modelamiento de cuencas y sistemas petroleros

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    Basin and Petroleum System Modeling

    Gabriele Martinelli

    Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway

    December 9th, 2010

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    Introduction

    What, where and why

    What : Course Introduction in PetroMod.

    Where : in Aachen, Germany, at the the Schlumberger Aachen Technology Center(AaTC), former IES (Integrated Exploration Systems), founded in 1984 by twoprofessors of the Aachen University of Technology and later become leader in PetroleumSystems Modeling. Bought by Schlumberger in 2008.

    Why : studying if and eventually how is it possible to integrate this technology with ourBayesian Network model, in order to create a more reliable and trustable network. Theproject has been suggested by prof. Mukerji, from the the BPSM (Basin and PetroleumSystem Modeling) group at Stanford.

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    Introduction

    Petroleum System Modeling

    The principle geologic risk factors in oil and gas exploration are commonly dened as the

    trap (consisting of trap geometry, reservoir and seal), the oil and gas charge , and thetiming relationship between the charge and the potential traps. These risk factors applyto basin, play or prospect scale assessments.

    Petroleum Systems Modeling (PSM) is a vital component of exploration risk assessmentand is applicable during all stages of exploration, from frontier basins with no well

    control to well-explored areas.Gabriele Martinelli (NTNU) Basin and Petroleum System Modeling December 9th, 2010 3 / 19

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    Introduction

    The importance of Basin and Petroleum System Model

    Over the last decade, three-dimensional (3D) imaging and modeling of the subsurface

    through time (4D) have co-evolved and emerged as a major research focus of thepetroleum industry. Virtually all major oil companies have independently recognized theneed for 4-D petroleum system models (also called basin models) because they:

    Organize data , allowing deciencies or inconsistencies to be identied (examinedata, appraise the reliability of geological concepts, models, or geochemical input,and extract needed information).

    Facilitate visualization of geologic processes and communication with stakeholders(developing predictive exploration and reservoir models, integrating sequencestratigraphy and assessment units, predicting the extent and timing of petroleumgeneration in source rocks, structural deformation that disturbs basin architecture,migration pathways, and locations of potential traps and accumulations,).

    Add value by converting static data into dynamic processed data andinterpretations.

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    PetroMod

    What is PetroMod

    PetroMod petroleum systems modeling software combines seismic, well, and

    geological information to model the evolution of a sedimentary basin. PetroMod software will predict if, and how, a reservoir has been charged with hydrocarbons,including the source and timing of hydrocarbon generation, migration routes, quantities,and hydrocarbon type in the subsurface or at surface conditions.

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    PetroMod

    What is PetroMod

    PetroMod petroleum systems modeling software combines seismic, well, and

    geological information to model the evolution of a sedimentary basin. PetroMod software will predict if, and how, a reservoir has been charged with hydrocarbons,including the source and timing of hydrocarbon generation, migration routes, quantities,and hydrocarbon type in the subsurface or at surface conditions.

    1D, 2D, or 3D large-scale geologic petroleum systems models cover areas ranging froma single charge area for a prospect to mega-regional studies of entire basins. The models are dynamic, which means they provide a complete record of the generation, migration,accumulation, and loss of oil and gas in a petroleum system through geologic time.Properties such as gas/oil ratios and API gravities can be analyzed, understood, and predicted.

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    PetroMod

    The simulator

    The simulator is the heart of the PetroMod software suite, simulating the entire history

    of a sedimentary basin from the deposition of the bottom layer onwards.

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    PetroMod

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    PetroMod

    The simulator

    The simulator is the heart of the PetroMod software suite, simulating the entire history

    of a sedimentary basin from the deposition of the bottom layer onwards.Petroleum generation:

    Reaction kinetics, to predict the phases andproperties of hydrocarbons generated from sourcerocks of various types.

    Adsorption models, to describe the release of generated hydrocarbons into the free pore spaceof the source rock.

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    PetroMod

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    PetroMod

    The simulator

    The simulator is the heart of the PetroMod software suite, simulating the entire history

    of a sedimentary basin from the deposition of the bottom layer onwards.Petroleum generation:

    Reaction kinetics, to predict the phases andproperties of hydrocarbons generated from sourcerocks of various types.

    Adsorption models, to describe the release of generated hydrocarbons into the free pore spaceof the source rock.

    Petroleum migration:

    Fluid analysis (Darcy ow, ow path analysis,and invasion percolation.)Source-rock track (risks of charging fromdifferent source units or areas)

    Accumulation analysis (gas/oil ratios and APIgravities)

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    PetroMod

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    PetroMod

    The model, input

    PetroMod software receives the following (and many others...) inputs:1 Model geometry (From about 10 up to 1000 km and to a depth of 10 km)

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    PetroMod

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    PetroMod

    The model, input

    PetroMod software receives the following (and many others...) inputs:1 Model geometry (From about 10 up to 1000 km and to a depth of 10 km)

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    PetroMod

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    The model, input

    PetroMod software receives the following (and many others...) inputs:2 Layers : sequence of geological layers, deposited in a given stratigraphical event

    and subdivided into regions of similar facies. (Millions of years)

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    PetroMod

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    The model, input

    PetroMod software receives the following (and many others...) inputs:3 Facies : lithological rock type and the organic facies, including quantities such as

    permeability, compaction parameters, heat capacities, thermal conductivities.

