model-ii(slide1-29).ppt

7/28/2019 Model-II(slide1-29).ppt

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ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES(10B11GE411)Credits:3

Module:II

Dr. R. SubramanyamAssistant Professor of Civil Engineering

Jaypee Institute of Engineering & TechnologyA.B. Road, Raghogarh, Guna (M.P.)


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Module:IISyllabusNatural resources, their consumption &Protection: Water, Land Energy

(Renewable, non-renewable, wind,solar, hydro, Biomass), Mineral, Forest,& Food resources, Role of an individualin conservation of natural resources,Equitable use of resources.


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NATURAL RESOURCESResource: a source of supply or support that is

generally held in reserves.Natural resource: are the materials which livingorganism can take from nature for their life or

any component of the natural environment thatcan be utilised by man to promote his welfare.A natural resource can be a substance, an

energy unit or a natural process or phenomena,e.g., Water, air, soil, minerals, coal, forests, cropsand wildlife are all the examples of naturalresources.


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Non-Renewable Sources

Which cannot be regenerated. e.g.fossil fuel like coal, petroleum,

minerals etc.

Once we exhaust these reserves,

the same cannot be replenished.


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Renewable Sources Which are in-exhaustive and can be regenerated withina given span of time. e.g. forests, wildlife, wind energy,biomass energy, solar energy, tidal energy, hydropower etc. Even our renewable resources can become non-

renewable if we exploit them to such extent thattheir rate of consumption exceeds their rate ofregeneration. It is very important to protect and conserve our

natural resources and use them in a judiciousmanner so that we dont exhaust them.


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The major natural resources:1. Forest resource1. Water resource1. Mineral resource1. Food resource1. Energy resource1. Land resource


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FOREST RESOURCES One of the most important naturalresources on this earth. Produce innumerable material goods,

but also provide several environmentalservices which are essential for life. It is estimated that forests covered 1/5

of the earths entire land area.


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USES OF FORESTForests are vital to the ecologicalfunctioning of the planet.The diverse functions of forests can bestated as follows:

Production function Protective function Regulative function


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Overexploitation of forests


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DEFORESTATIONo Major causes:Population growthShifting cultivationFuel requirementsDevelopmentalprojectsGrowing food needOvergrazingFiresAcid rain

Consequences:Threatens the existenceof many wildlife speciesBiodiversity is lostHydrological cycle getsaffectedProblems of soil erosionSilting of water courcesDecrease of rechargeDesertificationThe carbon cycle


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CASE STUDYThe Chipko movement

Himalay case issue (HimalayanTrekking)

Sandalwood case (Indian sandalwoodtrade)


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WATER RESOURCESWater is indispensable natural resources, onwhich all life depends.Water is needed for daily use by organisms,for irrigation, navigation, industrial use,

electricity production and domestic use.Of the total water resource of the earth,97.3% is salt water and rest fresh water.Water is often called the Universal Solvent.


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Use and Overexploitation ofSurface and Groundwater Overuse of groundwater for irrigation anddomestic purposes has resulted in rapiddepletion of GW in various regions leading to

lowering of water table and drying of wells.Effects of groundwater usage

SubsidenceLowering of water tableWater loggingSaltwater incursionpollution


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FLOODSWhen due to heavy rains or sudden snowmelts, the quantity of water in streamsexceeds their capacity and wateroverflows the banks and causes

inundation of surrounding land. Thiscondition is called flood. Causing massive loss of human life and

damages to proporties.

In 1970 flood, nearly one million peoplewere drowned while more than one lakhpeople died in 1991 floods.


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DROUGHTS Drought is generally applied when the

country receives less(< 75%) of long

term average rainfall.

Remedial Measures:Carefully selected mixed cropping

Social forestry and wasteland development

Proper knowledge of ecological need


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DAMS-Benefits and ProblemsDams are structure those are made to restrict

water for other beneficial purposes. Benefits:

For irrigation To generate electricity For flood control For industrial and domestic supply

Problems: Loss of forest and wildlife habitat Loss of aquatic biodiversity of u/s and d/s Serious irrecoverable loss of species Displaced large number of people sedimentation


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MINERAL RESOURCESMinerals are naturally occurring inorganic,

crystalline solid having a definite chemicalcomposition and characteristics physicalproperties.

