modern systems analysis and design, global edition, 9th

Modern Systems Analysis and DesignJoseph S. ValacichUniversity of Arizona

Joey F. GeorgeIowa State University

N I N T H

EDIT ION

G L O B A L

EDIT ION

Harlow, England • London • New York • Boston • San Francisco • Toronto • Sydney • Dubai • Singapore • Hong Kong Tokyo • Seoul • Taipei • New Delhi • Cape Town • São Paulo • Mexico City • Madrid • Amsterdam • Munich • Paris • Milan

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7

Preface 19

PART ONE Foundations for Systems Development

AN OVERVIEW OF PART ONE 26

1 The Systems Development Environment 27Learning Objectives 27

Introduction 27

A Modern Approach to Systems Analysis and Design 29

Developing Information Systems and the Systems Development Life Cycle 30

The Heart of the Systems Development Process 35The Traditional Waterfall SDLC 36

Agile Methodologies 38eXtreme Programming 39Scrum 40Agile in Practice 41

Object-Oriented Analysis and Design 42

Our Approach to Systems Development 44

Summary 45

Key Terms 45

Review Questions 45

Problems and Exercises 46

Field Exercises 46

References 46

2 The Origins of Software 47Learning Objectives 47

Introduction 47

Systems Acquisition 47Outsourcing 48Sources of Software 49Choosing Off-the-Shelf Software 55Validating Purchased Software Information 57

Reuse 58

Summary 60

Key Terms 61

Review Questions 61

Contents

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8 CONTENTS


Field Exercises 61

References 62

BEC CASE: THE ORIGINS OF SOFTWARE 63Case Questions 63

3 Managing the Information Systems Project 64Learning Objectives 64

Introduction 64

Pine Valley Furniture Company Background 64

Managing the Information Systems Project 66Initiating a Project 70Planning the Project 72Executing the Project 79Closing Down the Project 82

Representing and Scheduling Project Plans 83Representing Project Plans 85Calculating Expected Time Durations Using PERT 85Constructing a Gantt Chart and Network Diagram at Pine Valley Furniture 86

Using Project Management Software 89Establishing a Project Start Date 90Entering Tasks and Assigning Task Relationships 90Selecting a Scheduling Method to Review Project Reports 91

Summary 93

Key Terms 93

Review Questions 94


Field Exercises 96

References 96

Appendix: Object-Oriented Analysis and Design: Project Management 98Learning Objectives 98Unique Characteristics of an OOSAD Project 98Define the System as a Set of Components 98

Complete Hard Problems First 98Using Iterations to Manage the Project 100Don’t Plan Too Much Up Front 100How Many and How Long Are Iterations? 102Project Activity Focus Changes Over the Life of a Project 102

Summary 104

Review Question 104


BEC CASE: MANAGING THE INFORMATION SYSTEMS PROJECT 105Case Questions 105

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CONTENTS 9

PART TWO Planning

AN OVERVIEW OF PART TWO 108

4 Identifying and Selecting Systems Development Projects 109Learning Objectives 109

Introduction 109

Identifying and Selecting Systems Development Projects 110The Process of Identifying and Selecting IS Development Projects 111Deliverables and Outcomes 115

Corporate and Information Systems Planning 116Corporate Strategic Planning 117Information Systems Planning 119

Electronic Commerce Applications: Identifying and Selecting Systems Development Projects 126

Internet Basics 126Pine Valley Furniture WebStore 127

Summary 128

Key Terms 128

Review Questions 129


Field Exercises 130

References 130

BEC CASE: IDENTIFYING AND SELECTING SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS 132Case Questions 132

5 Initiating and Planning Systems Development Projects 133Learning Objectives 133

Introduction 133

Initiating and Planning Systems Development Projects 133

The Process of Initiating and Planning is Development Projects 134Deliverables and Outcomes 135

Assessing Project Feasibility 136Assessing Economic Feasibility 137Assessing Technical Feasibility 145Assessing Other Feasibility Concerns 148

Building and Reviewing the Baseline Project Plan 149Building the Baseline Project Plan 149Reviewing the Baseline Project Plan 154

Electronic Commerce Applications: Initiating and Planning Systems Development Projects 159Initiating and Planning Systems Development Projects for Pine Valley Furniture’s WebStore 159

Summary 161

Key Terms 161

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Field Exercises 163

References 163

BEC CASE: INITIATING AND PLANNING SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS 165Case Questions 165

PART THREE Analysis

AN OVERVIEW OF PART THREE 168

6 Determining System Requirements 169Learning Objectives 169

Introduction 169

Performing Requirements Determination 169The Process of Determining Requirements 170Deliverables and Outcomes 171

Traditional Methods for Determining Requirements 172Interviewing and Listening 172Interviewing Groups 176Directly Observing Users 177Analyzing Procedures and Other Documents 178

Contemporary Methods for Determining System Requirements 183

Joint Application Design 184Using Prototyping During Requirements Determination 186

Radical Methods for Determining System Requirements 188Identifying Processes to Reengineer 189Disruptive Technologies 190

