modelling the effects of hypoxia on fish kenneth rose dept. of oceanography and coastal sciences...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Modelling the effects of hypoxia on fish Kenneth Rose Dept. of Oceanography and Coastal Sciences Louisiana State University plus Many Co-authors](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649f1d5503460f94c3440f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Modelling the effects of hypoxia on fish
Kenneth RoseDept. of Oceanography and Coastal Sciences
Louisiana State University
plusMany Co-authors
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• Aaron Adamack and Shaye Sable - Louisiana State University
• Cheryl A. Murphy – LSU, now University of Toronto
• Peter Thomas and Saydur Rahman – University of Texas Marine Science Institute
• Marius Brouwer and Nancy Brown-Peterson - University of Southern Mississippi
• Ann O. Cheek - University of Texas Health Science Center
• Carl Cerco - U.S. ACOE
• Sandra Diamond, Texas Tech University
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Acknowledgements
• EPA’s Science to Achieve Results (STAR) Program to University of Texas
• STAR Estuarine and Great Lakes (EaGLe) Program through funding to the Consortium for Estuarine Ecoindicator Research for the Gulf of Mexico (CEER-GOM), US EPA Agreement (R 82945801)
• NOAA Aquatic Research Consortium (ARC, Phase 2) to USM and Texas State University
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Introduction
• Quantifying and forecasting effects of hypoxia is needed for effective management
• Today: four examples– Physiological– Croaker matrix projection– Marsh community– Bay anchovy coupled to water quality
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Disclaimer
No real data were harmed
in the preparation of this
presentation
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1. Physiological Model1. Physiological Model
ViableOocytes
Relate physiological biomarkers to number of viable oocytes using ordinarydifferential equations
pituitary
ovary
GonadotropinGonadotropin
EstradiolEstradiol
liver TestosteroneTestosterone
Estrogen receptorEstrogen receptor
VitellogeninVitellogenin
Gonadotropin = GtHTestosterone = TEstradiol = E2Estrogen Receptor = ERVitellogenin = VtgGonadal Somatic Index = GSI
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Testosterone(x1)
Vitellogenin(x8)
Estradiol(x2)
Estrogen Receptor
(x7)Estradiol
Gonadotropin(driving)
Estrogen Receptor (x6)
pituitary
liver
k1 k-1
Synthesis E2 (T)
k1
k-1
k2
k2
ovary
Synthesis T (GtH)
blood
SBP
(x3)
SBP
(x3)
k1
k-1
k1
k-1
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Vit
ello
gen
in (
mg
/mL
)
0
50
100
150
200
Est
rog
en r
ecep
tor
(pm
ol/g
)
0
2
4
6
1 2 3 4 5 6
To
tal T
esto
ster
on
e (p
g/m
L)
0
500
1000
1500
1 2 3 4 5 6
To
tal E
stra
dio
l (p
g/m
L)
0
500
1000
1500
1. Baseline Simulation 1. Baseline Simulation
Time (months) Time (months)
A M J J A S O A M J J A S O
A M J J A S O
SPOTTED SEATROUTSmith and Thomas,1991Gen. Comp. Endocrinol.81:234-245
Year 1
Year 2
161 mg/ml
cumulative
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1. Hypoxia Simulation1. Hypoxia Simulation
1. Simulate gonadotropin suppression
• Multiply gonadotropin driving variable by 0.74
2. Simulate aromatase impairment
• Less Testosterone converted to estradiol • Small % of Estradiol sent to a “sink” every timestep • Total E2 is 41% of Control
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1: Hypoxia Simulation 1: Hypoxia Simulation
1 2 3 4 5 60
500
1000
1500
2000
0
2
4
6
1 2 3 4 5 60
500
1000
1500
2000
1 2 3 4 5 61 2 3 4 5 60
50
100
150
200
To
tal T
esto
ster
on
e (p
g/m
L)
To
tal E
stra
dio
l (p
g/m
L)
Vit
ello
gen
in (
mg
/mL
)
Est
rog
en r
ecep
tor
(pm
ol/g
)
Time (months) Time (months)
No change
Lab~ 59% decrease
Lab~ 67 % decrease ER mRNA
Lab~ 62% decrease fecundity
61% 73%
59%
GtH
GtH + aromatase
Baseline
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1.1. Field EvaluationField Evaluation(Pensacola Bay)(Pensacola Bay)
Percent reduction of Total E2 (of control Lab)
0 20 40 60 80 1000
20
40
60
80
100
0
20
40
60
80
100
Sim
ulat
ed c
umul
ativ
e V
tg
as %
bas
elin
e cu
mul
ativ
e V
tg
Simulated
3.0
4.9
Field
1.2 1.9 ppm1.3
1.4
4.6 ppm
GS
I at field as % G
SI control lab
Laboratory results
1.7 ppm
2.7 ppm
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PA1 FA1 FA2 FA3 FA4 FA5 FA6 FA7 GA1 PA2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 GA2 PA3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 GA3 PA4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 GA4 PA5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 GA5 PA6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 GA6 PA7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 GA7 PA8
t+1
Egg
A1A2A3A4A5A6A7
t
2. Matrix Projection Model2. Matrix Projection Model
Egg
A1A2A3A4A5A6A7
Stage duration and mortality are used to calculate P and G
Classic formulation:
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EggYolk-sac
Oceanlarva
Estuarylarva
Early juvenile
Late juvenile
Adult
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Age 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Egg
Yolk-sac Atlantic Bight
PG
P
North CarolinaNorth Carolina
Estuary LarvaEarly JuvenileLate
Juvenile
TransitionTransition
VirginiaVirginia
Ocean Larva
G
Ocean Larva
Ocean Larva
Ocean Larva
TransitionTransition
