Parts of Candle Flame

Objectives:• Name of parts of candle flame• Composition of parts of candle flame• Temperature of candle flame• Nature of candle flame• Significance of parts of candle flame

Definition of Flame

• A space /zone of burning of gas or vapor fuel to cover considerable region with constant shape maintained by the supply of fuel.

• The fuel can be solid, liquid or gas but finally burn as gas

Flame & its Types

• Flame: • Types of Flamea) Laminar diffusion

Flameb) Premixed Flame

How it works

Structure of a candle flame

Outer zone (blue)

Middle zone (yellow)

Inner zone (black)

(Complete combustion)

(Partial combustion)

Unburnt wax vapours

Hottest part

Moderately hot

Least hot

Luminous zone

Non luminous zone

Parts of Candle Flame

Zone 1: Dark zone (Fuel Evaporation)Zone 2: Blue zone (Complete Burning)Zone 3: Dark zone (Fuel Pyrolysis)Zone 4: Luminous zone (Partial Burning)Zone 5: Veil/Non Luminous zone (Complete Burning)

Emissions and Temperature

Heat, Light & Shape of Flame

Sectional RecapitulationSelect the correct response1. Hottest zone of candle flame is _______a) Non luminous zone b) Dark zone c) Luminous zone d) none of

the above 2. Lowest temperature zone is _________b) Non luminous zone b) Dark zone c) Luminous zone d) none of

the above3. Complete burning of fuel tales place in ____c) Black zone b) Blue zone c) Yellow zone d) all of the above4. Match the followingd) Pyrolysis i) Blue zonee) CO2 & H2O ii) Non-luminous zone f) Maximum oxygen iii) Luminous zoneg) Partial combustion iv) Dark zone

Nature of Zones of Flame

• Oxidizing Flame

• Reducing Flame

Some Experiments by Michael Faraday (1861)

Environmental Impact of Flame

Observed air concentrations (in mg/m3) of various compounds subsequent to burning the equivalent of 600 g of candle mass, or one cigarette, in a room (50 m3) where no air exchange is taking place

Final RecapitulationSelect the correct response1. Oxidizing flame isa) Dark zone b) Luminous zone c) Non-luminous zone d) dead space

2. Reducing flame containsa)Carbon b)Water c)Carbon monoxide d) Carbon dioxide

Select True/False3. Wax is a hydrocarbon (T/F) 4. Candle flame is a premixed type flame (T/F)5. Dead space is zone is also called main reaction zone (T/F)6. Wax burns in vapor state in a candle (T/F)7. All fuels form flame (T/F)8.Dominant Yellow color of flame is due to CO gas (T/F)

Thanks for Being Patient

Dr. Vijay GroverDAV College of Education, Abohar