation between the shop floor energy system expenditures and environmental impact, on

one hand, and the manufacturing process optimality, on the other hand.





272

Paper ID: G-17

A POINT OF VIEW ON OTTO CYCLE APPROCH SPECIFIC FOR AN

UNDERGRADUATE THERMODYNAMICS COURSE IN CMU

Feiza Memet & Andrei Preda



Corresponding author: Andrei Preda, [email protected]

Abstract: The marine engineer degree should offer preparation for a successful career in advanced

marine engineering practice. Mechanical and marine engineering programs show several common

subjects, one of them being the thermodynamics course. Thermodynamics is an important topic in

different departments of engineering, since its brief definition is that it is the science of energy, which

makes it relevant for many practical systems and devices. On the other hand, worldwide shipping

industry had register a fast development in the number and quality of its fleet, fact which revealed the

need of improvement in curricula of programs able to provide highly qualified marine engineers.

In the context of today‟s challenging world, Constanta Maritime University replies to the necessity in

keeping updated courses. An aspect of this trend is found in the presentation of Otto cycles, as a topic

of the undergraduate thermodynamics course, addressed to students enrolled in Naval

Electromechanics Faculty, second year of study.

The approach presented in this paper refers to the study of the effect of specific heat of working fluid

and heat loss on the performance of an Otto cycle, using finite time thermodynamics- as a powerful

thermodynamic tool in the hand of specialists. Traditionally, Otto cycle performance issue was

presented to the students in the case of constant specific heat, available only if it is assumed that the

working fluid behaves as a perfect gas, meaning for relatively small temperature differences. Since in

the practice are met large temperature differences, should be considered the case of variable specific

heat, in this paper the adiabatic exponent being taken as a liniar function of temperature.

For the both situations discussed in the paper are given formula for the calculation of the total energy

of the fuel, the heat added to the working fluid, the heat leakage, the compression and expansion

efficiencies, the work output and the thermal efficiency. The calculus is based on the cycle shown in

temperature- entropy diagram, in which are also indicated the irreversible adiabatic compression and

expansion.

The experience achieved after understanding this theory will allow to future professionals to deal

successfully with the design of practice internal combustion engines. Key words: Otto cycle, specific heats, constant, variable.




273

Paper ID: G-18

AN EXAMPLE OF ENGINEERING EXPERIENCE FROM

UNDERGRADUATE COURSE OF THERMODYNAMICS IN CONSTANTA

MARITIME UNIVERSITY

Andreea Arsenie, Corina Varsami & Ramona Tromiadis

Maritime University Constanta, Mihail Jora Str., No 2, Constanta, Romania

Corresponding author: Arsenie Andreea, [email protected]

Abstract: Thermodynamics is a discipline dealing with energy in all its forms. It is used in the solving of

problems specific to energy systems with major importance in our society, such as transportation

systems. In Constanta Maritime University, Thermodynamics is a discipline which is included in the

curricula of Navigation and Naval Transport Faculty and Naval Electromechanics Faculty.

Future graduates should be exposed to engineering calculation. In this respect, this article is a

presentation of the way in which a practical example in the field of Thermodynamics is solved for the

understanding of our students.

More specific, it is presented a calculus specific for the combustion of liquid fuels. The steps to be

followed refer to the evaluation of the minumum amount of oxygen, the real amount of air requested

for combustion, the amount of fuel consumed during 1h, the amount of air requested by the engine

during 1 h and the power needed to compress the air.

Students receive different input data, so comparison is possible at the end of the calculus.




274

Paper ID: G-19

NEW PERSPECTIVES FOR MARINE ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION

THROUGH INNOVATIVE MARINE PROPULSION SYSTEMS

Radu Hanzu-Pazara, Anastasia Varsami & Nicolae Grosan


Corresponding author: Varsami Anastasia, [email protected]

Abstract: We all are depending on the environment, especially on the marine environment which is

responsible for our lives‟ normal cycle. When we make this affirmation we want to say that oceans are

the most important factor in the global environment equilibrium, they are the factor which dictates all

climatic changes, and, in the end influence our personal, social and economic life.

Taking into account these reasons, it is in our power to protect as much as we can the environment.

This is not just a theory or a story; we can really contribute to this protection and preservation.

In the maritime field, during the last decades, there have been many changes in the environment

protection area, starting with legislative changes and introduction of new rules, continuing with ship

equipment improvements and, reaching, in the last years, the problem of changing the ship‟s

propulsion systems concepts and configurations.

The solutions offered in this sense by the ship builders and ship owners are vary and are based on use

of electrical power, fuels with low emission of pollutant elements, solar energy and wind energy in

different ways. Some of these ideas are futuristic ones, but very good and important for the

environment protection, yet they are impossible or difficult to be used in practice with consistent

results.

Solutions like the use of electric powers, use of low emissions fuels and, why not, nuclear power are

realizable and effective in the propulsion of a medium size cargo ship, the last one even in case of

large and very large cargo ships. Other solutions are disputable how they will be capable to generate

enough power to move a fully loaded medium ship. There is a possibility to use them as an opportunity

to reduce consume of fossil fuel used presently, to compensate the loss of propulsion due to reduction

of fuel consumption.

We will present the advantages and, where there are, the disadvantages of these alternative propulsion

systems, how they contribute to marine environment protection, and if it is possible to consider them

as the future of marine transport propulsion systems.




275

Paper ID: G-20

SIMULATION MODEL FOR PORT SHUNTING YARDS

Florin Ruscă, Eugen Roșca, Mircea Roșca, Aura Ruscă & Ștefan Burciu


313 Splaiul Independentei, 060042, Bucharest, Romania

Corresponding author: Florin Ruscă, [email protected]

Abstract: Seaports are important nodes in the supply chains, joining two high capacity transport modes:

rail and maritime transport. The huge cargo flows transiting ports require high capacity construction

and installation such as berths, quay cranes, and respectively shunting yards. However, the port

shunting yards specificity raises several problems such as: limited access since these are terminus

stations for rail network, the in-out put of large transit flows of cargo relatively to the scarcity of the

departure/arrival of a ships, as well as limited land availability for implementing solutions to serve

these flows. It is necessary to identify technological solutions that lead to an answer to these problems.

