modal verbs - unibucold.unibuc.ro/prof/tomescu_v/docs/2017/mai/01_08_40_47modal1.pdf · • modal...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: MODAL VERBS - UNIBUCold.unibuc.ro/prof/tomescu_v/docs/2017/mai/01_08_40_47MODAL1.pdf · • modal harmony: Strange as it may seem whatever you may say must surely should probably](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013120/5b87c02b7f8b9a3d028ba1b9/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
MODALVERBS
1.
![Page 2: MODAL VERBS - UNIBUCold.unibuc.ro/prof/tomescu_v/docs/2017/mai/01_08_40_47MODAL1.pdf · • modal harmony: Strange as it may seem whatever you may say must surely should probably](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013120/5b87c02b7f8b9a3d028ba1b9/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Hewroteithimself.Hemusthavewri=enithimself.
![Page 3: MODAL VERBS - UNIBUCold.unibuc.ro/prof/tomescu_v/docs/2017/mai/01_08_40_47MODAL1.pdf · • modal harmony: Strange as it may seem whatever you may say must surely should probably](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013120/5b87c02b7f8b9a3d028ba1b9/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
• unmodalizedsentence:speakercommi=edtothefactualityoftheproposiFon
• modalized:speaker’scommitmentisqualified,proposiFonisinferred
• unmodalizedsentence:strongerclaim• knowledgebydeducFonisweakerthanknowledgebydirectexperience
![Page 4: MODAL VERBS - UNIBUCold.unibuc.ro/prof/tomescu_v/docs/2017/mai/01_08_40_47MODAL1.pdf · • modal harmony: Strange as it may seem whatever you may say must surely should probably](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013120/5b87c02b7f8b9a3d028ba1b9/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Morpho-syntacFcproperFessharedwithauxiliarieshave,be
q NICEproperFes:• NegaFonwithoutDOsupport• Inversionininterrog.Ss• Codas:IcancomeandsocanBill.• EmphasiswithoutDOsupport:Youshallhavethemoneybytomorrow.
q noeventstructure,donotassigntheta-role
![Page 5: MODAL VERBS - UNIBUCold.unibuc.ro/prof/tomescu_v/docs/2017/mai/01_08_40_47MODAL1.pdf · • modal harmony: Strange as it may seem whatever you may say must surely should probably](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013120/5b87c02b7f8b9a3d028ba1b9/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
• modals:underInflecFon• have,be–VP->Tense• DO:LastResort
![Page 6: MODAL VERBS - UNIBUCold.unibuc.ro/prof/tomescu_v/docs/2017/mai/01_08_40_47MODAL1.pdf · • modal harmony: Strange as it may seem whatever you may say must surely should probably](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013120/5b87c02b7f8b9a3d028ba1b9/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
modals• incompaFblewithnon-finiteforms(to,be-ing,have-en)
• incompaFblewithagreement(3rdsg)• shortinfiniFvecomplement• nopassive• noimperaFve• cannotcooccur
![Page 7: MODAL VERBS - UNIBUCold.unibuc.ro/prof/tomescu_v/docs/2017/mai/01_08_40_47MODAL1.pdf · • modal harmony: Strange as it may seem whatever you may say must surely should probably](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013120/5b87c02b7f8b9a3d028ba1b9/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
• modals+pasttense:Shecouldplaythepianoasachild.• pasttenseonlyinindirectspeech:Thebosssaidshemightleaveimmediately.• nopasttense:Thebosssaidshemustleaveimmediately.
![Page 8: MODAL VERBS - UNIBUCold.unibuc.ro/prof/tomescu_v/docs/2017/mai/01_08_40_47MODAL1.pdf · • modal harmony: Strange as it may seem whatever you may say must surely should probably](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013120/5b87c02b7f8b9a3d028ba1b9/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
• epistemic:speaker’sa[tudetothetruth-value,factualstatusoftheproposiFon(proposiFonalmodality)
• root:non-actualized,potenFalevents(eventmodality)
(Palmer)
![Page 9: MODAL VERBS - UNIBUCold.unibuc.ro/prof/tomescu_v/docs/2017/mai/01_08_40_47MODAL1.pdf · • modal harmony: Strange as it may seem whatever you may say must surely should probably](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013120/5b87c02b7f8b9a3d028ba1b9/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
• epistemic<Gk.knowledge• belief-setsofthespeaker,thespeaker’smentalrepresentaFonofreality
• inferenFalprocesses• meta-representaFonofreality• qualificaFonsconcerningthespeaker’sknowledge:inference,assumpFon,speculaFon,deducFon
• epistemicmodality=speaker-oriented
Hemust/mighthaveoverheard.
