modeling and simulation of cost effective sensor less bldc motor drive for electric vehicle...

International Journal of Trend in International Open Access

ISSN No: 2456

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Modeling and Simulation of Cost Effective Sensor Less BLDC Motor Drive for Electric Vehicle Applications

Saravanakumar M1, Adhithya Mannan M.B

Department of EEE, Dr. Mahalingam College of Engineering and Technology,Pollachi, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India

ABSTRACT This proposed paper is to model and simulate the sensor less control of Brushless DC motor with fourswitch three phase inverter. Here, a new structure of three phase inverter with reduced number of swi(i.e. four-switch) for BLDC drive is introduced to reduce the switching losses that occur in the sixswitch method and eliminate the mechanical commutation. Conventionally used hall sensors for position detection increase the size of the motor and are temperature sensitive since they are mounted inside. So sensor is eliminated and the back emf method is adopted for switching. The zeropoint can be detected and it is used to commutate a motor thereby increasing the overall efficiency. KEY WORDS: BLDC, Back EMF, Zero Crossing Detector, Sensorless I. INTRODUCTION Brushless DC Motors (BLDC) drives are nowadays widely used for various purposes in consumer products and industrial applications. It is attracting much interest due to its high efficiency, high power factor, high torque, simple control, and lower maintenance. An inverter-driven threemotor needs rotor position information to ensure stable operation by synchronizing the phase excitation to the rotor position. This information is generally available by using position sensors. But it is not desirable to use position sensors for applications where reliability is of utmost importance because a sensor failure may cause instability in the control system.

International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD)International Open Access Journal | www.ijtsrd.com

ISSN No: 2456 - 6470 | Volume - 3 | Issue – 1 | Nov

www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 3 | Issue – 1 | Nov-Dec 2018

Modeling and Simulation of Cost Effective Sensor Less BLDC Motor Drive for Electric Vehicle Applications

Adhithya Mannan M.B2, Vinothini R2, Gurusamy M1Assistant Professor, 2Student

Dr. Mahalingam College of Engineering and Technology,Pollachi, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India

This proposed paper is to model and simulate the sensor less control of Brushless DC motor with four-switch three phase inverter. Here, a new structure of three phase inverter with reduced number of switches

switch) for BLDC drive is introduced to reduce the switching losses that occur in the six-switch method and eliminate the mechanical commutation. Conventionally used hall sensors for position detection increase the size of the motor and

e temperature sensitive since they are mounted inside. So sensor is eliminated and the back emf method is adopted for switching. The zero-crossing point can be detected and it is used to commutate a motor thereby increasing the overall efficiency.

k EMF, Zero Crossing

Brushless DC Motors (BLDC) drives are nowadays widely used for various purposes in consumer products and industrial applications. It is attracting much interest due to its high efficiency, high power factor, high torque, simple control, and lower

driven three-phase BLDC motor needs rotor position information to ensure stable operation by synchronizing the phase excitation to the rotor position. This information is generally

. But it is not e to use position sensors for applications

where reliability is of utmost importance because a in the control

II. PROBLEMS WITH SENSORED AND SIX SWITCH INVERTERSConventional BLDC motor drives are implemented via a six-switch threethree Hall Effect position sensors and two current sensors that generate proper sicommutation. These sensors hdrawbacks. Position sensor especially Hall seincreases the size of the motor and are temperature sensitive since they are mounted inside thus limits the operation of the motor in practice.the cost of the motor and require special mechanical arrangements to be mounted. In addreduce the system reliability because of their extra components and wiring. In this project, a costeffective position sensor less control for fourthree-phase BLDC motor drive using a single current sensor is proposed.