The paper proposed a simulation model developed with ARENA computer simulation software

suitable for shunting yards which serve sea ports with access to the rail network. Are investigates the

principal aspects of shunting yards and adequate measures to increase their transit capacity. The

operation capacity for port shunting yards sub-system is assessed taking into consideration the required

operating standards and the measures of performance (e.g. waiting time for freight wagons, number of

railway line in station, storage area, etc.) of the railway station are computed. The conclusions and

results, drawn from the simulation, help transports and logistics specialists in testing the proposals for

improving the port management. Key words: simulation model, shunting yards, sea ports, railway capacity.





276

Paper ID: G-21

THE INFLUENCE OF THE WAVES IN THE AREAS NEAR THE PORT

Fanel-Viorel Panaitescu, Mariana Panaitescu & Iulia Alina Anton



Corresponding author: Mariana Panaitescu, [email protected]

Abstract: Purpose of the work: The paper investigate the influence of the waves in the areas of Constanta

port and the North of Mamaia resort sandy coast. The port has an asymmetric design that protects them

from the sea.This study analyses the port‟ influence on the waves, the wave driven current and the

sediment transport patterns.

Research and methodology: The harbour is on a sandy coast consisting of sand with d50=0.70 mm and

sg=0.75m in the entire area. Irregular, directional waves move towards the coast from 2700

(West

direction). Waves move over a water level corresponding to MWL=1m. The wave characteristics at

the offshore boundary are Hm0 =1.61 m and Tp=10.00 s. We are looking at an area that spans 10 000 m

in the long-shore direction and 2500 m in the cross-shore direction. It is used the wave simulation with

MIKE 21 PMS, and the hydrodynamic simulation with MIKE 21 HD. Irregular, directional waves are

added at the offshore boundary of the wave model. The frequency spectrum is of JONSWAP type, but

around the mean direction of wave propagation (2700) a cos

n distribution of wave energy is used. At

the other open boundaries symmetry boundary conditions are used.The wave simulation takes wave

breaking into the consideration. The bed roughness is not considered.

Result: In this study, it is of interest to examine how the presence of the harbour influences the waves,

the wave-driven current and the sediment transport patterns. When simulating of the wave driven

currents with MIKE 21 HD we use constant values of velocity and Manning number all over the model

area. The time slots are set to five seconds and the simulation runs for ten hours to ensure stable

conditions. Finally the data are visualized flow, level and influence over the area of the coast. Key words: wave, port, influence, simulation, MIKE 21 HD, coast.




277

Paper ID: G-22

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT LOADING CONDITIONS ON

LARGE CONTAINER SHIPS FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF THE

STABILITY REQUIREMENT

Costel Stanca, Nicoleta Acomi, Cristian Ancuta & Stefan Georgescu

Constanta Maritime University, Faculty of Navigation,



Abstract: Container ships carry cargoes that are considered light from the weight point of view

compared with their volumetric capacity. This fact makes the still water vertical bending moment to be

in hogging condition. Thus, the double bottom structure is permanent subjected to compressive load.

With the enlargement of container ships to the Post Panamax vessels the breadth to depth ratio tends to

be increased comparative to those of Panamax container ships that present restriction related to

maximum breadth of the ship.

The current studies reveal the impossibility for Panamax container ships to comply with the minimum

metacentric height value of stability without loading ballast water in the double bottom tanks. In

contrast, the Post-Panamax container ships, as resulted from metacentric height calculation have

adequate stability even if the ballast water is not loaded in the double bottom tanks. The analysis was

conducted considering a loaded port-container vessel. Because of minimization of ballast quantities,

the frequency with which the still water vertical bending moment reaches close to the allowable value

increases.

This study aims at analysing the ships‟ behaviour in different conditions loaded/unloaded and carrying

ballast water in the double bottom tanks. By calculating the metacentric height that influences the port

container vessel stability for vessels carrying containers in a limited number, different by maximum

allowed for that type, this study will emphasize the level of loading capacity where the Post-Panamax

vessels require to take ballast water in the double bottom tanks, due to metacentric height variation. Key words: metacentric height, ships‟ stability.




278

Paper ID: G-23

HUMAN FACTORS ISSUES IN MARITIME INDUSTRY, VIOLATIONS OF

RULES AND ERRORS

Ramona Tromiadis, Radu Hanzu-Pazara & Anastasia Elena Duse

Constanta Maritime University, 104 Mircea cel Batran Street, 900663, Constanta, Romania

Coresponding author: Ramona Tromiadis, [email protected]

Abstract: Human errors are the predominant cause of maritime accidents. Over the last years, shipping

industry had a priority to improve the ships structure and systems accuracy to reduce the incidence of

accidents and to increase efficiency and production. However the rate maritime accidents are still high.

This is due to the fact that the system precision and the ship's structure are only a small part of the

safety equation.

The maritime system is a system coordinated by human, so an important factor in causing accidents is

the human error. Around 75%-96% of maritime accidents are generally attributed to human error or

associated with human error. Studies have shown that human error contributes to 84-88% of the total

number of accidents suffered by oil tankers, 79% of total tug grounding, 89-96% of total number of

collision, 75% of total number of grounding and 75% of fire and explosion. Because of the large scale

of damage suffered by maritime industry with the implication of human errors as the main cause for

the accidents, the study of human factors became an important area of concern.

Assuming that safe operating procedures are well established, any deviation will lead the person who

breaks the rules in an area of high risk and danger. Violation of the rule itself may not be harmful but

their violation it will implement the one who violates in situations in wich the errors that will come

will have almost certainly unpleasant consequences. This paper describe the major components and

causing categories starting with the nearest accident level which is malware. This relationship can be

expressed by the following equation: violations of rules plus error may lead to injury, death and

damage.

Resulting situation can sometimes become much worse because those who consistently break the rules

often involve that nobody else will break the rules, at least not at the same time. Violation of safe

working procedures is not just a matter of carelessness and recklessness of the decision makers.

Factors that lead to deliberate disobedience extend far beyond the individual psychology in direct

contact with labor risks and include major organizational problems.

Dangerous actions taken by operators generally have two forms, errors and violations of the rules.

Dangerous actions that operators cause can be classified in three main types of errors and two forms of

violation of rules. Key words: human errors, human elements, dangerous actions, accidents, malware.