![Page 10: MODAL VERBS - UNIBUCold.unibuc.ro/prof/tomescu_v/docs/2017/mai/01_08_40_47MODAL1.pdf · • modal harmony: Strange as it may seem whatever you may say must surely should probably](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013120/5b87c02b7f8b9a3d028ba1b9/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
• rootmodality:subject-oriented,Agent-oriented
q deonFcq dynamic
![Page 11: MODAL VERBS - UNIBUCold.unibuc.ro/prof/tomescu_v/docs/2017/mai/01_08_40_47MODAL1.pdf · • modal harmony: Strange as it may seem whatever you may say must surely should probably](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013120/5b87c02b7f8b9a3d028ba1b9/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
• deon%c<Gk.binding=>obligaFon,permission
• deonFcmodality:condiFoningfactorsareexternaltoindividual
• possibility/necessityofactsperformedbyAgent
• externaldeonFcsourceYoumustdoyouduty.Youmayleaveearly.
![Page 12: MODAL VERBS - UNIBUCold.unibuc.ro/prof/tomescu_v/docs/2017/mai/01_08_40_47MODAL1.pdf · • modal harmony: Strange as it may seem whatever you may say must surely should probably](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013120/5b87c02b7f8b9a3d028ba1b9/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
• dynamicmodality:internalfactors,properFesanddisposiFonsofindividual:e.g.ability,willingness
ShecansingbeauFfully.Willyouhelpme?
![Page 13: MODAL VERBS - UNIBUCold.unibuc.ro/prof/tomescu_v/docs/2017/mai/01_08_40_47MODAL1.pdf · • modal harmony: Strange as it may seem whatever you may say must surely should probably](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013120/5b87c02b7f8b9a3d028ba1b9/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
• boundarydeonFc/dynamic:fuzzya.Hecangonow.• permission:deonFcsourceb.Hecanrunamilein5minutes.• dynamic,abilityHecanescape.• dynamic:circumstancesc.ShecanspeakFrench.–ambiguousd.Themostwecanexpectisaslightcutintax.(ambiguous:noidenFfiabledeonFcsource)
![Page 14: MODAL VERBS - UNIBUCold.unibuc.ro/prof/tomescu_v/docs/2017/mai/01_08_40_47MODAL1.pdf · • modal harmony: Strange as it may seem whatever you may say must surely should probably](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013120/5b87c02b7f8b9a3d028ba1b9/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
• rootmodals:selecFonalrestricFonsonsubjectØ noexpleFves:a.Itmayrain.=epistemicb.TheremustbeademonstraFon.=epistemicØ ??inanimateSu:c.Thetrain/Youmustbeearly.q BUT:d.Theremustbediscipline.(objecFve)e.Thedirtmustbeshoveledintothehole.(AgentidenFfiedpragmaFcally)
![Page 15: MODAL VERBS - UNIBUCold.unibuc.ro/prof/tomescu_v/docs/2017/mai/01_08_40_47MODAL1.pdf · • modal harmony: Strange as it may seem whatever you may say must surely should probably](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013120/5b87c02b7f8b9a3d028ba1b9/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
• rootmodals:affectedbypassivizaFon:a.RelaFvesmayvisitthestudentsonMonday.b.StudentsmaybevisitedbyrelaFves.=differentfocus:
![Page 16: MODAL VERBS - UNIBUCold.unibuc.ro/prof/tomescu_v/docs/2017/mai/01_08_40_47MODAL1.pdf · • modal harmony: Strange as it may seem whatever you may say must surely should probably](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013120/5b87c02b7f8b9a3d028ba1b9/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
u situaFon-type:• individual-levelstatesforceepistemicreadinga. Hemusthavegreeneyeslikehismother.b. TheymaybenaFvespeakersofDutch.
• statepredicatescoercedintoachievementoracFvityreading:rootreadingbecomesavailable:
c. Imustbethebestchessplayerthereis.d. Youmustbehonest.e. YoumustbelieveinGodorthey’llburnyouatthe
stake.f. ThenewprofessormustbeanaFvespeakerof
Finnish.g. Imustknow.
