modern africa
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MODERN AFRICA. THEMES/PROBLEMS GEOGRAPHY INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENTS CASE STUDY: SOUTH AFRICA (APARTHEID) DEVELOPMENT, AIDS CRISIS, ECONOMICS. PROBLEMS/THEMES. AIDS CRISIS FAMINE/HUNGER CIVIL WAR ETHNIC UNREST/GENOCIDE POVERTY/INEQUALITY OF WEATLTH LACK OF INVESTMENT CAPITAL. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
MODERN AFRICA
THEMES/PROBLEMSGEOGRAPHYINDEPENDENCE MOVEMENTSCASE STUDY: SOUTH AFRICA (APARTHEID)DEVELOPMENT, AIDS CRISIS, ECONOMICS
PROBLEMS/THEMES AIDS CRISIS FAMINE/HUNGER CIVIL WAR ETHNIC UNREST/GENOCIDE POVERTY/INEQUALITY OF WEATLTH LACK OF INVESTMENT CAPITAL
AFRICAN GEOGRAPHYFEATURES: SAHARA DESERT GREAT RIFT VALLEY NILE RIVER KALAHARI DESERT ATLAS MOUNTAINS LAKE VICTORIA CONGO RIVER
EFFECTS OF GEOGRAPHY
FEATURE EFFECTSAHARA DESERTIFICATION
DESERT ACTS AS A BARRIER TO
TRADE AND TRAVEL LACK OF FERTILE FARM LAND
NILE RIVER FERTILE VALLEY, SILT
OTHER RIVERS WATER FALLS, RAPIDS, CATARACTS
MAKE TRANSPORTATION DIFFICULT BUT SOMETIMES GOOD FOR HYDROELECTRIC POWER
EFFECTS OF GEOGRPAHYRESOURCES Gold and diamonds in South Africa Brought European Powers Rubber and Ivory in the Congo during the Age of Imperialism
GREAT RIFT VALLEY Made travel and trade difficult.
Influenced migration forcing people to move
in a north-south direction. 100 mile wide canyon
EFFECTS OF GEOGRAPHY
COASTLINE SMOOTH, BAD FOR TRADE
LAKES IMPORTANT SOURCE OF
Lake Victoria FISH, MAJOR SOURCE OF
Lake Tanganyika PROTEIN IN AFRICALake Chad
Lake Malawi (Nyasa)
Algeria 1954-1962 French wanted to keep Arab-Berber people
from winning independence Muslim Nationalists set up the FLN – National
Liberation Front Public opinion in France turned against the
war Charles de Gaulle became President in 1958
– 4 years later Algeria achieved independence
INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENTS
KENYA: JOMO KENYATA
KENYA AND JOMO KENYATTA The British held Kenya as part of the East Africa Protectorate. A secret terrorist organization called the Mau Mau existed in
Kenya to fight the British! The British called a state of emergency against the Mau Mau’s guerrilla activities.
The native tribe of Kenya are the Kikuyu. Jomo Kenyatta led the independence movement and ended up
in jail. Kenyatta and the Mau Mau were successful against the British
in 1963. Kenyatta became the first president of the free Kenya.
GHANA AND KWAME NKRUMAH
GHANA: INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENT
The British held the territory called the Gold Coast. Kwame Nkrumah led the independence movement Nkrumah believed in non-violence. In 1957 The Gold Coast got its independence and
was then called Ghana. Kwame Nkrumah became Ghana’s first President
Cold War & Regional Organizations
New African nations affected by superpowers
Supplied with military weapons by superpower they supported
Conflicts in Ethiopia and Somalia
1963 OAU Organization of African Unity
2001 African Union – modeled after the UN
UN: disaster relief and Military Intervention
African nations joined the UN and served on peacekeeping missions
Focus has been on healthcare, literacy, economic problems and racism
UN, International Red Cross, Doctors w/o Borders deal with famine 2003 Congo and Liberia
Critical IssuesDrought and famine – desertification,
1980s Ethiopia and SomaliaDeforestation of Rain ForestsAIDS epidemics in South Africa,
Ethiopia, Nigeria, Kenya and Botswana UN estimated in 2000 over 30 million dies
of disease
Problems to Unity and Stability
Civil WarCrisis of 1980sOne-Party ruleMilitary rule
Economic developmentSocialism or CapitalismCash Crops or FoodUrban or RuralDebt Crisis
Soaring oil prices Crushed developing African economies World Bank loans refused
Increased unemployment
A CASE STUDY: SOUTH AFRICAAPARTHEID: RISE AND FALL
APARTHEID – THE LEGAL SEPARATION OF THE RACES RULED IN SOUTH AFRICA FROM 1948--1991
THE AFRIKAANER (DUTCH GOVERNMENT)
The Afrikaaner govt. gained control of the South Africa in 1948
They instituted Apartheid!Each group had separate living areasPeople of color were subjected to
certain rules/laws!
Boer War and Apartheid
APARTHEID LAWS/RULES People of color must carry Pass Books around as identification. Intermarriage between white people and people of color is forbidden. Strikes by black workers were outlawed. Jobs were restricted. Separate public facilities and transportation were in existence. Black people had no representation in government. BANTU AUTHORITIES ACT established Bantustans or homelands
where black people would live Separate educational facilities for white and black
"Bantustans"
RESISTANCE TO APARTHEID
NELSON MANDELA ----AFRICAN NATIONAL CONGRESS
STEVE BIKO---------------BLACK CONSCIOUSNESS MOVEMENT
ARCHBISHOP DESMOND TUTU-----PEACEFUL RESISTANCE TO THE AFRIKAANER GOVERNMENT
RESISTANCE TO APARTHEIDTHE ANC AND MANDELA
NELSON MANDELA: SYMBOL OF RESISTANCE
Nelson Mandela was arrested in the 1960’s for conspiracy against the government. He remained in jail for over 20 years. He was released by President F.W. deKlerk in 1989. By 1994 Mandela became the first black president of South Africa. People waited in line for days to vote in the first free elections!
STEVE BIKO: BLACK CONSCIOUSNESS
STEVE BIKO
Steve Biko was arrested by the South African police. He was murdered while in custody in 1977. Thousands showed up for his funeral and he became a symbol of resistance to the white oppression. His movement lived on after his death. The white police officers who beat him did not answer for their crimes until the 1990’s.
Biko’s grave
Archbishop Desmond TutuA man of the cloth who spoke out against apartheid!Tutu appealed to the world’s nations to stop trading with South Africa until it cleaned up its human rights record! Many people respected this religious figure!
THE END OF APARTHEIDMany world nations put pressure (economic sanctions on South Africa which crippled the economy. 1989 F.W. deKlerk became President.1990 deKlerk lifted the ban on the ANC and released Mandela from prison.deKlerk began to repeal the apartheid laws, dismantling the system of racial separation.April 1994 was set as the first free elections and for a new constitution.In 1994 Nelson Mandela won the presidential election hands down!
FW. deKlerk
NELSON MANDELA AND F.W.de KLERK
CIVIL WAR AND ETHNIC TENSIONIN RECENT TIMES
ETHNIC TENSION IN RWANDA BETWEEN HUTUS AND TUTSIS LED TO GENOCIDE 1990’S CIVIL WAR, DROUGHT, FAMINE IN SOMALIA IN 1992 LED TO U.S. INTERVENTION (Black Hawk Down)
THE AIDS CRISIS: THE
CONTINENT WITH THE MOST CASES!
South Africa has one of the highest death rates due to AIDS
AIDSThe main problem is education about how AIDS spreads as well as the fact that there is a lack of money in the African nations to purchase the AIDS drugs available in other countries!