279

Paper ID: G-24

OPTIMIZING SHIPS’ BEHAVIOUR WHEN SAILING IN FOLLOWING SEAS

Aurel Bostina1, Alina Lucia Bostina

2, Nicoleta Acomi

2 & Ovidiu Cristian Acomi

3

1CMA CGM, Marine Department, Quai d‟Arenc, No. 4, 13235, Marseille, France

2 Constanta Maritime University, Navigation Department, Mircea cel Batran Street, No. 104, 900663, Constanta, Romania

3Project Masters Nigeria Ltd., Marine Manager, Km 14, Port Harcourt Aba Expressway, Port Harcourt, Nigeria


Abstract: Ships are built for sailing and transporting cargo on seas and oceans in weather conditions that

are not friendly all the time. Even if the weather forecast is transmitted to vessels, the way of acting it

is a matter of officers‟ experience. Although, the International Maritime Organization came across this

situation by developing an instrument to provide masters with a basis for decision making on ship

handling in adverse weather and sea conditions, and for assisting them to avoid dangerous phenomena

that they may encounter in such circumstances. The Maritime Safety Committee, under the IMO, has

approved the Guidance to the master for avoiding dangerous situations in adverse weather and sea

conditions. Adverse weather conditions include wind induced waves or heavy swell. Some

combinations of wave length and wave height under certain operation conditions may lead to

dangerous situations for the ships. When sailing in adverse weather conditions, a ship is likely to

encounter various kinds of dangerous phenomena: Surf-riding and broaching; Reduction of intact

stability caused by riding on the wave crest at midship; Synchronous rolling motion; Parametric rolling

motion or Combination of various dangerous phenomena, which may lead to capsizing or severe roll

motions causing damage to cargo, equipment and persons on board.

The reaction of a ship to dangerous phenomena depends on the actual stability parameters, hull

geometry, ship size and ship speed. This implies that the vulnerability to dangerous responses,

including capsizing, and its probability of occurrence in a particular sea state may differ for each ship.

The subject of this paper is to analyse one portcontainer ship‟s behaviour in different weather

conditions. The method consists in using one specially developed software which takes into account

the main particulars, actual stability and dynamic characteristics of the individual ship in the real

voyage conditions, in order to obtain the Dangerous Zone diagram.

In order to avoid surf-riding and broaching the master should reduce speed to less than the critical

speed. It should be noted that surf-riding and broaching may occur even at lower speeds, and therefore

the master should reduce speed or change course in case of large surge accelerations.

This diagram will allow us to analyse the situation and to determine the ways for avoiding dangerous

conditions by changing the course or the speed. The results should be regarded as a supporting tool

during the decision making process. Key words: following seas, maritime transport, ship handling.




280

Paper ID: G-25

PERSPECTIVES IN ACOUSTIC MODELLING FOR HARVESTING ENERGY

IN COMPLEX ENVIRONMENT BY USING PIEZOELECTRIC FIBRES

Raluca Maria Aileni

INCDTP, Bucharest, Romania

Corresponding author: Raluca Maria, Aileni, [email protected]

Abstract: The paper presents aspects regarding integrating of polyvinylidine fluoride into technical

textile composite structure by using thin films. In this case for deposition of thin film is required a

textile surface modification by using plasma nanotechnology. At the other side piezoelectric ceramics

have high piezoelectric performances with inconvenient that are hard and inflexible. By using the

polymer matrix and piezoelectric ceramic particles can be obtained a composite product with

mechanical flexibility. The areas of usage of these structures based on piezoelectric particles or fibres

are for medical (sensors for patients breathing and heartbeat, a sensor in a waistband monitoring heart

activity) and for energy harvesting devices based on textile structures. A piezoelectric polymer fiber or

yarn have the advantage that is flexibility and low weight. These piezoelectric fibers can be waved or

knitted in textile structure or may be present like fibers in nonwoven structures for noise control and

energy harvesting. Piezoelectric materials can act like actuators and sensors. Scientific literature shows

that till present were tried to develop many devices by using piezoelectric fibres composites, including

vibration and noise control, health monitoring, morphing of structures and energy harvesting.

Harvesting of sound energy is to convert it into electrical energy, which requires storage and collecting

energy system that couples vibration to a transduction mechanism. There are device which consist in

usage of harvesters energy mounted in wearable devices for harvest mechanical energy due to human

walk or running. The energy harvested by using the polyvinylidine fluoride fibers mounted for

harvesters has been used to power a radio frequency (RF) tag system to demonstrate the feasibility for

potential self-powering applications.




281

Paper ID: G-26

AN APPROACH TO THE IMPLEMENTATION OF ISO 14000 AT A SHIPPING

COMPANY

Fanel-Viorel Panaitescu & Mariana Panaitescu




Abstract: We present a successful implementation of Environmental Management System (EMS) in a

shipping company. The EMS of the each company must revised and expanded and new analytical

requirements included in it. This new EMS concept is available to everyone on board and must studied

by every seafarer. The all environmental requirements to be stricktly followed all over the world.The

rules of new EMS present: new open reporting system, environmental tag system (ETS) which

introduce non re-usable numbered seals, pollution prevention equipment (OWS, OCM, Incinerator and

Sewage Treatment Plant), the environmental defect reports system – extraordinary E/R operations and

leakages log book.

Research and methodology: The EMS study includes: tank soundies, fleet engineering survey forms,

environmental weekly and monthly report, record keeping, the crew training procedures, ballast water

management plan, garbage management plan, sewage discharges,bilge water discharge, sludge

discharge, air pollution-SOx control, fuel oil management plan, NOx control, shipboard oil pollution

emergency plan (SOPEP), non tank vessel response plan (NT-VRP), vessel general permit (VGP) .

Results: In this paper we obtained the tests and evaluation, including recording system. All personnel

can trained and evaluated on environmental issues prior and after embarkation. Key words: implementation, environment, management, ship, company, training, evaluation, test.




