modelling of eia/ems integration for proposed projects ph.d. thesis by ufuk malak, m.sc....

Modelling of EIA/EMS Modelling of EIA/EMS Integration for Proposed ProjectsIntegration for Proposed Projects

Ph.D. Thesis Ph.D. Thesis By Ufuk MALAK, M.Sc.By Ufuk MALAK, M.Sc.Environmental EngineerEnvironmental Engineer

Supervisor : Prof. Dr. Ilhan TALINLISupervisor : Prof. Dr. Ilhan TALINLI

CONTENTSCONTENTS• Part 1. Introduction

• Part 2. Environmental Impact Assessment

• Part 3. Environmental Management System

• Part 4. Environmental Risk Assessment

• Part 5. Modelling

• Part 6. Model Software

• Part 7. Results and Conclusion

Part 1. IntroductionPart 1. Introduction

Part 1.IntroductionPart 1.Introduction

• Environment undergoes a continual change • Industrialisation (development projects) increased

environmental degradation.• In 1960’s, growing environmental awareness has

focused attention between development actions and their environmental consequences

• Increased awareness of ecological limits to industrial growth has stimulated considerable interest in developing tools and techniques.

Part 1.Introduction

• Attempts to evaluate the environmental consequences of human activities, before such activities take place, is an essential part of environmental planning and management.

• Systematic identification and evaluation of potential impacts of proposed projects relative to physical-chemical, biological, cultural and socio-economic components of total environment should be made.

• From that point of view, an assessment tool of likelihood impacts was firstly developed in Unites States at the beginning of 1970’s with the name of

• ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA).

• EIA is used as prerequisite for most of proposed projects as a Decision Making Process.

Part 1.Introduction

• EIA has found a great application area among the countries since 1970.

• Many evaluation methods are developed and used. But towards 1990’s, its effectiveness and role in sustainable developments are strongly discussed.

• Monitoring, audit and third party certification become important as continuos improvement for sustainable development (Rio declaration) become very important.

• 1990’s Environmental Management Systems standards are developed as a response to various local and global environmental problems.

• Its aim is systematically manage all environmental aspects of a facility during operational phase.

Part 1.Introduction

• Need to evaluate new methodologies are discussed.

• Some projects are escaping any kind of assessment even they have important impacts. EIA is not applicable to all activities but EMS is.

• It is discussed as best time to introduce an EMS is early stages of planning.

• Cumulative EIA is important by means of time and space but traditional EIA does not include it.

• Also, definition of effected environmental is done but no quantitative results are given in EIA studies.

• Most EMS uses the results of EIA and tries to systematically manage facility.

Part 1.Introduction

• In this study;

• A determination scale model of EIA and EMS will be presented.

• This model will be determination scale that allow of project construction or not.

• It will give quantitative and repeatable results with its new evaluation method.

• The model will be a feasibility study to decision-makers.

• It will integrate EMS in to EIA studies and correspond EMS requirements.

• Model could be run for alternative processes for further decision makings.

Part 2. Environmental Impact AssessmentPart 2. Environmental Impact Assessment

Part 2. Environmental Impact AssessmentAssessment

• EIA;

• The main purpose of EIA is to inform decision-makers of the likely impacts of a proposal before a decision is made.

• is an action forcing mechanism concerned with the potential (or real) impacts of proposed (or existing) human activities (and their alternatives) on the human and natural environments.

• is a planning tool used to predict and evaluate the impacts

of proposed projects in order to assist decision-making.• has long been considered an important tool for the

environmental management of development projects.


• studies are potentially an important instrument for furthering sustainability in public and private decision-making

• should compare alternatives to a proposed project

EIA : History


• It is first introduction is in U.S. By NEPA in 1970.• It has been applied around the world more than 30

years.• It was appeared in Canada in 1973 (law in 1995), • in EU in 1985 and 1997 for member countries• In Turkey, first legislation was published in 1993,

than second version in 1997 and two additions in 2000.

• Others are published in very different dates (from 1972 until today.

EIA : Process


Decision Making Steps in the EIA process

EIA Stage Decision

Screening Is the project one for which an EIA is necessary?

Scoping What environmental impacts need to be examined?

Prediction What is the size, magnitude or extent of the impacts?

Assessment Is the impact significant

Mitigation What can be done to reduce the impact?

Review Is the assessment and the Environmental Statement adequate?

Decision Should the project be authorised to proceed?