Estuary LarvaEarly JuvenileLate
Juvenile
Estuary LarvaEarly JuvenileLate
Juvenile
Estuary LarvaEarly JuvenileLate
Juvenile
DailyDaily
BiweeklyBiweekly MonthlyMonthly
July
July
Dec
Dec
AnnualAnnual
Mid-Atlantic Bight (MAB)
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Age 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Egg
Yolk-sacGulf of Mexico
Louisiana
Estuary Larva Early Juvenile Late Juvenile
TransitionTransition
Texas
Ocean Larva
Ocean Larva
TransitionTransition
Estuary Larva Early Juvenile Late Juvenile
DailyDaily
Biweekly MonthlySept
AnnualAnnual
Gulf of Mexico (GOM)Gulf of Mexico (GOM)
PG
P
G
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2. Baseline Simulations2. Baseline Simulations
Age 1
Age 2
Age 3
Age 4
Age 5Age 6
Age 7
Age 8
Age 1
Age 2
Age 3
Age 4 Age 5Age 6
Age 7-12
Year of simulation
20 40 60 80 100
Tot
al a
dult
abun
danc
e (m
illio
ns)
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
Year of simulation
20 40 60 80 100
Tot
al a
dult
abun
danc
e (m
illio
ns)
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
GOMMAB
Reproductive output:
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2. Baseline Simulations2. Baseline Simulations
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.80.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.50.00
0.01
0.02
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
Age
1 r
ecru
its (
mill
ions
)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
Eggs (1 x 1012 )
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.60.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
Louisiana TexasVirginia North Carolina
Eggs (1 x 1012 )
GOMMAB
Density dependence: spawner-recruit relationships
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Tot
al P
opul
atio
n (m
illio
ns)
2. Hypoxia Simulation - GOM2. Hypoxia Simulation - GOM
Reduced fecundityin lab exposure
Testosterone (ng/mL)1 2 3 4 5
Per
cent
0
10
20
30
40Control3.5 ppm DO
Baseline0.8
1.0
1.3
Year
Hypoxia
0 20 40 60 80 100
0.8
1.0
1.3
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Blue Crab
Silversides
Shrimp
Killifish
Zooplankton(2 groups)
Benthos(3 groups)
IndividualProcessesGrowthMovementMortalitySpawning
3. Marsh CommunityConditionsDissolved O2
TemperatureTidal StagePrey DensityPredator DensityIndividual Size
Bay Anchovy
Sheepshead Minnow
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3. Marsh Habitat4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 44 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 44 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 5 5 5 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 44 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 44 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 44 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 3 3 2 2 2 3 3 4 3 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 44 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 3 3 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 5 5 5 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 44 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 3 3 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 44 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 3 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 44 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 44 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 5 5 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 44 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 4 4 4 3 3 3 5 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 44 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 44 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 44 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 44 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 44 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 44 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 5 5 5 5 3 3 5 5 5 5 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 44 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 4 3 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 5 5 3 3 3 5 5 5 5 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 44 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 4 3 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 4 3 5 5 5 5 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 44 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 3 4 3 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 5 5 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 44 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 44 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 44 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 44 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 44 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 44 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 44 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 44 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 44 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 44 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 44 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 3 4 4 3 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 44 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 2 3 4 4 3 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 44 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 3 4 