Modern Electrical PowerModern Electrical PowerProduction and DeliveryProduction and Delivery

Ralph E. Fehr, III, P.E.Ralph E. Fehr, III, P.E.

Consultantand

Adjunct Professor of Electrical EngineeringUniversity of South Florida

September 16, 2004September 16, 2004

This Powerpoint slideshowThis Powerpoint slideshowis available on theis available on the

USF Power website:USF Power website:

http://web.tampabay.rr.com/usfpower/fehr.htm

Thomas Edison and Thomas Edison and the Incandescent the Incandescent

LampLamp

Nikola Tesla and the Nikola Tesla and the Induction CoilInduction Coil

1100 kWh / person

180 x 109 kWh

40 GW peak

11,000 kWh / person

3 x 1012 kWh

750 GW peak

25,000 kWh / person

10 x 1012 kWh

1500 – 2000 GW peak

U.S Electricity UsageU.S Electricity Usageas a Percentage of Total Energy Usageas a Percentage of Total Energy Usage

18801880 19401940 20002000 20602060YEARYEAR

10%10%

20%20%

40%40%

30%30%

50%50%

60%60%

70%70%

LIGHTINGLIGHTINGMOTORSMOTORS

A/CA/CHEATINGHEATING

REFRIGERATIONREFRIGERATIONAPPLIANCESAPPLIANCES

TV / COMPUTERSTV / COMPUTERS

ELECTRO-ELECTRO-TECHNOLOGIESTECHNOLOGIES

RESIDENTIALRESIDENTIALCOMMERCIALCOMMERCIALINDUSTRIALINDUSTRIAL

ENVIRONMENTALENVIRONMENTALTRANSPORTATIONTRANSPORTATION

ELEC & MECHENGR

ELEC & CIVILENGR

ELEC & MECHENGR

FIRST

GEN

ERATO

RS

AND POW

ER P

LANTS

EARLY

AC

DISTR

IBUTI

ON

LIGHTI

NG AND

MOTO

RS

LARGER

PLA

NTS A

ND

DIVER

SIFIED

SOURCES

HIGH-V

OLTAGE

AC AND D

C

END-U

SE

DIVER

SIFICATI

ON

EVOLUTION REVOLUTIONREVOLUTION

R&D, MAT’LS,MFG, PWR

ELECTRONICS

R&D, PWRELECTRONICS

R&D, MAT’LS,PROCESSES, PWR

ELECTRONICS

DISTR

IBUTE

D AND

RENEW

ABLE G

ENER

ATION

FACTS

, CUST

OM P

OWER

,

SUPE

RCONDUCTING X

MSN

ADVANCED

ELEC

TROTE

CHNOLOGIE

S

Technology Leads ToTechnology Leads ToProduct DevelopmentProduct Development

Transmission and Distribution ComponentsTransmission and Distribution Components

Polymer Insulators(Suspension and Post)

Transmission and Distribution ComponentsTransmission and Distribution Components

ACSR Conductor(Aluminum Conductor,

Steel-Reinforced)

Transmission and Distribution ComponentsTransmission and Distribution Components

High-Strength Poles(Tubular Steel and

Spun Concrete)

Transmission and Distribution ComponentsTransmission and Distribution Components

Zinc Oxide VaristorSurge Arresters

Transmission and Distribution ComponentsTransmission and Distribution Components

High-Phase-Order(6-phase and 12-phase)

Transmission Lines

Transmission and Distribution ComponentsTransmission and Distribution Components

Fiber-OpticCommunication

Systems

Transmission and Distribution ComponentsTransmission and Distribution Components

Microprocessor-BasedProtective Relays

Transmission and Distribution ComponentsTransmission and Distribution Components

Superconducting MagneticEnergy Storage Systems

IGC's 6 Megajoule, 750 kVAIPQ-750 AC Micro-SMES

Power Generation ComponentsPower Generation Components

StaticExcitationSystems

Power Generation ComponentsPower Generation Components

DistributedControlSystems

Power Generation ComponentsPower Generation Components

Soft Starters and Adjustable

Frequency Drives for AC Motor Control

Power Generation ComponentsPower Generation Components

High-Temperature Superconducting Generators

High-Power Semiconductor DevicesHigh-Power Semiconductor Devices

Ratings up to 8500 volts and 12,000 amperesand increasing every year

DiodesThyristorsSilicon-Controlled Rectifiers (SCRs)Gate Turn-Off Thyristors (GTOs)Insulated-Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs)Integrated-Gate Commutated Thyristors (IGCTs)

Common DevicesCommon Devices

High-Power Semiconductor ApplicationsHigh-Power Semiconductor Applications

Thyristor-Controlled Series Capacitors (TCSCs)Static Compensators (STATCOMs)Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS)Static VAR Compensators (SVCs)

230kV SVC

ReliabilityReliabilityAvailabilityAvailability

Typically at least 99.99% (excluding major storm outages)(excluding major storm outages)

52.5 minutes/year of outage time

May be ok for today, but must improve in the future.

Voltage ControlVoltage Control

Steady State = ±5% normally (ANSI Range A)

= ±10% during contingencies (ANSI Range B)

Harmonic MitigationHarmonic Mitigation

Voltage THD = 5% (V 69 kV)= 2.5% (69 kV < V < 161 kV)= 1% (V 161 kV)

Current THD = 5% to 20% (depending on ratio of shortcircuit availability to load current)

Transient per ITIC Chart (next slide)

ITIC CurveITIC Curve

ANSI ANSI Range BRange B

FRIENDSFRIENDSFlexible, Reliable and Intelligent Electrical eNergy Delivery Systems

DESS

Ｇ

DG

FilterUPS

DESS

QCC

Tr.

DESS

Ｇ

DG

Computer

Ordinary& High

SuperPremium

DCPower

FRIENDS NWProtector

QCC Protector

NormallyOPEN

Power system A DCNetwork

Power system B

H.V.BusSolid- stateSwitch

Power lines

Customers

Utility Branch,Substations,nearly QCCs.

to

QCC can controldemand side.

L.V.Bus

Tr.

FRIENDS Quality Control Center (QCC)

Outage Restoration after a Major Outage Restoration after a Major DisasterDisaster

Widespread Power System DevastationWidespread Power System DevastationWorse at the Lower (Distribution) VoltagesWorse at the Lower (Distribution) Voltages

Higher-voltage (transmission) circuits are more durable and less susceptable to wind and tree problems.

A utility system has many more circuit-miles of distribution than transmission; therefore, the distribution system has a much greater “exposure.”