Monitoring and

Auditing

Was the prediction of impacts accurate and do the mitigation

measures work until evacuation?

EIA Evaluation Methods : ChecklistsEIA Evaluation Methods : Checklists


• Checklists are standard lists and they are one dimensional

• They give an overview of the range of impacts.• They do not illustrate interactions between effects.• Nos statements of likelihood of occurrence are

being made.• Because of subjective nature of estimates, they are

won’t be filled out identically by different investigators.

EIA Evaluation Methods : Matrices


• They are very likely the most popular and widely used impact identification methodologies.

• Leopold matrix (1971) is the most famous one.• One-dimensional check lists are expanded to two-

dimensional matrices. • Alternative actions and their impacts can be seen.• Very often conclusion is stated as a numerical

value or symbol indicating the level of intensity of the effect.

EIA Evaluation Methods : Networks


• It was developed to consider secondary, tertiary and high-order impacts.

• Developed by Sorensen in 1971.• They are mostly used in different land uses as tree

removal during area preparation and its predicted effects as increased surface run-off and removal of top soils.

Major Failures


• A major failing of EIA practise has been the common use of EIA purely to achieve a development permit, rather than as a tool to achieve sound environmental management within the project’s objectives of on a broader regional or national basis.

• Its ability to predict impacts and to address issues of uncertainty in complex and dynamic environmental systems is very difficult.

• There many questions about its role in decision making process

• It is often considered as a bureaucratic burden.

• It also considered as time any money consuming step.

Part 3. Environmental Management System

• EMS provides a mechanism for organisations of any size to improve the way they manage environmental activities.

• EMS help an enterprise as;• Identify and control environmental aspects,• achieve its policy, objectives and targets,• establish short, medium and long term goals for

environmental performance,• monitoring continual improvement

Part 3. Environmental Management SystemPart 3. Environmental Management System

• EMS for an enterprise is the systematic management of resources and wastes by policies, documents, procedures, inventories, monitoring and audits.

• Detailed process survey is required to identify all environmental aspects.

• There are systems standards to implement EMS in a enterprise or a facility.



• History of EMS

• British Standards (BS 7750)

• Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS)

• International Standards of Organisations Standards (ISO 14000)


BS 7750


• It is the first EMS standards

• Published in 1992

• Reviewed and replace in 1995

• Became very popular right after its publication

EMAS


• It is published as regional legislation for UE member countries.

• Firstly adopted in 1993.

• Replaced BS 7750

• The revised regulation was published in March 2001 (provides integration with ISO 14001)

ISO 14000


• Developed by International Organization for Standardization - Strategic Advisory Group on the Environment -Technical Committee

• TC 207 started in 1991

• Published in September 1996

• Today most widely used EMS standards in the world

• Adapted to the other standards as ISO 9000

EMS standards today


Standards : ISO 14001Standards : ISO 14001


• It is the most popular and widely used standards in the world.

• Only ISO14001 is the certification part, while others documents for EMS.

Part 4 : Environmental Risk AssessmentPart 4 : Environmental Risk Assessment


• It is the most popular and widely used standards in the world.

• Only ISO14001 is the certification part, while others documents for EMS.

Relation between, EIA, EMS and ERARelation between, EIA, EMS and ERA


• EMS mostly uses the results of the EIA (when applicable)

• Best time to introduce an EMS is the EIA phase of the process.

• ERA term sometimes corresponds to EIA.

PART 5 PART 5 MODELMODEL


Model Approach

Part 5. Model

• In this study, integration of EIA and EMS for proposed project are modeled.

• Model are designed to correspond the needs of both EIA and EMS.

• It is though that all required data for the model should be given in addition to project designs.

• Since this is the decision making model, a determination scale at the end of the model will be evaluated.

• Model is divided into two parts as “state of environment part” and “environmental impacts and management parts”.

Model Approach : first part of the model

Part 5. Model

• All project firstly effect their surroundings (near environment)

• The definition of current state of environment should be done.

• It is possible to allow a project construction one some area because of its environmental sensitivity, but;

• It may not be possible to allow a project construction on another area because of its environmental sensitivity.

Model Approach : first part of the model

Part 5. Model

• Quantitative definition of effected environment with boundaries should be done in each case.

• That allow as in one region how much project construction can be allowed. It gives where to stop for new development projects.

• Changes in state of environment will directly give idea about cumulative EIA.

Model Approach : second part of the model

Part 5. Model

• Environmental impacts and their management should be done at very early stages of the project.