There are thousands of minerals occurring in

different parts of the world. India mined >80 minerals and contributing about3% of gross domestic product.Can be grouped into:

Fuel minerals: coal, petroleum, natural gas Metallic minerals: iron ore, chromium ore, bauxiteetc. Non-Metallic minerals:dolomite, phosphorite, clayetc.


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Use and Exploitation Development of industrial plants andmachinery Generation of energy e.g. coal, uranium Defence equipments-weapons, armaments Communication-cables, electronic devices Medicinal system-particularly in ayurvedicsystem Jewellery -gold, silver, diamond Agriculture-as fertilizers, seed dressings


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Environmental Effect of MineralExtraction and Use Considerable effect on land, air, water andbiological resources.Major effects: Land degradation

Surface and ground water pollution Subsidence of land

Loss of flora and fauna, resultingdeforestation

Air pollution-emission of harmful gases Rehabilitation problem

Occupational health hazard


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Conservation of Mineral Resources Minimising waste and developing technologies torecover the resources from waste. Developing technologies to recycle metals. Alternatives to fossil fuels need to be found. Research is being carried out to substitute some

metals like gold, silver, mercury and platinum etc. byman-made products. Development of alloys which will reduce the demand ofsome pure metal, e.g. alloys of magnesium arereplacing steel and reducing the demand of copper,lead and tin. Mining areas need to be reclaimed. A data bank on the availability and expenditure ofmineral resources should be maintained so that theiruse is regulated.


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FOOD RESOURCES Plants and animals are the main sources of humanfood.Main food resources: wheat, rice, maize, barely,pulse, vegetables and fruits. Animals-milk, butter, egg and meat Only 40% of the total area of the world can ever beused for cultivation of crop.Modern technology-increased yield-created anumber of problems.


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World Food Problems 50 years-grain production-3times-percapita production 50%.But, population growth outstripped food

production.Every year 40 million people (50% ofyoung children between 1to 5 years) die

of undernourishment and malnutrition.


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Undernourishment Undernourishment: is the lack of sufficient caloriesin available diet. FAO (food and agricultural organization) : averageminimum daily calorific requirement is 2500 caloriesper day.


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MalnutritionIs the lack or deficiency of specificconstituents of food, such asproteins, vitamins or certainelements.This condition is very common inricher countries.Effects of malnourishment are long-

term and result in number ofdiseases.


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Impacts of Overgrazing and Agriculture Impacts of Overgrazing:

Land degradation Increase in soil erosion Decrease in the diversity of plant species. Decrease in the growth of vegetation Dominance of plant species those are relatively

undesirable to the livestock. Impacts of Agriculture:

Deforestation Soil erosion Depletion of nutrients Serious health disease, e.g. blue baby syndrome. Eutrophication Water logging and Stalinization Biological magnification of non-biodegradable pesticides.


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Effects of Modern Agriculture Modern Agriculture: use of hybrid seeds of selected andsingle crop variety, high-tech equipments and lots of energysubsidies in the form of fertilizers, pesticides and irrigationwater. Effects: Impacts related to high yielding varieties. Fertilizer related problems Micronutrient imbalance. Nitrate pollution Eutrophication Pesticides related problems Death of non-target organisms. Creating resistance in pets and producing new pets. Biological magnification Water logging Salinity problem


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ENERGY RESOURCESEnergy consumption of a nation isusually considered as an index of itsdevelopmentEnergy is vital for social and economicdevelopment.In India, the per capita energyconsumption is only 221 kg of oil

equivalent/year, a very low ratecompared with other developedcountries (3,306-7,655).


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Renewable and Non-renewable EnergySources Renewable (non-conventional)Energy Sources:1. Solar Energy2. Wind Energy3. Hydropower Energy4. Ocean Energy5. Geothermal Energy6. Biomass Energy7. Hydrogen Energy


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Renewable and Non-renewable EnergySources Non-Renewable (conventional)Energy Sources:

1. Coal2. Petroleum3. Natural gas4. Nuclear energy

model-ii(slide1-29).ppt

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