*MODEL dalam PROSES BELAJAR

*DecisionsInformation FeedbackReal WorldLearning is a feedback process

*Feedback from the real world to the decision maker includes all forms of information, both quantitative and qualitative.

*DecisionsInformation FeedbackReal WorldStrategy, Structure, Decision RulesMental Models of Real WorldSingle loop learning: information feedback is interpreted by existing mental model

*The learning feedback operates in the context of existing decision rules, strategies, culture, and institutions which in turn are derived from our mental model.

*DecisionsInformation FeedbackReal WorldStrategy, Structure, Decision RulesMental Models of Real WorldDouble loop learning

*Feedback from the real world can also stimulate changes in mental models. Such learning involves new understanding or reframing of a situation and leads to new goals and new decision rules, not just new decision.

*Decisions Implementation failure Game playing Inconsistency Performance is goalInformation Feedback Selective perception Missing feedback Delay Bias, distortion, error AmbiguityReal World Unknown structure Dynamic complexity Time delays Inability to conduct controlled experimentsStrategy, structure, decision rules- Inability to infer dynamics from cognitive mapsMental models of real worldMisperception of feedbackUnscientific reasoningJudgment biasesDefensive routinesImpediments to learning

*Real World Implementation failure Game playing Inconsistency Performance is goalReal World Selective perception Missing feedback Delay Bias, distortion, error AmbiguityReal World Unknown structure Dynamic complexity Time delays Inability to conduct controlled experimentsStrategy, structure, decision rules- Simulation used to infer dynamics of cognitive maps correctlyMental models of real worldMapping of feedback structureDisciplined application of scientific reasoningDiscussability of group process, defensive behaviorDecisionsVirtual World Perfect implementation Consistent incentives Consistent application of decision rules Learning can be goalVirtual WorldComplete, accurate, immediate feedbackInformation feedbackVirtual World Known structure Variable level of complexity Controlled experimentsIdealized learning process

*Effective learning involves continous experimentation in both the virtual world and real world. Feedback from both informs the development of mental models, formal models, and the design of experiments for the next iteration.

*Patterns recognisedDecision rules experiencedInductionContact point for comparisonUnkown processReal world decisionsReal world historyModel structureModel behaviorDeductive logicScientific method

*SYSTEM STATEDECISION RULE NORMCHANGEENVIRONMENT STATE

*Single-loop LearningAssessDesignImplementObserveIndividual learningEnvironmental ResponseIndividual ActionOrganizational ActionIndividual Mental ModelsShared Mental ModelsFragmented LearningSuperficial LearningAudience LearningSuperstitious LearningRole-constrained LearningOpportunistic LearningDouble-loop LearningOrganizational learning cycle

*Breakdowns in the learning cycles Role-constrained learning occurs when an individual is unable to take actions she sees as necessary because she is not permitted to do so whithin the organization. Audience learning occurs when the individual affects organizational action in an ambiguous way. Superstitious learning occurs where individuals are unable to make valid sense of environmental response. Superficial learning occurs when there are adjustments in behavior without any corresponding adjustment in mental model. Fragmented learning occurs when the link between individual mental models and shared mental models is broken. Opportunistic learning is characterized by new organizational actios that deviate from prevailing shared mental models (i.e., traditional values and beliefs or standard operating procedures).