models of development how do the initial characteristics of the individual and of the environment...
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Models of Development
How do the initial characteristics of the individual and of the
environment result in the behavior we see?
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Typical v. individual development
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Effects of experience on development of sound encoding
Spectral resolution development with normal experience
Age
Res
olut
ion
“Qua
lity”
(Q
10)
clicks
Spectral resolution development with abnormal experience
Age
Res
olut
ion
“Qua
lity”
(Q
10)
baby adult baby adult
Sanes and Constantine-Paton (1985)
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Effects of experience on localization by barn owls
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Reorganization of perceptionC
ue 1
Cue 2
Cue
1
Cue 2
Cue
1
Cue 2
Cue
1
Cue 2
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Development of cortical EP in children with CI
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Cellular mechanisms of cortical development: Long-term potentiation
LTP is involved in neural plasticity.
LTP is eliminated when cochlear input is eliminated.
Electrical stimulation of cochlea maintains LTP.
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People differ, even in perception
How do individual differences arise during development?
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Models of development Genes Genes set limits Gene-environment interaction Gene-environment transaction
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Genes determine behavior
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Genes set the limits
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Genes set the landscape
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Gene-environment transactions
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How can experience change genes?
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Genes make proteins
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DNA Methylation
•Differentiation•Chromosome inactivation•Transcriptional silencing
•Can be triggered by experience•Can be heritable
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Example: Maternal behavior and stress response
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“Acquired trait” is heritable
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Mechanism, Initial biases, Critical period
•Bad mother demethylates DNA•Genes start out methylated: Bias to be outgoing and good mother•The effect only occurs between P1 and P6 days•Stressed motherstressed babies – adaptive significance
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GENES AND ENVIRONMENT CHANGE EACH OTHER
conclusion
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Mother nature counts on experience to guide development
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Imprinting: Genetic program for behavior?
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Species-specific call recognition?
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Gottlieb: Embryonic experience crucial to postnatal social behavior
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Apparatus for testing postnatal social behavior
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Gottlieb: Embryonic experience crucial to postnatal social behavior Devocalized duckling approaches chicken
call as often as maternal duck call Exposing embryo to embryonic duck call
reinstates preference for maternal duck call Exposure to chicken call leads to
preference for chicken call*
*only in ducklings who had tactile contact with other ducklings
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Effects of prenatal experience What looks “innate” may result from
experience Dependence on experience as economical
approach Susceptibility to experience allows for
adaptation to environmental conditions
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Could prenatal sound exposure be important for human development?
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Newborns prefer speech to sine-wave speech
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Effect of prenatal exposure to maternal voice
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Newborns recognize mom’s voice
∆ Interburst interval
Infa
nt
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Newborns’ voice recognition Can discriminate male voices, but don’t
prefer dad Prefer low-pass filtered version of mom’s
voice over full-spectrum version at birth
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Do newborns prefer familiar speech?
OR
Why we can have lots of good fun if you wish, with a game that I call UP UP UP with the fish!
?
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Newborns prefer familiar speech
Experimental Control
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Native language perception by newborns Newborn infants prefer native speech over
nonnative Newborns discriminate native v. nonnative
across prosodic categories Five-month-olds discriminate native v. nonnative
within prosodic category Newborns?
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Effects of prenatal exposure to speech Newborn infants respond differentially to
maternal voice Newborn infants have learned something
about the properties of their native speech Long-term effects?
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Postnatal experienceStructure facilitates learning
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VOT exaggeration
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Expanded vowel triangle
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Speech learning and social interaction
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Speech learning depends on social interaction
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Conclusions “Transactions” among genotype,
epigenotype and experience drive development.
Individual differences in any of these factors lead to differences in phenotype.
Many of the principles identified in epigenetic studies of nonhumans seem to apply to humans.