modern physics introduction to examine the fundamental nuclear model to examine nuclear...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Modern Physics Introduction To examine the fundamental nuclear model To examine nuclear classification To examine nuclear fission and fusion](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649da75503460f94a92e86/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Modern Physics
![Page 2: Modern Physics Introduction To examine the fundamental nuclear model To examine nuclear classification To examine nuclear fission and fusion](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649da75503460f94a92e86/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
IntroductionTo examine the fundamental nuclear model
To examine nuclear classification
To examine nuclear fission and fusion
![Page 3: Modern Physics Introduction To examine the fundamental nuclear model To examine nuclear classification To examine nuclear fission and fusion](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649da75503460f94a92e86/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Detection Devices
Geiger counter
Scintillation counter
Cloud chamber
Bubble chamber
Superheated liquid
![Page 4: Modern Physics Introduction To examine the fundamental nuclear model To examine nuclear classification To examine nuclear fission and fusion](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649da75503460f94a92e86/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Fundamental Particles
Democritus introduced the word which in English translates as atom Elementary Particles The name given to protons, neutrons and
electrons
Today we use the term "fundamental" for the six types of quarks and the six leptons
![Page 5: Modern Physics Introduction To examine the fundamental nuclear model To examine nuclear classification To examine nuclear fission and fusion](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649da75503460f94a92e86/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Classification of MatterHadrons: Particles made of quarks. Protons, Neutrons and their Anti-particles
Leptons: Are NOT made of sub particles. Electrons are examples of Leptons
Hadrons are further broken into Baryons and Mesons. ( both break down into Quarks)
![Page 6: Modern Physics Introduction To examine the fundamental nuclear model To examine nuclear classification To examine nuclear fission and fusion](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649da75503460f94a92e86/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
HadronsHadrons break down into two groupsBaryons are made of 3 Quarks Mesons made up of 2 quarks and
anti-quarks***(must add up to an integer not a
fraction)
![Page 7: Modern Physics Introduction To examine the fundamental nuclear model To examine nuclear classification To examine nuclear fission and fusion](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649da75503460f94a92e86/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Leptons
Leptons are fundamental particles that have no strong interactions
Lepton is Greek for "light particle”
electron there are heavier leptons, of which the first to be found was the muon
The TAU is 12th (quarks + leptons) fundamental building blocks of all matter.
![Page 8: Modern Physics Introduction To examine the fundamental nuclear model To examine nuclear classification To examine nuclear fission and fusion](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649da75503460f94a92e86/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Quarks
Quarks are fundamental matter particles that are constituents of neutrons and protons and other hadrons
Proton -- composed of two Quarks up quarks and a down quark
![Page 9: Modern Physics Introduction To examine the fundamental nuclear model To examine nuclear classification To examine nuclear fission and fusion](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649da75503460f94a92e86/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Sample Problem
A Baryon may have a charge of -1/3e0e+2/3e+4/3e
Correct answer is 0e (all types of matter must have an integer charge)
![Page 10: Modern Physics Introduction To examine the fundamental nuclear model To examine nuclear classification To examine nuclear fission and fusion](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649da75503460f94a92e86/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Scale of nature
Particles are classified by size and charge
Forces give all matter their characteristics and properties
![Page 11: Modern Physics Introduction To examine the fundamental nuclear model To examine nuclear classification To examine nuclear fission and fusion](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649da75503460f94a92e86/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Neutrinos (type of Lepton)
These particles are so small that they pass right through the Earth with interacting with a single atom!!!