282

Paper ID: G-27

NEW APPROACH IN SHIP MANOEUVRABILITY PREDICTION

Remus Zăgan1, Mihaela-Greti Chiţu

2 & Emil Manea

3

1 Constanta Maritime University, Faculty of Naval Electromechanics,

Mircea cel Bătrân Street, No. 104, Constanta, Romania

2 Ovidius University of Constanta, Faculty of Mechanical Enginering,

Blvd. Mamaia, No. 124, 900527, Constanta, Romania

3 Over Seas Manager Ship Repairs & Conversions Projects,

Constanta Shipyard, Greece Representative Office

Coresponding author: Zăgan Remus, [email protected]

Abstract: Nowadays there is many computational tools that is being developed to predict the sea

keeping and dynamic stability performance of a steered ship in large waves. Ship motion forecasting is

very important for safety of ships especially when operating in large waves. It is known that the ship

motions have dynamical and nonlinear characteristics in the ocean and sea environments. In our paper

we try compare different software that are using to predict the manoeuvrability of the ships applying

the predicted nonlinear wave field with the current state of the vessel motions. Different simulations

was performed and made in comparison with other test simulations cases for different value of rudder

angle. We try to find the best method that can be applied to ship manoeuvrability prediction, and

simulation results showed the validity computational tool to improving the prediction accuracy. Key words: heave, pitch and roll motions; simulation, MATLAB, OCTOPUS.




283

Paper ID: G-28

REDUCING DIESEL EMISSIONS GASES IN PORTS. CLEAN PORT AN

EXAMPLE IN GREEN SHIPPING

Andreea Aresenie & Mihaita Jenaru


Corresponding author: Arsenie Andreea, [email protected]

Abstract: In this article we intend to discuss the ports development inventories of air emission .The

recent inventories show considerable progress in reducing emissions since 2006, and they provide data

to identify areas for continued improvement going forward.

The reduction of diesel particulate matter emission per tonne of cargo by 75percent by 2015 and

80percent by 2020 and also the reduction of gas emission per tonne of cargo by 10percent by 2015

and 15percent by 2020.

The existing performance measure for 2015, is to meet IMO standards for sulphur content in fuel. The

International Maritime Organization (IMO) takes the problems of shipping air pollution very seriously

and they already set a timeframe to reduce progressively fuel NOx content,in this case vessels will

have no other choice only to use lower sulphur content, or alternative technologies.

Since these standards are now regulatory requirements that established the North American Emission

Control Area (ECA), the strategy‟s revised target is for vessels to surpass the ECA requirements by

burning even lower sulphur content fuel while at berth.

In 2015, the second phase of ECA goes into effect which will require the use of fuel with no more than

0.1 percent sulphur content. The ECA will make a dramatic impact on diesel particulate matter

emission.

The 2020 target for ocean –going vessels shifts to efficiency improvements which will increase focus

on greenhouse gas and also reduce operating costs for vessels. The target is for port and carriers to

participate in port-designed or third party certification programs that promote continuous

improvement.

The marine ports need to demonstrate a real commitment to reduce gases, smog – forming and toxic

pollution.




284

Paper ID: G-29

THE RIGID BI-FUNCTIONAL SAIL, NEW CONCEPT CONCERNING THE

REDUCTION OF THE DRAG OF SHIPS

Ionela Ticu1, Ionel Popa

2 & Marian Ristea

3


104 Mircea cel Batran Street, 900663, Constanta, Romania 2University Politehnica of Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independenței, 060042 Bucharest, Romania

3"Mircea cel Batran" Naval Academy, Faculty of Navigation and Naval Management,

Fulgerului Street, no.1, 900218, Constanta

Corresponding author: Ionela Ticu, [email protected]

Abstract: The European Union politics in the energy field, for the next period, until 2020 is based on

three fundamental objectives: sustainability, competitiveness and security of energy supply. The

“Energy - Climate Changes” program sets for the EU a number of objectives for 2020, known as the

“20-20-20 objectives”, namely: the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by at least 20% from the

level of those of 1990, a 20% increase in the share of renewables in the total energy consumption and a

target of 10% biofuels in the energy consumption for transports. In this context, in order to produce or

save a part of the propulsive power produced by the main propulsion machines, by burning fossil fuels,

we propose to locate on board of the ships, a new device, the rigid bi-functional sail. This may have

the role of capturing wind energy and the role of deflector to reduce the drag through a suitable use of

the air flow coming from the bow direction, as a result of the forwarding of the ship, with significant

advantages in reducing the energy consumption in order to ensure propulsion. Key words: unconventional energy, wind energy, sailing propulsion, bi-functional sail, rigid sail, lift force.

http://www.anmb.ro/eng/files/structura/fmc/fmc1.html




285

Paper ID: G-30

INNOVATION IN ENGINEERING EDUCATION THROUGH COMPUTER

ASSISTED LEARNING. VIRTUAL UNIVERSITY MODEL

Alexandra Raicu1 & Gabriel Raicu

2

1Constanta Maritime University, Faculty of Naval Electro-Mechanics,

104 Mircea cel Batran Street, 900663, Constanta, Romania 2Constanta Maritime University, Faculty of Navigation and Naval Transport,


Corresponding author: Alexandra Raicu, [email protected]

Abstract: The paper presents the most important aspects of innovation in Engineering Education using

Computer Assisted Learning. The authors propose to increase the quality of Engineering Education

programs of study at European standards. The use of computer assisted learning methodologies in all

studies is becoming an important resource in Higher Education. We intend to improve the concept of

e-Learning using virtual terminals, online support and assisting special training through live seminars

and interactive labs to develop a virtual university model. We intend to encourage computer assisted

learning and innovation as sources of competitive advantage, to permit vision and learning analysis,

identifies new sources of technology and ideas. Our work is based on our university datasets collected

during last fourteen years using several e-Learning systems. In Constanta Maritime University (CMU),

using e-Learning and Knowledge Management Services (KMS) is very important and we apply it

effectively to achieve strategic objectives, such as collaboration, sharing and good practice. We have

experience in this field since 2000 year using Moodle as KMS in our university. The term KMS can be

associated to Open Source Software, Open Standards, Open Protocols and Open Knowledge licenses,

initiatives and policies. In CMU Virtual Campus we have today over 12500 active users. Another

experience of the authors is the implementation of MariTrainer Wiki educational platform based on

Dokeos and DekiWiki under MARICOMP and MEP Leonardo da Vinci Project. We‟ll also present in

this paper a case study under EU funded project POSDRU, where the authors implemented other

educational platform in Technological High Schools from Romania used over 1000 teachers. Based on

large datasets the study tries to improve the concept of e-Learning teaching using the revolutionary

technologies. The new concept present in this paper is that the teaching and learning will be interactive

and live. The new and modern techniques are the flexible learning courses, the production of learning

demonstrators and testing. All the information from the virtual educational platform remain open

space, communication between participants and continued after graduation, so we can talk about

creating and maintaining a community of graduates, a partnership with them. Every European

University must have a department which aims to provide computer assisted learning using knowledge

creation through learning, capture and explication, sharing and collaborative communication, access,

use and reuse and knowledge archiving. Key words: virtual university, engineering education, computer assisted learning, virtual University, knowledge

management services, open source software.




