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Fate of Spilled Oil

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Spreading

As soon as oil spreads, it begins to spread out over

the sea surface, initially as a single slick, then

breaking up into streamers.

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Evaporation

Lighter components will evaporate intothe atmosphere. The greater the

surface area the faster the

evaporation.

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Dispersion

Waves and turbulence of the sea surface can cause all or part of a

slick to break up into fragments and droplets of varying sizes.After moving into the water column, other effects can work on

the droplets. This can be enhanced by the use of dispersants.

http://viscenter.uncc.edu/research/diem-techtransfer/oil-spill-and-dispersion-animation-and-analysis

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Emulsification

An emulsion is formed when two liquids combine,

with one ending up suspended in the other. Canbe a very stable product, hard to remove with

skimmers not breaking up into other components.

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Dissolution

Water soluble compounds in the oil may dissolve

into the surrounding water.

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Oxidation

Oil reacts chemically with oxygen either breaking

down into soluble products or forming

persistent compounds called tar balls,

pancakes.

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Sedimentation

Oil stranded on sandy shorelines often

becomes mixed with sand and othersediments. If this mixture is

subsequently washed off the beach back

into the sea it may then sink.

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Sinking

Some heavy refined products have densities greater thanone and will therefore sink in fresh or brackish water.

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Biodegradation

Sea water contains arange of micro-organisms ormicrobes that can

partially orcompletely degradeoil to soluble watercompounds and

eventually tocarbon dioxide andwater.

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Combined Processes

The processes of spreading, evaporation,

dispersion, emulsification and dissolution are

most important during the early stages of an oil

spill.

While oxidation, sedimentation and biodegradation

are more important later on and determine the

ultimate fate of the oil.

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The Rate of Oil Removal From the Sea

Surface According to Group

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Oil Groups

Group Density ExamplesI .95 Heavy Fuel Oil, Venezuelan

Crude OilV >1.0 Bunker Oils

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Oil Spill Trajectory

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Current Direction

OIL

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Set & Drift

OIL

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Water Current Only, No Wind:

Wind Only, No Water Current:

Wind With Water Current:

Wind Opposite Water Current:

Wind

12 Knots

0.5 Knots

Wind

12 Knots

Current

0.5 Knots

Wind

12 Knots

Current

0.5 Knots

Current

0.5 Knots

OIL

OIL

OIL

OIL

0.4 Knots

0.9 Knots

0.1 Knots

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SLICK DIRECTION

12Knots(Wind

)x3%=.4K

nots

.5 Knots (Current)

OIL

SlickDirection

E

SE

OIL

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Timeline

OIL

0900

1000

1100

.9 mi

1.8 mi