![Page 12: Modern Physics Introduction To examine the fundamental nuclear model To examine nuclear classification To examine nuclear fission and fusion](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649da75503460f94a92e86/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Four fundamental interactions
Force : the effect on particle due to another particle
Interaction: the forces and decays which affect a given particle
![Page 13: Modern Physics Introduction To examine the fundamental nuclear model To examine nuclear classification To examine nuclear fission and fusion](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649da75503460f94a92e86/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Strong Force
Quarks and Gluons have a type of charge that is NOT electromagnetic
The “color” charged particles are very powerful (STRONG)
Quarks are glued together with GLUONS (Nuclear Energy)
![Page 14: Modern Physics Introduction To examine the fundamental nuclear model To examine nuclear classification To examine nuclear fission and fusion](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649da75503460f94a92e86/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Weak Force
The stable matter of the universe is made up of the two least massive quarks: UP and Down and the least massive Lepton, the electron ( A Hydrogen Atom)
When a quark or lepton changes type (muons changing to an electron) is called a “flavor” weak interaction
![Page 15: Modern Physics Introduction To examine the fundamental nuclear model To examine nuclear classification To examine nuclear fission and fusion](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649da75503460f94a92e86/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
The components of the nucleus are called nucleons.
The two principle nucleons are the proton with a charge of +1e and the neutron which is uncharged.
All atomic nuclei (nuclides) and their components may be represented by the symbol below.
X is the name of the particle
A is the mass #
Z is the atomic #
XAZ XAZ
XAZ
Chemistry Symbols
![Page 16: Modern Physics Introduction To examine the fundamental nuclear model To examine nuclear classification To examine nuclear fission and fusion](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649da75503460f94a92e86/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Isotopes
Nuclei that have the same atomic number, but different mass numbers.
Hydrogen Deuterium Tritium
![Page 17: Modern Physics Introduction To examine the fundamental nuclear model To examine nuclear classification To examine nuclear fission and fusion](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649da75503460f94a92e86/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Nuclear Reaction
Represented by a balanced nuclear equation
HeCHN 42
126
11
157
![Page 18: Modern Physics Introduction To examine the fundamental nuclear model To examine nuclear classification To examine nuclear fission and fusion](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649da75503460f94a92e86/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Nuclear Fission & Fusion
Fission is the chain reaction splitting of an atom
Fusion is the joining of light nuclei to form a heavier more stable nuclei
![Page 19: Modern Physics Introduction To examine the fundamental nuclear model To examine nuclear classification To examine nuclear fission and fusion](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649da75503460f94a92e86/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Reference Chart : Standard Model
![Page 20: Modern Physics Introduction To examine the fundamental nuclear model To examine nuclear classification To examine nuclear fission and fusion](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649da75503460f94a92e86/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Reference Chart
![Page 21: Modern Physics Introduction To examine the fundamental nuclear model To examine nuclear classification To examine nuclear fission and fusion](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649da75503460f94a92e86/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Reference Chart Equations
Ephoton = hf = hc/wavelength
Ephoton = Ei – Ef
E = mc2
All equations calculate the amount of energy in units of eV or J. The conversion is based on the energy of a single electron or mass
![Page 22: Modern Physics Introduction To examine the fundamental nuclear model To examine nuclear classification To examine nuclear fission and fusion](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649da75503460f94a92e86/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Sample Problem
Calculate the energy of the photon that is emitted when a hydrogen atom changes from energy level n=3 to 2
Ephoton = Ei – Ef
= (-3.40 eV) – (-1.51 eV)
= - 1.89 eV
![Page 23: Modern Physics Introduction To examine the fundamental nuclear model To examine nuclear classification To examine nuclear fission and fusion](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649da75503460f94a92e86/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Sample Problem
What is the Radiant energy of a beam of light whose frequency is 5.0 x 1014 Hz
Ephoton = hf = hc/wavelength
= 6.6 x 10-34 J*s (5.0 x 1014 Hz)
= 33 x 10 -20 J
![Page 24: Modern Physics Introduction To examine the fundamental nuclear model To examine nuclear classification To examine nuclear fission and fusion](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649da75503460f94a92e86/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
SummaryAtomic Particles are composed of sub-nuclear particles
The nucleus is a conglomeration of Quarks which manifest as Protons and neutrons
Each elementary particle has a corresponding anti-particle
The fundamental source of energy is the conversion of mass into energy