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    PetroMod

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    The model, input

    PetroMod software receives the following (and many others...) inputs:

    4 Boundary conditions : paleo-water depth, heat ow, water interface temperature.

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    PetroMod

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    The model, input

    PetroMod software receives the following (and many others...) inputs:

    5 Special submodels : fault properties, cementation, thermal calibration parameters,salt movement, erosion, intrusions, uid phase properties, secondary cracking, . . .

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    PetroMod

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    The model, output

    PetroMod software determines:

    2 Migration : Whether oil and gas have been generated, where and how much, whenmigration occurred, and whether it lled the trap.

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    PetroMod

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    The model, output

    PetroMod software determines:

    3 Accumulation : PetroMod software predicts the location of oil and gasaccumulations, as well as important properties such as the API gravity of the oil,gas/oil ratio, and viscosity.

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    PetroMod

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    The model, output

    PetroMod software determines also the distribution of the characteristic variables of the

    model:4 Porosity : primary or secondary pore space or voids within a rock5 Temperature : distribution with respect to the heat ow history, thermal

    conductivity of the rocks, and sediment water interface temperature variationthrough time

    6 Vitrinite reectance7 Transformation Ratio : quantitative transformation ratio related to total organic

    carbon and production index for source rocks referring to the expulsion of oil andgas

    8 Expulsion onset : rst time of expulsion, which depends primarily on heat ow

    history and assigned kinetics9 Saturation : relative allotment of oil and/or gas and/or water in the pores of a

    rock as a percentage of volume.

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    PetroMod

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    The model, managing uncertainties: PetroRisk

    PetroRisk operates as a controlling framework on all PetroMod packages, assessing

    uncertainties and following the entire migration path to calculate probability estimatesfor accumulations:

    Input uncertainty : you can deneuncertainties in the input data and

    quantify and statistically evaluatetheir effects on the simulationoutcome.

    Calibration : PetroRisk allowsusers to dene well data forcalibration, evaluate results, andshift desired parameters on themaster model to achieve theirtargets.

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    PetroMod

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    PetroMod 1D, 2D or 3D

    PetroMod 1D : It enables single-point data (wells and pseudo-wells) to be

    constructed from scratch or extracted directly from PetroMod 2D and 3D models.PetroMod 1D provides 1D thermal, maturation, hydrocarbon generation, andpressure history modeling; quick 1D analysis with fast data access; a 1D vieweralong wells and single cells of interest with sophisticated plots and multiplothandling.

    PetroFlow 2D : It is the most advanced and widely used PetroMod package, anduses the same multidimensional migration modeling simulator as the PetroMod 3Dpackage. It is ideal for analyzing areas with sparse data and for rapid analyses,e.g., if the data is only sufficient to construct a 2D geologic section.

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    PetroMod

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    PetroMod 1D, 2D or 3D

    PetroMod 1D : It enables single-point data (wells and pseudo-wells) to be

    constructed from scratch or extracted directly from PetroMod 2D and 3D models.PetroMod 1D provides 1D thermal, maturation, hydrocarbon generation, andpressure history modeling; quick 1D analysis with fast data access; a 1D vieweralong wells and single cells of interest with sophisticated plots and multiplothandling.

    PetroFlow 2D : It is the most advanced and widely used PetroMod package, anduses the same multidimensional migration modeling simulator as the PetroMod 3Dpackage. It is ideal for analyzing areas with sparse data and for rapid analyses,e.g., if the data is only sufficient to construct a 2D geologic section.

    PetroFlow 3D : It includes the full 3D temperature/pressure simulator and themost advanced 3D petroleum migration modeling technology, and enables different

    migration modeling methods to be applied to the same 3D data model.

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    References

    Fundamentals of Basin and Petroleum Systems Modeling , 2009, Thomas Hantschel andArmin Kauerauf, Springer .

    Basin Analysis: Principles and Applications , 2004, Allen and Allen, Wiley .

    The Petroleum System: From Source to Trap , 1994, Leslie B. Magoon and Wallace G.Dow, AAPG memoir 60 .

    PetroMod software page

    http://www.slb.com/services/software/geo/petromod_modeling_software.aspxIES page : http://www.ies.de/

    Basin Modeling page on Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basin_modelling

    Sintef page on Basin Modeling :http://www.sintef.no/Home/SINTEF-Petroleum-Research/Basin-Modelling/

    Stanford BPSM grouphttp://pangea.stanford.edu/research/groups/bpsm/index.php

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