286

Paper ID: G-31

FINITE ELEMENT METHOD FOR CALCULATING MARINE STRUCTURAL

DESIGN

Alina Ion1, 2

1“Constanta Maritime University”, Department of Navigation,

104 Mircea cel Batran Street, 900663, Constanta, Romania 2“Constanta Maritime University”, Department of Fundamental Sciences and Humanities,


Corresponding author: Alina Ion, [email protected]

Abstract: The aim of this paper is to design and dimension marine structures optimally to fulfil both

functional and safety demands. A master level of structural mechanics, is vital to verify testing and

analysis and to develop new structures. This study can improve the calculation and estimation of the

effects of hydrodynamic and other loads; movements, deformations and internal forces in fixed and

floating platforms and ships. Deformations and the strength of constructions are also important

calculations, and must be controlled as regards the requirements of the operator and the authorities..

The finite element method (FEM) ensures basic understanding of the finite element method as applied

on static cases including beam and plate elements, and experience with static analysis of marine

structures like jacket platforms and ships, along with the basic understanding of dynamic response of

systems with one degree of freedom and simple continous beams, and how analysis models can be

established for realistic structures by use of generalized coordinates and ode superposition.

Finite element modelling is central to the ability to perform an engineering analysis of a model using a

computer. One of the core strengths is its ability to help you create a finite element model, either from

an existing geometry model or through direct finite element operations. The equations needed to

determine the behaviour of an entire complex model are often so complicated that it would be

impractical to derive or solve them. The finite element method solves this problem by dividing the

complex model into an assembled group of finite elements, small interconnected pieces commonly

referred to as a mesh. The elements in a finite element model have common geometric shapes such as

rectangles, triangles, and tetrahedron. They also include connecting points called nodes, and assigned

material and element properties.

Once the model is divided into finite elements, the computer analysis program can then use efficient

mathematical equations to calculate the behaviour of the individual elements, taking into account the

interdependence of adjacent elements and the assigned properties. By converting the geometry model

into a finite element model composed of interconnected pieces, a computer can analyze the model‟s

behaviour simply and accurately. Key words: marine structures, finite elemets, meshing plate, ship.




287

Paper ID: G-32

MARITIME VESSEL OBSOLENCE, LIFE CYCLE COST AND DESIGN

SERVICE LIFE

Oana Dinu & Ana-Maria Ilie

Politehnica University of Bucharest, Transport Faculty,

313 Splaiul Independenței, 060042 Bucharest, Romania

Corresponding author: Oana Dinu, [email protected]

Abstract: Maritime vessels have long service life and great costs of building, manning, operating,

maintaining and repairing throughout their life. Major actions are needed to repair, renovate, sometime

built or even replace those scrapped when technology or demand changes determine

obsolence.Obsolence is regarded as a concern throughout vessel‟s entire life cycle reflects changes in

expectation regarding performances in functioning, safety and environmental effects. While service

live may differ from physical lives; expectations about physical lives is the main factors that

determines design service life. Performance and failure are illustrated conceptually and represented in

a simplified form considering the evolution of vessels parameters during its service life.

In the proposed methodology an accumulated vessel lifecycle cost is analised and obsolence is

characterized from ship‟s design, performances, maintenance and management parameters point of

view.

Danube inland ports feeding Black Sea are investigated in order to provide comprehensive information

on: number and tipes of vessels, transport capacity, life cycle length and CO2 emissions. No attempt

was made to differentiate between sale and purchase decisions of various owners throughout the ship‟s

life since and considered that regardless of ownership, a ship will continue to be repaired and traded

until scrapped.

Recommendations are to be made in order to integrate owners, docking teams, vessel managers,

docking software and to insure a best practice in lifecycle management in order to reduce costs. Key words: maritime vessel, obsolence, performance, failure, life cycle, service life.




288

Paper ID: G-33

ON THE OPTIMIZATION OF AN UNDERWATER ACOUSTIC MODEM’S

DIGITAL TRANSCEIVER

George Zărnescu



Corresponding author: Zărnescu George, [email protected]

Abstract: It is known that the variations of the parameters of the underwater environment cause the

transmission channel to be unreliable and degrade the quality of an underwater acoustic

communication. An underwater communication link can be created between two modems or a modem

and an operator. The most important task of an underwater acoustic modem is to transmit in a reliable

way to the destination the acquired scientific data gathered from a particular location. This was shown

that can be done by adapting the modem‟s analog architecture to the particularities of the underwater

channel, creating a versatile system. Not only the analog part of the modem must be adapted to the

channel variations but also the digital part must be implemented so that the best modulation scheme

can be used.

This article presents the research results of the implementation of an optimized digital transceiver of an

underwater acoustic modem. There were chosen different single and multicarrier modulation schemes.

The modem‟s digital transceiver is based on a coherent architecture. The research results were

obtained for a particular underwater channel that was characterized by seasonal and daily changes of

the sound speed profiles. These profiles were measured in the North-Western part of the Black Sea that

belongs to Romania, in two regions that were named Constanta and Mangalia. These two are large

cities at the Black Sea. The sound speed profile and other important parameters, like wind speed,

average wave height, bottom composition, attenuation at the surface and bottom and the level of

perturbations, were used in an underwater acoustic simulator and the results were represented by series

of impulse response functions.

The series of weighted functions were used to simulate the transmission of signals modulated using

single carrier modulation schemes like BPSK and QPSK or multi carrier schemes like FSK and

MFSK. The results of these simulations were interpreted and they suggest that for the particular

underwater acoustic channel and for MFSK modulation scheme, with M equal to four, the optimal

modulation scheme is obtained and can be used to implement the digital transceiver. These results can

be extrapolated and a future research can be conducted, considering the simulation of OFDM

modulation scheme. Key words: Underwater acoustic modem, underwater acoustic channel, underwater acoustic communications, single carrier

modulation, multicarrier modulation, digital transceiver.