Fig. 1 Block Diagram for Sensorless BLDC

Research and Development (IJTSRD) www.ijtsrd.com

1 | Nov – Dec 2018

Dec 2018 Page: 707

Modeling and Simulation of Cost Effective Sensor Less BLDC Motor

Gurusamy M2

Dr. Mahalingam College of Engineering and Technology,

PROBLEMS WITH SENSORED CONTROL INVERTERS

Conventional BLDC motor drives are generally switch three-phase inverter,

three Hall Effect position sensors and two current sensors that generate proper signals for current

hese sensors have a great number of sensor especially Hall sensor

increases the size of the motor and are temperature sensitive since they are mounted inside thus limits the operation of the motor in practice. Thus, they increase the cost of the motor and require special mechanical

ents to be mounted. In addition, they can reduce the system reliability because of their extra

In this project, a cost-effective position sensor less control for four-switch

phase BLDC motor drive using a single current

Block Diagram for Sensorless BLDC

International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456


III. PROPOSED FOUR-SWITCH THREE PHASE INVERTER BRUSHLESS DC MOTOR DRIVE Usually, Brushless DC motors are excited by Sixswitch three phase inverter, have lot of Commutation Problems and Switch Leg failure and large amountSwitching Losses. The three-phase inverters with only four switches, is striking solution for SixInverter to reduce mechanical Strength and Switching Losses. In additional to that with the normal threephase voltage-source inverter with Four most important descriptions of this proposed converter plays dual role, i) the first is the reduction of Switches and Freewheeling diode count; ii) the second is the reduction of conduction losses.

Fig. 2 Four Switch three phase inverter In proposed method single phase to three phase converters back end consists of four switches (T1 to T6). In three phase Brushless DC motor, two phases A and B are connected to the two legs of the Fourswitch three phase inverter and the third phase C is connected to the centre point of the capacitor. Phase C is directly connected to the Brushless DC motor, so the phase C current is not directly controlled

Sa + Sb + Sc =0 Sc=-(Sa + Sb)

Therefore, phase C indirectly controlled by phase A and phase B. For Brushless DC motors with a trapezoidal back EMF, is required to produce a constant electric torque. The proposed voltage Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) scheme for Fourthree phase inverter requires six commutation modes which are (X, 0), (1,0), (1, X), (X, 1), (0, 1) and (0,Here “X” stands for don’t care conditions.



SWITCH THREE PHASE INVERTER BRUSHLESS DC MOTOR

Usually, Brushless DC motors are excited by Six-switch three phase inverter, have lot of Commutation Problems and Switch Leg failure and large amount of

phase inverters with only triking solution for Six-Switch

Inverter to reduce mechanical Strength and Switching Losses. In additional to that with the normal three-

source inverter with Four switches, the most important descriptions of this proposed

i) the first is the reduction of Switches and Freewheeling diode count; ii) the second is the reduction of conduction losses.

Fig. 2 Four Switch three phase inverter

proposed method single phase to three phase back end consists of four switches (T1 to

three phase Brushless DC motor, two phases A and B are connected to the two legs of the Four-

phase inverter and the third phase C is cted to the centre point of the capacitor. Phase C

to the Brushless DC motor, so the phase C current is not directly controlled.

(1) (2)

Therefore, phase C indirectly controlled by phase A B. For Brushless DC motors with a back EMF, is required to produce a

constant electric torque. The proposed voltage Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) scheme for Four-switch three phase inverter requires six commutation modes

(1, X), (X, 1), (0, 1) and (0,X). care conditions.

Table 1 Switching sequence of fphase inverter

Mode Active Phases

1 B and C

2 A and B

3 A and C 4 B and C 5 A and B

6 A and C

IV. BACK EMF COMPENSATIONAs three-phase Brushless DC motor is motivated with six-step 120˚ control process. Therefore, the conduction interval of one phase is 120EMF zero-crossing detecting performance is based on only two phases of a Brushless DC Motor. phase A and phase B are connected to the source, phase C is floating. No current is going through thisphase. This conducting interval lasts 60 eledegrees, which is called commutation step. This is described by the following conditions:

Fig. 3 Simulink Model of Proposed System

If A phase High, B phase Low: which is analysed as general equations. Normally,

£a + £b + £c = 0 Va = 3/2ew+ Vdc/2Vb = 3/2ew+ Vdc/2 Vc = 3/2ew+ Vdc/2

In these equations, forward voltage drop of Insulated bipolar transistor and freewheeling diode is ignored.However, in the four-switch converter based on the four-switching operation, the generation of 120conducting and a 60˚ non-conducting current profileis essentially complicated. That resource the conventional Pulse width modulation schemes

International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470

Dec 2018 Page: 708

Table 1 Switching sequence of four-switch three phase inverter

Silent Phases

A

C

B A C

B

BACK EMF COMPENSATION phase Brushless DC motor is motivated with

control process. Therefore, the conduction interval of one phase is 120˚. The Back-

crossing detecting performance is based on only two phases of a Brushless DC Motor. When phase A and phase B are connected to the source, phase C is floating. No current is going through this phase. This conducting interval lasts 60 electrical

ommutation step. This is conditions:

Fig. 3 Simulink Model of Proposed System

If A phase High, B phase Low: which is analysed as

(3) = 3/2ew+ Vdc/2 (4)

Vb = 3/2ew+ Vdc/2 (5) Vc = 3/2ew+ Vdc/2 (6)

In these equations, forward voltage drop of Insulated bipolar transistor and freewheeling diode is ignored.

tch converter based on the operation, the generation of 120˚

conducting current profile is essentially complicated. That resource the conventional Pulse width modulation schemes



employed for four-switch induction motor drives cannot be directly applied to Brushless DC motor drives with sensor less. This lead to the improvement of a novel control scheme called Direct Current Controlled Pulse width modulation scheme

V.RESULTS AND DISCUSION The simulation of proposed research fourBrushless DC Motor is carried by Simulink and itsSimulink model are shown in fig 3.To generate the pulse width modulation signals Subsystemsproposed converter is shown in fig 4.

Fig. 4 Subsystem of four switch inverter The reference speed is set and rotor position sensor speed sensed are given to the controller. If it is it is send to the controller or error is rectified and it is given to the controller then theswitches generate the Pulses. The Back egenerated by the switches from the oucontroller are shown in fig 5.

Fig. 5 Back Emf of phase A, B, C



switch induction motor drives rushless DC motor

less. This lead to the improvement of a novel control scheme called Direct Current Controlled Pulse width modulation scheme.

The simulation of proposed research four-switch ed by Simulink and its

To generate the Subsystems of the

Fig. 4 Subsystem of four switch inverter

rotor position sensor er. If it is equal

oller or error is generated and is given to the controller then the

The Back emf signals switches from the output of

Fig. 5 Back Emf of phase A, B, C

It is carried out by voltage and timeresults are taken from SimulinkStator Current signals generated by the switches from the output of controller are shown in fig 6.

Fig. 6 Current Signals of phase A, B, C

The Torque and Speed curves generated by the switches from the output of controller are shown in fig 7.

Fig. 7 Torque and Speed Characteristics VI. CONCLUSION Brushless DC drives is preferable for compact, low maintenance and high reliability systemreduce the mechanical strength it proposedwithout sensors and simulations weresimulation of the brushless DC motor is done using the software MATLAB/SIMULINKphase voltage, phase current, rotor speed waveformare analysed for the speed of rotor is 800 rpm. In this proposed converter uses less number of bipolar switches which evaluate theconventional converter. The back electromotive force compensating and direct current controlling for brushless DC motor drive was leg failure was avoided. P


Dec 2018 Page: 709

It is carried out by voltage and time period and the Simulink environment. The

Stator Current signals generated by the switches from output of controller are shown in fig 6.