3 3 2 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 3 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 44 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 2 3 3 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 3 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 44 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 44 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 44 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 44 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 44 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 44 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 44 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 3 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 44 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 3 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 44 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 3 4 4 3 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 44 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 44 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 44 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 44 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 44 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 44 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 44 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 44 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 44 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 44 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 44 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 44 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 44 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 44 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 44 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 44 4 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 44 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 44 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 44 4 3 3 3 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 44 4 3 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 44 4 3 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 44 3 3 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 44 3 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 44 3 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 44 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 44 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 44 3 3 3 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 44 4 4 3 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 44 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 44 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 44 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 44 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 44 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 44 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 44 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 44 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 44 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 44 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 44 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 4 4 3 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 44 4 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 4 4 3 2 2 3 3 4 3 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 44 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 4 3 2 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 44 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 44 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 44 4 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 44 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 2 2 3 3 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 44 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 4 4 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 44 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 44 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 44 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 44 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 44 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 44 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 44 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 44 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 44 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 44 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
200m
200m
Interior Marsh
Marsh Edge
Bay Channel
Tidal Creek
Marsh Pool
Time
T (
oC
)P
rey
(#/m
2 )S
tag
eD
O (
mg
/l)
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• Growth:– bioenergetics– consumption based on prey and predator sizes; prey densities
• Movement: – neighborhood depends on tidal stage and individual motility– move to cell with highest fitness score in neighborhood
• Mortality: – predation; starvation; stranding; natural
• Spawning: – temperature and weight-dependent fecundity– fractional spawning with brood intervals
3. Individual Processes
![Page 22: Modelling the effects of hypoxia on fish Kenneth Rose Dept. of Oceanography and Coastal Sciences Louisiana State University plus Many Co-authors](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649f1d5503460f94c3440f/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Grass Shrimp