289

Author Index

A

Abbas Fadhel, 103

Abbas Firas, 245

Abdukarimov Abdusalom, 60

Abrudeanu Marioara, 253

Achiţei Dragoş Cristian, 89, 241

Acomi Nicoleta, 173, 277, 279

Acomi Ovidiu Cristian, 173, 279

Adam Andrei, 188

Adolphe Dominique, 47, 246

Agafitei Iuliana Georgiana, 210

Agop Maricel, 97, 101

Ai Ling, 21

Aileni Raluca Maria, 256, 280

Albert Gyorgy, 208

Albut Aurelian, 55, 98

Alexa Octavian, 145, 159

Alhamdo Mohammed, 160

Amza Gheorghe, 40

Anania Florea Dorel, 83

Ancuta Cristian, 277

Andrei Gabriela, 80

Andrić Ljubiša, 64

Anghel Daniel – Constantin, 57

Anton Iulia Alina, 267, 276

Apetrei Ancuta Vasilica, 246

Apostolescu Zoia, 40

Aresenie Andreea, 283

Arhire Irina, 240

Arsenie Andreea, 175, 273

Arsenović Milica, 255

Atashafrazeh Majid, 248

Avasilcăi Silvia, 210, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220,

221, 222

Avramescu Ana-Maria, 165, 169, 170, 235

Axinte Mihai, 110, 111

Axinte Tiberiu, 122, 123, 142, 143, 177

B

Bączkowicz Magdalena, 155

Bădănac Ana, 48

Badea Nicolae, 266, 271

Badescu Gabriel, 115, 116

Badescu Rodica, 115, 116

Bahadirov Gayrat, 60

Baier Andrzej, 117, 118, 120, 121, 184

Baier Maja, 126

Bălan Adrian Ciprian, 48

Balaniscu Bogdan, 223

Bălţătescu Oana, 97, 105, 111, 252

Bălţatu Mădălina Simona, 104

Banaś Wacław, 59, 137, 168, 197, 198, 200, 201, 202,

203, 204, 205

Bancila Simion, 243

Barca Eduard Sebastian, 253

Barhalescu Mihaela, 177

Baroiu Nicuşor, 54

Bash Al-Maliky Salam, 178

Belgiu George, 154, 186, 234

Belu Nadia, 57, 58

Benchea Marcelin, 100

Berbinschi Silviu, 54

Bernstein A., 240

Besliu Vitalie, 242, 243, 244

Białas Katarzyna, 139

Bica Daniela, 79

Bingöl Ferhat, 248

Blaga Florin, 179

Blăjină Ovidiu, 73, 77

Boca Maria Loredana, 131, 132

Bocian Miroslaw, 114

Boiangiu Mihail, 133

Bolcu Dumitru, 99

Bordea Nicolae, 79

Bostina Alina Lucia, 279

Bostina Aurel, 279

Brabie Gheorghe, 38, 39, 50, 51, 52, 67, 68

Broitman Esteban, 20

Buchacz Andrzej, 139, 168, 184, 187

Budeanu Luiza Camelia, 97

Buidoş Traian, 179, 208

Bujor Adriana, 216, 217

Buliga Valentin, 47

Buluc Gheorghe, 88, 102, 107

Burada Cristian Oliviu, 99

Burciu Ștefan, 268, 269, 271, 275

Butnariu Anca, 214

C

Caileanu Adrian, 87

Caliman Radu, 93, 96

Cărăușu Constantin, 39, 108, 154, 186, 234

Carcea Ioan, 88, 97, 102, 105, 107, 252

Carja Gabriela, 92

Ceccarelli Marco, 192

Cerbu Camelia, 90

Cha Hyun Ae, 109

Chaudhari Shrirang, 213

Chelariu Romeu, 91

Cherecheş Tudor, 189

Chiotoroiu Brinduşa, 263

Chirita Bogdan Alexandru, 38, 39, 52

Chirita Daniel, 75, 76

Chiţu Mihaela-Greti, 38, 264, 282

Cholewa Adam, 199

Cicic Dumitru-Titi, 85

Cimpoeşu Nicanor, 241

Ciortea Elisabeta Mihaela, 131, 147




290

Ciucur Violeta, 115, 146

Cohal Viorel, 154

Coman Costel Catalin, 62

Comaneci Radu, 91, 124, 128

Conduraru (Slatineanu) Alina, 193

Conduraru Ionel, 193

Constantinescu Eliodor, 262

Copilusi Cristian, 192

Coroiu Adriana Mihaela, 231

Costache Carmen, 270

Costache George, 152

Crafăleanu Andrei, 133

Cretu Gheorghe, 79

Crimu Carmen-Iulia, 100

Cupșa Ovidiu Sorin, 150, 265

Curteza Antonela, 47, 246

Ćwikła Grzegorz, 163, 164, 204

D

Darie Vlad, 73, 77, 78

Dascalescu Anca-Elena, 142, 143, 176

Deleanu Dumitru, 247

Dijmarescu Manuela-Roxana, 149

Dijmarescu Maria-Cristina, 149

Dimitrescu Andrei, 40

Dinu Oana, 270, 287

Dinu Simona, 80

Dirja Marcel, 115

Dobrzańska-Danikiewicz Anna, 59, 204, 254

Dohotaru Ion, 46

Dordescu Marian, 115, 146

Doroftei Ioan, 193, 194

Dragnea Daniel, 189

Dragomir Cristina, 260, 261

Dragu Vasile, 269

Dumitrache Constantin, 176

Dumitru Nicolae, 186

Duse Anastasia Elena, 278

E

Earar Kamel, 100

Enache Ioana Catalina, 165, 170, 235

Epureanu Alexandru, 266, 271

F

Fattah Abbood Sahar, 245

Fenik Leonid, 43

Filip Florina-Cristina, 232, 233

Fleacă Bogdan, 224, 225, 229, 238

Fleacă Elena, 224, 229, 238

Florea Iulia, 88, 107

Florea Raluca Maria, 88, 105, 252

Foit Krzysztof, 137, 197, 198, 200, 201, 202, 203, 205