Requirements Determination Using Agile Methodologies 191Continual User Involvement 191Agile Usage-Centered Design 192The Planning Game from eXtreme Programming 192

Electronic Commerce Applications: Determining System Requirements 194

Determining System Requirements for Pine Valley Furniture’s WebStore 195

Summary 197

Key Terms 198



Field Exercises 199

References 200

BEC CASE: DETERMINING SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS 201Case Questions 202

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CONTENTS 11

7 Structuring System Process Requirements 203Learning Objectives 203

Introduction 203

Process Modeling 203Modeling a System’s Process for Structured Analysis 204Deliverables and Outcomes 204

Data Flow Diagramming Mechanics 205Definitions and Symbols 205Developing DFDs: An Example 207Data Flow Diagramming Rules 210Decomposition of DFDs 211Balancing DFDs 214

An Example DFD 216

Using Data Flow Diagramming in the Analysis Process 219Guidelines for Drawing DFDs 219Using DFDs as Analysis Tools 221Using DFDs in Business Process Reengineering 222

Modeling Logic with Decision Tables 223

Electronic Commerce Application: Process Modeling Using Data Flow Diagrams 227Process Modeling for Pine Valley Furniture’s WebStore 227

Summary 229

Key Terms 229



Field Exercises 236

References 236

Appendix 7A: Object-Oriented Analysis and Design: Use Cases 237Learning Objectives 237Introduction 237Use Cases 237

What Is a Use Case? 237Use Case Diagrams 238Definitions and Symbols 239

Written Use Cases 242Level 243The Rest of the Template 243

Electronic Commerce Application: Process Modeling Using Use Cases 245Writing Use Cases for Pine Valley Furniture’s WebStore 247

Summary 250

Key Terms 250



Field Exercise 251

References 251

Hoosier Burger

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Appendix 7B: Object-Oriented Analysis and Design: Activity Diagrams 252Learning Objectives 252Introduction 252When to Use an Activity Diagram 255Problems and Exercises 255Reference 256

Appendix 7C: Business Process Modeling 257Learning Objective 257Introduction 257Basic Notation 257Business Process Example 261Summary 262Key Terms 262Review Questions 262Problems and Exercises 262Field Exercises 263References 263

BEC CASE: STRUCTURING SYSTEM PROCESS REQUIREMENTS 264Case Questions 265

8 Structuring System Data Requirements 266Learning Objectives 266

Introduction 266

Conceptual Data Modeling 267The Conceptual Data Modeling Process 268Deliverables and Outcomes 269

Gathering Information for Conceptual Data Modeling 270

Introduction to E-R Modeling 272Entities 272Attributes 274Candidate Keys and Identifiers 275Other Attribute Types 276Relationships 277

Conceptual Data Modeling and the E-R Model 278Degree of a Relationship 279Cardinalities in Relationships 281Naming and Defining Relationships 282Associative Entities 283Summary of Conceptual Data Modeling with E-R Diagrams 285

Representing Supertypes and Subtypes 285

Business Rules 286Domains 287Triggering Operations 289

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CONTENTS 13

Role of Packaged Conceptual Data Models: Database Patterns 290Universal Data Models 290Industry-Specific Data Models 290Benefits of Database Patterns and Packaged Data Models 290

Electronic Commerce Application: Conceptual Data Modeling 291Conceptual Data Modeling for Pine Valley Furniture’s WebStore 291

Summary 295

Key Terms 295



Field Exercises 299

References 300

Appendix: Object-Oriented Analysis and Design: Object Modeling—Class Diagrams 301Learning Objectives 301Introduction 301Representing Objects and Classes 301Types of Operations 302Representing Associations 303Representing Associative Classes 305Representing Stereotypes for Attributes 306Representing Generalization 306Representing Aggregation 309An Example of Conceptual Data Modeling at Hoosier Burger 310

Summary 313

Key Terms 313



References 315

BEC CASE: STRUCTURING SYSTEM DATA REQUIREMENTS 316Case Questions 317

PART FOUR Design

AN OVERVIEW OF PART FOUR 320

9 Designing Databases 321Learning Objectives 321

Introduction 321

Database Design 321The Process of Database Design 322Deliverables and Outcomes 324The Relational Database Model 327Well-Structured Relations 327

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Normalization 328Rules of Normalization 329Functional Dependence and Primary Keys 329Second Normal Form 330Third Normal Form 330

Transforming E-R Diagrams into Relations 331Represent Entities 332Represent Relationships 332Summary of Transforming E-R Diagrams to Relations 336

Merging Relations 336An Example of Merging Relations 336View Integration Problems 337

Logical Database Design for Hoosier Burger 338

Physical File and Database Design 341Designing Fields 341Choosing Data Types 342Controlling Data Integrity 343Designing Physical Tables 344Arranging Table Rows 347Designing Controls for Files 351

Physical Database Design for Hoosier Burger 352

Electronic Commerce Application: Designing Databases 353Designing Databases for Pine Valley Furniture’s WebStore 354