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90Gulf Killifish
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Inland Silverside
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
1 51 101 151 201 251 301 351
Blue Crab
0
1
2
3
1 51 101 151 201 251 301 351
Den
sity
(#/
met
er2 )
Days
3. Baseline Results: Densities
Interior Marsh
Marsh Edge
Bay Channel
Tidal Creek
Marsh Pool
![Page 23: Modelling the effects of hypoxia on fish Kenneth Rose Dept. of Oceanography and Coastal Sciences Louisiana State University plus Many Co-authors](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649f1d5503460f94c3440f/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
3. Grass Shrimp Distribution
0 0.01-1 1-2 2-5 5-10 10-20 20-30 30-40
Tid
al S
tage
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3. Cyclic Dissolved Oxygen Stress
Hours
0 15 30 45 60 75 90
Dis
solv
ed O
xyge
n (m
g/l)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Creek at High Tide - Baseline Creek at High Tide w/ DO Stress
* Grass shrimp:Larval z (hour-1) = 5.5E-4*(DO) + 0.0007
* Grass shrimp:Brood interval (days) = 350.4 + 255.1/ln(DO)
All species:Metabolism multiplier = 1.79*(DO)-0.362 when DO < 5 mg/l
* Grass shrimp functions fit to laboratory data provided by Brouwer & Brown-Peterson
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3. DO StressGrass Shrimp
Tota
l A
bundance
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
400000
450000
BaselineDO Stress
Days0 100 200 300
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
Gulf Killifish
Blue Crab
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3. DO Stress
Blue Crab
0 20 40 60 800
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Grass Shrimp
0 10 20 30 40 50
Fre
qu
en
cy (
x1
05 )
0
6
12
18
180210240270
Gulf Killifish
0 20 40 60 80 1000
1
2
3
4
5
6
BaselineDO Stress
Length (mm)
Fre
quen
cy (
x105
)
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3. Gene Chips• Episodes and fluctuations complicate exposure
• Data– Grass shrimp and sheepshead minnow– Lab: DO, growth and fecundity, up/down regulation– Field: gene responses
• Idea is to add damage-repair (Mancini; Breck) or vitality (Anderson) sub-model to individuals– Calibrate to lab– Apply to field exposures
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4. Chesapeake Bay WQMDeveloped by the Army Corps
• 3D hydrodynamic model (CH3D), eutrophication model (CE-QUAL-ICM), and sediment diagenesis model
• Simulates 24 constituents– Forms of N, P, and Si– Spring and winter algae– Micro- and meso-zooplankton– DO and temperature
• Bay is divided into 4073 cells– 729 surface cells– Minimum 2 layers thick– Maximum 15 layers thick
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4. Bay Anchovy Model• Spatially-explicit, individual-based
• Simulates growth, death, and movement
• Dynamically coupled to the WQM– Temperature and DO affect anchovy growth and mortality– Micro- and meso-zooplankton affect anchovy growth– Consumption by anchovy is mortality on zooplankton
• Movement depends on:– Horizontal: zooplankton density, temperature– Vertical: temperature, dissolved oxygen
• Fixed recruitment each year
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4. DO Effects
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/liter)
0 2 4 6 8
Gro
wth
mu
ltip
lier
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Dissolved oxygen (mg/liter)
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Mo
rtal
ity
(%/d
ay)
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
DO effect on growth DO mortality
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4. Results – Hypoxia (Normal Year, July, bottom layer)
50% Increase 50% ReduceBaseline
Nutrient Loading 0 mg/l
>3 mg/l
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4. Results – Anchovy Spatial Distribution(Baseline year, late October)
Wet DryNormal
Water Year
35/m2
0/m2
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4. Results – Anchovy Biomass
Julian Day
365 730 1095 1460 1825 2190 2555 2920 3285 3650
Bio
mas
s (m
etri
c to
ns)
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000ReducedBaselineIncreased
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4. Results – Zooplankton(Station C5.2 – mid-bay, with anchovy)
Mic
rozo
op
lan
kto
n
(mg
/L)
0.000.020.040.060.080.10
Year
0 2 4 6 8 10
Mes
ozo
op
lan
kto
n(m
g/li
ter)
0.00
0.04
0.08
0.12
0.16
Baseline, no anchovyBaselineIncrease
Reduce
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4. Results – YOY Anchovy Length(Late October)
Water Year
Dry Normal Wet
An
cho
vy l
eng
th (
mm
)
0
20
40
60
Reduced Baseline Increase
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Overview of ModelsTaxa Level Time Space
Sciaenids Individual Single fish Daily 6 mo Point Point
Croaker Stage within age
Population 1,5,10,30 d
Annual
100 yr Point within 2 nursery boxes
GOM or MAB
Community Individual Population Hourly 1 yr 2-D grid
+ water stage
Marsh
Bay anchovy
Individual Psuedo-population (fixed rec)
15 min, 1 hr
10 yr 3-D grid Chesapeake Bay
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Concluding Remarks
• Modeling techniques, measurements, and understanding are rapidly improving
• Advances:– Scaled models– Spatial data– Exposure– Multiple stressors
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Concluding Remarks
• Optimism for
quantifying
indirect effects?
• Key will be
movement