Fradinho João, 44

Franiasz Jakub, 126

Frumusanu Gabriel, 266, 271

G

Gadow Rainer, 25, 94, 240

Galateanu (Avram) Elena, 221, 222

Gałęziowski Damian, 187

Ge Ziyi, 21

Geonea Ionut, 186, 192

Georgescu Ștefan, 265, 277

Ghenghea Laurentiu Dan, 42

Gheorghiță Cătălin, 59

Gheorghiță Vlad, 59

Ghiţă Simona, 173, 251

Girnita Ion, 152

Giza Andra, 70

Gligor Adrian, 129

Goanta Adrian Mihai, 127, 237

Golam Ali, 160

Gołda Grzegorz, 164

Gonçalves-Coelho António, 44

Gostev Ivan, 125

Grabowik Cezary, 37, 140, 141, 144, 156, 157, 158,

163, 166, 171, 172

Grabowski Łukasz, 120, 121, 184

Gradinaru Dorin, 180, 181

Graule Thomas, 22

Grebenișan Dan, 79

Grigoraş Cosmin Constantin, 50, 51, 67, 68

Grosan Nicolae, 263, 274

Grosu Dănuţ, 145, 151

Grubka Roman, 43

Guo Tzung-Fang, 30

Gurau Gheorghe, 104

Guzgan Dorin, 242

Gwiazda Aleksander, 137, 155, 197, 198, 200, 201,

202, 203, 205

H

Hanzu-Pazara Radu, 274, 278

Hashim Mohammed, 103

Herbuś Krzysztof, 71, 161, 162, 207

Herghelegiu Eugen, 39, 52, 72

Herghiligiu Ionuţ Viorel, 223

Hetmanczyk Mariusz Piotr, 135, 136, 148

Hirbu Arefa, 243

Hnatiuc Bogdan, 251

Hnatiuc Mihaela, 251

Hodaj Fiqiri, 28

Hozdić Elvis, 212

Hryniewicz Przemysław, 137, 197, 198, 200, 201, 202,

203, 205

Huang Ying-Chi, 30

I

Iacob Marius, 73




291

Iacoban Sorin, 87

Ianăşi Aurora Cătălina, 95

Iftimie Nicoleta, 89

Ilie Ana-Maria, 287

Ilie Constantin-Ovidiu, 145, 159

Ilie Sorin, 129

Ioanid Alexandra, 224, 225

Ion Alina, 185, 286

Ionescu Daniela, 249, 250

Ionescu Laurenţiu Mihai, 58

Ionici Cristina, 97

Irla Artur, 31

Istrate Bogdan, 87, 100, 104, 241, 253

J

Jamroziak Krzysztof, 113, 114

Janicki Damian, 84

Janik Witold, 158, 163, 171

Jenaru Mihaita, 283

Jeng Jun-Yuan, 30

Jeon Jae-Ho, 109

K

Kalinowski Krzysztof, 37, 140, 141, 144, 156, 157,

163, 166, 172

Kamanina Natalia V., 33

Kamel Earar, 87

Kampa Adrian, 164

Kauppinen Esko I., 34

Kela Paul, 211

Kempa Wojciech, 37, 140, 141, 144, 156, 157, 166, 172

Khenoussi N., 246

Kiljan Anna, 226

Killinger A., 240

Kobi Abdessamad, 223

Kondo Akira, 35

Kosobudzki Mariusz, 113, 114

Kost Gabriel, 59, 204

Kovaci Maria, 249, 250

Kozawa Takahiro, 35

Krenczyk Damian, 69, 138, 164, 228

Krieg P., 240

Król Mariusz, 106

Kulisiewicz Maciej, 114

L

Lacor Chris, 27

Langer Paweł, 195

Liaw Der-Jang, 30

Lixandru Paul, 189

Łukowiec Dariusz, 254

Lupescu Octavian, 48

Lupu Mihaela Luminiţa, 223

M

Macovei (Cîrlan) Simina, 193

Mahdi Qasim Saleh, 103

Majzner Michał, 120, 121, 184

Mančić Lidija, 24

Manea Emil, 264, 282

Manea Ion, 152

Manole Vasile, 48

Manoliu (Nuțescu Duduman) Cătălina, 97

Marascu-Klein Vladimir, 232, 233

Marc Gheorghe, 211

Mareci Daniel, 87

Marguta Daniel, 70

Marin Alecsandru, 41

Marin Laurentiu, 244

Marinescu Marin, 145, 151, 159, 190

Martinaş George, 175

Matsuoka Mitsuaki, 35

Mazăre Alin, 58

Mazuru Sergiu, 46, 189

Memet Feiza, 65, 272

Michalski Piotr, 135, 136, 148

Mierzwa Piotr, 126

Mihai Bogdan, 262

Mihai Petruța, 224, 225, 229

Mihut Nicoleta Maria, 182

Mikhaylov Aleksandr, 43, 45

Miličić Ljiljana, 64

Milosevic Olivera, 24

Minciună Mirabela Georgiana, 89, 241

Miriţoiu Cosmin Mihai, 99

Misztal Agnieszka, 58

Mitran Gabriela, 129

Mohora Cristina, 236

Mourão António, 44

Munteanu Corneliu, 87, 100, 253

Mureseanu M., 92

Muscalu Iulia, 102

N

Nacu Cosmin-Mihai, 215

Naito Makio, 35

Navka Ilya, 45

Neagu-CogălniceanuCamelia, 63

Nedelcu Dumitru, 44, 101, 119, 153

Negoiță Octavian, 229, 238

Negoiță Olivia, 238

Nejneru Carmen, 110

Nguyen Trung-Thanh, 29

Nicodim Vlad Mihai, 50, 51

Nicolae Viorel, 129

Nistoran Diana, 119

Nitoi Dan Florin, 40

Nutu Catalin, 123




292

O

Oancea Nicolae, 54

Oanta Emil, 142, 143, 176, 177

Ociepka Piotr, 71, 161, 162, 207

Ojegov Alexandr, 242, 243, 244

Olaru Ionel, 130

Oniga Valeria-Ersilia, 82

Ouyang Xinhua, 21

Ovidiu Blăjină, 78

P

Panait Cornel, 176, 177

Panaitescu Fanel Viorel, 230, 267, 281

Panaitescu Mariana, 230, 267, 276, 281