Fig. 6 Current Signals of phase A, B, C

The Torque and Speed curves generated by the switches from the output of controller are shown in

Fig. 7 Torque and Speed Characteristics

is preferable for compact, low maintenance and high reliability systems. In order to reduce the mechanical strength it proposed that without sensors and simulations were carried out. The simulation of the brushless DC motor is done using the software MATLAB/SIMULINK. Back EMF,

phase current, rotor speed waveforms the speed of rotor is 800 rpm. In this

less number of insulated bipolar switches which evaluate the difference from

he back electromotive force compensating and direct current controlling for

was analysed and switch Pulse width modulation



scheme can eradicate the offset voltage in the back electromotive force signal caused by the voltage drop of the insulated bipolar transistor and also increase system efficiency by reducing the conduction loss is achieved. There are no hall sensors andsystem becomes robust, optimized design, efficiency and better speed. References 1) G. Paranjothi, R.Manikandan “Photovoltaic Based

Brushless DC Motor Closed Loop Drive for Electric Vehicle” International Journal of Emerging Trends in Electrical and Electronics (IJETEE – ISSN: 2320-9569) Vol. 10, Issue. 1, Jan-2014.

2) M. Ebadpour, M. B. B. Sharifian, M. R. FeyziCost-Effective Position Sensor LessFour-Switch Three-Phase Brushless DC Motor Drives Using Single Current Sensor” Review of Automatic Control (I.R.E.A.CO.), Vol. 4, N. 3 May 2011.

3) Sathish Kumar Shanmugam, Meenakumari Ramachandran, Krishna Kumar Kanagaraj, Anbarasu Loganathan, “Sensor less Control of Four-SwitchInverter for Brushless DC MotDrive and Its Simulation”, conference of Circuits and Systems ,



scheme can eradicate the offset voltage in the back electromotive force signal caused by the voltage drop

and also increase system efficiency by reducing the conduction loss is

ved. There are no hall sensors and therefore the ecomes robust, optimized design, higher

“Photovoltaic Based Brushless DC Motor Closed Loop Drive for

International Journal of in Electrical and Electronics

9569) Vol. 10, Issue. 1,

M. Ebadpour, M. B. B. Sharifian, M. R. Feyzi, “A Less Control for

Phase Brushless DC Motor nt Sensor” International

E.A.CO.), Vol.

Sathish Kumar Shanmugam, Meenakumari Ramachandran, Krishna Kumar Kanagaraj,

“Sensor less Control of Inverter for Brushless DC Motor

International ,May 2016.

4) Abolfazl Halvaei Niasar, Abolfazl Vahedi, Hassan Moghbelli , “Low-cost sensor less control of fourwitch, Brushless DC motor drive EMF detection” Journal of Zhejiang UniversScience (ISSN 1673-565X),

5) Praveen Kumar C, Sobi SomanFour Quadrant Operation of Sensor less BLDC Motor” Journal of Electrical and ElecEngineering (IOSR-JEEE)

6) Bolfazl, H.N., “A Novel Position Sensorless Control of a Four-Switch, Brushless DC Motor Drive without Phase Shifteron Power Electronics, 23, 3079

7) Damodharan, P. and Vasudevan, K.Brushless DC Motor Drive Based on the Crossing Detection of Back Electromotive Force (EMF) from the Line Voltage DiffereTransactions on Energy Conversion,2010

8) Adauria, Y., Patel, A.N., Patel, V. and Patel, J,“Simulation and Analysis of Three Phase Voltage Source Inverter Using Four Semiconductor Switches”. Nirma University International Conference on Engineering (NUiCONE)


Dec 2018 Page: 710

Abolfazl Halvaei Niasar, Abolfazl Vahedi, Hassan cost sensor less control of four-

Brushless DC motor drive with direct back-Journal of Zhejiang University of

565X),2009.

Praveen Kumar C, Sobi Soman, “Simulation of Four Quadrant Operation of Sensor less BLDC

of Electrical and Electronics JEEE), 2015.

A Novel Position Sensorless Switch, Brushless DC Motor

Shifter”, IEEE Transactions Electronics, 23, 3079-3087,2008

Damodharan, P. and Vasudevan, K., “Sensor Less Brushless DC Motor Drive Based on the Zero-

of Back Electromotive Force (EMF) from the Line Voltage Difference”, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, 25, 661-668,

, A.N., Patel, V. and Patel, J, Simulation and Analysis of Three Phase Voltage

Using Four Semiconductor . Nirma University International

Engineering (NUiCONE),2012.

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