![Page 17: MODAL VERBS - UNIBUCold.unibuc.ro/prof/tomescu_v/docs/2017/mai/01_08_40_47MODAL1.pdf · • modal harmony: Strange as it may seem whatever you may say must surely should probably](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013120/5b87c02b7f8b9a3d028ba1b9/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
• interrogaFon:limitedcontextwithepistemics:onedoesnotnormallyquesFonone’sownsetofbeliefs:
a. Maytheracestart?(=permission)Ø excepFons:rhetoricalquesFonsb.Might/mustJohnbealiar?• condiFonals–samerestricFons:
c. ?IfJohnmusthaveahighIQ,thenhisteachersshouldtreathimcarefully.
d. ?IfthatblondemaybeJack’swife,weshouldkeepquietaboutthesecretary.
vs.deonFc:e. IfJohnmustleave,thenIwillgotoo.f. Ifmoneymayrule,thenthereisnojusFce.
![Page 18: MODAL VERBS - UNIBUCold.unibuc.ro/prof/tomescu_v/docs/2017/mai/01_08_40_47MODAL1.pdf · • modal harmony: Strange as it may seem whatever you may say must surely should probably](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013120/5b87c02b7f8b9a3d028ba1b9/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
• semanFcvs.pragmaFcstrength
• pragmaFcweakening:Youmusthavemorecake.
• pragmaFcstrengthening:BOSSTOEMPLOYEE:Youmayleave.
![Page 19: MODAL VERBS - UNIBUCold.unibuc.ro/prof/tomescu_v/docs/2017/mai/01_08_40_47MODAL1.pdf · • modal harmony: Strange as it may seem whatever you may say must surely should probably](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013120/5b87c02b7f8b9a3d028ba1b9/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
• modalharmony:Strangeasitmayseemwhateveryoumaysaymustsurelyshouldprobablymaypossiblyvs.non-harmonic:Itmaysurelyhavebeen…=surelyitispossible
![Page 20: MODAL VERBS - UNIBUCold.unibuc.ro/prof/tomescu_v/docs/2017/mai/01_08_40_47MODAL1.pdf · • modal harmony: Strange as it may seem whatever you may say must surely should probably](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013120/5b87c02b7f8b9a3d028ba1b9/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
NegaFon:• external:negaFontakesscopeovermodal:George[cannot]swim.=lackofability
• internal:modaltakesscopeovernegaFon:Alfredshouldn’teatnuts.=should[notVP]=itisadvisable[forhimnottoeatnuts]
![Page 21: MODAL VERBS - UNIBUCold.unibuc.ro/prof/tomescu_v/docs/2017/mai/01_08_40_47MODAL1.pdf · • modal harmony: Strange as it may seem whatever you may say must surely should probably](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013120/5b87c02b7f8b9a3d028ba1b9/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Modal[not]• necessity: shall,should,must,will,would,oughtto,beto,haveto
• possibility: epistemicmay,might
not[Modal]• possibility: can,could,• rootdare• rootmay,might• need
![Page 22: MODAL VERBS - UNIBUCold.unibuc.ro/prof/tomescu_v/docs/2017/mai/01_08_40_47MODAL1.pdf · • modal harmony: Strange as it may seem whatever you may say must surely should probably](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013120/5b87c02b7f8b9a3d028ba1b9/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Thescopeoftheperfect
Shemust[havesaved]him.(epistemic-internalperfect)=Iamcertainthatshesavedhim.=modaloutsidescopeofperfectShe[couldhave]savedhimifshe’dtried(dynamic-externalperfect)He[shouldhave]toldher(deonFc–externalperfect)=modalinsidescopeofperfect
![Page 23: MODAL VERBS - UNIBUCold.unibuc.ro/prof/tomescu_v/docs/2017/mai/01_08_40_47MODAL1.pdf · • modal harmony: Strange as it may seem whatever you may say must surely should probably](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013120/5b87c02b7f8b9a3d028ba1b9/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Root-epistemicdisFncFon:
• inthelexicon(Ross1969,Jackendoff1971):rootandepistemicmodalsaredisFnctlexicalitems:rootmodalsaretransiFvepredicates–controlverbs,epistemic:intransiFve–raisingverbs
• difficulFes:noone-to-onemappingbetweenroot/epistemicreadingsandsyntacFcproperFes
![Page 24: MODAL VERBS - UNIBUCold.unibuc.ro/prof/tomescu_v/docs/2017/mai/01_08_40_47MODAL1.pdf · • modal harmony: Strange as it may seem whatever you may say must surely should probably](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013120/5b87c02b7f8b9a3d028ba1b9/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Root-epistemicdisFncFon:
• modalsasauxiliaries• (GB,Chomsky1981):modalsgeneratedunderInflecFon
![Page 25: MODAL VERBS - UNIBUCold.unibuc.ro/prof/tomescu_v/docs/2017/mai/01_08_40_47MODAL1.pdf · • modal harmony: Strange as it may seem whatever you may say must surely should probably](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013120/5b87c02b7f8b9a3d028ba1b9/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Root-epistemicdisFncFon:
• Avram(1999):syntac%caccount:• 3posiFonsavailableformodals:1. VPmergingwithVP:dynamiccan&will2. MoodPunderTense,mergingwithAspectP:
deonFcmay,must3. MoodPaboveTenseforepistemicmodals
![Page 26: MODAL VERBS - UNIBUCold.unibuc.ro/prof/tomescu_v/docs/2017/mai/01_08_40_47MODAL1.pdf · • modal harmony: Strange as it may seem whatever you may say must surely should probably](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013120/5b87c02b7f8b9a3d028ba1b9/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
1.ModalsunderVP
• subjectorienteddynamicmodality(Palmer1979)
• modals:noargumentstructure,noeventstructure
![Page 27: MODAL VERBS - UNIBUCold.unibuc.ro/prof/tomescu_v/docs/2017/mai/01_08_40_47MODAL1.pdf · • modal harmony: Strange as it may seem whatever you may say must surely should probably](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013120/5b87c02b7f8b9a3d028ba1b9/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
• resistpassivizaFon:a. ThedoctorcanexamineJohn.(shared
argumentstructure)≠b.Johncanbeexaminedbythedoctor.(DP:argumentoflexicalverb,notofmodal–ItispossibleforJohntobeexaminedby…)
![Page 28: MODAL VERBS - UNIBUCold.unibuc.ro/prof/tomescu_v/docs/2017/mai/01_08_40_47MODAL1.pdf · • modal harmony: Strange as it may seem whatever you may say must surely should probably](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013120/5b87c02b7f8b9a3d028ba1b9/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
TPSu T’ T0 VP can tSu V’ V0 VP tcan V0
sharedargumentstructure
![Page 29: MODAL VERBS - UNIBUCold.unibuc.ro/prof/tomescu_v/docs/2017/mai/01_08_40_47MODAL1.pdf · • modal harmony: Strange as it may seem whatever you may say must surely should probably](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013120/5b87c02b7f8b9a3d028ba1b9/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
• negaFon:a.Youcannotshoutifyourthroathurts.b.CanyouNOTshout?c.Hecan’tNOTshout.d.YoucanNOTshout,canyou?
![Page 30: MODAL VERBS - UNIBUCold.unibuc.ro/prof/tomescu_v/docs/2017/mai/01_08_40_47MODAL1.pdf · • modal harmony: Strange as it may seem whatever you may say must surely should probably](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013120/5b87c02b7f8b9a3d028ba1b9/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
2.ModalsinfuncFonaldomain• deonFcmay,must,can• canmovetoTenseovertly TP T’ T0 MoodP Mood’ Mood0 AspP Asp’ Asp0 VP
![Page 31: MODAL VERBS - UNIBUCold.unibuc.ro/prof/tomescu_v/docs/2017/mai/01_08_40_47MODAL1.pdf · • modal harmony: Strange as it may seem whatever you may say must surely should probably](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013120/5b87c02b7f8b9a3d028ba1b9/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
a. YoucanspeakRomanianattheconference.=b.Romaniancanbespokenattheconference.DP‘Romanian’=argumentoflexicalverbonly
![Page 32: MODAL VERBS - UNIBUCold.unibuc.ro/prof/tomescu_v/docs/2017/mai/01_08_40_47MODAL1.pdf · • modal harmony: Strange as it may seem whatever you may say must surely should probably](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013120/5b87c02b7f8b9a3d028ba1b9/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
3.Mood2
CP C’
C0 Mood2P Mood2’ Mood20 TP
• evaluateenFreproposiFon:takescopeoverp• takescopeoverperfect,progressive
![Page 33: MODAL VERBS - UNIBUCold.unibuc.ro/prof/tomescu_v/docs/2017/mai/01_08_40_47MODAL1.pdf · • modal harmony: Strange as it may seem whatever you may say must surely should probably](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013120/5b87c02b7f8b9a3d028ba1b9/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