Paprocka Iwona, 37, 140, 141, 144, 156, 157, 166, 172

Park Hong- Seok, 29

Pasare Minodora Maria, 74

Paszek Alfred, 49, 227

Paunoiu Viorel, 42

Pecingina Olimpia Mioara, 134

Pele Alexandru- Viorel, 179

Pena Andra Elena, 83

Peng Ruixiang, 21

Perju Manuela Cristina, 110

Pescaru Alexandru, 142, 143

Petculescu Petre, 38

Petre Cristian Cătălin, 133

Petriceanu Stefan-Constantin, 85

Pinzaru Natalia, 242

Piticari Ioan-Liviu, 119

Płaczek Marek, 117, 118, 167, 168

Plaiasu Adriana-Gabriela, 253

Plăvănescu (Mazurchevici) Simona, 101, 153

Plesu Gheorghe, 41

Pomazan Valentina Mihaela, 53, 79

Pop Andrei, 188

Popa Gabriel, 152

Popa Ionel, 284

Popa Liliana Viorica, 259

Popa Mădălina, 48

Popa Mihaela, 270, 271

Popa Septimiu, 94

Popa Teodor, 150

Popa Valentin, 108

Preda Andrei, 65, 272

Predoi Mihai Valentin, 133

Prenta Gabriel, 152

Pruteanu Octavian, 39

Puiu Costescu Elena, 101

Puncioiu Alin-Marian, 151, 190

Purcărea Anca Alexandra, 229, 238

Puscasu C.M., 92

R

Rabanal Maria Eugenia, 24

Rachieru Nicoleta, 57

Racu (Cazacu) Cristina-Magda, 194

Radojević Zagorka, 64, 66, 255

Radu Maria Crina, 38, 52, 72

Raicu Alexandra, 177, 285

Raicu Gabriel, 285

Raveica Ionel Crinel, 41

Ristea Marian, 284

Rizea Vasile, 253

Robledo Christian, 223

Rontescu Corneliu, 85

Roșca Eugen, 268, 269, 271, 275

Roșca Mircea, 268, 275

Roşca Vîlcu, 99

Roszak Marek, 226

Rudenko Evgeniy, 230

Ruscă Aura, 268, 275

Ruscă Florin, 268, 269, 271, 275

Rushica Ivan, 81

Rusnac Vladislav, 242, 244

Rusu Gabriela, 218, 219, 220

Rusu Ioan, 105

S

Sabau Adrian, 176, 251

Saleh Mahdi Qasim, 245

Sandiuc Corina, 258

Sandu Andrei Victor, 89

Santos Antonio Gabriel, 44, 153

Sava Alin-Constantin, 119

Savin Adriana, 89

Schacher Laurence, 47, 246

Schnakovszky Carol, 72

Scurtu Ionut Cristian, 61

Sękala Agnieszka, 59, 137, 197, 198, 200, 201, 202,

203, 204, 205, 254

Sezek Sinan, 150

Sibirtseva Elena, 125

Sintea Sorin, 79

Sitek Wojciech, 31, 106

Sjolin Jan, 266

Skolud Bozena, 69, 138, 228

Skowera Michał, 163

Soare Elena, 263

Soare Vasile, 102

Sobek Michał, 120, 121, 184

Soleimani Sajjad, 243

Spalinski Krzysztof, 113

Spinu Sergiu, 180, 181

Stajilov Victor, 41

Stan Daniel, 174

Stan Liviu-Constantin, 175

Stan Teodor, 87

Stǎnǎşel Iulian, 179

Stanca Costel, 265, 277

Stanciu Tudor, 266

Stănescu Marius Marinel, 99




293

Stefan Ovidiu, 115

Stefanica Cristina, 269

Steigmann Rozina, 89

Stîngă Viorela-Georgiana, 265

Stingaci Ion, 81

Stoicev Petru, 244

Strugaru Sorin Iacob, 100

Sturm Roman, 89

Świder Jerzy, 199

Sydorova Elena, 45

Ș

Ștefănoiu Radu, 89

T

Tai Yian, 30

Talmaciu Adina, 108

Tamas Razvan, 23

Tampu Nicolae Catalin, 38, 39, 52, 72

Tański Tomasz, 106

Tasca Dan Gabriel, 40

Teodor Virgil Gabriel, 54

Terzić Anja, 64, 255

Theeb Maathe, 160

Ticu Ionela, 284

Tilină Dana Iuliana, 236

Toca Alexei, 46, 81

Toncu Dana-Cristina, 243

Toncu Gheorghita, 243

Topala Pavel, 242, 243, 244

Trinca Carmen, 87

Tromiadis Ramona, 273, 278

Truţă Marian, 151, 190

Tsai Chou-Yi, 30

Tulcan Aurel, 174

Tulcan Liliana, 174

Ț

Țugui Cătălin-Andrei, 110

U

Ursu Mircea-Petru, 208

V

Vaideanu Dorin, 101

Van De Voorde Marcel, 26

Varsami Anastasia, 274

Varsami Corina, 273

Vasić Miloš, 66, 255

Vasile Ovidiu, 133

Vedinaș Ioan, 119, 190

Vilau Radu, 145, 159

Vînturiş Valentin, 151, 159, 190

Vîrlan (Chivu) Oana Roxana, 85

Vitalariu Anca, 91

Vizureanu Petrică, 32, 89, 104, 110, 241

Vladu Gabriel, 122

Vlase Aurelian, 73, 77, 78

Volf Irina, 108

W

Wang Po-I, 30

Wang Wei-Ting, 30

Wittbrodt Piotr, 49, 227

Wójcicki Tomasz, 206

Wolany Weronika, 254

Wróbel Andrzej, 117, 118, 195, 196

Wu Chun-Hsien, 30

Wylenzek Dawid, 126

Z

Zăgan Remus, 38, 264, 282

Zaharia Carmen, 92, 234

Zapciu Miron, 83, 236

Zărnescu George, 288

Zbiciak Rafał, 158, 171

Zbigniew Monica, 56, 183

Zbilski Adrian, 199

Zemczak Marcin, 69, 228

Zhang Qiang, 30

Zhang Xingye, 21

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