• As the first part, a permission san be given to one project because of its possible environmental impacts on a area, some other projects can not be allowed to build on the same area.

• The second part will say how much work will the project need to get permission.

• The second part can easily evaluate the alternatives of the project.

Model Approach

Part 5. Model

• Results of the model will be presented in % values.

• For the first part, 0 % will show the least sensitivity while 100 % is the most sensitive.

• For the second part 0% will show the best management of impacts while 100 % is the worst management.

• The result will be used together as a determination scale for decision making.

Part 1 of the Model: State of Environment

Part 5. Model

• 5 main categories :

• LAND USE

• REGIONAL BOUNDARIES

• ENVIRONMENTAL MEDIA

• BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT

• GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT


Part 5. Model

Table 5.1. Categorisation of Environmental Characteristics

Land Use (LU) Regional Boundaries (RB) Environmental Media (EM) Geological Environment , (GE)

WS Water Sources

AQ Air Quality

CC Climatic conditions

SC Soil Characteristics

Flora and Fauna(BE)

PAS Current Status of Project Area

RsD Residential Characteristics

FA Forest Area

AgA Agricultural Areas Usage

TM Transportation Mode

IS Infrastructure

SA Site Areas

WSPA Water Sources Protection Areas

NPA Nature Preservation Areas

WLPA Wild Life Preservation Areas

WAPA Wild Animal Production Areas

BRA Biogenetic Reserve Areas

SEPA Special Environment Protection

Areas

SPA Special Protection Areas

NP National Parks

NaP Natural Parks

WL Wetlands

CH Cultural Heritage

TR Tourism Regions

MZ Military Zone

FF Flora and Fauna

SGS Seismic ground shakingNH Seiche, tsunami or volcanichazardUF Unique geologic or physicalfeaturesMS Presence of mineral sources


Part 5. Model

•Functions and equations•EC = (LU, RB, EM, GE, BE) Equation 1

•LU = (PAS, RsD, FA, AgA, TM, IS) Equation 2

•RB = (SA, WSPA, NPA, WLPA, WAPA, SEPA, SPA, NP, NaP, WL, CH, TR, MZ) Equation 3

•EM = (WS, AQ, CC, SC) Equation 4

•GE = (SGS, NH, UF, MS) Equation 5

•BE = (FF) Equation 6

Equations

Part 5. Model : Part I

• EC = LU + RB + EM + GE + BE Equation 7• LU = PAS + RsD + FA + AgA + TM +IS Equation 8• RB = SA + WSPA + NPA + WLPA + WAPA + SEPA +

SPA + NP +NaP + WL + CH + TR + MZ Equation 9• EM = WS + AQ + CC + SC Equation 10• GE = SGS + NH + UF +MS Equation 11• BE = FF Equation 12• RsD = (DsRsA) + (PdnRsA) + (RMRsA) Equation 13• FA = AFC + DsFA * FC Equation 14• AgA = SC + Nag*AgU Equation 15• TM = RW + WW +MW Equation 16• IS = EP + WS + WWS Equation 17• GW = GWQ +GWL + SP Equation 18• GC = SGS + NH + UF + MS Equation 19


Part 5. Model

• Results of first part will used the result of the second part but;

• It will show the sensitivity of the selected area.

• It will say if the area is available for any kind or not by means o threshold value.

Part 2 of the Model: environmental impact and management

Part 5. Model

• WASTEWATER (WW)

• AIR QUALITY (APM)

• SOLID WASTE (SWM)

• HAZARDOUS WASTE (HWM)

• MEDICAL WASTE MWM)

• RADIOACTIVE WASTE

• NOISE POLLUTION (NPM)

• MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (MS)

Formulas and equations

Part 5. Model. Part II

• EIM = (WWM, APM, SWM, HWM, MWM, RWM, NPM, MS)

PART 6. MODEL SOFTWAREPART 6. MODEL SOFTWARE

Part 6. Model Software

• A computer program has been developed for the model.

• Programming language of the model is Visual Basic Software.

• Two part of the model will work independently.• Results will be presented in % values for both side

of the model.• There will be a summary chart “warning step” for

important data that user input the model.

modelling of eia/ems integration for proposed projects ph.d. thesis by ufuk malak, m.sc....

Documents

environmental awareness

environmental planning

environmental aspects

environmental degradation

introduction eia

environmental risk assessment

results of eia

eia studies