• modals:onesingleentryinthelexicon• noeventstructure:mergewithaSmallClausewhosecomplexitywilldeterminethevariousposiFonsoccupiedbythemodal
• meaningofmodalstaysthesame:interpretaFondiffersdependingoncomplexityofthesmallclause
![Page 34: MODAL VERBS - UNIBUCold.unibuc.ro/prof/tomescu_v/docs/2017/mai/01_08_40_47MODAL1.pdf · • modal harmony: Strange as it may seem whatever you may say must surely should probably](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013120/5b87c02b7f8b9a3d028ba1b9/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Root-epistemicdisFncFon:
² contextual:seman%cpragma%ccomponent(Papafragou2000,Kratzer1981)
![Page 35: MODAL VERBS - UNIBUCold.unibuc.ro/prof/tomescu_v/docs/2017/mai/01_08_40_47MODAL1.pdf · • modal harmony: Strange as it may seem whatever you may say must surely should probably](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013120/5b87c02b7f8b9a3d028ba1b9/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
• unitarysemanFcapproach:commoncore• interpretaFons:context-dependent• modalexpressions=proposiFonaloperatorswhichquanFfyoverasetofpossibleworlds,idenFfiedbytheproposiFon(theVP)
• expressdifferenttypesofcommitmenttothetruthofthep:thespeaker’sa[tude
<contextualandpragmaFcinfo
![Page 36: MODAL VERBS - UNIBUCold.unibuc.ro/prof/tomescu_v/docs/2017/mai/01_08_40_47MODAL1.pdf · • modal harmony: Strange as it may seem whatever you may say must surely should probably](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013120/5b87c02b7f8b9a3d028ba1b9/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
a.AllMaorichildrenmustlearnthenamesoftheirancestors.b.TheancestorsoftheMaorismusthavearrivedfromTahiF.c.Ifyoumustsneeze,atleastuseyourhandkerchiefd.Thepeoplesaid:Rakaipakamustbeourchief.
(Kratzer1977)• themodalbase:a. tribalduFesb. generalknowledgec. personaldisposiFon(‘disposiFonalmust;)d. thegoodofthetribe• modalrelaFon:must=logicalconsequence
![Page 37: MODAL VERBS - UNIBUCold.unibuc.ro/prof/tomescu_v/docs/2017/mai/01_08_40_47MODAL1.pdf · • modal harmony: Strange as it may seem whatever you may say must surely should probably](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013120/5b87c02b7f8b9a3d028ba1b9/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
modalbases: CAN:poten%al,possibility
Asaformerchampion, Johncanliyheavyweights. physical
Asasimpleguest, Johncandresscasually. social
AsaUniversityemployee, Johncangethealthbenefits. legal
Asahumanbeing, Johncanhaveconsciousmentalstates. biological
![Page 38: MODAL VERBS - UNIBUCold.unibuc.ro/prof/tomescu_v/docs/2017/mai/01_08_40_47MODAL1.pdf · • modal harmony: Strange as it may seem whatever you may say must surely should probably](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013120/5b87c02b7f8b9a3d028ba1b9/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
• modaloperatorsexpressdifferenttypesofcommitmenttothetruthoftheproposiFon
• modaloperator:contextofevaluaFon• modalbase:inferredfromthecontext• modalexpressions:system-neutral,underspecifiedwithrespecttocontent
Sentence:modaloperator+modalbase+proposiFon(VP)
![Page 39: MODAL VERBS - UNIBUCold.unibuc.ro/prof/tomescu_v/docs/2017/mai/01_08_40_47MODAL1.pdf · • modal harmony: Strange as it may seem whatever you may say must surely should probably](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013120/5b87c02b7f8b9a3d028ba1b9/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
⇒ ambiguity:twodifferentmodaldomainsavailableforoneandthesamesentence
Ican’tleavemyhusbandpenniless.Ofcourseyoucan,thelawallowsyouto!modalbase1:moralprofilemodalbase2:legalregulaFonsmodalrelaFon:(lackof)possibility
![Page 40: MODAL VERBS - UNIBUCold.unibuc.ro/prof/tomescu_v/docs/2017/mai/01_08_40_47MODAL1.pdf · • modal harmony: Strange as it may seem whatever you may say must surely should probably](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013120/5b87c02b7f8b9a3d028ba1b9/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
coremeaning:• necessity:must,need,haveto,havegotto,should,oughtto
• possibility:can,may