models of selection goal: to build models that can predict a population’s response to natural...
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Models of Selection
Goal: to build models that can predict a population’s response to natural selection
What are the key factors?
Today’s model: haploid, one locus
Outline: triclosan in biosolids fitness haploid life cycle selection coefficients long term predictions
When does selection act?
Triclosan and
biosolids
Triclosan:
Biosolids:
Triclosan in biosolids??
Fitness: The sum total effect of selection within a generation
Absolute Fitness =
Relative Fitness =
Key questions for model
One-locus haploid modelFor what organisms is this model appropriate?
Initial frequencies, fitnessf(A) = p(t)
f(a) = q(t)
WA = relative fitness of A
Wa = relative fitness of a
One-locus haploid model
p[t]q[t]
WA
Wa
f'(A) = __WAp(t)___ WAp(t) + Waq(t)
f'(a) = __Waq(t)___ WAp(t) + Waq(t)
Example:p(t) = 0.5; q(t) = 0.5WA = 1; Wa = 0.8
One-locus haploid model
p(t)WA
p(t)WA + q(t)Wa
Relative, not absolute, fitness determines changes in allele
frequencies
a
Aa
A
A
A A
Aa
a
a
a
a
Aa
A
A
A A
Aa
a
a
a
a
A
A
A
A A
Aa
a
a
a
a
A
A A
a
6 A, 6 a 6 A, 6 a
Survival of A = 1, of a = 2/3
Survival of A = 1/2, of a = 1/3
f’(A) = 0.6 f’(A) = 0.6
Haploid selection: rest of life cycle
Adults mate at random
Undergo meiosis
One-locus haploid model
One-locus haploid model
p(t+1) = p(t)WA
p(t)WA + q(t)Wa
p = p(t+1) – p(t) = (WA – Wa)p(t)q(t)
W(t)
W(t) = p(t)WA + q(t)Wa
One-locus haploid model
p = p(t+1) – p(t) = (WA – Wa)p(t)q(t)
W(t)
What does this tell us about selection?
A note about variance
• We can use a simple trick to answer this question. If we divide p[t+1] by q[t+1]:
What will happen over periods of time longer than one generation?
The ratio of p[t] to q[t] changes by W
A/W
a every generation.
p(t+1) p(t)WA
q(t+1) q(t)Wa
=
Predicting allele frequencies
q(t) = 1- p(t), so
p(0)WAt
p(0)WAt + q(0)Wa
t
p(t) =
Now, for any generation t:
p(t) p(0)WAt
q(t) q(0)Wat=
hint: keep right side together, divide by fraction
Using the model I
What would the frequency of allele A be after 100 generations of selection if A is 10% more fit than allele a and if one in
every hundred alleles is initially A?
p(0)WAt
p(0)WAt + q(0)Wa
t
p(t) =
Using the model IIIf A changes in frequency from
0.001 to 0.01 in 10 generations, by how much must it be favored?
p(t) p(0)WAt
q(t) q(0)Wat=
Selection coefficients
Selection coefficient exampleHow long would it take for 95% of the
alleles to be A if A is initially present in 5% of the population and if the selection
coefficient favoring allele A is...s = 0.1?
The time needed for an allele to go from low frequency to high is the inverse of the selection coefficient s = 0.1 -> tens of generations
Some general principles
Does the mean fitness of a population always increase over
time?Var(W(t)) = p(t)(WA - W(t))2 + q(t)(Wa-W(t))2
= p(t)q(t)(WA - Wa)2
ΔW = W(t+1) - W(t) = Var(W(t))
W(t)
"The rate of increase in fitness of any organism at any time is equal to its genetic variance in fitness at that
time."R. A. Fisher (1930) The Genetical Theory of
Natural Selection
The Fundamental Theorem of Natural Selection
Two strains of E. coli (TD9 and TD1)• Had a genetic difference in the lactose pathway• Competed in two environments:
• Glucose-limited (Open symbols)• Lactose-limited (Closed symbols)
• What is the selection coefficient (s)?
Example: Dykhuizen and Dean (1990)
References and readings
ReferencesHeidler, J. et al. 2006. Partitioning, Persistence, and Accumulation in Digested Sludge of the Topical Antiseptic Triclocarban during Wastewater Treatment. Environ. Sci. Technol.; 40(11); 3634-3639
ReadingsChapter 6.1 – 6.3 (5.1 – 5.3), question 3.
More questionsWould a dominant or recessive allele change frequency faster in a haploid organism? why?
Calculate the relative fitnesses for these two genotypes:genotype: A a starting count (before selection) 100 100 ending count (after selection) 90 30What is the selection co-efficient?Assume that the mixture starts out with f(A) = 0.5. What will the frequency be after 20 generations?