Summary 356

Key Terms 357



Field Exercises 359

References 360

BEC CASE: DESIGNING DATABASES 361Case Questions 362

10 Designing Forms and Reports 363Learning Objectives 363

Introduction 363

Designing Forms and Reports 363The Process of Designing Forms and Reports 365Deliverables and Outcomes 366

Formatting Forms and Reports 370General Formatting Guidelines 370Highlighting Information 372Color versus No Color 374Displaying Text 375Designing Tables and Lists 375Paper versus Electronic Reports 379

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Assessing Usability 381Usability Success Factors 381Measures of Usability 382

Electronic Commerce Applications: Designing Forms and Reports for Pine Valley Furniture’s WebStore 383

General Guidelines 383Designing Forms and Reports at Pine Valley Furniture 383Lightweight Graphics 384Forms and Data Integrity Rules 384Stylesheet-Based HTML 385

Summary 385

Key Terms 385



Field Exercises 387

References 387

BEC CASE: DESIGNING FORMS AND REPORTS 389Case Questions 389

11 Designing Interfaces and Dialogues 391Learning Objectives 391

Introduction 391

Designing Interfaces and Dialogues 391The Process of Designing Interfaces and Dialogues 391Deliverables and Outcomes 392

Interaction Methods and Devices 392Methods of Interacting 392Hardware Options for System Interaction 400

Designing Interfaces 402Designing Layouts 402Structuring Data Entry 405Controlling Data Input 407Providing Feedback 408Providing Help 410

Designing Dialogues 412Designing the Dialogue Sequence 413Building Prototypes and Assessing Usability 415

Designing Interfaces and Dialogues in Graphical Environments 417Graphical Interface Design Issues 417Dialogue Design Issues in a Graphical Environment 419

Electronic Commerce Application: Designing Interfaces and Dialogues for Pine Valley Furniture’s WebStore 419

General Guidelines 420Designing Interfaces and Dialogues at Pine Valley Furniture 421Menu-Driven Navigation with Cookie Crumbs 421

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Summary 422

Key Terms 422



Field Exercises 424

References 424

BEC CASE: DESIGNING INTERFACES AND DIALOGUES 425Case Questions 426

12 Designing Distributed and Internet Systems 427Learning Objectives 427

Introduction 427

Designing Distributed and Internet Systems 427The Process of Designing Distributed and Internet Systems 427Deliverables and Outcomes 428

Designing LAN and Client/Server Systems 429Designing Systems for LANs 429Designing Systems for a Client/Server Architecture 431

Cloud Computing 435What Is Cloud Computing? 435Managing the Cloud 439Service-Oriented Architecture 442Web Services 443

Designing Internet Systems 444Internet Design Fundamentals 445Site Consistency 446Design Issues Related to Site Management 448

Electronic Commerce Application: Designing a Distributed Advertisement Server for Pine Valley Furniture’s WebStore 451

Advertising on Pine Valley Furniture’s WebStore 451Designing the Advertising Component 452Designing the Management Reporting Component 453

Summary 454

Key Terms 454



Field Exercises 457

References 458

BEC CASE: DESIGNING DISTRIBUTED AND INTERNET SYSTEMS 459Case Questions 459

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CONTENTS 17

PART FIVE Implementation and Maintenance

AN OVERVIEW OF PART FIVE 462

13 System Implementation 463Learning Objectives 463

Introduction 463

System Implementation 464Coding, Testing, and Installation Processes 465Deliverables and Outcomes from Coding, Testing, and Installation 465Deliverables and Outcomes from Documenting the System, Training Users, and Supporting

Users 466

Software Application Testing 467Seven Different Types of Tests 468The Testing Process 470Combining Coding and Testing 472Acceptance Testing by Users 473

Installation 474Direct Installation 474Parallel Installation 474Single-Location Installation 475Phased Installation 476Planning Installation 476

Documenting the System 477User Documentation 478

Training and Supporting Users 479Training Information Systems Users 480Supporting Information Systems Users 481

Organizational Issues in Systems Implementation 482Why Implementation Sometimes Fails 483Security Issues 485

Electronic Commerce Application: System Implementation and Operation for Pine Valley Furniture’s WebStore 487

Developing Test Cases for the WebStore 487Alpha and Beta Testing the WebStore 488WebStore Installation 489

Project Closedown 489

Summary 490

Key Terms 490



Field Exercises 492

References 493

BEC CASE: SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION 494Case Questions 494

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14 Maintaining Information Systems 495Learning Objectives 495

Introduction 495

Maintaining Information Systems 495The Process of Maintaining Information Systems 496Deliverables and Outcomes 497

Conducting Systems Maintenance 498Types of Maintenance 498The Cost of Maintenance 499Managing Maintenance 501Role of Automated Development Tools in Maintenance 506

Website Maintenance 506

Electronic Commerce Application: Maintaining an Information System for Pine Valley Furniture’s WebStore 508

Maintaining Pine Valley Furniture’s WebStore 508Cannot Find Server 508

Summary 509

Key Terms 510



Field Exercises 511

References 511

GLOSSARY OF TERMS 513

GLOSSARY OF ACRONYMS 520

INDEX 521

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